时态Tenses时态的构成(以动词write为例)

The present tensesMain points* There are four present tenses - present simple (`I walk'), present continuous (`I am walking'), present perfect (`I have walked'), and present perfect continuous (`I have been walking').* All the present tenses are used to refer to a time which includes the present.* Present tenses can also be used for predictions made in the present about future events.1 There are four tenses which begin with a verb in the present tense. They are the present simple, the present continuous, the present perfect, and the present perfect continuous. These are the present tenses.2 The present simple and the present continuous are used with reference to present time. If you are talking about the general present, or about a regular or habitual action, you use the present simple.George lives in Birmingham.They often phone my mother in London.If you are talking about something in the present situation, you use the present continuous.He's playing tennis at the University.I'm cooking the dinner.The present continuous is often used to refer to a temporary situation.She's living in a flat at present.3 You use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous when you are concerned with the present effects of something which happened at a time in the past, or which started in the past but is still continuing.Have you seen the film at the Odeon?We've been waiting here since before two o'clock.4 If you are talking about something which is scheduled or timetabled to happen in the future, you can use the present simple tense.The next train leaves at two fifteen in the morning.It's Tuesday tomorrow.5 If you are talking about something which has been arranged for the future, you can use the present continuous.When you use the present continuous like this, there is nearly always a time adverbial like `tomorrow', `next week', or `later' in the clause.We're going on holiday with my parents this year.The Browns are having a party next week.6 It is only in the main clauses that the choice of tense can be related to a particular time.In subordinate clauses, for example in `if'- clauses, time clauses, and defining relative clauses, present tenses often refer to a future time in relation to the time in the main clause.You can go at five if you have finished.Let's have a drink before we start.We'll save some food for anyone who arrives late.7 The present simple tense normally has no auxiliary verb, but questions and negative sentences are formed with the auxiliary `do'.Do you live round here?Does your husband do most of the cooking?They don't often phone during the week.She doesn't like being late if she can help it.The past tensesMain points* There are four past tenses - past simple (`I walked'), past continuous (`I was walking'), past perfect (`I had walked'), and past perfect continuous (`I had been walking').* All the past tenses are used to refer to past time.* The past tenses are often used as polite forms.*The past tenses have special meanings in conditional clauses and when referring to imaginary situations.1 There are four tenses which begin with a verb in the past tense. They are the past simple, the past continuous, the past perfect, and the past perfect continuous. These are the past tenses. They are used to refer to past time, and also to refer to imaginary situations, and to express politeness.2 The past simple and the past continuous are used with reference to past time. You use the past simple for events which happened in the past.I woke up early and got out of bed.If you are talking about the general past, or about regular or habitual actions in the past, you also use the past simple.She lived just outside London.We often saw his dog sitting outside his house.If you are talking about something which continued to happen before and after a particular time in the past, you use the past continuous.They were sitting in the kitchen, when they heard the explosion.Jack arrived while the children were having their bath.The past continuous is often used to refer to a temporary situation.He was working at home at the time.Bill was using my office until I came back from America.3 You use the past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses when you are talking about the past and you are concerned with something which happened at an earlier time, or which had started at an earlier time but was still continuing.I had heard it was a good film so we decided to go and see it.It was getting late. I had been waiting there since two o'clock.4 You sometimes use a past tense rather than a present tense when you want to be more polite. For example, in the following pairs of sentences, the second one is more polite.Do you want to see me now?Did you want to see me now?I wonder if you can help me.I was wondering if you could help me.5 The past tenses have special meanings in conditional clauses and when referring to hypothetical and imaginary situations, for example after `I wish' or `What if...?'. You usethe past simple and past continuous for something that you think is unlikely to happen.If they saw the mess, they would be very angry.We would tell you if we were selling the house.You use the past perfect and past perfect continuous when you are talking about something which could have happened in the past, but which did not actually happen.If I had known that you were coming, I would have told Jim.They wouldn't have gone to bed if they had been expecting you to arrive.The continuous tensesMain points* Continuous tenses describe actions which continue to happen before and after a particular time.* Continuous tenses can also indicate duration and change.1 You use a continuous tense to indicate that an action continues to happen before and after a particular time, without stopping. You use the present continuous for actions which continue to happen before and after the moment of speaking.I'm looking at the photographs my brother sent me.They're having a meeting.2 When you are talking about two actions in the present tense, you use the present continuous for an action that continues to happen before and after another action that interrupts it. You use the present simple for the other action.The phone always rings when I'm having a bath.Friends always talk to me when I'm trying to study.3 When you are talking about the past, you use the past continuous for actions that continued to happen before and after another action, or before and after a particular time. This is often called the `interrupted past'. You use the past simple for the other action.He was watching television when the doorbell rang.It was 6 o'clock. The train was nearing London.WARNING: If two things happened one after another, you use two verbs in the past simple tense.As soon as he saw me, he waved.4 You can use continuous forms with modals in all their usual meanings.See Units 79 to 91 for more information on modals.What could he be thinking of?They might be telling lies.5 You use continuous tenses to express duration, when you want to emphasize how long something has been happening or will happen for.We had been living in Athens for five years.They'll be staying with us for a couple of weeks.He has been building up the business all his life.By 1992, he will have been working for ten years.Note that you do not have to use continuous tenses for duration.We had lived in Africa for five years.He worked for us for ten years.6 You use continuous tenses to describe a state or situation that is temporary.I'm living in London at the moment.He'll be working nights next week.She's spending the summer in Europe.7 You use continuous tenses to show that something is changing, developing, or progressing.Her English was improving.The children are growing up quickly.The video industry has been developing rapidly.8 As a general rule, verbs which refer to actions that require a deliberate effort can be used in continuous tenses, verbs which refer to actions that do not require a deliberate effort are not used in continuous tenses.I think it's going to rain. (`think' = `believe'. Believing does not require deliberate effort)Please be quiet. I'm thinking . (`think' = `try to solve a problem'. Trying to solve a problem does require deliberate effort)However, many verbs are not normally used in the continuous tenses. These include verbs that refer to thinking, liking and disliking, appearance, possession, and perception.The perfect tensesMain points* You use the present perfect (`I have walked') to relate the past to the present.* You use the past perfect (`I had walked') to talk about a situation that occurred before a particular time in the past.1 You use the present perfect tense when you are concerned with the present effects of something which happened at an indefinite time in the past.I'm afraid I've forgotten my book.Have you heard from Jill recently?Sometimes, the present effects are important because they are very recent.Karen has just passed her exams.You also use the present perfect when you are thinking of a time which started in the past and is still continuing.Have you really lived here for ten years?He has worked here since 1987.You also use the present perfect in time clauses, when you are talking about something which will be done at some time in the future.Tell me when you have finished.I'll write to you as soon as I have heard from Jenny.2 When you want to emphasize the fact that a recent event continued to happen for some time, you use the present perfect continuous.She's been crying.I've been working hard all day.3 You use the past perfect tense when you are looking back from a point in past time, and you are concerned with the effects of something which happened at an earlier time in the past.I apologized because I had forgotten my book.He felt much happier once he had found a new job.They would have come if we had invited them.You also use the past perfect when you are thinking of a time which had started earlier in the past but was still continuing.I was about twenty. I had been studying French for a couple of years.He hated games and had always managed to avoid children's parties.4 You use the future perfect tense when you are looking back from a point in the future and you are talking about something which will have happened at a time between now and that future point.In another two years, you will have left school.Take these tablets, and in twenty-four hours the pain will have gone.You also use the future perfect when you are looking back from the present and guessingthat an action will be finished.I'm sure they will have arrived home by now.It's too late to ring Don. He will have left the house by now.5 You can also use other modals with `have', when you are looking back from a point in time at something which you think may have happened at an earlier time.I might have finished work by then.He should have arrived in Paris by the time we phone.Talking about the presentMain points* For the general present, general truths, and habitual actions, you use the present simple (`I walk').* For something which is happening now, or for temporary situations, you use the present continuous (`I am walking').1 If you are talking about the present in general, you normally use the present simple tense. You use the present simple for talking about the general present including the present moment.My dad works in Saudi Arabia.He lives in the French Alps near the Swiss border.2 If you are talking about general truths, you use the present simple.Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.Love makes the world go round.The bus takes longer than the train.3 If you are talking about regular or habitual actions, you use the present simple.Do you eat meat?I get up early and eat my breakfast in bed.I pay the milkman on Fridays.4 If you are talking about something which is regarded as temporary, you use the present continuous.Do you know if she's still playing tennis these days?I'm working as a British Council officer.5 If you are talking about something which is happening now, you normally use the present continuous tense.We're having a meeting. Come and join in.Wait a moment. I'm listening to the news.6 There are a number of verbs which are used in the present simple tense even when you are talking about the present moment. These verbs are not normally used in the present continuous or the other continuous tenses. These verbs usually refer to:thinking:believe forget imagine know realize recognize suppose think understand want wish liking and disliking:admire dislike hate like love preferappearance:appear look like resemble seempossession:belong to contain have include own possessperception:hear see smell tastebeing:be consist of existI believe he was not to blame.She hates going to parties.Our neighbours have two cars.Note that you normally use verbs of perception with the modal `can', rather than using the present simple tense.I can smell gas.Some other common verbs are not normally used in the present continuous or the other continuous tenses.concern, deserve, fit, interest, involve, matter, mean, satisfy, surpriseWhat do you mean?WARNING: Some of the verbs listed above can be used in continuous tenses in other meanings. For example, `have' referring to possession is not used in continuous tenses. You do not say `I am having a car'. But note the following examples.We're having a party tomorrow.He's having problems with his car.She's having a shower.Talking about the pastMain points* For actions, situations, or regular events in the past, you use the past simple (`I walked'). For regular events in the past, you can also use `would' or `used to'.* For events that happened before and after a time in the past, and for temporary situations, you use the past continuous (`I was walking').* For present effects of past situations, you use the present perfect (`I have walked'), and for past effects of earlier events you use the past perfect (`I had walked').* For future in the past, you use `would', `was/were going to', or the past continuous (`I was walking').1 When you want to talk about an event that occurred at a particular time in the past, you use the past simple.The Prime Minister flew into New York yesterday.The new term started last week.You also use the past simple to talk about a situation that existed over a period of time in the past.We spent most of our time at home last winter.They earned their money quickly that year.2 When you want to talk about something which took place regularly in the past, you use the past simple.They went for picnics most weekends.We usually spent the winter at Aunt Meg's house.WARNING: The past simple always refers to a time in the past. A time reference is necessary to say what time in the past you are referring to. The time reference can be established in an earlier sentence or by another speaker, but it must be established.When you want to talk about something which occurred regularly in the past, you can use `would' or `used to' instead of the past simple.We would normally spend the winter in Miami.People used to believe that the world was flat.WARNING: You do not normally use `would' with this meaning with verbs which are not used in the continuous tenses.3 When you want to talk about something which continued to happen before and after a given time in the past, you use the past continuous.I hurt myself when I was mending my bike.It was midnight. She was driving home.You also use the past continuous to talk about a temporary state of affairs in the past.Our team were losing 2-1 at the time.We were staying with friends in Italy.For more information on continuous tenses, see Unit 60.4 When you are concerned with the present effects or future effects of something whichhappened at an indefinite time in the past, you use the present perfect.I'm afraid I've forgotten my book, so I don't know.Have you heard from Jill recently? How is she?You also use the present perfect when you are thinking of a time which started in the past and still continues.Have you ever stolen anything? (= at any time up to the present)He has been here since six o'clock. (= and he is still here)5 When you are looking back from a point in past time, and you are concerned with the effects of something which happened at an earlier time in the past, you use the past perfect.I apologized because I had left my wallet at home.They would have come if we had invited them.6 When you want to talk about the future from a point of view in past time, you can use `would', `was / were going to', or the past continuous.He thought to himself how wonderful it would taste.Her daughter was going to do the cooking.Mike was taking his test the week after.`Will' and `going to'Main points*When you are making predictions about the future or talking about future intentions, you can use either `will' (`I will walk') or `going to' (`I am going to walk').* For promises and offers relating to the future, you use `will' (`I will walk').*For future events based on arrangements, you use the future continuous (`I will be walking').* For events that will happen before a time in the future, you use the future perfect (`I will have walked').1 You cannot talk about the future with as much certainty as you can about the present or the past. You are usually talking about what you think might happen or what you intend to happen. This is why you often use modals. Although most modals can be used with future reference, you most often use the modal `will' to talk about the future.Nancy will arrange it.When will I see them?2 When you are making predictions about the future that are based on general beliefs, opinions, or attitudes, you use `will'.The weather tomorrow will be warm and sunny.I'm sure you will enjoy your visit to the zoo.This use of `will' is common in sentences with conditional clauses.You'll be late, if you don't hurry.When you are using facts or events in the present situation as evidence for a prediction, you can use `going to'.It's going to rain . (I can see black clouds)I'm going to be late. (I have missed my train)3 When you are saying what someone has decided to do, you use `going to'.They're going to have a party.I'm going to stay at home today.WARNING: You do not normally use `going to' with the verb `go'. You usually just say `I'm going' rather than `I'm going to go'.`What are you going to do this weekend?' - `I'm going to the cinema.'When you are announcing a decision you have just made or are about to make, you use `will'.I'm tired. I think I'll go to bed.4 In promises and offers relating to the future, you often use `will' with the meaning `be willing to'.I'll do what I can.I'll help with the washing-up.Note that you can use `will' with this meaning in an `if'-clause.I'll put you through, if you'll hang on for a minute. (= if you are willing to hang on for a minute) WARNING: Remember that you do not normally use `will' in `if'-clauses.If you do that, you will be wasting your time.The children will call out if they think he is wrong.5 When you want to say that something will happen because arrangements have been made, you use the future continuous tense.I'll be seeing them when I've finished with you.I'll be waiting for you outside.She'll be appearing at the Royal Festival Hall.6 When you want to talk about something that has not happened yet but will happen before a particular time in the future, you use the future perfect tense.By the time we phone he'll already have started.By 2010, he will have worked for twelve years.Present tenses for futureMain points* When you are talking about the future in relation to official timetables or the calendar, you use the present simple (`I walk').* When talking about people's plans and arrangements for the future, you use the present continuous (`I am walking').* In `if'-clauses, time clauses, and defining relative clauses, you can use the present simple (`I walk') to refer to the future.1 When you are talking about something in the future which is based on an official timetable or calendar, you use the present simple tense. You usually put a time adverbial in these sentences.My last train leaves Euston at 11.30.The UN General Assembly opens in New York this month.Our next lesson is on Thursday.We set off early tomorrow morning.2 In statements about fixed dates, you normally use the present simple.Tomorrow is Tuesday.It's my birthday next month.Monday is the seventeenth of July.3 When you want to talk about people's plans or arrangements for the future, you use the present continuous tense.I'm meeting Bill next week.They're getting married in June.4 You often talk about the future using the present tense of verbs such as `hope', `expect', `intend', and `want' with a `to'-infinitive clause, especially when you want to indicate your uncertainty about what will actually happen.We hope to see you soon.Bill expects to be back at work tomorrow.After the verb `hope', you often use the present simple to refer to the future.I hope you enjoy your holiday.5 In subordinate clauses, the relationships between tense and time are different. In `if'-clauses and time clauses, you normally use the present simple for future reference.If he comes, I'll let you know.Please start when you are ready.We won't start until everyone arrives.Lock the door after you finally leave.6 In defining relative clauses, you normally use the present simple, not `will', to refer to thefuture.Any decision that you make will need her approval.Give my love to any friends you meet.There is a silver cup for the runner who finishes first.7 If you want to show that a condition has to be the case before an action can be carried out, you use the present perfect for future events.We won't start until everyone has arrived.I'll let you know when I have arranged everything.。

动词的时态和语态全析全解动词时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。

从种类上看英语有16种时态，而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。

动词各时态名称如下：1-4 现在:一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时2-4 过去:一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时3-4 将来:一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时4-4 过去将来:一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构（以write为例）：一般/进行/完成/完成进行1、现在write, writesam/is/are writinghave/has writtenhave/has been writing2、过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been writing3、将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing4、过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing各时态用法说明一. 一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s或-es,另外，be和have有特殊的人称形式。

如：1.一般动词：I know it.You know it.He/She knows it.We/You/They know it.2. 动词be：以am, is, are三种形式出现。

I am a teacher.You are a student.He / She is a student.We/You/They are students.3. 动词have：以have, has形式出现。

动词的时态一、一般现在时.用法:(1)表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用.时间状语：always, usually, every morning/night/evening/day/week/year, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time , twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly, ever, never.(2)表示主语具备的性格、水平、特征和状态.Eg. You are so quiet.Your hair is soft.Wang writes good English but doesn't speak well.(3)客观真理、科学事实、自然现象Eg. You are beautiful/smart.The sun rises in the east.现在表进行：用于here, there开头的倒装句中,表示正在发生的动作.Eg. Here comes the teacher.There goes the bell.二、一般过去时1.构成：由v.过去式构成情况方法例如一般情况加-ed work worked, look looked以不发音e结尾加-d live lived , hopehoped以车武音字母+y结尾变y为i加-ed study studied, carry carried以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个车字母双写最后的字母,加-edstopstopped, planplanned特殊情况不规那么have---had/are---were徉见：不规贝U 动词形态表〕常用不规那么动词表3.ABA4.ABB(1)(3)(4)〔6〕原形一nit/pt/ft -nit/pt/ft(1)(2)(3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母"i分别为“a〞(过去式)和“u〞(过去分词)(4)注：“徐示在动词原形后直接加ing2用法：(1)表示过去某个时间内(或某一段时间内)发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用.时间状语：yesterday (morning/afternoon/evening) the day before yesterday ago、just now、last night (week/Sunday/weekend/month/winter/year/century世纪)、at that moment this morning/afternoon/evening when 引导的状语从句(动词过去时) 、in the old days、at the age of 10 (过去年龄段)、the other day /a few days ago at that time Eg. I went to supermarket yesterday.(2)过去经常或反复发生的动作；Eg. He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up.(3)过去主语所具备的水平、性格、特征等.Eg. You were so lazy before.(4) want、hope、think、intend等v.一般过去时往往表示“过去原〞之意.Eg. I thought you went for your boyfriend.He didn ' t intend to hurt you.(5) wonder的一般过去时也可以表示现在的行为,但是口气较为委婉、客气,一般用于寻求帮助.Eg. I wondered if you could do me a favour.(6) used to do表示过去的习惯性的动作而现在已经不发生.Eg. You used to have a cup of coffee before you went to school.三、一般将来时1.构成：will do (所有人称)；shall do (第一人称).2用法：(1)表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作.常常与表示将来的时间状语连用.时间状语：tomorrow、next week、tomorrow> the day after tomorrow > tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening next year/week/month/hour/day/century soon、in+一段时间、in the future、this afternoon/Sunday/evening from now on、oneday/someday (未来的) 某天Eg. W川you be free tonight?(2) will do①表示事物的固有属性/必然趋势.Eg. Fish will die without water.②偶然性、临时性的决定.Eg. —Do you finish your homework?—No, I will do it right now.(3) be going to do①方案,打算做某事.Eg. Are you going to visit your uncle this weekend?②根据现在的迹象对未来的推断.Eg. Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.③was going to过去本打算做某事,但未做.Eg. I was going to meet my boyfriend yesterday, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.(4) be about to do/be on the point of doing立即的将来不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用,但是可以和并列连词when (=and at thattime)引出的分句连用.Eg. You are about to board the train for Yunnan.The plane is on the point of taking off.(5) 进行表将来：有些v.如come、go、arrive> leave、begin、start 等,其现在进行表示按方案、安排近期将要发生的动作.Eg. The class is beginning.(6) 现在表将来：有些表示方案、安排要做的事,冲用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开场、作息时间等时刻表上.Eg. We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8:00.⑺ be to do①按方案或安排要做的事.Eg. You are to graduate next month.When are you to leave for home.过去时：was/were to do表示曾经方案要做的事,但不说明方案是否被执行,或表示命运(即命中注定要发生的事).was/were to have doneft示未曾实现的计戈1J.Eg. I felt nervous because I was soon to attend the final exam.I was to have met you, but you were not in.②表示“应该〞=should、ought toEg. You are to report it to the police.③表示“想,打算〞=intend、wantEg. If we were to be there before ten, well have to go now.四、进行时(过去/现在/将来进行时)1.构成：现在进行时：am/is/are doing过去进行时：was/were doing将来进行时：will/shall be doing现在分词变化规那么：注：die 的-ing 形式为dying, lie 的-ing 形式为lying , picnic 的-ing 形式为picnicking2用法：(1)表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点.Eg. Are you studying at the No.14 middle school of Yantai?(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,虽然当时动作不一定正在进行,常与these days this week等表示近期一段时间的时间状语连用.Eg. I am planning to go abroad thses days.(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作,往往含赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always、conditionally > constantly、forever、all the time 等联用.Eg. You are always thinking of others first.He is always making the same mistake.(4)进行表R来：如come go、arrive、leave、begin、start等,其现在进行表示按方案、安排近期将要发生的动作.Eg. I am leaving for Beijing next month.(5)不用进行时的v.①感觉类：look、smell、feel、sound、taste see hear等Eg. Your hands feel cold.②情感类：like、love、prefer、admire、hate fear、adore等Eg. I love my family.③心、态类：wish、hope、want、need believe、understand agree know、remember forget 等Eg. I don't believe my eyes.④存在状态类：appear lie (位于)、remain、belong、have 等Eg. Those books belong to you.五、现在完成时1.构成：have/has done2用法：(1)表示一个动作开始与过去,持续到现在(也许还将持续下去).表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的时间状语有：lately> recently、in thelast/past few days/years since then up to now、so far 等Eg. In the past few days, great changes have taken place in my hometown.He has written 8 books so far.(2)表示发生在过去的动作/事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上.常用的状语有：already (肯定句中),yet(否认、疑问、句末),just, before, recently等.Eg. I have finished my homework.The class has started.I have seen the film.(3)在“最高级+n.〞或“ It/This is the first time 〞之后的定语从句中,谓语动词用现在完成时.Eg. This is the first time (that) I have come here.This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.(4)瞬间动词(非延续性动词),可用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语,假设要接一段时间的状语,必须转化为表示延续性的动词,其否认式可以接表示一段时间的状语.常见的瞬间动词 (组) 有：come、go、get to/reach/arrive in(at) leave、buy、sell、open close、get up、join/take part in、begin/start、return/give、borrow/lend、become/turn bring/take、die、finish/end、receive/hear from marry、break、lose、jump 等.局部非延续性动词和延续性动词的转换：买buy-have 借borrow-keep 放置put-lay 结婚marry-be married熟悉get to know-know 离开leave-be away 回来come back-be back生病fall ill-be 川死亡die-be dead 关闭turn off-be off 翻开turn on-be on 起床get up-be up 变成become-be六、过去完成时1.构成：had done2用法：(1) 一件事发生在过去,另一件事先于它发生(过去的过去),那么先发生的事用过去完成时.Eg. She had learned some English before she came to the institut机构) He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.(2)表示过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of+ “表示过去的某一时间〞.Eg. Until then he had known nothing about it yet.By then he had learned English for 3 years.(3)表示愿望、打算——类的词, 如hope、expect mean intend、want、suppose 等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图.Eg. I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that time.I had thought you would come the next day.(4)固定句型①Hardly/Scarcely/Barely…when 和No sooner …than…中,when 和than 从旬中用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚…就Eg. Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tire 4气).②It was/had been一段时间+since从句,从句的位于用过去完成时.Eg. It was 10 years since we had had such a wonderful time.③That/It/This was the first/second time that从句,从句谓语用过去完成时. Eg. It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.。

英语四种时态定义,标志,结构及例句The four primary English tenses are the present, past, future, and present perfect. Each tense has a distinct definition, set of markers, and sentence structure, which are essential for effective communication and writing in the English language.The present tense is used to describe actions, states, or events that are happening in the current moment or that occur regularly. The markers for the present tense include the simple present (e.g., "I go to school every day"), the present continuous (e.g., "I am studying for my exam"), and the present perfect (e.g., "I have finished my homework"). The structure for the simple present tense follows the pattern of subject + verb (in the base form) + object, if applicable. For example, "She writes poetry." The present continuous tense follows the structure of subject + be verb (am/is/are) + verb (present participle) + object, if applicable. For example, "I am reading a book." The present perfect tense follows the structure of subject + have/has + past participle + object, if applicable. For example, "She has completed her project."The past tense is used to describe actions, states, or events that occurred at a specific time in the past. The markers for the past tense include the simple past (e.g., "I went to the park yesterday"), the past continuous (e.g., "I was studying when the phone rang"), and the past perfect (e.g., "I had finished my homework before my parents came home"). The structure for the simple past tense follows the pattern of subject + verb (in the past tense) + object, if applicable. For example, "She cooked dinner last night." The past continuous tense follows the structure of subject + was/were + verb (present participle) + object, if applicable. For example, "I was playing soccer when it started to rain." The past perfect tense follows the structure of subject + had + past participle + object, if applicable. For example, "She had already left the party before I arrived."The future tense is used to describe actions, states, or events that will occur at a specific time in the future. The markers for the future tense include the simple future (e.g., "I will go to the beach tomorrow"), the future continuous (e.g., "I will be studying for my exam all weekend"), and the future perfect (e.g., "I will have finished my project by the end of the week"). The structure for the simple future tense follows the pattern of subject + will + verb (in the base form) + object, if applicable. For example, "They will visit the museum next month." The future continuous tense follows the structure of subject + will + be + verb (present participle) + object, if applicable. For example, "I will be working at the office all day tomorrow." Thefuture perfect tense follows the structure of subject + will + have + past participle + object, if applicable. For example, "By the time you arrive, I will have already cleaned the house."The present perfect tense is used to describe actions, states, or events that have occurred at an unspecified time in the past, often with a connection to the present. The markers for the present perfect tense include the present perfect (e.g., "I have studied for the exam") and the present perfect continuous (e.g., "I have been studying for the exam all week"). The structure for the present perfect tense follows the pattern of subject + have/has + past participle + object, if applicable. For example, "She has written a novel." The present perfect continuous tense follows the structure of subject + have/has + been + verb (present participle) + object, if applicable. For example, "I have been working on this project for months."In conclusion, the four primary English tenses – present, past, future, and present perfect – each have distinct definitions, markers, and sentence structures. Understanding and correctly using these tenses is crucial for effective communication and writing in the English language.。

英语所有的时态结构1.一般现在时（Simple Present Tense）结构：主语+动词原形（第三人称单数加-s/-es）举例：I study English every day.（我每天都学习英语。

）He works in a bank.（他在银行工作。

）2.现在进行时（Present Continuous Tense）结构：主语+am/is/are+动词-ing举例：They are playing football now.（他们现在正在踢足球。

）I am reading a book.（我正在读一本书。

）3.一般过去时（Simple Past Tense）结构：主语+动词过去式举例：She visited her grandmother last week.（她上周拜访了她的祖母。

）We watched a movie yesterday.（我们昨天看了一部电影。

）4.过去进行时（Past Continuous Tense）结构：主语+was/were+动词-ing举例：I was cooking dinner when the phone rang.（电话响的时候我正在做晚饭。

）They were studying for the test yesterday afternoon.（昨天下午他们正在为考试而学习。

）5.一般将来时（Simple Future Tense）结构：主语+will+动词原形举例：I will meet you at the airport tomorrow.（我明天会在机场接你。

）They will go on vacation next month.（他们下个月会去度假。

）6.将来进行时（Future Continuous Tense）结构：主语+will be+动词-ing举例：I will be studying for my exam this time tomorrow.（明天这个时候我将正在为我的考试而学习。