沈阳理工大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲—211翻译硕士英语

211《翻译硕士英语》考试大纲一、考试目的《翻译硕士英语》是翻译硕士专业研究生入学考试的专业基础课考试科目，旨在考察考生是否具备达到进入MTI阶段口笔译学习所要求的英语水平。

二、考试性质与范围本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的尺度参照性水平考试。

考试范围包括考生应具备的英语词汇量、语法知识以及英语阅读与写作等方面的技能。

三、考试基本要求1. 具有良好的英语基本功，认知词汇量在10,000以上，掌握5,000个以上的积极词汇，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2. 能熟练掌握正确的英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

3. 具有较强的阅读理解能力和英语写作能力。

四、考试形式本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法。

各项试题的分布情况见“考试内容一览表”。

五、考试内容本考试包括以下部分：词汇语法、阅读理解、英语写作等。

总分为100分。

I. 词汇语法1. 要求1) 词汇量要求：考生的认知词汇量应在10,000以上，其中积极词汇量为5,000以上，即能正确而熟练地运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

2) 语法要求：考生能正确运用英语语法、结构、修辞等语言规范知识。

2. 题型：多项选择或改错题II. 阅读理解1. 要求：1）能读懂常见外刊上的专题文章、历史传记及文学作品等各种文体的文章，既能理解其主旨和大意，又能分辨出其中的事实与细节，并能理解其中的观点和隐含意义。

2）能根据阅读时间要求调整自己的阅读速度。

2. 题型：1) 多项选择题（包括信息事实性阅读题和观点评判性阅读题）2) 简答题（要求根据所阅读的文章，用3-5行字数的有限篇幅扼要回答问题，重点考查阅读综述能力）3. 选材本部分题材广泛，体裁多样，选材体现时代性、实用性；重点考查通过阅读获取信息和理解观点的能力；对阅读速度有一定要求。

III. 英语写作1. 要求：能根据所给题目及要求撰写一篇400词左右的记叙文、说明文或议论文。

2016全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）考试大纲（非英语专业）I．考试性质英语（二）考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。

其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II．考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。

2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组（详见附录相关部分）。

考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。

（二）语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。

题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。

根据阅读材料，考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中的具体信息；（3）理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系；（4）根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义；（5）进行一定的判断和推理；（6）理解作者的意图、观点或态度。

2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。

短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。

III. 考试形式和试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和1张答题卡。

硕士研究生入学考试大纲-863英语语言学及英汉互译.全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语语言学及英汉互译考试大纲一、考试要求掌握普通语言学的基本概念、基础理论，并能运用理论进行简单的语言结构分析。

有较扎实的语言功底，较强的英汉书面表达能力，掌握并灵活运用常用英汉翻译技巧。

二、考试内容1、普通语言学的定义及主要分支；2、语言的性质：语言、语言的特征、语言的功能；3、语音学（phonetics）中的基本术语；4、语素、词缀及主要构词法；5、句法结构分析；6、语义关系及语义成分分析；7、言语行为理论和会话涵义理论；8、现代语言学的主要理论和流派；9、英译汉；10、汉译英。

三、题型Section A1、术语解释（20分：10题）2、填空（20分：20题）3、简答（30分：6题）4、详答（20分：1题）Section B1、英译汉（30分：一个约250单词的段落）2、汉译英（30分：一个约250字的段落）四、参考书胡壮麟主编.《语言学教程》（修订版）.北京大学出版社，2002年冯庆华.《实用翻译教程》（第一版）.上海外语教育出版社，2002年五、题型示例及参考答案Section APart I. Define the following terms briefly (20 points, 2 points each).1. Displacement2. MetalanguagePart II. Fill the blanks with proper words (20 points , 1 point each blank).1. By _____ is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2.____ studies the rules governing the structure , distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.Part III. Answer the following questions briefly(30 points, 4 points each).1.Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning？2. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Part IV. Give a detailed description of the special features of American structuralism(20 points）. Section BPart I. E-C Translation (30 points)What social morality and social conscience leaves out is the narrower but very significant concept of honor------as opposed to what is sometimes called merely “socially desirable conduct.” The man of honor is not content to ask merely whether this orthat will hurt society, or whether it is what most people would permit themselves to do. He asks, and he asks first of all, would it hurt him and his selfrespect? Would it hishonor him personally? It was a favorite and no doubt sound argument among early twentieth-century reforme rs that “playing the game” as the gentleman was supposed to play it was not enough to make a decent society. They were right: it is not enough. But the time has come to add that it is nevertheless indispensable. I hold that it is indeed inevitable that the so-called social conscience unsupported by the concept of personal honor will create a corrupt society. But suppose that it doesn’t. Suppose that no one except the individual suffers from the fact that he sees nothing wrong in doing what everybody else does. Even so, I still insist thatfor the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by that everybody does or merely the criterion of “social usefulness.”It is impossible for me to imagine a good society composed of men without honor.Part II. C-E Translation (30 points)他在父亲的教导下“发愤用功”，其实他读书还是出于喜好，只似馋嘴佬贪吃美食：食肠很大，不择精粗，甜咸杂进。

沈阳理工大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲科目代码：科目名称：金融学综合适用专业：金融一、考试基本内容（一）金融学部分、货币基础（）货币的本质、职能与形式（）货币制度、国际货币制度（）利率、利率期限结构及决定理论（）外汇、汇率、汇率制度及汇率决定理论、货币供求与均衡（）货币需求与货币需求理论（）货币供给与货币创造（）货币均衡、货币失衡——通货膨胀与通货紧缩、金融市场（）金融市场及其要素与功能（）货币市场、资本市场、衍生工具市场、金融机构（）金融机构种类与功能（）商业银行性质、职能与组织形式（）商业银行业务及风险管理（）中央银行性质、职能、国际收支与国际资本流动（）国际收支及其调节（）国际储备管理（）国际资本流动与国际金融危机、货币政策与金融监管（）货币政策及其目标（）货币政策中介指标和货币政策工具（）货币政策传导机制（）巴塞尔协议（）金融机构与金融市场监管（二）公司财务部分、公司财务基础（）公司财务与财务管理目标（）货币时间价值与现值计算原理（）股票和债券估值（）收益和风险的度量（）投资组合理论、资本资产定价模型和套利定价理论、投融资决策与营运管理（）债务融资与股权融资（）资本成本核算（）资本结构理论（）资产管理、投资决策与风险分析（）股利政策、财务报表分析与公司价值评估（）会计报表（）财务报表比率分析（）财务报表分析的应用（）公司价值评估二、考试要求（一）金融学部分、货币基础（）理解货币产生的原因，理解并掌握货币不同职能的内涵，了解货币形式的发展变化及货币层次的划分。

（）熟悉货币制度的要素和发展阶段以及国际货币制度的构成要素和发展变化，掌握不同国际金融机构的宗旨和作用。

（）理解利息的本质，熟练掌握不同种类利率的内涵和相关计算，熟悉利率期限结构及不同利率决定理论，理解影响利率的不同因素。

（）掌握外汇的内涵和构成，熟悉汇率的不同种类划分，掌握外汇交易的相关计算。

（）熟悉汇率制度的发展变化，理解并掌握不同汇率决定理论。

沈阳理工大学硕士研究生入学考试自命题考试大纲科目代码：819 科目名称：信号与系统适用专业：081105导航、制导与控制信号与系统考试大纲适用于武器类的硕士研究生入学考试，是本校武器类各专业的一门重要专业基础课，本科目的考试内容包括信号与系统的基本概念及相关基础知识，信号与线性系统的时域和变换域分析的基本理论和基本方法，傅立叶变换、拉普拉斯变换及Z变换的基本内容、性质与应用，信号与线性系统的频域分析的概念及系统函数的概念,信号通过线性系统的一系列分析与计算方法等。

要求考生能熟练掌握常用信号及线性时不变系统的基本概念，基本结构和原理应用，具有系统分析和相关计算的一些基本能力。

一、考试基本内容（一）信号与系统的基本概念信号的概念及运算，阶跃函数和冲激函数，系统的概念及模型，线性时不变系统性质。

（二）连续时间系统的时域分析连续时间系统的零输入响应、零状态响应，单位冲激、单位阶跃响应的概念及求解，卷积积分的性质及应用。

（三）傅里叶变换、系统的频域分析典型非周期信号的傅里叶变换，冲激函数和阶跃函数的傅里叶变换，傅里叶变换的基本性质，卷积定理，抽样定理，连续系统的无失真传输条件。

（四）拉普拉斯变换、连续时间系统的 S域分析拉普拉斯变换及其收敛域，常用拉普拉斯变换对，拉普拉斯逆变换，连续时间系统的S 域分析法，连续时间系统的系统函数，初、终值定理，连续时间系统的系统函数及稳定性。

（五）离散时间系统的时域分析单位样值序列和单位阶跃序列的定义及其与阶跃函数和冲激函数的区别，离散时间系统单位样值响应的求解，卷积和。

（六）Z变换、离散时间系统的Z域分析Z变换及其收敛域，常用Z变换对，逆Z变换，离散时间系统的Z域分析法，初、终值定理，离散时间系统的系统函数及稳定性。

二、考试要求（一）信号与系统的基本概念1.深入理解信号与系统的概念、信号的分类。

2.掌握基本连续时间信号定义及性质。

3.掌握连续时间信号的时域运算。

4.掌握系统的分类及模型。

2016考研英语一大纲完整版I. 考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二) 语言技能*1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义;2) 理解文中的具体信息;3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8) 区分论点和依据。

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试大纲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree (NEM) English Exam OutlineIntroduction:The National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree (NEM) is an important standardized test in China for evaluating the academic potential and research capability of candidates applying for master's programs in various disciplines. The English exam is a crucial part of the NEM, testing the candidates' proficiency in English language skills and their ability to comprehend and analyze academic content in English.Purpose of the Exam:The NEM English exam aims to assess the candidates' ability to understand and use English in an academic context. It evaluates their reading, listening, writing, and speaking skills to determine their readiness for postgraduate studies inEnglish-medium programs. The exam is designed to test not only the candidates' language proficiency but also their criticalthinking, analytical skills, and ability to communicate effectively in English.Exam Format:The NEM English exam consists of multiple sections that assess different aspects of the candidates' English language skills:1. Reading Comprehension:This section tests the candidates' ability to read and understand academic texts on various subjects. Candidates are required to answer multiple-choice questions, identify main ideas, infer meanings, and analyze arguments presented in the texts.2. Listening Comprehension:In this section, candidates listen to recordings of academic lectures, discussions, or interviews and answer questions based on the information they hear. This section evaluates their listening skills, attention to detail, and ability to comprehend and respond to spoken English.3. Writing:Candidates are required to write essays or reports on given topics within a limited time frame. They are expected to demonstrate their ability to organize ideas coherently, support arguments with evidence, and use appropriate vocabulary and grammar.4. Speaking:This section assesses the candidates' ability to speak fluently and coherently in English. Candidates may be required to give a short presentation, participate in a discussion, or respond to prompts from the examiner. This section evaluates their pronunciation, intonation, and overall speaking proficiency.Preparation for the Exam:To prepare for the NEM English exam, candidates should focus on improving their English language skills, expanding their vocabulary, and practicing reading, listening, writing, and speaking in English. They should familiarize themselves with academic English and be able to comprehend and analyze complex texts and arguments. Practice tests and study materials are available to help candidates prepare for the exam and improve their performance.Conclusion:The NEM English exam is a challenging but essential test for candidates applying for master's programs in China. It evaluates their English language skills and readiness for postgraduate studies in English-medium programs. By preparing diligently and honing their English proficiency, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and enhance their academic prospects. Good luck to all candidates taking the NEM English exam!篇2National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for Master's Degree English Exam OutlineI. IntroductionThe National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for Master's Degree, also known as the National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree, is a crucial examination for those seeking admission to pursue a Master's degree in China. The English exam is one of the main components of the examination, testing the candidates' proficiency in English language skills.II. Exam FormatThe English exam is divided into two sections: listening comprehension and reading comprehension. Each section has its own duration and question types.1. Listening Comprehension- Duration: Approximately 30 minutes- Number of questions: 30- Question types: Multiple-choice questions, gap-filling, and comprehension questions- Content: Conversations, short speeches, and news reports in English2. Reading Comprehension- Duration: Approximately 90 minutes- Number of questions: 45- Question types: Multiple-choice questions, true/false questions, matching exercises, summary completion, and comprehension questions- Content: Academic articles, essays, and excerpts from literature in EnglishIII. Exam ContentThe English exam assesses the candidates' skills in listening, reading, and understanding English language. The topics covered in the exam include but are not limited to: science, technology, culture, society, and global issues. The exam aims to test the candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze complex written and spoken English.IV. Exam Preparation Tips1. Practice listening to English podcasts, news reports, and conversations to improve listening comprehension skills.2. Read academic articles, essays, and literature in English to enhance reading comprehension skills.3. Familiarize yourself with different question types and practice answering sample questions.4. Build vocabulary and improve grammar through regular reading and practice exercises.5. Take mock exams to simulate the exam conditions and evaluate your performance.V. ConclusionThe National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for Master's Degree English exam is a challenging but importantassessment for candidates seeking admission to Master's degree programs in China. By understanding the exam format, content, and preparation tips, candidates can better prepare themselves for success in the examination. Good luck to all the candidates taking the exam!篇3National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) English Test OutlineI. IntroductionThe English test is an important part of the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) in China. The test is designed to assess the English language proficiency of candidates seeking admission to master's programs in various universities across the country.II. Test FormatThe English test consists of two parts: listening comprehension and reading comprehension. Each part is worth 50 points, with a total of 100 points for the entire test. The test duration is 120 minutes, with 60 minutes allocated for each part.1. Listening ComprehensionThe listening comprehension part consists ofmultiple-choice questions based on recorded conversations, lectures, and narrations. Candidates are required to listen to the recordings and answer the questions accordingly.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension part consists of multiple-choice questions based on reading passages. Candidates are required to read the passages carefully and answer the questions based on their understanding of the text.III. Test ContentThe test content is designed to evaluate candidates' listening and reading skills, as well as their ability to understand and interpret English language materials. The test covers a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: society, culture, science, technology, history, and literature.IV. Test ScoringEach correct answer is worth one point, and there is no penalty for incorrect answers. The total score is calculated by summing up the points earned in both the listening comprehension and reading comprehension parts. The finalscore is used by universities to assess candidates' English language proficiency.V. Preparation Tips1. Practice listening to English language materials, such as podcasts, movies, and songs, to improve listening comprehension skills.2. Read a wide variety of English texts, including newspapers, magazines, and books, to improve reading comprehension skills.3. Familiarize yourself with the test format and practice solving sample questions to gain confidence and improve performance on the day of the exam.In conclusion, the English test in the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination is an important evaluation tool for candidates seeking admission to master's programs in China. By preparing effectively and focusing on improving listening and reading skills, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam.。

绝密★启用前2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）试卷条形码☆考生注意事项☆1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。

2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。

不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。

3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。

4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。

5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。

（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4　, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11　. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to 14　, but not common. Divorced persons are 15　with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1. [A] by way of [B] with regard to [C] on behalf of [D] as well as2. [A] decide on [B] provide for [C] compete with [D] adapt to3. [A] close [B] arrange [C] renew [D] postpone4. [A] In theory [B] Above all [C] In time [D] For example5. [A] Unless [B] Lest [C] After [D] Although6. [A] into [B] within [C] from [D] through7. [A] or [B] since [C] but [D] so8. [A] test [B] copy [C] recite [D] create9. [A] folding [B] piling [C] wrapping [D] tying10. [A] passing [B] lighting [C] hiding [D] serving11. [A] association [B] meeting [C] collection [D] union12. [A] deal [B] part [C] grow [D] live13. [A] whereas [B] until [C] for [D] if14. [A] avoid [B] follow [C] challenge [D] obtain15. [A] isolated [B] persuaded [C] viewed [D] exposed16. [A] wherever [B] whatever [C] whenever [D] however17. [A] changed [B] brought [C] shaped [D] pushed18. [A] invested [B] divided [C] donated [D] withdrawn19. [A] warms [B] clears [C] shows [D] breaks20. [A] while [B] so that [C] in that [D] onceSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.[B] New runways would be constructed.[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.[D] The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] heightening the value of.[B] indicating the state of.[C] losing faith in.[D] doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A] The French measures have already failed.[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.[C] Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A] setting a high age threshold for models.[B] caring too much about models’ character.[C] showing little concern for health factors.[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body IdealsText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.[C] is fully backed by the royal family.[D] is not well reflected in politics.27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being[A] gradually destroyed.[B] effectively reinforced.[C] largely overshadowed.[D] properly protected.28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’s preference[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C] stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of[A] the size of population in Britain.[B] the political life in today’s Britain.[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] tolerance.[B] skepticism.[C] uncertainty.[D] approval.32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by[A] winning trust from consumers.[B] guarding it against malpractices.[C] protecting it from being defamed.[D] raising the quality of its products.33. The expression “more lenient” (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to[A] more effective.[B] less controversial.[C] less severe.[D] more lasting.34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record[A] has an impact on their decision.[B] comes across as reliable evidence.[C] increases the chance of being penalized.[D] constitutes part of the investigation.35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as a blunder,”he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”36. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to[A] the high cost of operation.[B] the pressure from its investors.[C] the complaints from its readers.[D] the increasing online ad sales.37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should[A] seek new sources of readership.[B] end the print edition for good.[C] aim for efficient management.[D] make strategic adjustments.38. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”[A] helps restore the glory of former times.[B] is meant for the most loyal customers.[C] will have the cost of printing reduced.[D] expands the popularity of the paper.39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,[A] legacy businesses are becoming outdated.[B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C] aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B] Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand[C] Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D] Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Create a new image of yourself[B] Have confidence in yourself[C] Decide if the time is right[D] Understand the context[E] Work with professionals[F] Make it efficient[G] Know your goalsNo matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals? Here are some tips:41.As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and ina rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43.Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44.Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45.The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental health and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem—confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives—the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49) Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)与其只提要求，不如做个榜样2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题参考答案1-5DABAC6-10ACCDA11-15DDBDC16-20BBBCA21-25ADBCD26-30DADBD31-35BACAB36-40ADBCC41-45CGDEF【参考译文】46.我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体内的/是我们与生俱来的能力。

2016年郑州大学翻译硕士真题211翻译硕士英语2016年郑州大学翻译硕士真题（211翻译硕士英语）Ⅰ. Multiple Choices (10 points,1 point each)Choose the best one from the four choices given in each sentence and write the correct answer on your Answer Sheet.1. The U-boat blockade England's food shortage during World War Ⅱ.A. aggregatedB. aggravatedC. aggrievedD. agonize2. For the advertised position, the company offers a(n) salary and benefits package.A. generousB. plentifulC. abundantD. sufficient3. Based on an analysis of a/an , scientists argue for life on Mars.A. fossilB. meteoriteC. oreD. specimen4. Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remainedA. motionlessB. inactiveC. stagnantD. immobile5. Singapore is inhabited by a of different nationalities.A. motleyB. beehiveC. guiseD. medley6. As there was no road, the travelers up a rocky slope on their way back.A. ranB. hurriedC. scrambledD. crawled7.I bought my daughter headphones so I wouldn't have to listen to the that she calls music.A. ribaldryB. melodyC. noiseD. cacophony8. In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, action.A. determiningB. defensiveC. demandingD. decisive9. He had an habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window.A. offensiveB. objectionableC. uneducatedD. impolite10.I can never understand what Jack's talking about. His words me.A. babbleB. mistrustC. baffleD. stubⅠ. Reading Comprehension (30 point s,2 points each)Read the following three passages, and choose the correct answer from the four choices given and then write it on the Answer Sheet.(1)Which is safer-staying at home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in the office? Surprisingly, each of these carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 times riskier than the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947), Flixborough (1974), Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. Noone died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal, where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552.The Pemex fire ata storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives，just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the T exas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate（硝酸铵），which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management，which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town，local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction os exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.11.Which of the following statements is true？A. Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B. Traverlling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C. Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D. Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.12.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news becauseA. they are very rareB. they often cause loss of lifeC. they always occur in big citiesD. they arouse the interest of all the readers13.According to passage，the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened atA. Texas cityB. FlixboroughC. SevesoD. Mexico City14.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind ofA. natural gas, which can easily catch fireB. fertilizer, which can't be stored in a great quantityC. poisonous substance, which can't be used in overcrowded areasD. fuel, which is stored in large tanks15. From the discussion among some experts we may conclude thatA. to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industryB. the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industryC. all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure had been takenD. natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe(2)Open up most fashion magazines and you will see incredibly thin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonably expensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldn't clothes be comfortably durable and make a principle of being simple for the individual who wears them? Whyare we constantly told that we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to our collection?Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make piles of money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this year's sweater's length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashion industry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. In fact it is not only a phenomenon we can find in people's dressing.Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the way we cut our hair, the makeup We buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controls our ideas.You don't believe me? How many. Of your friends are vegetarians? Why are they vegetarians? Because it is fashionable!Where does fashion come from? Often the reasons are quite logical. Scientists and historians study the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion.When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. That's why guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful.Why do guys shave their heads? In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects that lived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, like soldiers.People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money？Changes in fashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over the world. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London, New York, Paris and Milan.And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesn't it? Whenyou are dressed in the latest style，dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, don't you.16.What's the author's viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes？A. Unbiased.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. Appreciative.17.It is indicated by the author that clothes should beA. comfortable and durable.B. new and fresh.C. expensive and fashionable.D. simple and unique18.The fashion industry makes profits byA. selling the products at high prices.B. creating a need in you.C. helping you get rid of your shortcomings.D. making you look more beautiful.19.The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and the historians isA. incredible.B. amazing.C. reasonable.D. creative.20.The passage mentions the advantages of fashion EXCEPT thatA.it can help promote technological development.B.it enables people to remain up-to-date.C.it can create more job opportunities for people.D.it can make people achieve a great feeling.(3)This year, like lots of other people, I'm going to try to make my own Christmas presents. It's not the first time that I've promised myself this. Being a milliner, and an al-round crafty type, I've often thought I should put my money where my mouth is. But this year I'm really going to stick to it. It's partly that I'm short of cash, but also that I've recently returned from an inspiring trip around Britain, looking into "make do and mend" for BBC2's Newsnight.I dreamed up the trip a few months ago. The thought of traveling the country--making things as I went, meeting artists and craftspeople--sounded like the perfect way to spend the summer. I'd pack a tent and a sewing machine and off I'd go. But by the time I finalized my plans and hit the road, leaves were already crunching under foot. It seemed crazy to camp with winter on the way; instead, Newsnight viewers offered me board and lodging in return for help with a craft task. There was an overwhelming response.My tasks ranged from darning a moth-eaten monk's jumper to making trousers for a stilt walker. Textile students in Harpenden offered to pay for my petrol in return for a talk about hats. In Derby, Amy needed help to transform an old pair of curtains.I was really struck by people's growing enthusiasm for making things. I asked a WI group in Sheffield how many could sew, and only a few put up their hands. But when I asked who wanted to learn, nearly everyone responded positively. At the Textile Workshop in Nottingham, the number of classes on offer has doubled in a year, and a knitting club in Leeds is growing bythe week.Craft is definitely fashionable at the moment. But over and above fashion, we' re learning to appreciate effort and quality again. Perhaps once people rediscover the pleasure to be gained from making something unique, it may stick.Sue Pilchard is curator of quilts at the V& amp; A, where next spring she'll be putting on the museum's first major quilting exhibition. Sue believes the return to crafting is wrapped up in how we are redefining ourselves." There's certainly a movement., towards a new domesticity. People, especially women, are starting to think about the way they live their lives. It's 40 years since the first women's liberation conference was held in Oxford. Since that time we've been in the workplace, and we've had the opportunity of choice. Now we' re deliberately choosing to go back into the home."Whether you agree with that or not, there's something about Christmas that brings out the artistic streak in everyone. Whether it's baking mince pies or decking the halls, we' re all prepared to have a go. So if you fancy pushing the boat out and making a few presents, try these really simple ideas, each inspired by my recent journey. They make ideal stocking fillers or small gifts, and take no longer than 30 minutes each. Play some carols, settle down with a steaming cup of cocoa, and forget the cold. You'll save yourself a bit of money and spread a little bit of love too!21. The author promised to make herself a Christmas present this year mainly becauseA. she wanted to save money.B. she couldn't afford to buy one.C. she was inspired by her trip for a BBC2 program.D.A lot of people make presents themselves.22. Which of the following is CORRECT about the author's trip to Britain?A. She met many artists and craftsmen on her way to Britain.B. She spent a whole summer in Britain making crafts.C. She was asked to sew clothes, pants and curtains and made a fortune.D. Many people were found to be interested in making things themselves.23. When was the author probably on her trip to Britain?A. Spring.B. Late Summer.C. Late Autumn.D. Winter.24. According to the passage, through crafting people learn toA. appreciate the efforts in manual things.B. keep up with fashion.C. stick to something interesting.D. understand craft better.25. What is the author's view on homemade Christmas presents?A. Making Christmas presents can just convey a bit of your love.B. It would take long time to prepare a Christmas present.C. You can drink a cup of hot cocoa when you make preparations.D. People can find their artistic talent in making Christmas presents.Ⅰ. Cloze (10points,1point each)Choose the best one from the four choices given in eachsentence and write the correct answer on your Answer Sheet.Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations. 26 , however, the term usually refers 27 an electronic device that can 28 a series of tasks according to a 29 set of instructions.In 1953 there were only about 100 computers in use in the 30 world. Today hundreds of millions of computers 31 in homes, schools, businesses, government offices, and universities for almost every 32 purpose.Modern desktop personal computers, or PCs, are 33 than the huge, million-dollar business computers of the 1960s and 1970s. Most PCs can perform from 400 million to several billion 34 per second. These computers are used not only for household 35 and personal entertainment, but also for most of the automated tasks 36 by small businesses. The fastest desktop computers are called workstations, and they are 37 used for scientific, engineering, or advanced business 38The speed and power of supercomputers, the fastest class of computer, are almost 39 human comprehension, and their 40 are continually being 41 . The fastest of these machines can perform more than 7 trillion-and theoretically can run more than 12 trillion-operations per second and can store 6 trillion characters in its memory, 42 it to do the work of thousands of PCs. Supercomputers 43 these speeds 44 the use of several advanced engineering techniques. Because they can cost billions of dollars-and because they can be large enough to cover the size of two basketball courts-supercomputers are used 45 by government agencies andlarge research centers.26.[A] Currently [B] Consequently [C] Conceivably [D] Clearly27.[A] in [B] at [C] as [D] to28.[A] perform [B] conduct [C] achieve [D] fulfill29.[A] rigid [B] serious [C] precise [D] harsh30.[A] entire [B] complete [C] total [D] general31.[A] are to be used [B] are being used [C] have been using[D] used32.[A] perceptive [B] conceivable [C] inevitable[D] imaginary33.[A] many times more powerful [B] many more times powerful[C] powerful many more times [D] powerful more many times34.[A] exercises[B] missions [C] errands [D] operations35.[A]management [B]execution [C]application[D]manipulation36.[A]claimed [B]necessitated [C]required [D]requested37.[A]inclusively [B]generally [C]totally [D]entirely38.[A]employments [B]exercises [C]usages [D]applications39.[A]beyond [B]without [C]over [D]out40.[A]capabilities [B]qualifications [C]skills [D]vacancies41.[A]propelled [B]boosted [C]improved [D]enriched42.[A]that allows [B]allows [C]to allow [D]allowing43.[A]obtain [B]attain [C]win [D]secure44.[A]at [B]on [C]with [D]through45.[A]primarily [B]conditionally [C]initially [D]fundamentallyⅠ.Text translation（30points）1.Translate the following text into English（15points）当今世界，和平合作、开放融通、变革创新的潮流滚滚向前。