混凝土桥梁结构形式(中英文翻译)

建筑专业笔记整理大全-结构工程常用词汇-土木工程常用英语术语结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC)钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层:cover to reinforcement梁:beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙:shear wall基础：foundation剪力:shear剪切变形:shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress—strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝:steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载:loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度:torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点:yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限:limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力:bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板:precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast—in—place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two—way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件:member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁:crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力:external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压:eccentric compression偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度:span跨高比：span—to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构:frame structure集中荷载:concentrated load分布荷载：distribution load分布钢筋：distribution steel挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength构造:construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

桥梁工程英语词汇结构控制structural controlstructure control结构控制: structural control結構控制: structural control结构控制剂: constitution controller裂缝宽度容许值裂缝宽度容许值: allowable value of crack width装配式预制装配式预制: precast装配式预制的: precast-segmental装配式预制混凝土环: precast concrete segmental ring安装预应力安装预应力: prestressed最优化optimization最优化: Optimum Theory|optimization|ALARA 使最优化: optimized次最优化: suboptimization空心板梁空心板梁: hollow slab beam主梁截面主梁截面: girder section边、中跨径边、中跨径: side span &middle spin主梁girder主梁: girder|main beam|king post 桥主梁: bridge girder主梁翼: main spar单墩单墩: single pier单墩尾水管: single-pier draught tube单墩肘形尾水管: one-pier elbow draught tube结构优化设计结构优化设计: optimal structure designing扩结构优化设计: Optimal Struc ture Designing 液压机结构优化设计软件包: HYSOP连续多跨多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports拼接板splice barsplice plate拼接板: splice bar|scab|splice plate 端头拼接板: end matched lumber销钉拼接板: pin splice裂缝crack crevice跨越to step acrossstep over跨越: stride leap|across|spanning跨越杆: cross-over pole|crossingpole 跨越点: crossing point|crossover point刚构桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥: rigid frame bridge形刚构桥: T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥: continuous rigid frame bridge刚度比stiffness ratioratio of rigidity刚度比: ratio of rigidity|stiffness ratio 动刚度比: dynamic stiffenss ratio刚度比劲度比: stiffnessratio等截面粱uniform beam等截面粱: uniform beam|uniform cross-section beam桥梁工程bridge constructionbridgework桥梁工程: bridgeworks|LUSAS FEA|Bridge Engineering 桥梁工程师: Bridge SE铁路桥梁工程: railway bridge engineering悬索桥suspension bridge悬索桥: suspension bridge|su e io ridge 懸索橋: Suspension bridge|Puente colgante 加劲悬索桥: stiffenedsuspensionbridge预应力混凝土prestressed concrete预应力混凝土: prestressed concrete|prestre edconcrete 预应力混凝土梁: prestressed concrete beam预应力混凝土管: prestressed concrete pipe预应力钢筋束预应力钢筋束: pre-stressing tendon|pre-stre ingtendon 抛物线型钢丝束(预应力配钢筋结构用): parabolic cable最小配筋率minimum steel ratio轴向拉力axial tensionaxial tensile force轴向拉力: axial tension|axial te ion 轴向拉力, 轴向拉伸: axial tension轴向拉力轴向张力: axialtensileforce承台cushion cap承台: bearing platform|cushioncap|pile caps 桩承台: pile cap|platformonpiles低桩承台: low pile cap拱桥arch bridge拱桥: hump bridge|arch bridge|arched bridge 拱橋: Arch bridge|Puente en arco|Pont en arc 鸠拱桥: Khājū强度intensitystrength强度: intensity|Strength|Density刚强度: stiffness|stiffne|westbank stiffness 光强度: light intensity|intensity箍筋hooping箍筋: stirrup|reinforcement stirrup|hooping 箍筋柱: tied column|hooped column形箍筋: u stirrup u预应力元件预应力元件: prestressed element等效荷载equivalent load等效荷载: equivalent load等效荷载原理: principle of equivalent loads 等效负载等效荷载等值负载: equivalentload模型matrix model mould pattern承载能力极限状态承载能力极限状态: ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态: serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态验证: verification of serviceability limit states弹性elasticityspringinessspringgiveflexibility弹性: elasticity|Flexibility|stretch 彈性: Elastic|Elasticidad|弾性弹性体: elastomer|elastic body|SPUA平截面假定plane cross-section assumption平截面假定: plane cross-section assumption抗拉强度intensity of tension tensile strength安全系数safety factor标准值standard value标准值: standard value,|reference value作用标准值: characteristic value of an action 重力标准值: gravity standard设计值value of calculationdesign value设计值: design value|value|designed value 作用设计值: design value of an action荷载设计值: design value of a load可靠度confidence levelreliabilityfiduciary level可靠度: Reliability|degree of reliability 不可靠度: Unreliability高可靠度: High Reliability几何特征geometrical characteristic几何特征: geometrical characteristic配位几何特征: coordinated geometric feature 流域几何特征: basin geometric characteristics塑性plastic nature plasticity应力图stress diagram应力图: stress diagram|stress pattern 谷式应力图: Cremona's method机身应力图: fuselage stress diagram压应力crushing stress压应力: compressive stress|compression stress 抗压应力: compressive stress|pressure load内压应力: internal pressure stress配筋率ratio of reinforcement reinforcement ratioreinforcement percentage配筋率: reinforcement ratio平均配筋率: balanced steel ratio纵向配筋率: longitudinal steel ratio有限元分析finite element analysis有限元分析: FEA|finite element analysis (FEA)|ABAQUS 反有限元分析: inverse finite element analysis有限元分析软件: HKS ABAQUS|MSC/NASTRAN MSC/NASTRAN有限元法finite element method有限元法: FInite Element|finite element method 积有限元法: CVFEM线性有限元法: Linear Finite Element Method裂缝控制裂缝控制: crack control控制裂缝钢筋: crack-control reinforcement检查，核对，抑制，控制，试验，裂缝，支票，账单，牌号，名牌: check应力集中stress concentration应力集中: stress concentration应力集中点: hard spot|focal point of stress 应力集中器: stress concentrators主拉应力principal tensile stress主拉应力: principal tensile stress非线性nonlinearity非线性振动nonlinear oscillationsnonlinear vibration非线性振动: nonlinear vibration非线性振动理论: theory of non linear vibration 非线性随机振动: Nonlinear random vibration弯矩flexural momentment of flexion (moment of flexure) bending momentflexural torque弯矩: bending moment|flexural moment|kN-m 弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 双弯矩: bimoment弯矩中心center of momentsmoment center弯矩中心: center of moments|momentcenter弯矩分配法moment distributionmomentdistribution弯矩分配法: hardy cross method|cross method弯矩图bending moment diagrammoment curvemoment diagram弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 最终弯矩图: final bending moment diagram最大弯矩图: maximum bending moment diagram剪力shearing force剪力: shearing force|shear force|shear剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 剪力钉: shear nails|SHEAR CONCRETE STUD弹性模量elasticity modulus young's modulus elastic modulus modulus of elasticity elastic ratio剪力图shear diagram剪力图: shear diagram|shearing force diagram剪力和弯矩图: Shear and Moment Diagrams绘制剪力和弯矩图的图解法: Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagrams剪力墙shear wall剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 抗剪力墙: shearwall剪力墙结构: shear wall structure轴力轴力: shaft force|axial force螺栓轴力测试仪: Bolt shaft force tester 轴向力: axial force|normal force|beam框架结构frame construction等参单元等参数单元等参元: isoparametricelement板单元板单元: plate unit托板单元: pallet unit骨板骨单元: lamella/lamellaeosteon梁(surname) beam of roof bridge桥梁bridge曲率curvature材料力学mechanics of materials结构力学structural mechanics结构力学: Structural Mechanics|theory of structures 重结构力学: barodynamics船舶结构力学: Structual Mechamics for Ships弯曲刚度flexural rigiditybending rigidity弯曲刚度: bending stiffness|flexural rigidity 截面弯曲刚度: flexural rigidity of section弯曲刚度，抗弯劲度: bending stiffness钢管混凝土结构encased structures钢管混凝土结构: encased structures极限荷载ultimate load极限荷载: ultimate load极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load极限荷载设计limit load designultimate load analysisultimate load design极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load板壳力学mechanics of board shell板壳力学: Plate Mechanics板壳非线性力学: Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell本构模型本构模型: constitutive model体积本构模型: bulk constitutive equation 本构模型屈服面: yield surface主钢筋main reinforcing steelmain reinforcement主钢筋: main reinforcement|Main Reinforcing Steel 钢筋混凝土的主钢筋: mainbar悬臂梁socle beam悬臂梁: cantilever beam|cantilever|outrigger 悬臂梁长: length of cantilever双悬臂梁: TDCB悬链线catenary悬链线: Catenary,|catenary wire|chainette 伪悬链线: pseudocatenary悬链线长: catenary length加劲肋ribbed stiffener加劲肋: stiffening rib|stiffener|ribbed stiffener 短加劲肋: short stiffener支承加劲肋: bearing stiffener技术标准technology standard水文水文: Hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文图: hydrograph|hydrological maps招标invite public bidding投标(v) submit a bid bid for连续梁through beam连续梁: continuous beam|through beam多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports 悬臂连续梁: gerber beam加劲梁stiff girder加劲梁: stiffening girder|buttress brace 加劲梁节点: stiff girder connection支撑刚性梁，加劲梁，横撑: buttress brace水文学hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文學: Hydrologie|水文学|??? ??????古水文学: paleohydrology桥梁抗震桥梁抗震加固: bridge aseismatic strengthening抗风wind resistance抗风: Withstand Wind|Wtstan Wn|wind resistance 抗风锚: weather anchor抗风性: wind resistance基础的basal桥梁控制测量bridge construction control survey桥梁控制测量: bridge construction control survey桥梁施工桥梁施工控制综合程序系统: FWD桥梁最佳施工指南: Bridge Best Practice Guidelines桥梁工程施工技术咨询: Bridge Construction Engineering Service总体设计overall designintegrated design总体设计: Global|overall design|general arrangement 总体设计概念: totaldesignconcept工厂总体设计图: general layout scheme初步设计predesign preliminary plan技术设计technical design技术设计: technical design|technical project 技术设计员: Technical Designer|technician技术设计图: technical drawing施工图设计construction documents design施工图设计: construction documents design施工图设计阶段: construction documents design phase基本建设项目施工图设计: design of working drawing of a capital construction project桥台abutment bridge abutment基础foundation basebasis结构形式structural style结构形式: Type of construction|form of structure 表结构形式: list structure form屋顶结构形式: roof form地震earthquake地震活动earthquake activityseismic activityseismic motionseismicity地震活动: Seismic activity|seismic motion 地震活动性: seismicity|seismic地震活动图: seismicity map支撑体系支撑体系: bracing system|support system 物流企业安全平台支撑体系: SSOSP公路桥涵公路施工手册-桥涵: Optimization of Road Traffic Organization-Abstract引道approach roadramp wayapproach引道: approach|approach road引道坡: approach ramp|a roachramp 引道版: Approach slab装配式装配式桥: fabricated bridge|precast bridge 装配式房屋: Prefabricated buildings装配式钢体: fabricated steel body耐久性wear耐久性: durability|permanence|endurance不耐久性: fugitiveness耐久性试验: endurance test|life test|durability test持久状况持久状况: persistent situation 短暂状况短暂状况: transient situation 偶然状况偶然状况: accidental situation永久作用永久作用: permanent action永久作用标准值: characteristic value of permanent action可变作用可变作用: variable action可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action 可变光阑作用: iris action偶然作用偶然作用: accidental action偶然同化（作用）: accidental assimilation作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects作用代表值作用代表值: representative value of an action作用标准值作用标准值: characteristic value of an action地震作用标准值: characteristic value of earthquake action 可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action作用频遇值作用频遇值 Frequent value of an action安全等级safe class安全等级: safety class|Security Level|safeclass 生物安全等级: Biosafety Level生物安全等級: Biosafety Level作用actionactivity actionsactseffectto play a role设计基准期design reference period设计基准期: design reference period作用准永久值作用准永久值: quasi－permanentvalueofanaction作用效应作用效应: effects of actions|effect of an action 互作用效应: interaction effect质量作用效应: mass action effect作用效应设计值作用效应设计值 Design value of an action effect分项系数分项系数: partial safety factor|partial factor作用分项系数: partial safety factor for action抗力分项系数: partial safety factor for resistance作用效应组合作用效应组合: combination for action effects作用效应基本组合: fundamental combination for action effects 作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects结构重要性系数结构重要性系数Coefficient for importance of a structure桥涵桥涵跟桥梁比较类似，主要区别在于:单孔跨径小于5m或多孔跨径之和小于8m的为桥涵,大于这个标准的为桥梁公路等级公路等级: highway classification标准:公路等级代码: Code for highway classification标准:公路路面等级与面层类型代码: Code for classification and type of highway pavement顺流fair current设计洪水频率设计洪水频率: designed flood frequency水力water powerwater conservancyirrigation works水力: hydraulic power|water power|water stress水力学: Hydraulics|hydromechanics|fluid mechanics 水力的: hydraulic|hydrodynamic|hyd河槽river channel河槽: stream channel|river channel|gutter 古河槽: old channel河槽线: channel axis河岸riversidestrand河岸: bank|riverside|river bank 河岸林: riparian forest河岸权: riparian right河岸侵蚀stream bank erosion河岸侵蚀: bank erosion|stream bank erosion 河岸侵蚀河岸侵食: bank erosion河岸侵蚀, 堤岸冲刷: bank erosion高架桥桥墩高架桥桥墩: viaduct pier桥梁净空高潮时桥梁净空高度: bridge clearance行车道lane行车道: carriageway|traffic lane|Through Lane 快行车道: fast lane西行车道: westbound carriageway一级公路A roadarterial roadarterial highway一级公路: A road arterial road arterial highway 一级公路网: primaryhighwaysystem二级公路b roadsecondary road二级公路: B road, secondary road涵洞culvert涵洞: culvert梁涵洞: Beam Culverts 木涵洞: timber culvert河床riverbedrunway河床: river bed|bed|stream bed冰河床: glacier bed型河床: oxbow|horseshoe bend|meander loop河滩flood plainriver beach河滩: river shoal|beach|river flat 河滩地: flood land|overflow land 河滩区: riffle area高级公路high-type highway高级公路: high-typehighway高架桥trestleviaduct高架桥: viaduct|overhead viaduct 高架橋: Viadukt|Viaducto|高架橋高架桥面: elevated deck洪水流量volume of floodflood dischargeflooddischarge洪水流量: flood discharge|flood flow|peak discharge 洪水流量预报: flooddischargeforecast平均年洪水流量: average annual flood设计速度design speed设计速度: design speed|designed speed|design rate设计速度，构造速度: desin speed|desin speed <haha最大阵风强度的设计速度: VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intension跨度span紧急停车emergency shutdown (cut-off)emergency cut-off紧急停车: abort|panic stop|emergency stop 紧急停车带: lay-by|emergency parking strip 紧急停车阀: emergency stop valve减速gear downretardment speed-down deceleration slowdown车道traffic lane路缘带side tripmarginal stripmargin verge路缘带: marginal strip|side strip|margin verge路肩shoulder of earth body路肩: shoulder|verge|shoulder of road 硬路肩: hard shoulder|hardened verge 软路肩: Soft Shoulder最小值minimum value最小值: minimum|Min|least value 求最小值: minimization找出最小值: min最大值max.最大值原理principle of the maximummaximum principlemaximal principle最大值原理: maximum principle,|maximal principle 离散最大值原理: discrete maximum principle极大值原理，最大值原理: maximum principle车道宽度车道宽度: lane-width自行车道cycle-track自行车道: bicycle path|cycle path|cycle track旗津环岛海景观光自行车道: Cijin Oceanview Bike Path 自行车道专供自行车行驶的车道。

桥梁工程英语词汇结构控制structural controlstructure control结构控制: structural control結構控制: structural control结构控制剂： constitution controller裂缝宽度容许值裂缝宽度容许值： allowable value of crack width装配式预制装配式预制： precast装配式预制的: precast—segmental装配式预制混凝土环： precast concrete segmental ring安装预应力安装预应力： prestressed最优化optimization最优化： Optimum Theory｜optimization|ALARA 使最优化: optimized次最优化: suboptimization空心板梁空心板梁： hollow slab beam主梁截面主梁截面： girder section边、中跨径边、中跨径： side span &middle spin主梁girder主梁: girder|main beam|king post 桥主梁: bridge girder主梁翼: main spar单墩单墩: single pier单墩尾水管: single—pier draught tube单墩肘形尾水管： one-pier elbow draught tube结构优化设计结构优化设计： optimal structure designing扩结构优化设计: Optimal Struc ture Designing 液压机结构优化设计软件包： HYSOP连续多跨多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports拼接板splice barsplice plate拼接板： splice bar｜scab|splice plate 端头拼接板: end matched lumber销钉拼接板: pin splice裂缝crack crevice跨越to step acrossstep over跨越： stride leap|across|spanning跨越杆： cross-over pole|crossingpole 跨越点： crossing point|crossover point刚构桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥： rigid frame bridge形刚构桥： T—shaped rigid frame bridge 连续刚构桥： continuous rigid frame bridge刚度比stiffness ratioratio of rigidity刚度比: ratio of rigidity｜stiffness ratio 动刚度比: dynamic stiffenss ratio刚度比劲度比: stiffnessratio等截面粱uniform beam等截面粱： uniform beam｜uniform cross—section beam桥梁工程bridge constructionbridgework桥梁工程: bridgeworks|LUSAS FEA｜Bridge Engineering 桥梁工程师: Bridge SE铁路桥梁工程： railway bridge engineering悬索桥suspension bridge悬索桥： suspension bridge|su e io ridge 懸索橋： Suspension bridge|Puente colgante 加劲悬索桥： stiffenedsuspensionbridge预应力混凝土prestressed concrete预应力混凝土: prestressed concrete｜prestre edconcrete 预应力混凝土梁： prestressed concrete beam预应力混凝土管： prestressed concrete pipe预应力钢筋束预应力钢筋束： pre—stressing tendon｜pre-stre ingtendon 抛物线型钢丝束(预应力配钢筋结构用）: parabolic cable最小配筋率minimum steel ratio轴向拉力axial tensionaxial tensile force轴向拉力: axial tension｜axial te ion 轴向拉力, 轴向拉伸: axial tension轴向拉力轴向张力： axialtensileforce承台cushion cap承台： bearing platform｜cushioncap｜pile caps 桩承台： pile cap｜platformonpiles低桩承台： low pile cap拱桥arch bridge拱桥: hump bridge|arch bridge|arched bridge拱橋: Arch bridge｜Puente en arco｜Pont en arc 鸠拱桥: Khājū强度intensitystrength强度： intensity｜Strength|Density刚强度： stiffness|stiffne｜westbank stiffness 光强度： light intensity|intensity箍筋hooping箍筋： stirrup|reinforcement stirrup|hooping 箍筋柱： tied column｜hooped column形箍筋: u stirrup u预应力元件预应力元件： prestressed element等效荷载equivalent load等效荷载: equivalent load等效荷载原理: principle of equivalent loads 等效负载等效荷载等值负载: equivalentload模型matrix model mould pattern承载能力极限状态承载能力极限状态： ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态： serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态验证： verification of serviceability limit states弹性elasticityspringinessspringgiveflexibility弹性： elasticity|Flexibility|stretch 彈性： Elastic|Elasticidad｜弾性弹性体: elastomer｜elastic body｜SPUA平截面假定plane cross—section assumption平截面假定: plane cross—section assumption抗拉强度intensity of tension tensile strength安全系数safety factor标准值standard value标准值: standard value,｜reference value作用标准值： characteristic value of an action 重力标准值： gravity standard设计值value of calculationdesign value设计值： design value｜value｜designed value 作用设计值: design value of an action荷载设计值： design value of a load可靠度confidence levelreliabilityfiduciary level可靠度: Reliability｜degree of reliability 不可靠度： Unreliability高可靠度： High Reliability几何特征geometrical characteristic几何特征: geometrical characteristic配位几何特征： coordinated geometric feature 流域几何特征: basin geometric characteristics塑性plastic nature plasticity应力图stress diagram应力图: stress diagram｜stress pattern 谷式应力图： Cremona’s method机身应力图： fuselage stress diagram压应力crushing stress压应力： compressive stress｜compression stress 抗压应力： compressive stress｜pressure load内压应力： internal pressure stress配筋率ratio of reinforcement reinforcement ratioreinforcement percentage配筋率： reinforcement ratio平均配筋率: balanced steel ratio纵向配筋率: longitudinal steel ratio有限元分析finite element analysis有限元分析： FEA｜finite element analysis (FEA)｜ABAQUS 反有限元分析: inverse finite element analysis有限元分析软件： HKS ABAQUS|MSC/NASTRAN MSC/NASTRAN有限元法finite element method有限元法: FInite Element|finite element method 积有限元法: CVFEM线性有限元法: Linear Finite Element Method裂缝控制裂缝控制： crack control控制裂缝钢筋: crack-control reinforcement检查，核对，抑制，控制，试验，裂缝，支票，账单，牌号，名牌： check应力集中stress concentration应力集中: stress concentration应力集中点: hard spot|focal point of stress 应力集中器: stress concentrators主拉应力principal tensile stress主拉应力: principal tensile stress非线性nonlinearity非线性振动nonlinear oscillationsnonlinear vibration非线性振动: nonlinear vibration非线性振动理论: theory of non linear vibration 非线性随机振动: Nonlinear random vibration弯矩flexural momentment of flexion （moment of flexure)bending momentflexural torque弯矩： bending moment｜flexural moment|kN-m 弯矩图： bending moment diagram｜moment curve 双弯矩: bimoment弯矩中心center of momentsmoment center弯矩中心： center of moments|momentcenter弯矩分配法moment distributionmomentdistribution弯矩分配法: hardy cross method｜cross method弯矩图bending moment diagrammoment curvemoment diagram弯矩图: bending moment diagram｜moment curve 最终弯矩图： final bending moment diagram最大弯矩图: maximum bending moment diagram剪力shearing force剪力： shearing force｜shear force｜shear剪力墙： shear wall|shearing wall｜shear panel 剪力钉： shear nails｜SHEAR CONCRETE STUD弹性模量elasticity modulus young’s modulus elastic modulus modulus of elasticity elastic ratio剪力图shear diagram剪力图: shear diagram｜shearing force diagram剪力和弯矩图: Shear and Moment Diagrams绘制剪力和弯矩图的图解法: Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagrams剪力墙shear wall剪力墙: shear wall｜shearing wall|shear panel 抗剪力墙: shearwall剪力墙结构: shear wall structure轴力轴力: shaft force｜axial force螺栓轴力测试仪: Bolt shaft force tester 轴向力: axial force｜normal force|beam框架结构frame construction等参单元等参数单元等参元: isoparametricelement板单元板单元: plate unit托板单元： pallet unit骨板骨单元: lamella/lamellaeosteon梁(surname) beam of roof bridge桥梁bridge曲率curvature材料力学mechanics of materials结构力学structural mechanics结构力学： Structural Mechanics|theory of structures 重结构力学： barodynamics船舶结构力学: Structual Mechamics for Ships弯曲刚度flexural rigiditybending rigidity弯曲刚度： bending stiffness｜flexural rigidity 截面弯曲刚度: flexural rigidity of section弯曲刚度，抗弯劲度： bending stiffness钢管混凝土结构encased structures钢管混凝土结构： encased structures极限荷载ultimate load极限荷载： ultimate load极限荷载设计： limit load design｜ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load极限荷载设计limit load designultimate load analysisultimate load design极限荷载设计： limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL｜design ultimate load板壳力学mechanics of board shell板壳力学: Plate Mechanics板壳非线性力学: Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell本构模型本构模型： constitutive model体积本构模型: bulk constitutive equation 本构模型屈服面： yield surface主钢筋main reinforcing steelmain reinforcement主钢筋: main reinforcement｜Main Reinforcing Steel 钢筋混凝土的主钢筋： mainbar悬臂梁socle beam悬臂梁： cantilever beam|cantilever｜outrigger 悬臂梁长： length of cantilever双悬臂梁: TDCB悬链线catenary悬链线： Catenary，|catenary wire|chainette 伪悬链线： pseudocatenary悬链线长： catenary length加劲肋ribbed stiffener加劲肋： stiffening rib|stiffener｜ribbed stiffener 短加劲肋： short stiffener支承加劲肋: bearing stiffener技术标准technology standard水文水文: Hydrology水文学: hydrology｜hydroaraphy｜すいもんがく水文图: hydrograph｜hydrological maps招标invite public bidding投标(v) submit a bid bid for连续梁through beam连续梁： continuous beam｜through beam多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports 悬臂连续梁： gerber beam加劲梁stiff girder加劲梁： stiffening girder｜buttress brace 加劲梁节点： stiff girder connection支撑刚性梁，加劲梁，横撑： buttress brace水文学hydrology水文学: hydrology｜hydroaraphy｜すいもんがく水文學: Hydrologie|水文学｜？?? ????？?古水文学: paleohydrology桥梁抗震桥梁抗震加固: bridge aseismatic strengthening抗风wind resistance抗风： Withstand Wind|Wtstan Wn|wind resistance 抗风锚: weather anchor抗风性: wind resistance基础的basal桥梁控制测量bridge construction control survey桥梁控制测量: bridge construction control survey桥梁施工桥梁施工控制综合程序系统: FWD桥梁最佳施工指南: Bridge Best Practice Guidelines桥梁工程施工技术咨询: Bridge Construction Engineering Service总体设计overall designintegrated design总体设计: Global|overall design｜general arrangement 总体设计概念: totaldesignconcept工厂总体设计图: general layout scheme初步设计predesign preliminary plan技术设计technical design技术设计： technical design|technical project 技术设计员： Technical Designer|technician技术设计图: technical drawing施工图设计construction documents design施工图设计: construction documents design施工图设计阶段: construction documents design phase基本建设项目施工图设计： design of working drawing of a capital construction project桥台abutment bridge abutment基础foundation basebasis结构形式structural style结构形式： Type of construction|form of structure 表结构形式： list structure form屋顶结构形式: roof form地震earthquake地震活动earthquake activityseismic activityseismic motionseismicity地震活动: Seismic activity｜seismic motion 地震活动性: seismicity｜seismic地震活动图： seismicity map支撑体系支撑体系： bracing system｜support system 物流企业安全平台支撑体系： SSOSP公路桥涵公路施工手册-桥涵： Optimization of Road Traffic Organization —Abstract引道approach roadramp wayapproach引道： approach|approach road引道坡： approach ramp|a roachramp 引道版: Approach slab装配式装配式桥: fabricated bridge|precast bridge 装配式房屋： Prefabricated buildings装配式钢体： fabricated steel body耐久性wear耐久性： durability｜permanence｜endurance不耐久性： fugitiveness耐久性试验： endurance test|life test|durability test持久状况持久状况： persistent situation 短暂状况短暂状况： transient situation 偶然状况偶然状况： accidental situation永久作用永久作用： permanent action永久作用标准值： characteristic value of permanent action可变作用可变作用: variable action可变作用标准值： characteristic value of variable action 可变光阑作用： iris action偶然作用偶然作用： accidental action偶然同化（作用）: accidental assimilation作用效应偶然组合： accidental combination for action effects作用代表值作用代表值： representative value of an action作用标准值作用标准值: characteristic value of an action地震作用标准值: characteristic value of earthquake action 可变作用标准值： characteristic value of variable action作用频遇值作用频遇值 Frequent value of an action安全等级safe class安全等级: safety class|Security Level|safeclass 生物安全等级: Biosafety Level生物安全等級： Biosafety Level作用actionactivity actionsactseffectto play a role设计基准期design reference period设计基准期： design reference period作用准永久值作用准永久值： quasi－permanentvalueofanaction作用效应作用效应： effects of actions｜effect of an action 互作用效应: interaction effect质量作用效应： mass action effect作用效应设计值作用效应设计值 Design value of an action effect分项系数分项系数： partial safety factor｜partial factor 作用分项系数: partial safety factor for action抗力分项系数: partial safety factor for resistance作用效应组合作用效应组合： combination for action effects作用效应基本组合： fundamental combination for action effects 作用效应偶然组合： accidental combination for action effects结构重要性系数结构重要性系数Coefficient for importance of a structure桥涵桥涵跟桥梁比较类似,主要区别在于：单孔跨径小于5m或多孔跨径之和小于8m的为桥涵,大于这个标准的为桥梁公路等级公路等级: highway classification标准：公路等级代码: Code for highway classification标准:公路路面等级与面层类型代码: Code for classification and type of highway pavement顺流fair current设计洪水频率设计洪水频率： designed flood frequency水力water powerwater conservancyirrigation works水力： hydraulic power｜water power|water stress水力学： Hydraulics｜hydromechanics|fluid mechanics 水力的： hydraulic｜hydrodynamic｜hyd河槽river channel河槽： stream channel|river channel|gutter 古河槽： old channel河槽线： channel axis河岸riversidestrand河岸： bank｜riverside｜river bank 河岸林: riparian forest河岸权: riparian right河岸侵蚀stream bank erosion河岸侵蚀： bank erosion｜stream bank erosion 河岸侵蚀河岸侵食: bank erosion河岸侵蚀, 堤岸冲刷： bank erosion高架桥桥墩高架桥桥墩： viaduct pier桥梁净空高潮时桥梁净空高度: bridge clearance行车道lane行车道： carriageway|traffic lane|Through Lane 快行车道： fast lane西行车道: westbound carriageway一级公路A roadarterial roadarterial highway一级公路： A road arterial road arterial highway 一级公路网: primaryhighwaysystem二级公路b roadsecondary road二级公路： B road， secondary road涵洞culvert涵洞： culvert梁涵洞: Beam Culverts 木涵洞： timber culvert河床riverbedrunway河床： river bed｜bed|stream bed冰河床: glacier bed型河床： oxbow｜horseshoe bend|meander loop河滩flood plainriver beach河滩: river shoal|beach｜river flat 河滩地: flood land｜overflow land 河滩区： riffle area高级公路high-type highway高级公路： high-typehighway高架桥trestleviaduct高架桥: viaduct｜overhead viaduct 高架橋: Viadukt|Viaducto｜高架橋高架桥面: elevated deck洪水流量volume of floodflood dischargeflooddischarge洪水流量： flood discharge|flood flow｜peak discharge 洪水流量预报： flooddischargeforecast平均年洪水流量: average annual flood设计速度design speed设计速度: design speed|designed speed|design rate设计速度，构造速度: desin speed｜desin speed <haha最大阵风强度的设计速度: VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intension跨度span紧急停车emergency shutdown （cut-off）emergency cut—off紧急停车: abort｜panic stop|emergency stop 紧急停车带： lay—by|emergency parking strip 紧急停车阀: emergency stop valve减速gear downretardment speed—down deceleration slowdown车道traffic lane路缘带side tripmarginal stripmargin verge路缘带： marginal strip｜side strip｜margin verge路肩shoulder of earth body路肩： shoulder｜verge｜shoulder of road 硬路肩: hard shoulder｜hardened verge软路肩： Soft Shoulder最小值minimum value最小值: minimum|Min|least value 求最小值: minimization找出最小值： min最大值max.最大值原理principle of the maximummaximum principlemaximal principle最大值原理: maximum principle，|maximal principle 离散最大值原理： discrete maximum principle极大值原理，最大值原理： maximum principle车道宽度车道宽度： lane-width自行车道cycle—track自行车道: bicycle path|cycle path｜cycle track旗津环岛海景观光自行车道： Cijin Oceanview Bike Path 自行车道专供自行车行驶的车道.: bicycle path自行车通行自行车通行： cyclists only 禁止自行车通行： NO CYCLING桥下净空underclearance桥下净空： clearance under bridge|clearce of span桥下高度(桥洞距路面的高度）,桥下净空： underbridge clearance桥下部结构桥下部结构: bridge substructure栏杆railing banister人行道sidewalk无压力无压力: stress—free无压力式涵洞： inlet unsubmerged culvert 无压力梯度流动： zero—pressuregradientflow净高clear height漂浮物flotagefloater漂浮物： floatage|Flotsan|Floats 沉船漂浮物： wreckage｜wreck漂浮物浮标： floater管涵pipe culvert管涵： pipe culvert瓦管涵: tile culvert波纹管涵: corrugatedculvert拱涵arch culvert拱涵: arch culvert矩形rectangle通航connected by air， sea traffic or service 通航： connectedbyair｜seatrafficorservice 通航闸: navigation lock通航权： right of way无铰拱arch without articulationfixed end arch无铰拱: arch without articulation｜fixed end arch 即无铰拱刚拱: rigidarch(即无铰拱) 固端拱： fixed arch无铰框架hingeless frame无铰框架: hingeless frame 无铰的框架： no hinged frame安全带seat belt天桥overpass overbridge crossover天桥面天桥面： flyover deck 荷载load荷载强度load intensity荷载强度： loading intensity｜loading inte ity荷载系数loading coefficientload factor荷载系数: load factor|loading coefficient 荷载系数法： load—factor method安全荷载系数： safety load factor荷载支承结构荷载支承结构： load bearing structure 多孔梁多孔箱形梁: multi-cell box girder纵坡longitudinal slope纵坡： longitudinal gradient｜longitudinal slope 纵坡线： grade line桥面纵坡： longitudinal slope of the bridge surface横坡crossfallcross slopecross fall横坡： cross slope|transverse slope 桥面横坡： decktransverseslope路拱横坡: crown slopecross fall管道pipeline特大桥特大桥: grand bridge拉斐特大桥: The Lafayette Bridge 高茨玛特大桥： Geitssmatt Brücke桥头堡bridgeheadbridge tower斜交skew intersection坡度gradientgrade排水drain外力（n） external force; foreign pressure 内力internal force边坡side slope美观pleasing to the eye beautifulartistic经济的economical oecumenical economic适用be applicable 防水waterproof桥面deck沥青asphalt（um）bituminous墩台墩台: abutment｜abutment wall 墩台石： coping stone桥梁墩台： piers and abutments剪切模量shear modulusrigidity modulusmodulus in shear剪切模量: shear modulus|rigidity modulus|GXY 动剪切模量： dynamic shear modulus of soils 横向剪切模量： transverse shear modulus剪切强度shear(ing) strength剪切强度: shear strength|shearing strength｜Fe-Fe 动剪切强度： dynamic shear modulus of soils扭转剪切强度: torsional shear strength剪切破坏shear breakdown剪切破坏： shear failure|shear fracture|shear damage 纯剪切破坏： complete shear failure局部剪切破坏: local shear failure导航navigation永久冻土perpetually frozen soil永久冻土： permafrost｜perennial frost永久凍土: Permafrost｜Permafrostboden｜永久凍土永久冻土台： permafrost table预加力pre—applied force预加力: pre-tension|pre—appliedforce土重力土的物理性质重力密度： unit weight 土侧压力土的侧压力： earth lateral pressure收缩shrink pull back contract徐变creep徐变: creep比徐变: specific creep 航线徐变： track crawling水浮力水的浮力： buoyancy of water摩擦系数friction coefficient摩擦系数： coefficient of friction|friction factor 底摩擦系数： bottom—friction factor管摩擦系数： pipe friction coefficient汽车荷载载重汽车荷载: truck loading 冲击力wallop离心力centrifugal force centrifugal pull人群荷载人群荷载： pedestrian load 汽车制动力brake force风荷载wind loadwind loading风荷载： wind load|wind loading风荷载标准值： characteristi cvalue o fwindload 风荷载体型系数： shapefactorofwindload流水压力流水压力: pressure of water flow自流水静压力: artesian hydrostatic pressure冰压力ice thrustice pressure冰压力: ice pressure｜icepre ure|ice thrust 向岸冰压力: shoreward thrust of ice冰推力冰压力冰壅: icethrust温度作用温度作用: temperature action温度变化作用: Temperaturwechselbelastung 温度防腐作用: temperature antiseptic effect支座support saddle支座: support|bearing｜carrier外支座： outer support|outersu ort 管支座： pipe support撞击作用knock—on effect撞击变质作用： aethoballism代表值representative value代表值： central value｜representative value 类代表值: class mark｜class value作用代表值: representative value of an action极限状态ultimate state极限状态： limit state|ultimate limit state 极限状态设计: ultimate limit state design 破坏极限状态： failure limit state结构自重dead load结构自重: self-weightstructure｜dead load以自重桥梁结构预应力法： finsterwalder prestressing method最不利分布least favorable distribution最不利分布： Least favorable distribution,重要性系数重要性系数重要度系数： importance factor抗震antiknockquake-proofearthquake proofing construction earthquake—resistance earthquake proof钢结构steel structure钢结构设计design of steel structuresteel structure designstructural steel design钢结构设计： Design Of Steel Structure钢结构设计规范: Code for design of steel structures 锅炉钢结构设计： Boiler steel structure designing混凝土结构设计混凝土结构设计规范： Code for design of concrete structures 预应力混凝土结构设计软件: PREC温度梯度temperature gradient （tempgrad）温度梯度： temperature gradient|thermal gradient 负温度梯度: negative temperature gradient温度梯度法: temperaturegradientmethod动力系数power coefficient动力系数： dynamic coefficient制动力系数： Braking force coefficient 气体动力系数： aerodynamiccoefficient动力学dynamicsdyn内摩擦角internal frictional angleangle of internal friction内摩擦角: angle of internal friction真内摩擦角: True angle of internal friction有效内摩擦角: effective angle of internal friction钢材（n） raw steel material (sheets； ingots； etc。

A类部分预应力混凝土 type A partially prestressed concrete A形索塔 A-framed tower B类部分预应力混凝土 type B partially prestressed concrete GM 法 Guyon-Massonet method JM12型锚具J M 12 anchorage OVM锚具 oriental cone anchorage; T[形]梁桥 T-beam bridge T形刚构桥 T-shaped rigid frame bridge T形梁T[-shaped] beam T形桥台 T-abutment U形梁U[-shaped] beam U形桥台 U-abutment VSL 锚具 VSL anchorage; 瑞士VSL 厂生产的国际通用夹片锚具。

W型护栏 w-type guardrail XM锚具 X-typed anchorage; X型三夹片式群锚。

YM锚具 Y-typed anchorage, post-tensioning strand group anchorage; [桥]台后回填 back filling behind abutment [桥基]沉降 settlement [桥梁]动力回应试验 bridge response to forced vibration [桥头]锥坡 conical slope 八字形桥台flare wing-walled abutment 板 slab 板端错台 faulting of slab ends 板肋拱桥slab-rib arch bridge 板桥 slab bridge 板式橡胶支座 laminated rubber bearing 板体断裂slab rupture 板体翘曲 slab warping 板体温度翘曲应力 slab stress due to thermal warping 板桩sheet pile 板桩围堰 sheet pile cofferdam 便桥detour bridge 标准车辆荷载 standard truck loading 波纹钢桥面 corrugated steel deck 波纹管涵 corrugated-metal pipe culvert 波形梁护栏corrugated beam barrier 超载预压 surcharge preloading 车道 lane 车道分布lane distribution 车道荷载 lane load 车间净距 vehicular gap 沉管灌注桩tube-sinking cast-in-situ pile沉降差 differential settlement 沉井基础open caisson foundation 沉井刃脚 caisson cutting edge 冲击系数 impact factor; 承台bearing platform, pile cap 冲刷 scouring erosion 搭接钢板接缝 lapped steel plate joint 打入桩 driven pile 打桩pile driving 搭接钢板接缝 lapped steel plate joint 打入桩 driven pile 打桩pile driving 大跨径桥 long span bridge 单铰拱桥 single-hinged arch bridge 单室箱梁single cell box girder 单索面斜拉桥 single plane cable stayed bridge 单向板 one-way slab 单向推力墩 single direction thrusted pier 单柱式[桥]墩 single-columned pier, single shaft pier 单桩individual pile, single pile 单桩承载力 bearing capacity of pile 弹性梁支承法 elastic supported beam method 弹性模量 modulus of elasticity 挡土墙 retaining wall 地震荷载earthquake load seismic force; 又称“地震力”。

几个小伙伴为您讲课啦！！！165•Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf thecement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete.•素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。

将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。

•The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.•其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。

建筑专业笔记整理大全-结构工程常用词汇-土木工程常用英语术语结构工程常用词汇混凝土：concrete钢筋：reinforcing steel bar钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete（RC）钢筋混凝土结构：reinforced concrete structure板式楼梯：cranked slab stairs刚度：rigidity徐变：creep水泥：cement钢筋保护层：cover to reinforcement梁：beam柱：column板：slab剪力墙：shear wall基础：foundation剪力：shear剪切变形：shear deformation剪切模量：shear modulus拉力：tension压力：pressure延伸率：percentage of elongation位移：displacement应力：stress应变：strain应力集中：concentration of stresses应力松弛：stress relaxation应力图：stress diagram应力应变曲线：stress-strain curve应力状态：state of stress钢丝：steel wire箍筋：hoop reinforcement箍筋间距：stirrup spacing加载：loading抗压强度：compressive strength抗弯强度：bending strength抗扭强度：torsional strength抗拉强度：tensile strength裂缝：crack屈服：yield屈服点：yield point屈服荷载：yield load屈服极限：limit of yielding屈服强度：yield strength屈服强度下限：lower limit of yield荷载：load横截面：cross section承载力：bearing capacity承重结构：bearing structure弹性模量：elastic modulus预应力钢筋混凝土：prestressed reinforced concrete预应力钢筋：prestressed reinforcement预应力损失：loss of prestress预制板：precast slab现浇钢筋混凝土结构：cast-in-place reinforced concrete 双向配筋：two-way reinforcement主梁：main beam次梁：secondary beam弯矩：moment悬臂梁：cantilever beam延性：ductileity受弯构件：member in bending受拉区：tensile region受压区：compressive region塑性：plasticity轴向压力：axial pressure轴向拉力：axial tension吊车梁：crane beam可靠性：reliability粘结力：cohesive force外力：external force弯起钢筋：bent-up bar弯曲破坏：bending failure屋架：roof truss素混凝土：non-reinforced concrete无梁楼盖：flat slab配筋率：reinforcement ratio配箍率：stirrup ratio泊松比：Poisson’s ratio偏心受拉：eccentric tension偏心受压：eccentric compression偏心距：eccentric distance疲劳强度：fatigue strength偏心荷载：eccentric load跨度：span跨高比：span-to-depth ratio跨中荷载：midspan load框架结构：frame structure集中荷载：concentrated load分布荷载：distribution load分布钢筋：distribution steel挠度：deflection设计荷载：design load设计强度：design strength构造：construction简支梁：simple beam截面面积：area of section浇注：pouring浇注混凝土：concreting钢筋搭接：bar splicing刚架：rigid frame脆性：brittleness脆性破坏：brittle failure土木工程常用英语术语第一节一般术语1. 工程结构building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Bridge research in EuropeA brief outline is given of the development of the European Union, together withthe research platform in Europe. The special case of post-tensioned bridges in the UK is discussed. In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio: relating to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges using digital impulse radar.IntroductionThe challenge in any research arena is to harness the findings of different research groups to identify a coherent mass of data, which enables research and practice to be better focused. A particular challenge exists with respect to Europe where language barriers are inevitably very significant. The European Community was formed in the 1960s based upon a political will within continental Europe to avoid the European civil wars, which developed into World War 2 from 1939 to 1945. The strong political motivation formed the original community of which Britain was not a member. Many of the continental countries saw Britain’s interest as being purelyeconomic. The 1970s saw Britain joining what was then the European Economic Community (EEC) and the 1990s has seen the widening of the community to a European Union, EU, with certain political goals together with the objective of a common European currency.Notwithstanding these financial and political developments, civil engineering and bridge engineering in particular have found great difficulty in forming any kind of common thread. Indeed the educational systems for University training are quite different between Britain and the European continental countries. The formation of the EU funding schemes —e.g. Socrates, Brite Euram and other programs have helped significantly. The Socrates scheme is based upon the exchange of students between Universities in different member states. The Brite Euram scheme has involved technical research grants given to consortia of academics and industrial partners within a number of the states—— a Brite Euram bid would normally be led by partners within a number of the statesan industrialist.In terms of dissemination of knowledge, two quite different strands appear to have emerged. The UK and the USA have concentrated primarily upon disseminating basic research in refereed journal publications: ASCE, ICE and other journals. Whereas the continental Europeans have frequently disseminated basic research at conferences where the circulation of the proceedings is restricted.Additionally, language barriers have proved to be very difficult to break down. In countries where English is a strong second language there has been enthusiastic participation in international conferences based within continental Europe —e.g. Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Switzerland. However, countries where English is not a strong second language have been hesitant participants }—e.g. France.European researchExamples of research relating to bridges in Europe can be divided into three types of structure:Masonry arch bridgesBritain has the largest stock of masonry arch bridges. In certain regions of the UK up to 60% of the road bridges are historic stone masonry arch bridges originally constructed for horse drawn traffic. This is less common in other parts of Europe as many of these bridges were destroyed during World War 2.Concrete bridgesA large stock of concrete bridges was constructed during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. At the time, these structures were seen as maintenance free. Europe also has a large number of post-tensioned concrete bridges with steel tendon ducts preventing radar inspection. This is a particular problem in France and the UK.Steel bridgesSteel bridges went out of fashion in the UK due to their need for maintenance as perceived in the 1960s and 1970s. However, they have been used for long span and rail bridges, and they are now returning to fashion for motorway widening schemes in the UK.Research activity in EuropeIt gives an indication certain areas of expertise and work being undertaken in Europe, but is by no means exhaustive.In order to illustrate the type of European research being undertaken, an example is given from the University of Edinburgh portfolio. The example relates to the identification of voids in post-tensioned concrete bridges, using digital impulse radar.Post-tensioned concrete rail bridge analysisOve Arup and Partners carried out an inspection and assessment of the superstructure of a 160 m long post-tensioned, segmental railway bridge in Manchester to determine its load-carrying capacity prior to a transfer of ownership, for use in the Metrolink light rail system..Particular attention was paid to the integrity of its post-tensioned steel elements.Physical inspection, non-destructive radar testing and other exploratory methods were used to investigate for possible weaknesses in the bridge.Since the sudden collapse of Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge in Wales, UK in 1985, there has been concern about the long-term integrity of segmental, post-tensioned concrete bridges which may b e prone to ‘brittle’ failure without warning. The corrosion protection of the post-tensioned steel cables, where they pass through joints between the segments, has been identified as a major factor affecting the long-term durability and consequent strength of this type of bridge. The identification of voids in grouted tendon ducts at vulnerable positions is recognized as an important step in the detection of such corrosion.Description of bridgeGeneral arrangementBesses o’ th’ Barn Bridge is a 160 m long, three span, segmental, post-tensionedconcrete railway bridge built in 1969. The main span of 90 m crosses over both the M62 motorway and A665 Bury to Prestwick Road. Minimum headroom is 5.18 m from the A665 and the M62 is cleared by approx 12.5 m.The superstructure consists of a central hollow trapezoidal concrete box section 6.7 m high and 4 m wide. The majority of the south and central spans are constructed using 1.27 m long pre-cast concrete trapezoidal box units, post-tensioned together. This box section supports the in site concrete transverse cantilever slabs at bottom flange level, which carry the rail tracks and ballast.The center and south span sections are of post-tensioned construction. These post-tensioned sections have five types of pre-stressing:1. Longitudinal tendons in grouted ducts within the top and bottom flanges.2. Longitudinal internal draped tendons located alongside the webs. These are deflected at internal diaphragm positions and are encased in in site concrete.3. Longitudinal macalloy bars in the transverse cantilever slabs in the central span .4. Vertical macalloy bars in the 229 mm wide webs to enhance shear capacity.5. Transverse macalloy bars through the bottom flange to support the transverse cantilever slabs.Segmental constructionThe pre-cast segmental system of construction used for the south and center span sections was an alternative method proposed by the contractor. Current thinkingire suggests that such a form of construction can lead to ‘brittle’ failure of the ententire structure without warning due to corrosion of tendons across a construction joint，The original design concept had been for in site concrete construction.Inspection and assessmentInspectionInspection work was undertaken in a number of phases and was linked with the testing required for the structure. The initial inspections recorded a number of visible problems including:Defective waterproofing on the exposed surface of the top flange.Water trapped in the internal space of the hollow box with depths up to 300 mm.Various drainage problems at joints and abutments.Longitudinal cracking of the exposed soffit of the central span.Longitudinal cracking on sides of the top flange of the pre-stressed sections.Widespread sapling on some in site concrete surfaces with exposed rusting reinforcement.AssessmentThe subject of an earlier paper, the objectives of the assessment were:Estimate the present load-carrying capacity.Identify any structural deficiencies in the original design.Determine reasons for existing problems identified by the inspection.Conclusion to the inspection and assessmentFollowing the inspection and the analytical assessment one major element of doubt still existed. This concerned the condition of the embedded pre-stressing wires, strands, cables or bars. For the purpose of structural analysis these elements、had been assumed to be sound. However, due to the very high forces involved,、a risk to the structure, caused by corrosion to these primary elements, was identified.The initial recommendations which completed the first phase of the assessment were:1. Carry out detailed material testing to determine the condition of hidden structural elements, in particularthe grouted post-tensioned steel cables.2. Conduct concrete durability tests.3. Undertake repairs to defective waterproofing and surface defects in concrete.Testing proceduresNon-destructi v e radar testingDuring the first phase investigation at a joint between pre-cast deck segments the observation of a void in a post-tensioned cable duct gave rise to serious concern about corrosion and the integrity of the pre-stress. However, the extent of this problem was extremely difficult to determine. The bridge contains 93 joints with an average of 24 cables passing through each joint, i.e. there were approx. 2200 positions where investigations could be carried out. A typical section through such a joint is that the 24 draped tendons within the spine did not give rise to concern because these were protected by in site concrete poured without joints after the cables had been stressed.As it was clearly impractical to consider physically exposing all tendon/joint intersections, radar was used to investigate a large numbers of tendons and hence locate duct voids within a modest timescale. It was fortunate that the corrugated steel ducts around the tendons were discontinuous through the joints which allowed theradar to detect the tendons and voids. The problem, however, was still highly complex due to the high density of other steel elements which could interfere with the radar signals and the fact that the area of interest was at most 102 mm wide and embedded between 150 mm and 800 mm deep in thick concrete slabs.Trial radar investigations.Three companies were invited to visit the bridge and conduct a trial investigation. One company decided not to proceed. The remaining two were given 2 weeks to mobilize, test and report. Their results were then compared with physical explorations.To make the comparisons, observation holes were drilled vertically downwards into the ducts at a selection of 10 locations which included several where voids were predicted and several where the ducts were predicted to be fully grouted. A 25-mm diameter hole was required in order to facilitate use of the chosen horoscope. The results from the University of Edinburgh yielded an accuracy of around 60%.Main radar sur v ey, horoscope verification of v oids.Having completed a radar survey of the total structure, a baroscopic was then used to investigate all predicted voids and in more than 60% of cases this gave a clear confirmation of the radar findings. In several other cases some evidence of honeycombing in the in site stitch concrete above the duct was found.When viewing voids through the baroscopic, however, it proved impossible to determine their actual size or how far they extended along the tendon ducts although they only appeared to occupy less than the top 25% of the duct diameter. Most of these voids, in fact, were smaller than the diameter of the flexible baroscopic being used (approximately 9 mm) and were seen between the horizontal top surface of the grout and the curved upper limit of the duct. In a very few cases the tops of the pre-stressing strands were visible above the grout but no sign of any trapped water was seen. It was not possible, using the baroscopic, to see whether those cables were corroded.Digital radar testingThe test method involved exciting the joints using radio frequency radar antenna: 1 GHz, 900 MHz and 500 MHz. The highest frequency gives the highest resolution but has shallow depth penetration in the concrete. The lowest frequency gives the greatest depth penetration but yields lower resolution.The data collected on the radar sweeps were recorded on a GSSI SIR System 10.This system involves radar pulsing and recording. The data from the antenna is transformed from an analogue signal to a digital signal using a 16-bit analogue digital converter giving a very high resolution for subsequent data processing. The data is displayed on site on a high-resolution color monitor. Following visual inspection it isthen stored digitally on a 2.3-gigabyte tape for subsequent analysis and signal processing. The tape first of all records a ‘header’ noting the digital radar settings together with the trace number prior to recording the actual data. When the data is played back, one is able to clearly identify all the relevant settings —making for accurate and reliable data reproduction.At particular locations along the traces, the trace was marked using a marker switch on the recording unit or the antenna.All the digital records were subsequently downloaded at the University’s NDT laboratory on to a micro-computer.（The raw data prior to processing consumed 35 megabytes of digital data.） Post-processing was undertaken using sophisticated signal processing software. Techniques available for the analysis include changing the color transform and changing the scales from linear to a skewed distribution in order to highlight、突出certain features. Also, the color transforms could be changed to highlight phase changes. In addition to these color transform facilities, sophisticated horizontal and vertical filtering procedures are available. Using a large screen monitor it is possible to display in split screens the raw data and the transformed processed data. Thus one is able to get an accurate indication of the processing which has taken place. The computer screen displays the time domain calibrations of the reflected signals on the vertical axis.A further facility of the software was the ability to display the individual radar pulses as time domain wiggle plots. This was a particularly valuable feature when looking at individual records in the vicinity of the tendons.Interpretation of findingsA full analysis of findings is given elsewhere, Essentially the digitized radar plots were transformed to color line scans and where double phase shifts were identified in the joints, then voiding was diagnosed.Conclusions1. An outline of the bridge research platform in Europe is given.2. The use of impulse radar has contributed considerably to the level of confidence in the assessment of the Besses o’ th’ Barn Rail Bridge.3. The radar investigations revealed extensive voiding within the post-tensioned cable ducts. However, no sign of corrosion on the stressing wires had been foundexcept for the very first investigation.欧洲桥梁研究欧洲联盟共同的研究平台诞生于欧洲联盟。

A类部分预应力混凝土 type A partially prestressed concrete A形索塔 A-framed tower B类部分预应力混凝土 type B partially prestressed concrete GM 法 Guyon-Massonet method JM12型锚具J M 12 anchorage OVM锚具 oriental cone anchorage； T［形]梁桥 T-beam bridge T形刚构桥 T—shaped rigid frame bridge T形梁T［—shaped] beam T形桥台 T—abutment U 形梁 U［—shaped] beam U形桥台U-abutment VSL锚具 VSL anchorage; 瑞士VSL 厂生产的国际通用夹片锚具。

W型护栏w—type guardrail XM锚具 X—typed anchorage； X型三夹片式群锚。

YM锚具 Y—typed anchorage， post-tensioning strand group anchorage； [桥］台后回填 back filling behind abutment ［桥基］沉降settlement ［桥梁]动力回应试验 bridge response to forced vibration ［桥头]锥坡 conical slope 八字形桥台 flare wing—walled abutment 板slab 板端错台 faulting of slab ends 板肋拱桥slab-rib arch bridge 板桥 slab bridge 板式橡胶支座 laminated rubber bearing 板体断裂slab rupture 板体翘曲 slab warping 板体温度翘曲应力 slab stress due to thermal warping 板桩sheet pile 板桩围堰 sheet pile cofferdam 便桥detour bridge 标准车辆荷载 standard truck loading 波纹钢桥面 corrugated steel deck 波纹管涵 corrugated—metal pipe culvert 波形梁护栏 corrugated beam barrier 超载预压surcharge preloading 车道 lane 车道分布lane distribution 车道荷载 lane load 车间净距 vehicular gap 沉管灌注桩tube—sinking cast—in-situ pile沉降差 differential settlement 沉井基础open caisson foundation 沉井刃脚 caisson cutting edge 冲击系数 impact factor；承台bearing platform, pile cap 冲刷 scouring erosion 搭接钢板接缝 lapped steel plate joint 打入桩 driven pile 打桩pile driving 搭接钢板接缝 lapped steel plate joint 打入桩 driven pile 打桩pile driving 大跨径桥 long span bridge 单铰拱桥 single-hinged arch bridge 单室箱梁single cell box girder 单索面斜拉桥 single plane cable stayed bridge 单向板 one-way slab 单向推力墩 single direction thrusted pier 单柱式[桥］墩 single-columned pier， single shaft pier 单桩 individual pile， single pile 单桩承载力 bearing capacity of pile 弹性梁支承法elastic supported beam method 弹性模量modulus of elasticity 挡土墙 retaining wall 地震荷载 earthquake load seismic force；又称“地震力”。

土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释第一节一般术语1. 工程结构 building and civil engineering structures房屋建筑和土木工程的建筑物、构筑物及其相关组成部分的总称。

2. 工程结构设计 design of building and civil engineering structures在工程结构的可靠与经济、适用与美观之间，选择一种最佳的合理的平衡，使所建造的结构能满足各种预定功能要求。

3. 房屋建筑工程 building engineering一般称建筑工程，为新建、改建或扩建房屋建筑物和附属构筑物所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

4. 土木工程 civil engineering除房屋建筑外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建筑物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 公路工程 highway engineering为新建或改建各级公路和相关配套设施等而进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

6. 铁路工程 railway engineering为新建或改建铁路和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

7. 港口与航道工程 port ( harbour ) and waterway engineering为新建或改建港口与航道和相关配套设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

8. 水利工程 hydraulic engineering为修建治理水患、开发利用水资源的各项建筑物、构筑物和相关配设施等所进行的勘察、规划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

9. 水利发电工程（水电工程） hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering以利用水能发电为主要任务的水利工程。

土木工程专业常用英语词汇第一节普通术语3. 房屋建造工程building engineering4. 土木工程civil engineering除房屋建造外，为新建、改建或扩建各类工程的建造物、构筑物和相关配套设施等所举行的勘察、计划、设计、施工、安装和维护等各项技术工作和完成的工程实体。

5. 马路工程highway engineering10. 建造物（构筑物）construction works房屋建造或土木工程中的单项工程实体。

11. 结构structure12. 基础foundation13. 地基foundation soil; subgrade; subbase; ground14. 木结构timber structure16. 钢结构steel structure17. 混凝土（砼）结构concrete structure18. 特种工程结构special engineering structure22. 马路highway24. 高速马路freeway27. 铁路（铁道）railway; railroad28. 标准轨距铁路standard gauge railway29. 宽轨距铁路broad gauge railway第四节桥、涵洞和隧道术语1. 桥bridge2. 简支梁桥simple supported girder bridge3. 延续梁桥continuous girder bridge5. 斜拉（斜张）桥cable stayed bridge6. 悬索（吊）桥suspension bridge7. 桁架桥trussed bridge9．刚构（刚架）桥rigid frame bridge10．拱桥arch bridge13．正交桥right bridge14．斜交桥skew bridge16．高架桥viaduct17．正（主）桥main span18．引桥approach span19．弯桥curved bridge21．马路铁路两用桥combined bridge; highway and railway transit bridge 25．桥跨结构（上部结构）bridge superstructure26．桥面系bridge floor system27．桥支座bridge bearing; bridge support28．桥下部结构bridge substructure29．索塔（桥塔）bridge tower30．桥台abutment31．桥墩pier32．涵洞culvert第六节结构构件和部件术语1．构件member2．部件component; assembly parts3．截面section4．梁beam; girder5．拱arch6．板slab; plate8．柱column10．桁架truss11．框架frame12．排架bent frame13．刚架（刚构）rigid frame14．简支梁simply supported beam15．悬臂梁cantilever beam16．两端固定梁beam fixed at both ends17．延续梁continuous beam19．桩pile20．板桩sheet pile34. 钢轨rail第七节地基和基础术语1. 扩展(扩大)基础spread foundation2. 刚性基础rigid foundation3. 自立基础single footing4. 联合基础combined footing5. 条形基础strip foundation6. 壳体基础shell foundation7. 箱形基础box foundation8. 筏形基础raft foundation9. 桩基础pile foundation10. 沉井基础open caisson foundation11. 管柱基础cylinder pile foundation ; cylinder caisson foundation12. 沉箱基础caisson foundation1. 可靠性reliability2. 安全性safety3. 适用性serviceability4. 耐久性durability5. 基本变量basic variable6. 设计基准期design reference period7. 可靠概率probability of survival8. 失效概率probability of failure9. 可靠指标reliability index12. 概率设计法probabilistic method13. 容许应力设计法permissible (allowable) stresses method14. 破坏强度设计法ultimate strength method15. 极限状态设计法limit states method16. 极限状态limit states17. 极限状态方程limit state equation18. 承载能力极限状态ultimate limit states19. 正常使用极限状态serviceability limit states20. 分项系数partial safety factor21. 设计情况design situation22. 持久情况persistent situation23. 短暂情况transient situation24. 偶尔情况accidental situation1. 作用action2. 荷载load3. 线分布力force per unit length4. 面分布力force per unit area5. 体分布力force per unit volume6. 力矩moment of force7. 永远作用permanent action8. 可变作用variable action9. 偶尔作用accidental action10．固定作用fixed adtion11．自由(可动)作用. Free action12. 静态作用static action13. 动态作用dynamic action14. 多次重复作用repeated action; cyclic action16. 自重self weight17. 施工荷载site load18. 土压力earth pressure19. 温度作用temperature action20. 地震作用earthquake action22．风荷载wind load23．风振wind vibration24. 雪荷载snow load27．桥（桥梁）荷载load on bridge28．桥（桥梁）恒荷载dead load on bridge29．桥（桥梁）活荷载live load on bridge30．马路车辆荷载标准Standard highway vehicle load31．中国铁路标准活载Standard Railway Live Load Specified by the People’sRepublic of China44．作用代表值representative value of an action45．作用标准值characteristic value of an action46．作用准永远值quasi-permanent value of an action47．作用组合值combination value of actions48．作用分项系数partial safety factor for action49．作用设计值design value of an action50．作用组合值系数coeffcient for combination value of actions 51．作用效应effects of actions52．作用效应系数coefficient of effects of actions53．轴向力normal force\axial force54．剪力shear force55．弯矩bending moment57．扭矩torque58．应力stress59．正应力normal stress60．剪应力shear stress; tangential stress61．主应力principal stress62．预应力prestress63．位移displacement64．挠度deflection65．变形deformation66．弹性变形elastic deformation67．塑性变形plastic deformation70．应变strain71．线应变linear strain72．剪应变shear strain; tangential strain73．主应变principal strain74．作用效应组合combination for action effects75．作用效应基本组合fundamental combination for action effects 77．短期效应组合combination for short-term action effects 78．持久效应组合combination for long-term action effects 79．设计限值limiting design value1．抗力resistance2．强度strength3．抗压强度compressive strength4．抗拉强度tensile strength5．抗剪强度shear strength6．抗弯强度flexural strength7．屈服强度yield strength8．疲劳强度fatigue strength9．极限应变ultimate strain10．弹性模量modulus of elasticity11.剪变模量shear modulus12．变形模量modulus of deformation13．泊松比Poisson ratio14．承载能力bearing capacity15．受压承载能力compressive capacity16．受拉承载能力tensile capacity17．受剪承载能力shear capacity18．受弯承载能力flexural capacity19．受扭承载能力torsional capacity20．疲劳承载能力fatigue capacity21．刚度stiffness; rigidity22．抗裂度crack resistance23．极限变形ultimate deformation24．稳定性stability26．脆性破坏brittle failure27．延性破坏ductile failure30．材料性能分项系数partial safety factor for property of material。