All-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional low refractive-index nonlinear photonic crystal sla

襄阳五中2025届高三上学期9月月考英语试题注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试题卷和答题卡上，并将准考证号条形码粘贴在答题卡上的指定位置。

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第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

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例：How much is the shirt?A.£ 19.15.B. £ 9.18.C. £ 9.15.1.How does the woman probably feel in the end?A. She feels puzzled.B. She feels angryC. She feels embarrassed.2.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.A boring TV series.B.A well-known star.C. Some good songs.3.What does the man like doing?A. Taking pictures.B. Watching movies.C. Reading books.4.What does the woman advise the man to do?A. Go to the grocery store.B. Do shopping online.C. Visit the Internet cafe.5.What is the man in charge of?A. Organizing the meeting.B. Sending an email.C. Visiting some clients.听第6段材料，回答第6.7题。

重庆市2023-2024学年高二下学期期末联合检测试卷英语试题一、阅读理解The Best Art Exhibitions to See in Europe 20242024 is an exciting year for art. But what exactly is showing, and where can you see it? Here are some can’t-miss art exhibitions.Dan Flavin — Dedications in LightsKunstaus Bregenz2 March-18 Aug. 2024The exhibition of artist Dan Flavin focuses on the sensory exploration of light and color in a series of large-scale sculptures. Flooded in light, viewers will see themselves become part of the works. The spaces, along with the objects within it, are set in relation to each other and thus become involving experiences.Survival in the 21st CenturyDeichtorhallen17 March - 3 Nov. 2024“Survival in the 21st Century” deals with some of humanity’s biggest issues: climate change, digital revolution, global injustice etc.. How can we live differently, eat differently, and use technology differently? The exhibition house will become a school for the new century, welcoming the important changes in education and learning.BrancusiCentre Pompidou27 May- 1 July 2024Constantin Brancusi’s art takes center stage with nearly 200 sculptures, photographs, drawings, and films. This exhibition shows us a special way of looking at artists from the 20th century. It uses original sculptures that were borrowed from famous museums around the world to display groups of sculptures together, marking a significant event for the museum’s collection.Art BaselMesse Basel13-16 June 2024Arguably the world’s most famous art event, Art Basel 2024 will present art from over 250 selected galleries across the globe, with works created by more than 4,000 artists. With its significant influence on the art market, Art Basel sets new trends, impacts pricing, and shapes the global art landscape.1．Where can visitors be part of the works?A．Kunsthaus Bregenz.B．Centre Pompidou.C．Deichtorhallen.D．Messe Basel.2．Which exhibition is available in September?A．Dan Flavin — Dedications in Lights.B．Brancusi.C．Survival in the 21st Century.D．Art Basel.3．What do Brancusi and Art Basel have in common?A．They influence the art market globally.B．They show works from the 20th century.C．They focus on the works of a single artist.D．They borrow collections from elsewhere.On a cloudy Saturday morning in July, a team of 15—all over age 65, all women—hunts for trash across Mares Pond on Cape Cod, at depths of up to 8 feet.These are the Old Ladies Against Underwater Garbage (OLAUG). Since 2017, the group has made it its mission to remove trash from ponds across Cape Cod.The group’s existence is owed to Susan Baur, a retired psychologist. A lifelong nature lover, she had begun swimming in ponds on the cape as a safer choice to the ocean. Seeing the growing garbage in the pond, in 2017, she rounded up two friends and approached a stranger with a kayak (皮艇), and together they cleared the litter from a pond. Soon others joined them.While many outsiders have expressed their gratitude to OLAUG for cleaning up the ponds, a number have questioned why they refer to themselves as“old ladies”. Although she admits that it wasn't initially a conscious choice, she now believes that the “old lady” identity is an extremely important part of what the group is about.“Over 65, if you’re healthy enough to do what we’re doing, it is the age of thankfulness,” Baur says. She notes that “women over 65 tend to feel the limitation of aging. ”They lose power and social standing, she says. Part of the goal of OLAUG is to show that older women, working asa team, can do a lot more than people might think.Criticism aside, the most common response is “I want to join you.” And after that first dive, the new members’excitement is easily seen.“They have just swum farther than they’ve ever swum. They've seen what they've never seen. And they’ve done good,” says Baur. “They come back with their hearts beating.”4．What can we learn about OLAUG?A．It is established by Baur’s friends.B．It offers safer swimming ponds.C．It is supported by retired psychologists.D．It aims to remove trash from ponds. 5．What do Baur’s words in paragraph 5 suggest?A．People over 65 are rarely healthy.B．People should be thankful for old age.C．Older women can still contribute to the society.D．Older people may lose chance to do what they like.6．What is the attitude of most new members towards OLAUG?A．Favorable.B．Intolerant.C．Doubtful.D．Unclear. 7．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．OLAUG: Making the World a Cleaner PlaceB．OLAUG: the Only Solution to Underwater TrashC．Old Ladies: Diving Deep for a Cleaner Cape CodD．Old Ladies: Unsung Heroes of Pond ConservationIf you sit at your computer all day and then lie on the sofa for more screen time in the evening, your health can take a hit. However, a body of evidence links inactive lifestyles to an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病), memory loss and death from heart disease. A new study finds you can cut that risk with strikingly small amounts of activity.Researcher Keith Diaz of Columbia University Medical Center and his colleagues set out to find out what’s the least amount of physical activity a person must do to reduce the health risks of sitting. They invited volunteers to come to their lab and emulate a typical work day.“They’d come in and sit for eight hours,” Diaz explains. The volunteers were connected to continuous glucose (葡萄糖) monitors to measure blood sugar levels, and their blood pressure wasmeasured, too. Then, the participants took walking breaks of different lengths and frequency.The participants walked on an exercise machine at a leisurely pace — about 1.9 miles per hour. “We were really struck by just how powerful the effects were,” Diaz says. People who moved five minutes every half-hour experienced a nearly 60% reduction in post-meal blood sugar rises. “I have never seen that kind of a drop in blood sugar, other than with medication,” Diaz says.More than one out of every three adults in the U.S. has prediabetes, and nearly half of adults have high blood pressure. Both conditions increase the risk of heart disease which is the top cause of death in the U.S.. So, Diaz says many people can benefit from small, frequent movement breaks.Each week, adults are advised to get 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. It can be broken up into smaller parts, 30 minutes a day, five times a week for example or even shorter breaks that are more frequent. “I think it’s easier to find small amounts of time to get some exercise,” Diaz says.8．What does the underlined word “emulate” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Describe.B．Imitate.C．Schedule.D．Consider.9．What do participants have to do?A．Measure their blood pressure with each other.B．Take medicines to lower blood sugar levels.C．Take breaks of different length while walking.D．Take irregular walking rests of varying duration.10．What does Diaz suggest adults do?A．Schedule a daily 150-minute exercise.B．Engage in short regular exercise breaks.C．Aim for one long exercise period per week.D．Avoid taking any breaks from work for exercise.11．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A．Entertainment.B．Business.C．Education.D．Health.In recent years, some researchers have been exploring the possibility of so-called “automated valet parking”, a function that would allow a car to drive itself from the entrance of a parking to a free parking spot. While this autonomous driving application gathered great research interest, its reliable realization has so far proved challenging.Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles. This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars to safely reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way. It was designed to overcome the two primary shortcomings of approaches presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of these is the inability to accurately predict collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests.The OCEAN planner builds on a previously introduced approach called Hybrid Optimization-based Collision Avoidance (H-OBCA), dealing with its primary limitations. Its improved design ultimately improves its ability to avoid collisions, along with its stability and speed in real time. “To avoid collisions, we have redesigned a simpler mathematical model and found a method to deal with the problem, making the solution process faster and more efficient,”Wang, Lu and their colleagues wrote in their paper.They tested their planner on hundreds of simulated (模拟的) scenes and conducted real-world experiments in public parking areas. Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a variety of methods for autonomous parking applications.“Results show that the proposed method has better system performance compared with other standards,” Wang, Lu and his colleagues explained in their paper. “Our method makes it possible to deploy (部署) large-scale parking planner on low computing power platforms that require real-time performance.”The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved and tested in additional real-world trials. In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the introduction of automated vehicle parking technologies.12．What challenge does automated parking face?A．Avoiding collisions with obstacles.B．Reaching a parking spot quickly.C．Increasing in research investment.D．Gathering interest in the research.13．What do we know about OCEAN?A．It performs poorly in real-time tests.B．It is based on a previous study.C．It fails to accurately predict collisions.D．It is tested mainly in public parking areas. 14．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A．The planner fails on real-time platforms.B．The current planner is not perfect enough.C．Parking planner is only for small-scale use.D．The planner has been deployed on many platforms.15．What is the text mainly about?A．The underlying logic of the OCEAN planner.B．The possible application of the OCEAN planner.C．An improved planner for autonomous car parking.D．An introduction to an autonomous driving technology.How to Find Your Dream Career?In a world where we all spend so much time working, the job you have plays a big role in your overall happiness. Here are some steps you can take to help you discover your dream career.● Make a list of your favorite activities16 , so you can start by listing your favorite activities. This may include hobbies or tasks you enjoy doing at work. By answering questions like “What if money weren’t a problem?”, you can figure out the most satisfying aspects of your career.● 17Once you’ve determined your favorite activities, consider why you like them. What do you enjoy about them? For example, if you enjoy doing jigsaw puzzles (拼图游戏), you may find that using problem-solving skills to reach a logical goal motivates you.● Research roles that involve those interestsUnderstanding what you enjoy can help you find roles that include those elements.18 . If you feel motivated by solving problems at work, you can find careers in many fields that focus on solving problems depending on your interests and strengths.● Pursue training and educationAfter you decide on a career that allows you to do what you enjoy, research the education and training requirements for the job. 19 , you might explore different colleges and universities to find a program that works best for you. If your chosen career requires relevant experience, you can start with entry-level roles to gain experience for your dream job.20 . Create a detailed resume and then search for job listings. You can also ask professionals if they can recommend you for a position.A．If it requires a degreeB．Consider the jigsaw puzzle exampleC．If you want to meet job requirementsD．Determine what interests you about themE．Find careers that involve solving problemsF．After that, you can search for open positionsG．A dream career allows you to focus on your passions二、完形填空A few years ago, Ben Gomes received an upsetting call at work. The caller told him that his 92-year-old mother, Thomasinha, was being rushed to the hospital after she had been “ 21 by a car” in the street. He 22 to the hospital to see her.“I was 23 of what might have happened to her,” Gomes 24 . “She is an old lady, and quite weak.”Gomes soon learned the 25 of what had happened. Thomasinha sometimes got 26 from volunteer drivers to a senior center. That day, her jacket cord (细绳) got 27 in the door as she got out of the car. The driver didn’t 28 and drove off, dragging Thomasinha along. Somebody who saw her ran across the street, got in front of the car, and 29 the driver. At this point she 30 , and Gomes believes this is when she broke her hip (髋骨) — a serious 31 for a woman in her 90s.“I’m so incredibly grateful that I was not 32 by the sight that I so feared when I went to the hospital. It’s just too 33 for me to think of,” Gomes said. “Words like ‘thank you’ does not 34 express deep appreciation,” he added. “But I don’t know if I’d have35 words to say than ‘Thank you for what you did for my mother.’”21．A．crashed B．attracted C．killed D．dragged 22．A．returned B．raced C．reported D．applied 23．A．content B．conscious C．scared D．informed 24．A．recalled B．argued C．declared D．insisted 25．A．limits B．details C．consequences D．benefits 26．A．presents B．instructions C．calls D．rides27．A．left B．caught C．fixed D．damaged 28．A．notice B．care C．listen D．respond 29．A．grabbed B．thanked C．stopped D．recognized 30．A．hesitated B．sighed C．stood D．fell 31．A．injury B．mistake C．illness D．difficulty 32．A．frightened B．shocked C．greeted D．moved 33．A．terrible B．wonderful C．confusing D．complex 34．A．freely B．merely C．necessarily D．properly 35．A．longer B．better C．fewer D．truer三、语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

2. Fundamentals of Logic gates2.1 LOGIC GATESWe have seen that the foundation of logic design is seated in a well defined axiomatic system called Boolean algebra, which was shown to be what is known as a“Huntington system”.In this axiomatic system the definition of AND and OR operators or functions was set forth and these were found to be well defined operators having certain properties that allow us to extend their definition to Hardware applications.These AND and OR operators,sometimes referred to as connectives, actually suggest a function that can be emulated by some H/w logic device. The logic Hardware devices just mentioned are commonly referred to as “gates”.Keep in mind that the usage of “gate” refers to an actual piece of Hardware where “function” or “operation” refers to a logic operator AND. On the other hand, when we refer to a “gate” we are referring directly to a piece of hardware called a gate. The main point to remember is ‘Don’t confuse gates with logic operators’.2.1.1 Basic Logic GatesPositive and Negative Logic DesignationThe binary signals at the inputs or outputs of any gate can have one of the two values except during transition. One signal levels represents logic 1 and the other logic 0. Since two signal values are assigned two to logic values, there exist two different assignments of signals to logic.Logics 1 and 0 are generally represented by different voltage levels. Consider the two values of a binary signal as shown in Fig. 2.5.1. One value must be higher than the other since the two values must be different in order to distinguish between them. We designate the higher voltage level by H and lower voltage level by L. There are two choices for logic values assignment. Choosing the high-level (H) to represent logic 1 as shown in (a) defines a positive logic system. Choosing the low level L to represent logic-1 as shown in (b), defines a negative logic system.Fig. 2.5.1The terms positive and negative are somewhat misleading since both signal values may be positive or both may be negative. Therefore, it is not signal polarity that determines the type of logic,but rather the assignment of logic values according to the relative amplitudes of the signals.The effect of changing from one logic designation to the other equivalent to complementing the logic functions because of the principle of duality of Boolean algebra.Gate DefinitionA‘gate’is defined as a multi-input (> 2) hardware device that has a two-level output. The output level (1–H/0–L) of the gate is a strict and repeatable function of the two-level(1–H/0–L)combinations applied to its inputs.Fig. 2.5.2shows a general model of a gate.Fig. 2.5.2 The general model of a gate.The term “logic” is usually used to refer to a decision making process. A logic gate, then, is a circuit that can decide to say yes or no at the output based upon inputs. We apply voltage as the input to any gate, therefore the Boolean (logic) 0 and 1 do not represent actual number but instead represent the state of a voltage variable or what is called its logic level. Sometimes logic 0 and logic 1 may be called as shown in table below:Table 2.5.2a.OR GateThe OR gate is sometimes called the “any or all gate”. To show the OR gate we use the logical symbol in Fig. 2.5.4(a).b.c.Fig. 2.5.4 (a) OR gate logic symbol. (b) Practical OR gate circuit.d.e. A truth-table for the ‘OR’ gate is shown below according to Fig. 2.5.4(b).The truth-table lists the switch and light conditions for the OR gate. The unique output from the OR gate is a LOW only when all inputs are low. The output column in Table (2.5.4) shows that only the first line generates a 0 while all others are 1.Table 2.5.4f.g.Fig. 2.5.4(c) shows the ways to express that input A is ORed with input B toproduce output Y.h.i.Fig. 2.5.4 (c)j.Example.Determine the output Y from the OR gate for the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.4(d).k.l.Fig. 2.5.4 (d)m.Solution. The output of an OR gate is determined by realizing that it will be low only when both inputs are low at the same time. For the inputs the outputs is low only during period t2. In remaining time output is 1 as shown in Fig. 2.5.4(e).n.o.Fig. 2.5.4 (e)p.We are now familiar with AND and OR gates. At this stage, to illustrate at least in part how a word statement can be formulated into a mathematical statement (Boolean expression) and then to hardware network, consider the following example:q.Example. Utkarsha will go to school if Anand and Sawan go to school, or Anand and Ayush go to school.r.Solution. T his statement can be symbolized as a Boolean expression as follows:s.t.The next step is to transform this Boolean expression into a Hardware network and this is where AND and OR gates are used.u.v.The output of gate 1 is high only if both the inputs A and S are high (mean both Anandand Sawan go to school). This is the first condition for Utkarsha to go to school.w.The output of gate 2 is high only if both the inputs A and A.Y are high (means both Anand and Ayush go to school). This is the second condition for Utkarsha to go to school.x.According to example atleast one condition must be fullfilled in order that Utkarsha goesto school. The output of gate 3 is high when any of the input to gate 3 is high means at leastone condition is fulfilled or both the inputs to gate 3 are high means both the conditions are fulfilled.y.The example also demonstrates that Anand has to go to school in any condition otherwise Utkarsha will not go to school.z.b. AND GateThe AND gate is sometimes called the “all or nothing gate”. To show the AND gate we use the logic symbol in Fig. 2.5.3(a).This is the standard symbol to memorize and use from now on for AND gates.Fig. 2.5.3 (a) AND Gate logic symbol. (b) Practical AND gate circuit.Now, let us consider Fig. 2.5.3(b). The AND gate in this figure is connnected to input switches A and B. The output indicator is an LED. If a low voltage (Ground, GND) appears at inputs, A and B, then the output LED is not bit. This situation is illustrated in table (). Line 1 indicates that if the inputs are binary 0 and 0, then the output will be binary 0.Notice that only binary1s at both A and B will produce a binary 1 at the output.Table 2.5.3 AND Truth TableIt is a+5V compared to GNDappearing at A, B, or Y that is called a binary1or a HIGH voltage.A binary0,or Lowvoltage, is defined as a GND voltage (near0V compared to GND) appearing at A, B or Y.We are using positive logic because it takesa positive+5V to produce what we call abinary 1.The truth table is said to discribe theANDfunction.The unique output from the ANDgate is a HIGH only when all inputs are HIGH.Fig. 2.5.3 (c) shows the ways to expressthat input A is ANDed with input B to produceoutput Y.Pulsed OperationIn many applications, the inputs to a gate may be voltage that change with time betweenthe two logic levels and are called as pulsed waveforms. In studying the pulsed operation of an AND gate, we consider the inputs with respect to each other in order to determine the output level at any given time. Following example illustrates this operation:Example. Determine the output Y from the AND gate for the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.3(d)..Fig. 2.5.3 (d)Solution. The output of an AND gate is determined by realizing that it will be high only when both inputs are high at the same time. For the inputs the outputs is high only during t3 period. In remaining times, the outputs is 0 as shown in Fig.2.5.3(e).Fig. 2.5.3 (e)Fig. 2.5.3 (e)c. NOT GateNOT gates are often called inverters. A NOT gate's output signal is the opposite of its input signal. Note that the symbol of the NOT gate is the same as that of the buffer, except for the small circle near its output. Small circles at input or output lines of a gate's schematic symbol denote the fact that the signal is inverted.Input OutputL HH L2.1.2 Universal GatesNAND and NOR gates. The NAND and NOR gates are widely used and are readily available from most integrated circuit manufacturers. A major reason for the widespread use of these gates is that they are both UNIVERSAL gates, universal in the sense that both can be used for AND operators,OR operators,as well as Inverter. Thus, we see that a complex digital system can be completely synthesized using only NAND gates or NOR gates.a.NAND GateThe NAND gate is a NOT AND, or an inverted AND function. The standard logic symbol for the NAND gate is shown in Fig. (2.5.7a). The little invert bubble(small circle)on the right end of the symbol means to invert the output of AND.b.Fig. 2.5.7(a)NAND gate logic symbol (b)A Boolean expression for the output of a NAND gate.Figure 2.5.7(b)shows a separate AND gate and inverter being used to produce the NAND logic function. Also notice that the Boolean expression for the AND gate, (A.B) and the NAND (A.B) a re shown on the logic diagram of Fig. 2.5.7(b).The truth-table for the NAND gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.7(c). The truth-table for the NAND gate is developed by inverting the output of the AND gate. ‘The unique output from the NAND gate is a LOW only when all inputs are HIGH.c.d.Fig. 2.5.7 (c) Truth-table for AND and NAND gates.Fig. 2.5.7 (d) shows the ways to express that input A is NANDed with input B yielding output Y.e.f.Fig. 2.5.7 (d)Example. Determine the output Y from the NAND gate from the given input waveformshown in Fig. 2.6.7 (e).g.h.Fig. 2.5.7 (e)Solution. The output of NAND gate is determined by realizing that it will be low onlywhen both the inputs are high and in all other conditions it will be high. The ouput Y isshown in Fig. 2.5.7(f).i.j.Fig. 2.5.7 (f)The NAND gate as a UNIVERSAL GateThe chart in Fig. 2.5.7(g) shows how would you wire NAND gates to create any of the other basic logic functions. The logic function to be performed is listed in the left column of the table; the customary symbol for that function is listed in the center column. In the right column, is a symbol diagram of how NAND gates would be wired to perform the logic function.k.l.Fig. 2.5.7 (g)m.The NOR gate.The NOR gate is actually a NOT OR gate or an inverted OR function.n.The standard logic symbol for the NOR gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.7(h)o.p.Fig. 2.5.7 (h) NOR gate logic symbol (i) Boolean expression for the output of NOR gate. Note that the NOR symbol is an OR symbol with a small invert bubble on the right side. The NOR function is being performed by an OR gate and an inverter in Fig. 2.5.7(i). The Boolean function for the OR function is shown(A+B),the Boolean expression for the final NOR function is (A + B).q.The truth-table for the NOR gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.7(j). Notice that the NOR gate truth table is just the complement of the output of the OR gate.The unique output from the NOR gate is a HIGH only when all inputs are LOW.r.s.Fig. 2.5.7 (j) Truth-table for OR and NOR gates.t.Figure 2.5.7(k) shows the ways to express that input A is ORed with inputB yieldingu.output Y.v.w.x.Fig. 2.5.7 (k)y.Example.Determine the output Y from the NOR gate from the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.7(l).z.aa.Fig. 2.5.7 (l)bb.Solution. The output of NOR gate is determined by realizing that it will be HIGH only when both the inputs are LOW and in all other conditions it will be high. The output Y is shown in Fig. 2.5.7(m).cc.dd.Fig. 2.5.7 (m)B . NOR GateThe NOR gate as a UNIVERSAL gate.The chart in Fig. 2.5.7(n) shows how would your wire NOR gates to create any of the other basic logic functions.Fig. 2.5.7 (n)2.1.3 Coincidence gatesa.The Exclusive OR GateThe exclusive OR gate is sometimes referred to as the “Odd but not the even gate”. It is often shortend as “XOR gate”. The logic diagram is shown in Fig. 2.5.8 (a) with its Boolean expression. The symbol m eans the terms are XORed together.Fig. 2.5.8 (a)The truth table for XOR gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.8 (b). Notice that if any but not all the inputs are 1, then the output will be 1. ‘The unique characteristic of the XOR gates that it produces a HIGH output only when the odd no. of HIGH inputs are present.’Fig. 2.5.8 (b)To demonstrate this, Fig. 2.5.8 (c) shows a three input XOR gate logic symbol and the truth table Fig. 2.5.8 (d). The Boolean expression for a three input XOR gate can be written asFig. 2.5.8 (c)Fig. 2.5.8 (d)Putting the value of X, we getY = (AB + A B)C + (AB + AB).CY = AB C + A BC + A B C + ABCThe HIGH outputs are generated only when odd number of HIGH inputs are present (see T.T.)‘This is why XOR function is also known as odd function’.Fig. 2.5.8 (e) shows the ways to express that input A is XORed with input B yielding output Y.Fig. 2.5.8 (e)The XOR gate using AND OR-NOT gates.we know A B = AB + A BAs we know NAND and NOR are universal gates means any logic diagram can be made using only NAND gates or using only NOR gates.XOR gate using NAND gates only.XOR using NOR gates only.The procedure for implementing any logic function using only universal gate (only NAND gates or only NOR gates) will be treated in detail in section 2.6.Example. Determine the output Y from the XOR gate from the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.8 (f).Fig. 2.5.8 (f)Solution. The output XOR gate is determined by realizing that it will be HIGH only when the odd number of high inputs are present therefore the output Y is high for time period t2 and t5 as shown in Fig. 2.5.8 (g).b.The Exclusive NOR gatec.d.The Exclusive NOR gate is sometimes reffered to as the ‘COINCIDENCE’ or‘EQUIVALENCE’gate.This is often shortened as‘XNOR’gate.The logic diagram is shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (a).e.f.Fig. 2.5.9 (a)g.Observe that it is the XOR symbol with the added invert bubble on theoutput side. The Boolean expression for XNOR is therefore, the invert of XOR function denoted by symbol O.h.i.j. The truth table for XNOR gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (b).k.l.Fig. 2.5.9 (b)m.Notice that the output of XNOR gate is the complement of XOR truth table. n.‘The unique output of the XNOR gate is a LOW only when an odd number of input are HIGH’.o.p.Fig. 2.5.9 (c)q.r.Fig. 2.5.9 (d)s.To demonstrate this, Fig. 2.5.9 (c) shows a three input XNOR gate logic symbol and the truth-table 2.5.9 (d).t.Figure 2.5.9 (e) shows the ways to express that input A is XNORed with input B yieldingu.output Y.v.w.x.Fig. 2.5.9 (e)y.Now at this point, it is left as an exercise for the reader to make XNOR gate using ANDOR-NOT gates,using NAND gates only and using NOR gates only.z.Example.Determine the output Y from the XNOR gate from the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (f).aa.bb.Fig. 2.5.9 (f)cc.Solution.The output of XNOR gate is determined by realizing that it will be HIGH only when the even-number of high inputs are present, therefore the output Y is high for time period t2 and t5 as shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (g).dd.ee.F ig. 2.5.9 (g)ff.a.The Exclusive NOR gateThe Exclusive NOR gate is sometimes reffered to as the‘COINCIDENCE’or ‘EQUIVALENCE’ gate. This is often shortened as ‘XNOR’ gate. The logic diagram is shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (a).gg.hh.Fig. 2.5.9 (a)ii.Observe that it is the XOR symbol with the added invert bubble on the output side. The Boolean expression for XNOR is therefore, the invert of XOR function denoted by symbol O.jj.kk.ll. The truth table for XNOR gate is shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (b).mm.nn.Fig. 2.5.9 (b)oo.Notice that the output of XNOR gate is the complement of XOR truth table. pp.‘The unique output of the XNOR gate is a LOW only when an odd number of input are HIGH’.qq.rr.Fig. 2.5.9 (c)ss.tt.Fig. 2.5.9 (d)uu.To demonstrate this, Fig. 2.5.9 (c) shows a three input XNOR gate logic symbol and the truth-table 2.5.9 (d).vv.Figure 2.5.9 (e) shows the ways to express that input A is XNORed with input B yieldingww.output Y.xx.yy.zz.Fig. 2.5.9 (e)aaa.Now at this point, it is left as an exercise for the reader to make XNOR gate using ANDOR-NOT gates, using NAND gates only and using NOR gates only.bbb.Example.Determine the output Y from the XNOR gate from the given input waveform shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (f).ccc.ddd.Fig. 2.5.9 (f)eee.Solution. The output of XNOR gate is determined by realizing that it will be HIGH only when the even-number of high inputs are present, therefore the output Y is high for time period t2 and t5 as shown in Fig. 2.5.9 (g).fff.ggg.F ig. 2.5.9 (g)hhh.2.2 L OGIC DIAGRAMAre diagrams in the field of logic, used for representation and to carry out certain types of reasoning.Basic Logic Diagrams Basic logic diagrams are used to show the operation of a particular unit or component. Basic logic symbols are shown in their proper relationship so as to show operation only in the mostsimplified form possible. Figure 6-24 shows a basic logic diagram for a serial subtractor. The operation of the unit isdescribed briefly in the next paragraph. In the basic subtractor in figure 6-24, assume you want to subtract binary 011 (decimal 1) from binary 100 (decimal 4). At time I o, the 0 input at A and 1 input at B of inhibitor I1 results in a 0 output from inhibitor I1and a 1 output from inhibitor I2. The 0 output from I1and the 1 output from I2are applied to OR gate G1, producing a 1 output from G1. The 1 output from I2 is also applied to the delay line. The I output from G1 along with the 0 output from the delay line produces 1 output from I3. The 1 input from G1 and the 0 input from the delay line produce a 0 output from inhibitor I4. The 0 output from L and the 1 output from I3are applied to OR gate G2 producing a 1 output.At time t1the 0 inputs on the A and B input lines of I1produce 0 outputs from I1and I2. The 0 inputs on both input lines of OR gate G1result in a 0 output from G1. The I input applied to the delay line at time t o emerges (1 bit time delay) and is now applied to the inhibit line of 13 producing an 0 output from I3. The 1 output from the delay line is also applied to inhibitor I4, and along with the 0 output from G1produces a 1 output from I4. The I4output is recycled back into the delay line, and also applied to OR gate G2. As a result of the 0 and 1 inputs from I3, and I4, OR gate G2 produces a 1 output. At time t2, the 1 input on the A line and the 0 input on the B line of I1 produce a 1 output from I1and a 0output from I2. These outputs applied to OR gate G1produce a 1 output from G1, which is applied to 13 and I4. The delay line now produces a 1 output (recycled in at time t1), which is applied to I3 and I4. The 1 output from the delay line along with the 1 output from G1 produces a 0 output from I3. The 1 output from G1 along with the 1 output from the delay line produces a 0 output from I4. With 0 outputs from I3 and I4, OR gate G2 produces a 0 output.2.3 Truth TableA truth table shows how a logic circuit's output responds to various combinations of the inputs, using logic 1 for true and logic 0 for false. All permutations of the inputs are listed on the left, and the output of the circuit is listed on the right. The desired output can be achieved by a combination of logic gates. A truth table for two inputs is shown, but it can be extended to any number of inputs. The input columns are usually constructed in the order of binary counting with a number of bits equal to the number of inputs.This notation is useful especially if the operations are commutative, although one can additionally specify that the rows are the first operand and the columns are the second operand. This condensed notation is particularly useful in discussing multi-valued extensions of logic, as it significantly cuts down on combinatoric explosion of the number of rows otherwise needed. It also provides for quickly recognizable characteristic "shape" of the distribution of the values in the table which can assist the reader in grasping the rules more quickly.。

基于非线性效应的光学逻辑门研究作者：惠战强来源：《现代电子技术》2008年第15期摘要：光逻辑门是未来全光网络中光信息处理的核心元件，它可以实现高速光包交换，全光地址识别，数据编码，奇偶校验，信号再生等功能。

介绍了几种基于非线性效应的全光逻辑门，分析了它们的系统结构和工作原理，并对各自的特点进行了比较，指出光逻辑门在未来的发展方向及应用领域。

关键词：半导体光放大器；太赫兹光非对称解复用器；马赫-曾得干涉仪；超快非线性干涉仪中图分类号：TN929.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1004373X(2008)1515203Analysis of All-optical Logical Gates Based on Non-linear EffectHUI Zhanqiang(Xi′an Institute of Post and Telecommunications,Xi′an,710061,China)Abstract：Optical logical gate is a kind of important device using for high-performance optical information processing and all optical networks,some example applications including high-speed optical packet-switched routers,header recognization,parity checking and data encode and soon.Several kinds of optical logical gates based on nolinear optical effection are introduced,its structure as well as principle is analysed and discussed.In conclusion,optical logical gates is popular in future.Keywords：semiconductor optical amplifier;THz optical asymmentric demultiplexer;M-Z interferometer;ultra non-linear interferometer全光逻辑门是实现全光信号处理的核心元件，它可以实现全光信号提取，全光地址识别，全光复用/解复用以及全光开关等［1-4］，因此，在未来的全光高速通信网络和新一代光计算机中将有着巨大的应用潜力，目前，国内外均对此展开了广泛深入的研究。

2023-2024学年常州市正衡中学九年级上学期期初考试2023.9.1一、单项选择1.---Kitty, what do you think of_______film Papa? ---Pretty good. I've never seen______better one.A. a; aB. the;不填C. the; aD. a;the2. Since he had no tools, he had to put the picture __________ the wall before he could put it up.A. onB. inC. againstD. over3.---How long will the meeting last? It's already 8: 30 pm.--- ________both sides reach an agreement. So, calm down, please!A. UntilB. Not untilC. IfD. If not4.---Who's the woman there talking to our headteacher? ________it be Mrs Wang?---No, it _______be her. Mrs Wang is much thinner.A. Must; can'tB. Can; mustn'tC. Must; mustn'tD. Can;can't5.We are sorry to tell you that the plane won't be able to __________ on time.A. take offB. get offC. turn offD. cut off6.Take it easy. There will be _________two buses coming in a few minutes.A. anotherB. otherC. othersD. the other7. The weather in Changzhou is totally different from ________in Hainan.A. itB. thatC. the oneD. one8. The new music CDs ________well and I am sure they_______out soon.A. sell; will sellB. are sold; will be soldC. sell; will be soldD. are sold; will sell9.---I'd like to give up the chance. It's not a well-paid job---I don't quite agree with you. You know, _____________,young man!A. Rome isn't built in one dayB. The grass is always greener on the other sideC. A bird in hand is worth two in the bushD. You can't put all your eggs in one basket10.---Tina, your bag looks heavy. Do you need a hand? ---Oh, it's empty. __________.A. Never mindB. You're welcomeC. Thanks, anywayD. It doesn't matter二、完形填空17．A．should B．could C．need D．might18．A．helpful B．gentle C．funny D．strong19．A．like B．for C．after D．at20．A．provided B．created C．introduced D．invented21．A．sent B．changed C．chosen D．considered22．A．please B．protect C．serve D．fight23．A．pair B．piece C．copy D．number24．A．top B．middle C．left D．bottom25．A．mother B．family C．future D．wealth三、阅读理解AA long time ago,people were very different from the way we are now. Over time, the humanbody changes to adapt to(适应)a new way of life. Can we expect the human body to change in the future? For sure. The development of technology is changing how we live. What kind of changes can we expect?In the future, people will probably be even taller. Most of us now have much better food than people in the past and we grow more. However, our muscles will not be as strong as now because we won't do a lot of physical work.We are already using our feet less, and our hands more. So we can expect that our legs will get shorter and our feet smaller, and at the same time, our fingers will get longer. And our fingers and our eyes will both get better because they'll have to do more work together.It's very possible that people will have four toes, not five. The little toe really isn't needed any more,so it will probably disappear(消失) sometime in the future.Now, what about the mouth? It'll get smaller, perhaps, because technology improvement will mean that we don't need to talk so much, and also because our teeth will get smaller.Last but not least, people won't have much hair on their bodies as now, as we don't need it to keep ourselves warm any more. Will all these things happen? If so, when? These are questions no one can answer for sure.26. The underlined sentence in paragraph 1 is to_____________.A. give some adviceB. know the topicC. introduce the following partsD. show the writer's worry27. Why may people in the future be taller?A. They will do less physical work.B. They will have better food to eat.C. Their legs will get longer and longer.D. Their muscles will be much stronger.28. Which of the body parts might get smaller according to the passage?① feet ① hands ① fingers ① mouthA. ①①B. ①①C. ①D. ①①29. What's the passage mainly about?A. Future life.B. Body changing.C. Unknown questions.D. Technology improvement.BFor most first-year students at a university or college, August is the month for military training(军训). It offers a good chance to meet our classmates and get ready for the new school life.Our school's training took place from August 23 to 29. First, we would make a blackboard newspaper for our new classroom. When I found out that I was in charge of(负责) this project,I was nervous. Could I manage to both complete this project and prepare for the closing concert? What if my classmates wouldn't follow my instructions?The project began on August 24. The three other girls in the group have different abilities. My group gave up our lunch break so that we would have more time to work. One girl in my group asked about my design, saying that we should shorten the text and leave more space for pictures.The arguments (争论) between us made me sad from time to time, but whenever there was an argument, I tried to stay calm. I thought hard about whether or not to take her suggestions and then made somechanges. I found that she had a lot of good ideas. As time went by, even when I couldn't take part in practice. I wasn't worried about leaving the project to her.Finally, it was time for our project to be shown. Our teacher said that no matter what the results might be, our efforts (努力) would not be wasted.Our class finally won first prize in the competition. Our teacher was right. The result was notthe most important. I had never seen a class with such a strong sense of group honor, and at thatmoment, I realized that I was working with a great group of students.30. What do we know about military training from the passage?A. It asks all the students to take part in its each term.B. It usually takes place from August 23 to 29.C. It allows students to get to know each other.D. It always ends with a school concert.31. What is the third paragraph mainly about?A. How the writer prepared for the concert.B. How the writer chose her group members.C.How the writer got through military trainingD. How the writer's group prepared for their project.32. How did the writer's feeling change about the project?A. nervous — hopeless — confident — sadB. nervous — worried — calm — proudC. confident — worried — sad — proudD. nervous — worried — angry — sad33. What might be the best title for the passage?A. Team work is importantB. Never let a chance go byC. Try to get the first prizeD. Hard work makes a differenceCIn Chinese, what word do you usually use to call your mother? It’s “Mama”, isn’t it? And as you know, in America, kids call their mother “Mom” or “Mommy”. In French, the word is “Maman”, and in Arabic(阿拉伯语), it’s “Ummi”.Have you noticed that these words for “mother” all have a sound close to “m”? Similarly, the words for “father” almost all have the sound “b” or “p”. There are over 7,000 languages around the world. The words for other things are usually very different from one language to another. But why are the words for “mother” and “father” so similar?The answer lies in how babies start to talk. The easiest sound a baby can make is “ah”. A child can make this sound without the use of his tongue(舌头) or lips (嘴唇). Then, if he is going to change things a little bit, the easiest thing to do is to break up that sound by closing his lips for a while. The child, by this point, has long been doing this to suck(吸吮) milk. And so, the baby makes the sound “mah”.In fact, babies “speaking” in this way are just playing. Adults, however, don’t think so. When a baby says “mah mah”, it sounds as if he is calling someone. And the person is most likely to be his mother. The mother takes “mah” as meaning her. When speaking to her baby, she calls herself “mama”. The word “mama” starts to mean “mother”. This happens with human babies worldwide.After babies begin making “m” by putting their lips together, they pick up the sound “bah” or “pah” in a similar way. When they make this sound, they are thought to be calling their second closest person: their father.In this way, you call your mother “mama”, and your father “baba”. In fact, you have been doing this ever since you started to make sounds.34. Paragraph(段落) 1 shows the words for “mother” in different countries sound similar by ________.A．doing a survey B．repeating informationC．giving examples D．describing differences35. If we want to understand why the words for “mother” and “father” sound similar, we should know ________.A．the way babies start to talk B．the languages around the worldC．the meanings of “mah” and “bah” D．the difference between “mah” and “bah”36. The babies’ original (最初的) purpose of saying “mah” is to ________.A．start to talk B．call his motherC．play in this way D．ask his mother for help37. In order to make the sound “bah”, babies have to________.A．open their lips all the time B．see their fathersC．use neither their tongue nor lips D．put their lips together38. What can be the best title for the passage?A．Babies’ talk with their parents B．Words that sound similarC．“Mama” and “baba” worldwide D．Parents’ love for babies四、六选四Without music, life would be a mistake,” famous German philosopher（哲学家）Friend rich Nietzsche said over a century ago. Music is a big part of lives. 39 For example, Chicago public schools hurt arts education when it fired（解雇）over 1,000 teachers. Among them, 10 percent of the teachers taught art or music, according to The Washington Times. 40 In other countries, such as China and the UK, music classes are not thought to be as important as ones like science, math and history. That’s partly because music is not seen as a very important life skill. and it isn’t tested. Many students are busy with schoolwork, so parents and students choose to pay more attention to improving subjects that are tested more often.41 When playing music, you need different abilities to work together. It is not as simple as it looks, according to Kenneth Guilmartin of Music Together, an early childhood music development program. For example, when playing the piano, people see music notes and decode（解码）them in their brains. They also use their fingers to make sounds. You need to deal with all these things at the same time.42 You can see that many scientists are good at playing music Einstein played the violin, and German physicist Max Planck was talented in playing the piano.A．Music has a special connection with science as well.B．However, learning music is good in many ways.C．Music isn’t a very important life skill for us.D．But recently, US schools have cut music classes to reduce cost.E．Decoding music notes is needed while we are playing music.F．In fact, this is not just a problem in the US.五、综合填空Welcome home! On Sept. 25th, Huawei's Chief Financial Officer Meng Wanzhou arrived 43.________ Shenzhen, Guangdong, after being illegally held (非法拘押) in Canada for nearly three years. Her safe return 44.________ (show) Chine has the ability to protect Chinese people and companies. On Dec. 1st, 2018, Meng had to stay in Canada 45.________ the US charged her and wanted to take her to the US. Meng pleaded not guilty to the charge and finally left Canada 46.________ (safe) on Sept. 24th. It was 47.________ hard time for her which was full of struggle in Canada. But when she 48.________ (land) at Bao'an international Airport, the warmth of home almost made her 49.________ (cry).She waved her hands 50.________ the crowd (人群) while she walked off the plane. She expressed her thanks to the Chinese government and also Chinese people. She said it was a 51.________ (mean) experience in her life. As the saying goes, the bigger the difficulty, the 52.________ (great) the growth.六、单词拼写53. I guess that the notebook on the ground is one of the ______________ (秘书).54. My desk mate felt quite ______________ (happy) because he answered few questions right in the test.55. According to the weather report, it'll be one of the ______________ (wind) days56. They were talking ______________ (noise) in the classroom when Mr Wu walked in.57. The little dog is found ______________ (die) on the road. Someone kind is taking it to the vet's.七、动词填空58. ---Will he come and join us in the match? ---Not until his work ______________ (finish).59. ---Have you ever heard about the Little Mermaid?---Yes, I ______________ (go) there twice during my visit in Denmark.60. It's up to you to decide when ______________ (take) the rest.61. ---Boys and girls, you ______________ (write) down all the main points? ---Yes, we have.62. There are a lot of colourful lights ______________ (shine) brightly on the Christmas tree.63. ---Why do you look so worried? ---I had a job interview yesterday and ______________ (wait) for the result.。

湘豫名校联考2023年11月高三一轮复习诊断考试（二）英语注意事项：1．本试卷共12页。

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第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题：每小题2．5分，满分37．5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

AAt its best, a family picnic is a mini-vacation: a chance to leave the day-to-day routine behind and spend some time together out under the open sky. These best picnic spots in Seattle and beyond offer a range of experiences, from farm fun to exploring woods to hiking.Poo Poo Point, IssaquahFor kids and adults who have the energy to take on a 2-mile hike uphill, this amusingly named destination in the Issaquah Alps offers huge rewards. After reaching the Chirico Trail, you come to a broad, clear area, with a sweeping view of Lake Sammamish, Issaquah and Bellevue. As for where to set up picnic camp, there are two picnic tables. Dr. Jose Rizal Park, SeattleLocated on the northwest corner of Beacon Hill, this park boasts a sweeping view overlooking Elliott Bay and downtown Seattle. Long before this spot became a park, the hillside was a favorite picnic destination for Filipino families living in the neighborhood. It's named after Jose Rizal, a brilliant writer, a scientist and a hero in the Philippines'struggle for independence. The fantastic Seattle picnic spot also has a playground, an area for dogs and walking trails.Mount Baker Park, SeattleThis leafy lakefront park is one of Seattle Parks'swimming beaches. It's open this summer, with lifeguards on duty. The most popular place to picnic is probably near the swimming area, but there are many lovely shady spots in the inland part of the park. The updated playground will attract kids. For biking families, pack your wheels and enjoy a ride along Lake Washington Boulevard. A section is closed to cars on summer weekends to ensure cycling safely. Richmond Beach Saltwater Park, ShorelineCross a narrow bridge over the railroad tracks at Saltwater Park in Shoreline and you're in a world of sun, sea and sand dunes. This is one of Puget Sound's windy places, so you'll often spot kiteboarders playing in the waves nearby.Even on a hot day, you're likely to find a breeze to keep you cool at this picnic spot in Seattle.1. Where can you go if you want to experience Seattle city at your feet?A. Poo Poo Point, Issaquah.B. Dr. Jose Rizal Park, Seattle.C. Mount Baker Park, Seattle.D. Richmond Beach Saltwater Park, Shoreline.2. Why is a closed section offered in Mount Baker Park, Seattle?A. To please a family picnic.B. To update the playground.C. To secure the safety of riders.D. To taste a gateway to the sky.3. What do the four parks mentioned in the text have in common?A. A city adventure to thrill the kids.B. A chance of getting close to nature.C. An experience of learning.D. An ideal for family picnics.BLooking back, Geoff Banks of Devon, England can hardly even remember how he first started writing to his American friend, Celesta Byrne.Geoff and Celesta were given each other's names and addresses as part of a school pen pal program back in 1938. They're both now 100 years old, and a lot has changed in the past 84 years: their age changed: their appearance changed; but one thing has not—they still use the traditional way to contact.“I honestly struggle to remember something, but I was talking to Celesta recently and I think it was something to do with an American school's scheme, Geoff said.” They matched us up with Americans for a pen pal relationship, and somehow I ended up with this letter from an American girl, and we've just kept corresponding（通信）ever since. "Geoff and Celesta's relationship never turned romantic, but they shared a lot over the decades. They kept up their correspondence through World War II, sending updates about their families, friends, and work. In 2002, they finally got a chance to meet in person during a trip to New York City. Two years later, they met up again, but ever since then they've gone back to pen and paper.Recently, they've switched to digital forms of communication to stay in touch, something that's easier has been easier on their eyes and hands. Their children have helped them set up email accounts.“I've known this new thing called Zoom, I think, now to chat with her, but I leave all the technology to younger people. Deep down, I refuse to use Zoom. Writing to Celesta has been a source of great satisfaction'for me over the years,” said Geoff.Celesta says their relationship is “like people who live next door”. “You know how they're doing, you say a few words, and then you both go to work,” she explained. “She's always been there to write to, even if it was just birthday cards and Christmas cards,” Geoff added.4. What do Geoff and Celesta insist on doing over the 80 years?A. Enjoying telling jokes.B. Writing to each other.C. Creating a program.D. Keeping a secret.5. What do Geoff Banks'words in Paragraph 3 tell us?A. How they got in touch.B. Why they liked writing.C. What they both liked to do.D. When they ran a scheme.6. What is Geoff's attitude towards using Zoom to stay in touch?A. Supportive.B. Unclear.C. Doubtful.D. Disapproving.7. What is the purpose of this text?A. To introduce a way to make friends.B. To teach us skills of writing letters.C. To tell us a tale of lifelong friends.D. To stress the power of technology.CU. S. government officials have approved meat that is grown from cells in a laboratory to be sold in restaurants and food stores.Companies have been developing “lab-grown” meat for years. But the California-based companies Upside Foods and Good Meat are the first to have their products approved by the Department of Agriculture. Chicken is the only “lab-grown” meat permitted in the United States. However, lab-grown meat from cattle, pigs and sheep might be available soon.Production of meat grown in a laboratory begins by taking cells from fertilized eggs. The cells are combined with nutrients that support their growth in steel tanks. Upside Foods's lab-grown meat is created in large sheets, which are then formed into final products. Good Meat transforms cells into several chicken products.Lab-grown meat is different from plant-based meat such as Impossible Burgers. Those products are made from plant materials. Researchers consider lab-grown meat to be “real” meat. Company representatives say the lab-grown chicken seems like real meat. Amy Chen is Upside Foods'chief operating officer. She told the Associated Press, “The most common response we get is, 'Oh, it tastes like chicken.”Upside Foods has stated that they only can produce 22, 680 kilograms of lab-grown meat a year. Officials expect the price of lab-grown meat to be about $44 per kilogram. At such a price, only rich people will be able to purchase lab-grown meat. Therefore, it will not be available in grocery stores any time soon. Restaurants are expected to begin serving “lab-grown” meat within two to five years. Experts say it might be available in supermarkets in 7 to 10 years.Ricardo San Martin, director of the Alt: Meat Lab told the Associated Press, “If some high-end or wealthy people want to eat this instead of a chicken, it's good. Then he added,” Will that mean you will feed chicken to poor people? I honestly don't see it.Supporters of lab-grown meat say it does not require killing or hurting animals. They also say it helps diminish and ease the effects that feeding animals and animal waste have on the environment. But Martin said that if too little is produced, and only a small number of people eat it, it will have little effect on the environment.8. What does the third paragraph mainly talk about on lab-grown meat?A. Its growing process.B. Its main component.C. Its drawback.D. Its characteristics.9. Why is lab-grown meat unpopular in grocery stores soon?A. Because it's tasteless.B. Because it's costly.C. Because it's harmful.D. Because it's unprofitable.10. What does the underlined word “diminish” in the last paragraph mean?A. Conserve.B. Anticipate.C. Tackle.D. Decrease.11. What worries Ricardo San Martin on lab-grown meat?A. Its safety.B. Its popularity.C. Its output.D. Its potential.DBill Gates once said, “I choose a lazy person to do a hard job. Because a lazy person will find an easy way to do it.” If the fact that these words were said by one of the most financially successful people in human history doesn't tell you something, I'm not sure what will. There is a lot to be said for taking the shortcut, as it can so often save you both time and effort that you didn't actually need to waste.How often do you follow a path in a park, only to see the grass has been trampled（踩）on by so many corner-cutters that it's formed its own little shortcut? These little shortcuts are called "desire paths", as they basically tell the world that these are people who would go the way they want rather than the way others want them to. If there is a way for them to get where they need to be without wasting any extra effort, you can be sure they will go for it.We don't always need to make things unnecessarily hard for ourselves, so working out an easier way is always worth celebrating. After all, taking shortcuts isn't always a bad thing in life. You can be sure that the bicycle was invented by someone who was sick of walking, not to mention the invention of the wheel probably came about after someone decided they didn't want to carry everything anymore.From finding a better way to go about a given task in work to figuring out a quicker route on the journey home, it all comes back to the idea of working smarter being better than working harder. You don't need to wait for a path to be carved out for you. If your mind has worked out a way to make things easier for yourself and get the job done quickly then go ahead and do it.12. Why are Bill Gates'words mentioned?A. To present a fact.B. To clarify a concept.C. To explain a rule.D. To introduce a topic.13. What is advised to do according to the author?A. Go your way rather than others'.B. Treat taking shortcuts properly.C. Learn from the lazy persons.D. Make things hard for yourself.14. What can be learnt from the inventions of bicycles and wheels?A. Those inventions satisfy the need of lazy people.B. Most greatest inventions were created by geniuses.C. Finding a better way to do things is their motivation.D. Any attempt to make things easier will surely be rewarded.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Easier Said than DoneB. Better Early than LateC. Work Smarter, Not HarderD. Take More Shortcuts in Life第二节（共5小题；每小题2. 5分，满分12. 5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

可编辑修改精选全文完整版大学英语六级真题试卷试卷一Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Example:You will hear:You will read:A) 2 hours.B) 3 hours.C) 4 hours.D) 5 hours.From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work. They will start at 9 o’clock in the morning and have to finish at 2 inthe afternoon. Therefore, D)“5 hours”is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]1. A) It has nothing to do with the Internet.B) She needs another week to get it ready.C) It contains some valuable ideas.D) It’s far from being ready yet.2. A) The woman is strict with her employees.B) The man always has excuses for being late.C) The woman is a kind-hearted boss.D) The man’s alarm clock didn’t work that morning.3. A) The woman should try her luck in the bank nearby.B) The bank around the corner is not open today.C) The woman should use dollars instead of pounds.D) The bank near the railway station closes late.4. A) Make an appointment with Dr. Chen.B) Call again some time later.C) Wait for about three minutes.D) Try dialing the number again.5. A) He is sure they will succeed in the next test.B) He did no better than the woman in the test.C) He believes she will pass the test this time.D) He felt upset because of her failure.6. A) The woman has to attend a summer course to graduate.B) The man thinks the woman can earn the credits.C) The woman is begging the man to let her pass the exam.D) The woman is going to graduate from summer school.7. A) Fred is planning a trip to Canada.B) Fred usually flies to Canada with Jane.C) Fred persuaded Jane to change her mind.D) Fred likes the beautiful scenery along the way to Canada.8. A) Hang some pictures for decoration.B) Find room for the paintings.C) Put more coats of paint on the wall.D) Paint the walls to match the furniture.9. A) He’ll give a lecture on drawing.B) He doesn’t mind if the woman goes to the lecture.C) He’d rather not go to the lecture.D) He’s going to attend the lecture.10. A) Selecting the best candidate.B) Choosing a campaign manager.C) Trying to persuade the woman to vote for him.D) Running for chairman of the student union.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 14 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) To study the problems of local industries.B) To find ways to treat human wastes.C) To investigate the annual catch of fish in the Biramichi River.D) To conduct a study on fishing in the Biramichi River.12. A) Lack of oxygen.B) Overgrowth of water plants.C) Low water level.D) Serious pollution upstream.13. A) They’ll be closed down.B) They’re going to dismiss some of their employees.C) They’ll be moved to other places.D) They have no money to build chemical treatment plants.14. A) Because there were fewer fish in the river.B) Because over-fishing was prohibited.C) Because the local Chamber of Commerce tried preserve fishes.D) Because the local fishing cooperative decided to reduce its catch.Passage TwoQuestions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.15. A) Oral instructions recorded on a tape.B) A brief letter sealed in an envelope.C) A written document of several pages.D) A short note to their lawyer.16. A) Refrain from going out with men for five years.B) Stop wearing any kind of fashionable clothes.C) Bury the dentist with his favorite car.D) Visit his grave regularly for five years.17. A) Because he was angry with his selfish relatives.B) Because he was just being humorous.C) Because he was not a wealthy man.D) Because he wanted to leave his body for medical purposes.Passage ThreeQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.18. A) They thought it quite acceptable.B) They believed it to be a luxury.C) They took it to be a trend.D) They considered it avoidable.19. A) Critical.B) Serious.C) Sceptical.D) Casual.20. A) When people consider marriage an important part of their lives.B) When the costs of getting a divorce become unaffordable.C) When the current marriage law is modified.D) When husband and wife understand each other better.Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earneduniversity degree, is by his success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world’s favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce and greed (贪婪) on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy and literature.But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business school graduates, about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993. This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the wide spread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run companies some day.“If you are going into the corporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one,”said Donald Morrison, professor of marketing and management science. “But in the last five years or so, when someone says, ‘Should I attempt to get an MBA,’the answer a lot more is: It depends.”The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.The Harvard Business Review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatize complaints about business degree holders.The article called MBA hires “extremely disappointing”and said “MBAs want to move up too fast, they don’t understand politics and people, and they aren’t able to function as part of a team until their third year. But by then, they’re out looking for other jobs.”The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created the assumption that no one who pursued a business career could do without one. The growth was fueled by a backlash (反冲) against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women’s movement.Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees of ten know how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people. “They don’t get a lot of grounding in the people side of the business”, said James Shaffer, vice-president and principal of the Towers Perrin management consulting firm.21. According to Paragraph 2, what is the general attitude towards business on campuses dominated by purer disciplines?A) Scornful.B) Appreciative.C) Envious.D) Realistic.22. It seems that the controversy over the value of MBA degrees had been fueled mainly by ________.A) the complaints from various employersB) the success of many non-MBAsC) the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplinesD) the poor performance of MBAs at work23. What is the major weakness of MBA holders according to the Harvard Business Review?A) They are usually self-centered.B) They are aggressive and greedy.C) They keep complaining about their jobs.D) They are not good at dealing with people.24. From the passage we know that most MBAs ________.A) can climb the corporate ladder fairly quicklyB) quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmatesC) receive salaries that do not match their professional trainingD) cherish unrealistic expectations about their future25. What is the passage mainly about?A) Why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programs.B) The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools.C) Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree.D) A debate held recently on university campuses.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.When school officials in Kalkaska, Michigan, closed classes last week, the media flocked to the story, portraying the town’s 2,305 students as victims of stingy (吝啬的) taxpayers. There is some truth to that; the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state average. But shutting their schools also allowed Kalkask’s educators and the state’s largest teachers’union, the Michigan Education Association, to make a political point. Their aim was to spur passage of legislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state’s share of school funding. It was no coincidence that Kalkaska shut its schools two weeks after residents rejected a 28 percent property-tax increase. The school board argued that without the increase it lacked the $1.5 million needed to keep schools open.But the school system had not done all it could to keep the schools open. Officials declined to borrow against next year’s state aid, they refused to trim extra curricular activities and they did not consider seeking a smaller—perhaps more acceptable—tax increase. In fact, closing early is costing Kalkaska a significant amount, including $600,000 in unemployment payments to teachers and staff and $250,000 in lost stateaid. In February, the school system promised teachers and staff two months of retirement payments in case schools closed early, a deal that will cost the district $275,000 more.Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement as to keep schools open. The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage a rally marking the school closing, which attracted 14 local and national television stations and networks. The president of the National Education Association, the MEA’s parent organization, flew from Washington, D. C., for the event. And the union tutored school officials in the art of television interviews. School supervisor Doyle Disbrow acknowledges the district could have kept schools open by cutting programs but denies the moves were politically motivated.Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closings. The state Senate has al ready voted to put the system into receivership (破产管理) and reopen schools immediately; the Michigan House plans to consider the bill this week.26. We learn from the passage that schools in Kalkaska, Michigan, are funded ________.A) by both the local and state governmentsB) exclusively by the local governmentC) mainly by the state governmentD) by the National Education Association27. One of the purposes for which school officials closed classes was ________.A) to avoid paying retirement benefits to teachers and staffB) to draw the attention of local taxpayers to political issuesC) to make the financial difficulties of their teachers and staff known to the publicD) to pressure Michigan lawmakers into increasing state funds for local schools28. The author seems to disapprove of ________.A) the Michigan lawmakers’endless debatingB) the shutting of schools in KalkaskaC) the involvement of the mass mediaD) delaying the passage of the school funding legislation29. We learn from the passage that school authorities in Kalkaska are concerned about ________.A) a raise in the property-tax rate in MichiganB) reopening the schools there immediatelyC) the attitude of the MEA’s parent organizationD) making a political issue of the closing of the schools30. According to the passage, the closing of the schools developed intoa crisis because of ________.A) the complexity of the problemB) the political motives on the part of the educatorsC) the weak response of the state officialsD) the strong protest on the part of the students’parents。

2023-2024学年上海师大附中高三上期中英语试卷II.Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.How to future-proof your career against the threat of AIEver since the industrial revolution,people have feared that technology would take away their jobs.While some jobs and tasks have indeed been replaced by machines,(21)_________ have emerged.The fear that jobs might disappear or be replaced through automation is understandable.Recent research found that a quarter of tasks that humans currently do in the US and Europe could be automated in the coming years.The future of work is a popular topic of discussion,with countless books(22)_________ (publish)each year on the topic.These books speak to the human need to understand how to future might be shaped.A strong theme of concern is found in these books about technology enabling certain tasks to be automated,(23)_________(make)many people out of jobs.Specifically,(24)_________worries people is that knowledge-based jobs--like those in accounting or law--that have long been regarded as being exclusive（专属的、专有的）to well-educated professionals are now under threat of replacement by machines.But there is another, (25)_________(ambitious)way to think about this.Some books stress the potential of humans collaborating with AI,to enhance each other's skills.(26)_________being replaced,lawyers would then be empowered by technology.In reality,automation and empowerment co-exist,both of which(27)_________(concern)with your future career.In light of this,the key to future-proofing your job is continued learning,(28)_________is a valuable skill to develop in any career.Also,critical thinking and analytical skills are going to be particularly central for how humans and machines(29)_________empower one another.Above all,choose a job that you enjoy and keep learning(30)_________if you do need to change course in the future,you know how to.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.advanceB.appealC.associationD.differsE.diligentlyF.entirelyG.frustrationH.produceI.uncooperativeJ.vagueK.worthyThe garden pathImagine a plate holding two strawberries,identical in appearance.One came out of a supermarket box.By the time it reached the plate it may have been off the vine for two weeks.The other strawberry was picked from a garden minutes before being eaten.The first one will probably taste like a slightly sour cucumber,with a(n)__31__hint of berry taste.The second is likely to be sweet and floral（花的、花卉的）.Supermarket strawberries are not __32__without advantages:they are convenient and available in the northern hemisphere（地球的半球）in February.But the two berries are distinct from each other in the same way that hearing music in a concert hall__33__from listening to it on a worn-out cassette.The home-grown fruit is an edible（可食用的、能吃的）case for cultivating a home garden.Those who long dismissed gardening as a waste of time__34__this argument with great passion.They think a garden can yield peas that taste like the vibrant,green essence of spring; tomatoes and carrots of incomparable sweetness;and lettuces and herbs that taste like themselves rather than the plastic they are usually packaged in.Growing your own vegetables ensures a reliable supply,offering virtuous seasonal__35__.That attitude misrepresents the ultimate__36__of gardening;it mistakes the product for the purpose.On the other hand,a garden,especially in the early years,can also yield little but__37__. New gardeners may plant the wrong crops for their soil.And even expert gardeners can lose a season's harvest to__38__weather.No matter.The real joy of gardening is the time spent doing it.The deepest pleasure--as with cooking,writing,bringing up children or almost anything worthwhile--is in the work itself.A gardener's memories centre not on the food produced,but on long summer afternoons with hands in the dirt,surrounded by family,if the garden is at home,or deepening__39__with friendsand neighbours in a community garden.To garden is to__40__help life thrive（兴隆、兴旺、繁荣）with love and patience,in the ground and above it.III.Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage,there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Traveler's dilemmaAn airline loses two suitcases belonging to two different travelers,Lucy and Pete.Both suitcases happen to be the same and also contain__41__antiques.An airline manager tasked to settle their claims figures that simply asking the travelers for the price is hopeless,for they may __42__it.Instead,he asks them to write down the price of the antique as any dollar between2and 100__43__so that they can't negotiate with each other.If both write the same number,he will pay each of them that amount.But if they write different numbers,he will assume that the lower one is the actual price and that the person writing the higher number is__44__.In that case,he will pay both of them the lower number along with a(n)__45__and a punishment--the person who wrote the lower number will get$2more as a reward for honesty and the one who wrote the higher number will get$2less instead.__46__,if Lucy writes46and Pete writes100,Lucy will get$48 and Pete will get$44.What numbers will Lucy and Pete write?In1994,economist Kaushik Basu crafted the"Traveler's Dilemma"(TD)to challenge the narrow view of__47__.TD serves the purpose because the game's logic dictates that2is the logical option.Admittedly,Lucy's first idea is that she should write the largest possible number, which will earn her$100if Pete is similarly__48__.Soon,however,it strikes her that if she wrote 99instead,she would make a little more money,because in that case she would get$101.But surely this__49__will also occur to Pete,who will choose99as well.Continuing with this line of reasoning would send the travelers down to the smallest permissible number,namely,2-this is where the__50__leads us.In experimental studies,contrary to the predictions,most people pick$100or a number close to it,either without thinking the problem through or while fully aware they are__51__the reasonable choice.So,while most people instinctively feel that they would select a much highernumber than$2,this instinct seems to__52__the predicted logical outcome,$2.By rejecting the logical choice and acting illogically by writing a higher number,people end up getting a substantially bigger__53__.Based on these studies,researchers have proposed that people appear to have a natural,positive attitude in favor of__54__.This attitude leads to a cooperative model that favors the seemingly unreasonable but__55__strategies.41.A.precious B.identical C.controversial D.fake42.A.assess B.highlight C.neglect D.overstate43.A.intentionally B.precisely C.separately D.casually44.A.supervising B.cheating C.imitating plaining45.A.bonus B.identity C.discipline D.alarm46.A.By contrast B.In addition C.For instance D.On the whole47.A.negotiation B.fairness C.reason D.instinct48.A.calm B.greedy C.foolish D.imaginary49.A.pessimism B.perseverance C.challenge D.insight50.A.evidence B.logic C.goal D.emotion51.A.contributing to B.departing from C.appealing for D.dreaming about52.A.echo B.overlook C.contradict D.alter53.A.punishment B.interest C.investment D.payoff54.A.cooperation B.investigation C.perfection D.imagination55.A.straightforward B.instructive C.acceptable D.beneficialSection BDirections:Read the following two passage.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Do Your Employees suffer from Friday-Itis?Have you heard about Friday-itis,the significant drop in motivation and concentration seen on Fridays among may workers who look forward to their weekend days off but a day in advance?Almost every employee has at some point experienced the need to take an unplanned day offfor rest,for the sake of his physical or mental health.Defined by the Labour Standards Act and most collective agreements and employment contracts,a sick day is a one-time day of leave taken by an employee due to the inability,whether psychological and physical,to be present at his workplace to adequately carry out his professional functions.Short and occasional,this involuntary absence is easily accepted and absorbed by the company.But when it is repeated and almost invariably falls on the eve of a weekend,absence for last minute sickness can quickly give an employer a headache.When it becomes avoidable,systematic and based on a false motive,this"Friday Sickness" syndrome falls into the category of unreasonable and abusive absenteeism.This has significant impact on a company's organizational efficiency,productivity and competitiveness.So much so that many managers avoid setting up important meetings on Fridays,knowing the higher likelihood that their staff will all be at work the rest of the week.Despite the high cost of absenteeism,a study published in2012by the Conference Board of Canada found that only46%of Canadian companies report that they monitor their employees' absences and the reasons given.To properly assess absenteeism means beginning to understand it and not letting it pass.Although abusive in form and use,Friday sick leave can also be explained by other factors that need to be taken seriously.An employee can take a break in the wrong way that he might reasonably need,in connection with factors specific to the company--having a clearly excessive, workload,for example.Focusing on suspicious monitoring or the threat of fines is not a solution for employers. Indirectly forcing presenteeism on an employee,in other words to come in and stay at work even when he has serious reasons not to do so,can be even more damaging for everyone.Statistics Canada estimates that loss of productivity associated with presenteeism is7.5times higher than that caused by absenteeism.56.What is Friday-itis?A.A decrease in motivation on Fridays due to employees anticipating the weekend.B.A medical condition that specifically affects employees on Fridays.C.A term used to describe excessive absenteeism on Fridays.D.A syndrome where employees refuse to work on Fridays.57.According to the passage,what kind of absence does the company easily accept?A.Absence for last minute sickness.B.Repeated absence before weekends.C.Short and occasional absence.D.Avoidable and systematic absence.58.What impact does repeated last-minute sickness absences on Fridays have on employers?A.It leads to increased productivity and competitiveness.B.It causes employees to prioritize rest and their overall well-being.C.It has a negative impact on organizational efficiency and productivity.D.It provides employers with a headache due to the need for more meetings.59.What is the potential consequence of forcing presenteeism on employees?A.It leads to a decrease in overall productivity.B.It results in a decrease in absenteeism rates.C.It helps in improving employees'motivation and concentration.D.It causes employees to take unplanned days off more frequently.(B)Memberships Sun City OV Resident Public Single Couple Single Couple18Hole PlayCurrent Annual$3,590$6,685$4,060$7,175 New Annual$3,770$7,020$4,265$7,535 Current Combo18/9$5,345$6,230 Hyrid(Fee+Reduced Daily Rate)$1,000$1,250New Combo18/9$5,615$6,540 Corporate$3,1039Hole PlayCurrent Annual$2,155$4,020$2,440$4,530 New Annual$2,265$4,220$2,565$4,755Additional Offerings18-Hole Smart Card(Virtual Punch Card)$480$7009-Hole Smart Card(Virtual Punch Card)$32018-HOLE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIPS●Green fees included●Driving range privileges●9-day advance tee time reservations●Corporate Membership:Limited availabilityAfter11:00AM,Mon-Fri;anytime Sat-Sun and holidays9-HOLE ANNUAL MEMBERSHIPS●Green fees included●Driving range privileges●8-day advance tee time reservations●Additional9holes10/11-5/31$20-6/1/-9/19$10MEMBER BENEFITS●NO TRAIL FEE for private cart owners●NO INITIATION FEE●Pro Shop discount25%off apparel10%off all accessories,equipment&golf balls,excluding sale items.●Members and resident's guests play at the resident guest's daily rate when accompanied bymember or resident.Resident guest rate is an additional$10for18and$5for9holes10/11/20-5/31/21●Payment schedule available(9&18-Hole Annual memberships only)50%before July1-balance due by Oct.31NOTE:Membership rates for residents do not include a golf cart.An additional cart fee will be applied for residents when using a club cart.HYBRID MEMBERSHIP●Golf Fee per season(Reduced Daily Rate does not include the rental cart or tax)●Summer18holes-$15/9holes-$10●Fall18holes-$25/9holes$15●Winter18holes$30/9holes$20●Spring18holes-$25/9holes$15●8-day advance tee time reservations●Pro Shop discounts25%off apparel10%off accessories,equipment,shoes,hats,and golfballs,excluding sale items.SMART CARD-10PLAY●10--Pre-paid Green fees●8-day advance tee-time reservations●May be used for guest(s)●No expiration or refunds●Golf cart not included in Resident Smart Card●Public Smart Card includes cartNEW ANNUAL MEMBERS●Purchases your annual pass June1and play for13months(6/1/20-6/30/21)●Proration available after7/15/2160.If you are one of Sun City OV residents'guests who want to play for18-Hole for3days,what is the overall rate?A.$15B.$30C.$45D.$6061.Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to this advertisement?A.If you are a resident,your membership rates will include a golf cart.B.If you apply for a Smart Card,you are not entitled to an opportunity of refunds.C.If you apply for a hybrid membership and you want to save money,you can play in summer.D.For a non-resident to apply for a single18-HPCA membership,you have to pay at least$2030 before July1st.62.Where would you most probably see this ad?A.A food magazine.B.A science journal.C.A travel brochureD.A fitness leaflet.(C)DeafenedIt has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals.But a new study by Ali Akbar has revealed that plants suffer too.That plants can be damaged indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt.Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators（授粉者）and most fruit-bearing species need animals to spread around their seeds,it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical counterparts（同类者、极其相似的人或物）will do badly,too.What has remained unknown is whether or not plants themselves suffer directly from noise pollution.Scientists have previously assumed that plants may be able to sense sound waves as they are struck by them.A number of experiments have confirmed this in recent years--plants heavily exposed to ultrasound（超声）in the lab have shown a range of negative responses including the expression of stress-related genes,slowed growth and reduced development of seeds.Yet attacking plants with ultrasound is not the same as growing them in the presence of actual traffic noise.To this end,Ali Akbar decid'ed to set up an experiment to study precisely this question.Working with a team of colleagues,he grew marigolds and sage in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments.The plants were divided into two groups after getting mature.One group was exposed to73decibels（分贝）of traffic noise.The other group was left to grow in silence.After15days had passed,samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well.Analysis of their leaves revealed that all of them were suffering.The team found that a range of hormones（荷尔蒙）normally associated with healthy growth and development in plants were present at significantly reduced levels in the plants exposed to the noise.Two stress hormones,which are normally produced to prevent insect attacks and deal with salty soil or very cold temperatures,were elevated.Ali Akbar's findings make it clear that though plants lack ears,the noise of traffic still bothers them enough to trigger dramatic stress responses that are not much different to those that would befound in plants exposed to drought,highly concentrated salt or heavy metals in their soil.The next question is whether all noise pollution affects all species in the same way.The natural world is by no means silent.Whether some plant species have evolved coping mechanisms, which might one day be collected and transferred into urban-living species,is a mystery worth exploring.63.What did scientists believe in the past?A.Noise is a problem facing both animals and plants.B.Plants can be affected by noise in an indirect way.C.Animal partners can do harm to their botanical partners.D.Sound waves can damage plants they strike.64.What did Ali Akbar want to confirm in their experiment?A.Ultrasound is similar to traffic noise in that it doesn't harm plants.B.Plants exposed to ultrasound exhibit negative signs of growth.C.Traffic noise causes plants to grow unhealthfully and slowly.D.Plant leaves contain hormones dealing with a harsh environment.65.Which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Plants growing is silence have a reduced level of hormones.B.Plants exposed to noise respond differently from those in drought.C.Different noise pollution has the same effect on all species.D.An increases in stress hormones in plants means they are in hardship.66.What can we infer from the passage?A.Some plants may not necessarily be harmed by the sound in nature.B.Some plants have surely developed a method to cope with traffic noise.C.Unban-living species can be engineered to grow well in the natural world.D.The silence in nature promotes the development of noise coping mechanisms.Section CDirections:Read the passage carefully.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.So people feel like they are getting more done.B.If you do these or similar things,then you are one of many multitaskers.C.People are less able to filter out their knowledge of the previous task and look at things afresh.D.Some psychologists say that the human brain just isn't good at concentrating on two things at the same time.E.Recent studies,however,show that Melissa and others like her are perhaps getting less done than they think they are.F.Now,with numerous studies to refer to,the answer could not be more clear-multitasking isn't all it's supposed to be.Are you a multitasker?Do you watch TV and cook dinner at the same time?Do you often interrupt your work to check your email?Do you talk on your phone while you're driving?_________67_________ According to a survey by the magazine Scientific American MIND,90percent of American adults multitask regularly.Most people say they multitask because they are too busy,and multitasking saves time. Popular electronic devices like tablets and smart phones make it convenient to do several tasks at once._________68_________Melissa Brown of Evanston,Illinois,says she has no trouble listening to music,surfing the Internet,and sending text messages to friends while she does her homework._________69_________That's because with multitasking,there are actually many "micro-interruptions"in which people stop one task,start another,and eventually return to the first one.These stops and starts make it difficult to concentrate,and so multitaskers actually waste time, according to a study at Microsoft Corporation.In the study,workers who interrupted their work to answer an email or text message took an average of15minutes to return to the work they were doing before the interruption._________70_________This doesn't matter if you're only preparing a salad and listening to the radio,they say.But if you're doing a difficult task that requires thinking,like writing a report, then multitasking can slow you down and cause mistakes.It can even be dangerous,as in the case of people who talk on the phone,eat,or even apply makeup while driving.IV.Summary WritingDirections:Read the following three passages.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more e your own words as far as possible.Brain HungerDo you ever feel like no matter how much you eat,you are still not full?You may be suffering from a condition known as"brain hunger".This occurs when the dopamine（多巴胺）signaling in your brain is damaged,making it difficult for your body to recognize when it has had enough food.What are the underlying causes of brain hunger?Genetics can play a role.Research has shown that the dopamine receptor D4gene may be responsible for regulating cognitive functions related to eating behavior and body weight.Some people have this gene variation that does not allow for a normal dopamine release in response to things that typically would bring joy and pleasure,including food.This means that those individuals won't get the same"high"feeling they would normally experience when eating. Obesity is also linked to brain hunger.Brain scans of obese individuals show changes in dopamine signaling pathways which can lead to less recognition of the feeling of being full even after a meal.While it is still unclear whether obesity or genetics is the primary contributor to brain hunger, one thing is certain losing weight alone is not enough for those affected.Studies show that certain areas of the brain responsible for sensing fullness do not change even with weight loss,which could lead to continued hunger and weight regain.So,what came first:genetics or obesity that cause this brain signaling change?It is possible that if someone has a genetic tendency to be affected by this abnormal dopamine signaling,an environmental trigger can start a series of brain hunger which brings about overeating.It is also important to practice mindful eating and pay attention to hunger cues to begin perceiving the feeling of being full.Brain hunger can be an uncomfortable and frustrating condition,but it is possible to manage through a combination of treatments.V.TranslationDirections:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in thebrackets.72.要不了多久这款新产品就会被推向市场。

OSA光学期刊投稿注意事项OSA出版的期刊有效存档是以XML以及PDF格式输出的。

XML是用于生产和归档科学期刊文章的行业标准，并用于生产各种其他的OSA期刊。

其全文XML将使期刊更准确完整地在在MEDLINE，PubMed中心和其他数据库收录；它也将使杂志满足其存档的义务，并为新的期刊服务，如为全文语义搜索和内容的再利用做准备。

为防止延误生产，我们要求作者仔细遵循以下新的指导方针：Word和LaTeX。

OSA接受Word和LaTeX格式投稿；然而，我们鼓励作者用MS Word 提交论文。

OSA将不发布与最后的修订同样的Word文件，所以当务之急是作者支付版面费之前仔细检查他们的论文的最终版本。

OSA使用一个Word插件叫做eXtyles用来正常化，格式，标签，并将文件解析成XML。

eXtyles自动格式化，检查，并更新对交叉引用和考研数据库的引用。

除了运行其他自动纂编辑规则，eXtyles检查文本，以确保参考，图表，表式标注等所有项目都有引用出处。

LaTeX手稿和XML文件是在生产阶段创建的；如果没有参考交叉检查LaTeX的手稿，OSA要求LaTeX的作者确保参考部分尽可能准确。

作者列表：所有作者必须标注出每租作者之间的隶属关系。

回车（Enter键）必须被用来分隔每个隶属关系。

(就是每人写一行)。

正文：作者必须通过插图的方式区分文本公式和数字或公式前的数目。

显示公式数应该出现在括号[公式. （1）]里。

所有参考文献，图表和表格必须在它们出现的顺序文本中标出来。

数字：每张图必须有一个图像文件。

图需要插入图签不论是固定的还是可动的，数字不应该被放置在一个表中。

表：作者必须使用Word的表格编辑器插入表格。

作者不应该从Excel导入表。

每个表的所有内容应在一个Word表格（不要将表格分割在两页中）。

方程：期刊不接受使用Word 2007或2010公式生成器公式。

所有公式应使用MathType （或从设计科学的Microsoft公式编辑器）来创建。