云南财经大学学生毕业论文（设计）题目：校园超市库存管理系统的设计与实现院（系）：信息学院专业：计算科学与技术（经济信息处理）班级：计经 11-1学号： 201105001493论文作者：杨子江指导教师：沈俊媛指导教师职称：讲师2015年 5 月原创性及知识产权声明云南财经大学本科毕业论文（设计）原创性及知识产权声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文（设计）是本人在导师的指导下取得的成果。
对本论文（设计）的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。
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本毕业论文（设计）成果归云南财经大学所有。
特此声明毕业论文（设计）作者签名：作者专业：计算机科学与技术（经济信息处理）作者学号：2011050014932015年5月9日目录原创性及知识产权声明 (I)中文摘要及关键词 (V)英文摘要及关键词 (VI)引言 (1)一、系统概述 (2)（一）系统开发的意义 (2)（二）系统任务 (2)（三）系统目标 (2)二、系统主要开发工具及平台介绍 (3)（一）开发运行环境 (3)（二）开发工具及平台介绍 (3)三、系统分析 (5)（一）系统开发的必要性 (5)（二）系统开发的可行性 (5)（三）需求分析 (6)（四）功能需求分析 (6)（五）软件和硬件需求分析 (6)四、系统设计 (8)（一）系统总体设计 (8)（二）系统功能总体设计 (8)（三）数据库设计 (10)五、校园超市库存管理的实现 (16)（一）用户登录的设计与实现 (16)（二）员工信息管理 (17)（三）供应商信息管理 (17)（四）进货信息管理 (18)（五）商品销售管理 (18)（六）库存信息 (19)（七）退货信息 (20)（八）数据备份 (20)六、系统测试 (22)（一）测试范围 (22)（二）系统的运行和维护 (22)总结 (24)附录 (25)参考文献 (35)致谢 (36)图表目录图4- 1 系统总体结构图 (9)图4- 2 员工的实体及属性 (10)图4- 3 供应商的实体及属性 (11)图4- 4 进货实体及属性 (11)图4- 5 销售实体及属性 (11)图4- 6 库存信息实体及属性 (12)图4- 7 退货信息实体及属性 (12)表4- 1 员工基本信息表 (13)表4- 2 供应商信息表 (13)表4- 3 商品进货信息表 (13)表4- 4 销售信息表 (14)表4- 5 库存信息表 (14)表4- 6 退货信息表 (14)图5- 1 登录窗口 (16)图5- 2 主界面 (16)图5- 3 员工基本信息 (17)图5- 4 供应商信息 (18)图5- 5 进货信息管理 (18)图5- 6 进货信息查询 (18)图5- 7 商品销售管理 (19)图5- 8 销售信息查询 (19)图5- 9 库存信息 (20)图5- 10 商品退货信息 (20)图5- 11 数据备份 (21)摘要随着科学技术的不断进步与发展，计算机技术已在人们的工作生活中起着越来越重要的作用商品渐渐深入人们的生活之中。
A Research on the Relationship betweenProject Implementation, ProjectManager and Organization CultureContent1. Introduction (2)2. The importance of the implementation of projects and external forces changed project management ways (2)2.1 The importance of the implementation of projects to strategic planning andproject managers (2)2.2 External forces that have changed the way projects are managed (4)3. Mechanisms to sustain the organization culture and project culture (6)3. 1 Mechanisms to sustain the culture of a global organization (6)3.2 An effective mechanism to sustain the culture of projects in a globalenvironment (7)4. Conclusion (8)Reference (10)11. IntroductionToday more and more companies, especially global organizations, tend to use project management approach to manage the organizations. A key point of project management is the implementation of projects. To achieve an effective project management, an organization should firstly have a clear understanding of the importance of the project implementations and then consider some external environmental forces that have changed the way projects are managed.It is noted that organization culture is an important internal factor that influences project management. How to sustain organization culture is now an emerging issue that enterprises, especially global enterprise, need to pay special attention to.This essay firstly analyzed the importance of the implementation of projects to strategic planning and project managers, as well as some key external environmental forces that have changed the way projects are managed. And then some mechanisms were introduced that can sustain organizational culture. Finally the essay analyzed a mechanism that has the biggest effect on sustaining the culture of projects in a global environment. These analyses can help enterprises to form a clear and overall understanding of project management and the outcomes can be transferred to application in practice.2. The importance of the implementation of projects and external forces changed project management ways2.1 The importance of the implementation of projects to strategic planning and project managersProject is a temporary work to create unique products or services with some constraints (Kloppenborg, 2015, p. 4). Strategic planning is to set up long-term or short-term objectives to provide some kind of products or services that satisfy the customers’ n eeds. Project manager is responsible for planning and implementing the projects to meet scale and quality requirement with limited time and cost. Implementing projects is an important part of strategic planning and an effective way to achieve organization’s objectives (Wang & Li, 2008, p. 104). Thus, the implementation of projects is important to both strategic planning and project managers. Specifically, the importance is reflected in the following aspects:2Implementing projects contributes to achieve the objectives of strategic planning. There is a close relationship between project management and strategic planning. In order to take the strategy into practice, many project-based enterprises may divide an overall strategic planning into specific projects. Enterprises may implement different projects according to the organization’s strategic objectives. F or example, to cope with the problem of rising price of oil, a car company approved a fuel-efficient car R&D project. In order to protect citizen’s health, a developing country’s nongovernmental organization approved a project to build drinking water systems for a community that suffered from infectious diseases (Liu & Cao, 2014, p. 195).Implementing projects can help enterprises find out new problems and challenges, so as to adjust the strategic plans (Wang & Li, 2008, p. 105). The top managers of the organization always concentrate on the organization direction, objectives and overall plan but little care about the details of realizing the strategic objectives. This may result in a problem that the enterprise may develop a strategic plan beyond the enterprise resource and ability. For example, in order to expand the markets, a Japanese clothing company established an annual plan to open 1000 stores in Asia. But without considering the company's actual financial capacity and real market condition, the strategic objective is impossible to be achieved. Assuming that the company transfer the plan of opening stores in China into a project and opening stores in Indonesia into another project, project managers can understand the market conditions and customer preferences in different countries through the implementation of the projects so that they can adjust the strategic plan.For project managers, implementing projects enables them to perform their obligations and play a role in achieving strategic objectives. The implementation of projects can help project managers gain practical experience and understand how to reduce costs, better make use of resources and maximize profits. In this process, project managers are able to adjust their behaviors and thus make the implementation of projects more efficient.In order to achieve an effective project implementation, the enterprise should primarily select and prioritize the projects. At first, enterprises should assess their ability to execute the project. For example, if an enterprise plans to develop a new mobile phone with the function of waterproof, it should consider whether it has a project team with creative ability and professional knowledge about waterproof and a project manager with excellent leading ability. Secondly, enterprises should identify potential projects. Strategic decision makers and project makers may not be able to find out all projects that contribute to achieving organization goals. Every person in3the company should participate in the process. For example, after-sales service person may find out opportunities to improve the products through customer's feedback. Thirdly, the enterprise can use financial model and scoring model to select projects. Using financial model, for example, when two projects have the same costs, the enterprise may choose the project that has a bigger net present value. Scoring models considers nonfinancial criteria to access a project. For example, a company consider develop new products is more important than maintain customer relationships, the company may give higher weights to new product criteria (Che, 2012, p. 15). Finally, when the resources required by two projects are conflicted, the enterprise should allocate the resources according to the projects' priority. For example, if the enterprise is unable to deliver two projects in time, it may prioritize the project that has smaller losses. Through the above steps, the enterprises can make a better project selection and prioritization and thus promote the implementation of projects (Kloppenborg, 2015, p. 34).2.2 External forces that have changed the way projects are managed●Product life cycleFor the products with short life cycle, time-to-market is very important. Especially for high-tech products, enterprises should push out new products as soon as possible. Developing new products using project management approach can shorten the time to market. Thus, now more and more enterprises tend to establish cross - functional project teams to quickly provide customers with new products (Larson & Gray, 2011, p. 10). For example, with the development of advanced technologies, mobile phone’s life cycle became shortened and today more and more mobile phone companies pay more attention to new functions of mobile phones which appeal to customers. This new trend requires the project management pay more attention to product innovation and producing efficiency.●Global competitionGlobal competition has brought new opportunities and challenges to the organization’s project management. On the one hand, a more open market may require a cheaper price and higher quality of a product (Larson & Gray, 2011, p. 10), which requires the project manager to complete the project with more limited cost. On the other hand, globalization also brought new opportunities to reduce costs and improve efficiency of project management. For example, since there are cheap labor forces in coastal areas of eastern China, many manufacturing enterprises tend to4establish production plants there. Apple has set up many production plants in China to produce iphone for it.●Knowledge growthWith the growth of the knowledge, project management became more complicated, because that a project may contain technical expertise in different areas, which requires more cross-functional cooperation within the organization. Nowadays, for example, building a road is more complicated than ever before, because it involves the design, survey, equipment, raw materials and other fields of knowledge, which were less considered a few years ago (Larson & Gray, 2011, p. 10). Thus, now more and more companies tend use project management approach because it gathers the specialists together to make joint effort to one goal.●Corporate social responsibilitiesApart from maximizing shareholder interests, taking social responsibilities is now more important for enterprises. Enterprises should consider overall interests of nature and society and achieve a balance between “Planet, People and Profit”, in order to realize a sustainable development. It changed the objectives of the project and the technologies used to complete the project. For example, for a project to build a new factory, the project manager should consider not only how to reduce the cost and improve the efficiency of building, but also the influence to environment and around residents brought by the project. In this situation, the project manager not only pursues the interests of shareholders and customers, but also considers the interests of related third party.●Organization downsizingFor many large companies, expanding the businesses and company scale are the main development trends. But for more small and medium-sized enterprises, since their ability and resources are very limited, they tend to downsize to focus on core business. Outsourcing is a good example. Today a lot of mobile phone companies, like Apple, Huawei, and many car brands, like Toyota,Porsche, tend to reduce production cost and improve production efficiency through outsourcing. Outsourcing has changed the way companies processing projects, because the project managers have to manage not only their own people, but also the people come from different organizations (Larson & Gray, 2011, p. 10).53. Mechanisms to sustain the organization culture and project culture3. 1 Mechanisms to sustain the culture of a global organizationOrganization culture is a system that allows organization members to share their values, which makes the organization more unity and better achieve organization goals. Organizational culture can help the organization member understand what behavior is inappropriate, what behavior is encouraged (Wang, 2015, p. 47). Organizational culture is also important to project managers, because it can direct them to establish project culture.The following mechanisms can help the organization to sustain its culture:●Recruitment mechanismWhen recruiting employees, managers should consider the candidate's culture fit, in order to seek for the person with consistent values with the organization. In the recruitment, recruiters should clarify the values and principles of the organization. Specifically, recruiters should explain the organization’s mission, vision and working condition to the candidates (Zhao, 2012, p. 33). Then managers should assess if the potential candidate's values, habits and attitudes are consistent with the organization culture. Google is an example that it always pays special attention to find the right person that have the spirits Google need and do things in Google’s way.●Senior manager rolesIn the process of establishing organization culture, senior managers’ behaviors have great impact on the organization culture. Managers should deliver the organization values to employees and influence others through their behaviors (Li, 2012, p. 88). In a case, a company’s CEO has said he attaches great importance to the talents, which he hope s can be reflected in the organization’s culture. But when arranging an interview of a middle manager, the CEO said to his secretary, "Let him waiting for half an hour, I have something to deal with." Such a small thing has reflected his attitude to talents. The leaders of an organization are not only the builders of the organization of culture, but also the destroyers.●Reward and punishment mechanismThrough the reward and punishment mechanism, enterprise reinforces desired behavior and discourages inappropriate behavior so that promoting the understanding of the organization values to employees. The enterprise should make a formal6statement to determine what kind of reward and punishment measures they may take. Microsoft has set an award named Gates President Award for its employees, which is Microsoft's highest award. To acquire the award, the person should have not only outstanding performance, but also the values advocated by Microsoft. Setting awards can attract employees to make effort to follow the corporate values. The process can enhance employees’ identity of organization culture.●Communication mechanismCommunication is very important to an enterprise, especially a global organization, to sustain its organization culture. In a multinational organization, team members in a project not only have different professional skills, but also have different cultural backgrounds and values. An imperfect communication system may cause a lot of problems which often waste the project manager a lot of time to solve. A well communication system is like a bridge, which can make the project management process more unobstructed so that it can effectively solve the cultural conflicts. It helps the project manager better achieve project objective, establish project culture, so as sustain organizational culture.●Layoff mechanismThe people who do comply with the organization norms and values should be rewarded and those who violate the organization principles should receive the organization’s help to adjust their behavior. I f the person can't adjust his or her behaviors, the person should leave the organization. Enterprises can screen out those employees through the layoff mechanism, so that the organization culture can be sustained.3.2 An effective mechanism to sustain the culture of projects in a global environmentSince projects are temporary, which is totally different from operations, the tasks of project are not completely complied with the organization goals. It may result in a divergence between the organization culture and the norms and values that the project members followed in the project. For a global organization, because it may participate in a lot of cross-cultural projects, it is a great challenge for project managers to deal with cultural conflicts, integrate the values of project team members and establish a unified project culture.Cross-cultural awareness training is considered an effective mechanism to sustain project culture. Building and sustaining project culture require unified vision and7values in the project team. However, since the project members are from different departments or organizations, they have different cultural backgrounds and values. Since project is a temporary work, if the project manager chooses to break their original values and beliefs to form a unified culture, it is not a wise choose. It may increase the conflicts. A better choose is to introduce different cultures to project members to increase their understanding of other members’ cultures, that is, making cross-cultural awareness training. This mechanism can make the team members to accept each other’s values and cultures, so as to make their faith and vision consistent, increasing the possibility to achieve project success. Using this mechanism not only can make an unified culture within the project team, but also allows the team members to present their cultural features, encouraging the innovation. This mechanism also makes the team members to respect each other so that they do things in the project ways, rather than in their own ways (Li & Wang, 2012, p. 88).Here we use Foxconn, the largest electronics manufacturer in China, as an example to explain the mechanism of cross-cultural awareness training. Foxconn is the original equipment manufacturer of many well-known mobile phone brands, like Apple, Huawei, Nokia, Motorola, etc. Since Foxconn's partners are all over the world, it always confront with lots of cross-cultural projects. Foxconn are used to make cross-cultural awareness training for the project team, in order to sustain project culture. The first is language training. Foxconn would require project managers to learn the language of their project partner s’to promote their communication. The second is culture introduction, including introduction about the host country customs and traditions, to promote project members’ understanding of each other's culture. The third is the role training, that is, to simulate a scene that project members with different cultural backgrounds are working together and project members should be able to deal with some issues of cultural conflicts that are possibly occur. The last one is cultural adaptability training, which makes the project members to eliminate racial superiority and learn to respect and adapt to different cultures. The above trainings enable Foxconn to successfully establish a unified project culture in different projects (zhang, 2013, p. 39).4. ConclusionThe implementation of projects is part of the organization strategic planning and an effective way to achieve the strategic goals. Implementing projects enables project8managers to find new problems and challenges, so they can adjust the strategic planning. Project manager is the leader of the project. Their duty is to ensure that the project implementation meets the customer’s requirements. In a global environment, the way of project management has changed by some external environmental factors. These factors carried out higher requirements on the quality of products and limiter time and budget.Apart from external factors, internal factors, such as organization culture, also have impact on the project management. Organizational culture can direct the establishment of project culture. Enterprise can sustain organization culture through recruitment mechanism, rewards and punishment mechanism, communication mechanism, layoff mechanism and so on. For a global organization, since it always confront with many cross-cultural projects, reducing cultural conflicts in the project and integrating project member’s values are really concerning issues to make a successful implementation of projects, which can be achieved through the cross-cultural training mechanism.The efficiency of project implementation depends on strategic planning, project managers and organization culture. A successful project management can be achieved through developing appropriate strategic planning, establishing and maintaining appropriate organizational culture, and playing the role of project manager.9ReferenceChe, J. L. (2012). Project selection criteria base on organization strategic objective. Management & Technolosy of SME, 46(11), 12-16.Kloppenborg, J. T. (2015). Contemporary Project Management (3th ed.). New York: Cengage LearningLarson, W. E. & Gray, F. C. (2011). Project Management: The Managerial Process (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Li, H. X. & Wang, W. J. (2012). Organization culture in project management. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Social Sciences), 28(4), 86-89.Liu, Y., Wen, M. S. & Cao, D. B. (2014). Project management’s significance to organization strategy. Modern Business, 2014(33), 195-196.Wang, H. & Li, M. (2015). Organization culture establishment base on project management. Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Equipment, 46(6), 46-50.Wang, L. F. (2008). Project management’s significance to strategy management. Market Modernization, 2008(35), 104-105.Zhang, J. J. (2013). The management of culture conflict in oil companies overseas project. Foreign Investment in China, 27(3), 38-42.Zhao, H. J. (2012). Individual and organization values matching. Human Resource Management, 53(23), 32-35.10。
班级: 英语（读写）________班名册序号:_________ 云南大学课程论文课程: 学术英语（读写）论文题目： (英文题目) (中文题目)学院专业学生姓名学号指导教师得分2014年 7 月the Republic of ChinaAbstractOn the basis of the historical literatures and the opinions historians and accounting scholars, this paper attempts to arrange some remarkable characteristics about accounting thoughts during the Republic of China. Then the thesis evaluates its historical contribution and gives some lessons on the current accounting system through historical analysis. Because accounting work during the period of Republic of china was frequent, there are little monographs or articles about the accounting thoughts during that time and the elaboration is fragmented, too. Nevertheless, the study on the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China is propitious to hold the objective laws and historical references of the evolution of accounting thoughts and explore the orientation of the development of future accounting. Due to the limited time and space, the essay is restricted to a simple analysis of its features and experience More researches focusing on analyzing the details are need to be done in the future.Key words:the Republic of China, accounting thoughts, accounting historythe Republic of ChinaI. IntroductionWith the rapid development of economy, accounting has been put into full play in social-economic region. As an important component of accounting theories, the history of accounting thoughts is attached increasing attention. According to Guo(1999) and Liu(2005), "accounting thoughts" The history of accounting thoughts can reveal the objective law of its evolution, as well as the relationship between accounting thoughts and accounting practice. Therefore, accounting thoughts should be researched from the historic and evolutionary perspective.Currently, the study on the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China lacks systematization. The Republic of China has its historic position in Chinese accounting history, by reason that in this period government accounting system of modern China has been established in an all-around way. Summing it up is advantageous to exhumating advanced accounting thoughts and ideas, guiding directions of accounting practice and give historic reference for the ever-growing accounting business.Through collecting and arranging literature, it turns out that the monographs and articles about the government accounting thoughts are lacking and the elaboration is fragmented, too. Therefore, taking the time sequence of accounting thoughts evolution as a clue, the paper divides the Republic of China into two periods (the Northern Warlord Government period and the Nanjing National Government period) to recapitulate the main features and experience of the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China.Ⅱ. The basic profile of the accounting thoughts in the Republic of ChinaThe Revolution of 1911, led by Dr Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. A thousand things waited to be done and all the modern politicaland economic systems were in their formative period. Under these circumstances when so much was in flux, the accounting thoughts in the Republic of China had not only historical inheritance but also unique saltation.The Northern Warlord Government was incompetent, affected by tangled warfare among warlords domestically and oppressed by imperialism internationally. There was no doubt that the development of accounting thoughts would be dragged down by the troublous political environment and backward economic management style. Nevertheless, based on the buds of improving accounting in the late Qing Dynasty, the accounting thoughts had a certain vitality. More specifically, the Northern Warlord Government took a page from the western capitalist countries’ book and tried to relieve the financial crisis by governmental accountancy reform. And the government authorized the intellectuals to formulate the first accounting law in Chinese history, which marked the beginning of the legalization of Chinese accounting.In the reign of Nanjing National Government, the accounting thoughts developed rapidly and accountancy was improved by a large margin. It furthered the thoughts of legalizing accounting that the Nanjing National Government carried out improvement works to organizational system, restructuring and accounting method. Owing to the p atriotic intellectuals’great effort, various circles of accounting learned and introduced overseas advanced accounting theories and methods in order to improve accountancy. The accounting thoughts in this period were very active. And the most striking feature was the bitter disputes among accounting scholars, in which they drew on each other’s merits and raised the level of Chinese accounting together.Ⅲ. The main feature of the accounting thoughts in the Republic of ChinaFirstly, the accountancy had been placed on a preliminary legal and regular track, especially the formulation of accounting law. At the same time, various provisions of unifying accounting were implemented in succession. The Nanjing National Government promulgated and executed some advanced system such as transcendental accounting and unifying accounting, which certified for the improvements of Chinese accounting.Secondly, the mind of unifying accounting reached the broad consensus. Whethergovernments or patriotic intellectuals realized that the loose accounting regulations and the situation of national disunity severely hindered the implementation of financial budget and final accounts. Therefore, the accounting subjects, accounting vouchers, account books and accounting reports were unified successively in the field of government accounting, bank accounting, railway accounting and so forth.Thirdly, increasingly importance has been attached to the combination of accounting theory and accounting practice. The argument between improvement and reformation in accounting circle prompted thousands of industrial and commercial enterprises to participate in this innovation movement of Chinese accounting actively or passively. The two factions both concentrated on accounting business and practice, made accounting firms as the camps, relied on accounting education and publication, which contributed a lot to the close link between accounting theory and practice.Fourthly, the dissemination of western accounting theories in China had a profound influence. The two governments both followed the lead of western capitalist countries so as to construct their finance accounting organization system s and improve government’s accounting methods. The Numerous scholars either translated and compiled foreign accounting works or presented foreign accounting systems and theories in their own dissertations and literatures. In the meanwhile, some scholars clearly sensed that when learning from western countries, the conditions and historical traditions of China should be abode by.IV. The historical experience of the accounting thoughts in the Republic of ChinaFirst and foremost, the systematization, standardization and legalization of accounting play the security role. From macro’s angle, perfecting the accounting principle and system can ensure good governance and minimize the risks of improper conduct and corruption. From micro's angle, strengthening the awareness of responsibility and quantifying the legal liability also effectively prevent companies and accountants from cutting every imaginable corner.In the next place, practicality and operability laid the cornerstone for the development of accounting theories. The neoteric accounting reform movement improved Chinese accounting’theory system as well as method system and accelerated the engagement of these two. Hereafter, surpassing the traditional accounting theory, the double-entry bookkeeping and formula of debit and credit were accepted by most businesses made a great deal of progresses in research and application fields. The accounting practices, economy and management levels have been greatly promoted.In addition, the excellent accounting talents are one of the main motive forces of accounting development. A large contingent of accounting workers and intellectuals in the Republic of China initiated and laid the foundation for the development and progress of Chinese accounting. Nowadays, the cultivation of accounting talents should be actively brought into the long-term and normalized system. The favorable public opinion towards developing accounting talents and the flow mechanism of accounting talents should also be established gradually. These will give an enormous impetus to the national strength and the domestic economic growth.Besides, the accounting communication among countries, accounting in good faith, accounting education and publication are also important.Ⅴ. ConclusionBecause of the invasion of foreign imperialism and the incompetence of the Northern Warlord government, the accounting thoughts were restricted and developed slowly. But in the National government period, the accounting thoughts entered a rapid development. The western advanced accounting thoughts introduced by the government, a series of accounting reform movements launched by patriotic intellectuals and the fierce debates among accounting scholars all promoted the development of accounting. When summing up the objective laws of the development of accounting thoughts, we should learn from its experience, including accelerating the construction of Chinese accounting law, strengthening the communication and cooperation, establishing the consciousness of accounting honesty and credit, and improving the accounting education.Works Cited[1] A. C. Littleton. Accounting Evolution to 1900. New York: Garland PublishingIncorporation, 1988.[2] Man Chand Maloo. Theory of Evolution of Accounting Ideas. S. Chand &Company Limited, 1984.[3] Paul Garner. Evolution of Cost Accounting to 1925. Tuscaloosa: The University ofAlabama Press, 1976.[4] Yang Ju-MEI. Goodwill and Other Intangibles, Their Significance and Treatmentin Accounts. 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