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抑郁症的家庭遗传如何预防下一代的遭遇抑郁症（Depression）是一种严重的心理障碍，它不仅对患者本人造成巨大负担，也会对家庭带来深远影响。
研究发现，抑郁症有着家庭遗传的倾向，即一代人患病，下一代也会面临相似的风险。
然而，虽然遗传因素起到重要作用，但我们仍可以通过一系列的措施来预防下一代患上抑郁症。
本文将着重探讨抑郁症的家庭遗传以及如何预防下一代的遭遇。
抑郁症的家庭遗传让人们开始关注家族史对于抑郁症患病风险的影响。
研究表明，父母患有抑郁症的孩子，患病的风险明显较高。
这种遗传风险的传递可以是基因的遗传，也可以是环境的遗传。
基因的遗传是指通过遗传方式传递给下一代的基因表达；环境的遗传是指孩子成长环境中存在的许多特定因素，如教养风格、亲子关系等。
因此，我们可以从两个方面入手，一是关注基因的遗传，二是重视环境的遗传，以预防下一代患上抑郁症。
首先，基因的遗传是主要的风险因素之一。
研究发现，存在多个与抑郁症相关的基因变异，这些变异与遗传有关，会增加患病的风险。
因此，了解家族中的遗传情况非常重要。
如果有家族史，建议在生育前进行基因检测，以便及早发现和干预。
此外，对于已经患有抑郁症的父母，他们可以通过遗传咨询来了解如何减少遗传风险。
其次，环境的遗传也是预防下一代抑郁症的重要方面。
家庭环境在孩子的成长中起到了至关重要的作用。
一个稳定、温暖的家庭环境能够降低孩子患抑郁症的可能性。
因此，父母需要注意以下几点来营造有利于孩子心理健康的家庭环境。
首先，建立良好的亲子关系是重要的。
父母应该倾听孩子的声音，尊重他们的感受，与他们保持密切的沟通，给予他们足够的情感支持和关爱。
缺乏亲子互动和情感连结的孩子更容易患上抑郁症。
其次，教养方式也要得当。
父母需要采取一种温和、尊重孩子个体差异的教养风格，避免过分严厉或过分宽容。
尽量给予孩子独立决策的机会，帮助他们养成积极的情绪管理和应对困难的能力。
此外，家庭中的情感氛围也至关重要。
纷争、冲突和负面情感会对孩子产生不良影响。
抑郁症简要定义抑郁症(Depression)指的是一种以心境低落为主要特征的综合征。
有别于正常的情绪低落。
其基本表现是，心境显著而持久的低落为基本临床表现，同时伴有相应的思维和行为异常。
患者情绪低落，自卑忧郁，甚至悲观厌世，可有自杀企图和行为。
抑郁症在国外是一种十分常见的精神疾病，全世界抑郁症患者约2.5亿人。
在西方工业发达国家，抑郁症是一种最常见的精神疾病，其中抑郁症的终身发病率在6％-8％之间，患病率女性较男性高2倍。
随着人口的逐步老龄化，抑郁症在60岁以上人群中的发病率将高达20％-50％。
且以社会经济情况较好的阶层患病率较高。
在临床实践中，抑郁症亦多见于社会层次高、经济条件好，及处于剧烈竞争状态中的人，因此抑郁症的发生与社会发展状况有密切关系。
世界卫生组织预测，抑郁症将成为21世纪人类的主要杀手，全世界患有抑郁症的人数在不断增长，而抑郁症患者中有10—15%面临自杀的危险。
抑郁症在中国的现状在我国，抑郁症的患病者约2600万人，17岁以下儿童和青少年之中有3000万人受到情绪障碍和行为问题的困扰。
抑郁症是常见的心理障碍，在我们的身边很有可能就有抑郁症患者。
但由于当前公众对抑郁症防治知识知晓率低，社会上对精神疾病存有偏见，抑郁症患者的就诊及治疗率较低，得到治疗的患者不到1/3。
以往由于认识上的偏见，总会把轻度抑郁、情感障碍等认为是思想上的问题，不是疾病，因而这类患者很少有人去求诊。
但是随着我国对抑郁症认识的加深，患者求诊的比例增长很快。
目前抑郁症患者已经占到神经系统科室门诊病房总人数的20％-30％，另据专家估计，中国抑郁症患者接受合理治疗的比例将从现在的25％上升到2010年的40％。
种类目前普遍将抑郁症分为以下几种类型：内源性抑郁症：具有有懒、呆、变、忧、虑等症状，大脑生物胺相对或绝对不足。
反应性抑郁症：即由各种精神刺激、挫折打击所导致的抑郁症。
在生活中，突遇天灾人祸、失恋婚变、重病、事业挫折等，心理承受力差的人，容易患反应性抑郁症。
30科技视界Science & Technology Vision ◼引言抑郁症（depression ）临床上又称抑郁障碍，是一种显著的以心境低落为特征的心理类疾病，主要表现为情绪低落、兴趣减少、思维迟缓、注意力和记忆力减退。
另外还有食欲减少，睡眠障碍等躯体症状，抑郁症严重困扰着患者的生活和工作，给家庭和社会带来沉重负担。
WHO 指出，21世纪精神疾病是人类的强敌，其中抑郁症占据重要地位，若无法控制该疾病的发展，全人类的身心健康将受到严重危害[1]。
根据WHO 统计，目前全球约有3.5亿名抑郁症患者，每年有超过100万人因抑郁症而自杀，但其中仅仅不到一半的患者接受过有效专业的治疗[2]。
目前抑郁症的病因和发病机制尚不明晰，但却发现了一些治疗抑郁症疾病的有效方式，其中药物治疗占据主要地位[3]。
本文就近年来抗抑郁的药物治疗及研究进展进行科普式分析和综述。
◼1 西药治疗抑郁症在20世纪50年代，异丙嗪与丙咪嗪被意外发现可显著缓解抑郁症状，揭开了人类对抗抑郁症治疗的新篇章，并由此诞生了单胺氧化酶抗抑郁药与三环类抗抑郁药。
但随着对抑郁症的相关研究，在20世纪80年代后期，选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂等相继登上治疗抑郁症的舞台，并伴随着更好的治疗效果与安全性。
近些年，NMDA 受体阻断剂氯胺酮等对抑郁症的积极作用也为治疗抑郁症提供新方向与新思路。
1.1 单胺氧化酶抑制剂（MAOIs）20世纪50年代发现的单胺氧化酶抑制剂代表—异丙嗪，它曾是一种抗结核病药，后被偶然发现可以缓解结核病患者的抑郁症状[4]。
随后50年代上叶，单胺氧化酶抑制剂（MAOIs ）作为抗抑郁药被广泛使用。
单胺氧化酶（MAO ）是人体内天然存在的一种酶，具有催化单胺类物质氧化脱氨和调节神经细胞内及突触间隙单胺浓度的作用。
MAOIs 主要通过抑制体内单胺氧化酶的活性，减少儿茶酚胺的代谢灭活，促使突触部位儿茶酚胺的含量增多，产生抗抑郁的作用，并有降压作用。
抑郁症介绍抑郁症（Depression）是神经症的一种。
以情感低落、思维迟缓、以及言语动作减少、迟缓为典型症状。
抑郁症严重困扰病人的生活和工作，给家庭和社会带来沉重的负担，约15%的抑郁症病人死于自杀。
世界卫生组织、XXX和XXX的一项联合研究表明，抑郁症已经成为中国疾病负担的第二大病病。
引起抑郁症的因素包括：遗传因素、体质因素、中枢神经介质的功能及代谢异常、精神因素等。
抑郁症是一种常见的精神疾病，主要表现为情绪低落，兴趣减低，悲观，思维迟缓，缺乏主动性，自责自罪，饮食、睡眠差，担心我患有各种疾病，感到全身多处不舒适，严重者可出现自杀念头和行为。
抑郁症是精神科自杀率最高的疾病。
抑郁症发病率非常高，几乎每7个成年人中就有1个抑郁症病人，因此它被称为精神病学中的感冒。
抑郁症目前已成为全球疾病中给人类造成严重负担的第二位重要疾病，对病人及其家属造成的疼苦，对社会造成的损失是其他疾病所无法比拟的。
造成这种局面的主要原因是社会对抑郁症缺乏正确的认识，偏见使病人不愿到精神科就诊。
在中国，仅有2%的抑郁症病人接受过治疗，大量的病人得不到及时的诊治，病情恶化，甚至出现自杀的严重后果。
另一方面，由于民众缺乏有关抑郁症的知识，对出现抑郁症状者误认为是闹情绪，不可以给予应有的理解和情感支持，对病人造成更大的心理压力，使病情进一步恶化。
一、内源性抑郁症即有懒、呆、变、忧、虑“五征”（大脑生物胺相对或绝对不足）。
二、隐匿性抑郁症情绪低下和忧郁症状并不明显，常常表现为各种躯体不舒适症状，如心悸、胸闷、中上腹不舒适、气短、出汗、消瘦、失眠等。
三、青少年抑郁症，会导致学生产生研究困难，注意力涣散，记忆力下降，成绩全面下降或突然下降，厌学、恐学、逃学或拒学。
四、继发性抑郁症如有的高血压病人，服用降压药后，导致情绪持续忧郁、消沉。
五、产后抑郁症其尤其是对我的婴儿产生强烈内疚、自卑、疼恨、恐惧、或厌恶孩子的反常心理。
哭泣、失眠、吃不下东西，忧郁，是这类抑郁症病人的常见症状。
Depression----The Mental Illness what is depressionDepression is a mental health disorder , a psychiatric condition ，characterized by sadness ,loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or lowself-worth ,disturbed sleep or appetite ,feelings of tiredness , and poor concentration.Specifically,it is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood inwhich there is a feeling of sadness and lost of interest.Depression is different from the fluctuations in mood that we all experienceas a part of a normal and healthy life. Temporary emotional responses to the challenges of everyday life do not constitute depression.According to the US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC),8%of people over the age of 12 years has depression in any two-week period.The World Health Organization (WTO)puts depression at the top of the list -itis the most common illness worldwide and the leading cease of disability.The organization estimates that 350 million people around the world are affected by depression.Major Depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder ( MDD ), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. It is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss ofinterest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause.People may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear thingsthat others cannot.Some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal while others nearly always have symptoms present. Major depressive disorder can negatively affects a person's family, work or school life, sleeping or eating habits, and general health. Between 2-7% of adults with major depression die by suicide, and up to 60% of peoplewho die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder.The cause is believed to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Risk factors include a familyhistory o f the condition, major life changes, certain medications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse.About 40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics .The diagnosis of major depressive disorder is based on the person's reported experiences and a mental status examination. There is no laboratory test formajor depression. Testing, however, may be done to rule out physical conditions that can cause similar symptoms.Major depression should be differentiated from sadness which is a normal part of life and is less severe.The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for depression among those over the age 12, while aprior Cochrane review found insufficient evidence for screening.Typically, people are treated with counselling and antidepressant medication.Medication appears to be effective, but the effect m ay only besignificant in the most severely depressed. It is unclear whether medicationsaffect the risk of suicide. Types of counselling used include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy. If other measures are not effective electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be tried. Hospitalization may be necessary in cases with a risk of harm to self and may occasionally occur against a person's wishes.Major depressive disorder affected approximately 253million (3.6%) of peoplein 2013. The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their lifevaries from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. Lifetime rates are higher in the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%).It causes the second most years lived with disability after low back pain. The most commontime of onset is in a person in their 20s and 30s. Females are affected abouttwice as often as males. The American Psychiatric Association added "major depressive disorder" to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980. It was a split of the previous depressive neurosisin the DSM-II which also encompassed the conditions now known as dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Those currently or previously affected may be stigmatized.What are the signs and symptoms of depression? depression may be triggered by stressful life events, other illnesses, certain drugs or medications, or inherited traits. although causes of depression are not entirely understood, we know it is linked to an imbalance in brain chemistry.once the imbalance is corrected, symptoms of depression generally improve People with depressive illnesses do not all experience the same symptoms. The severity, frequency and duration of symptoms will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.Symptoms include:Persistent sad, anxious or "empty" feelingsFeelings of hopelessness and/or pessimismFeelings of guilt, worthlessness and/or helplessnessIrritability, restlessnessLoss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sexFatigue and decreased energyDifficulty concentrating, remembering details and making decisionsInsomnia, early –morning wakefulness, or excessive sleepingOvereating, or appetite lossThoughts of suicide, suicide attemptsPersistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems that donot ease even with treatmentAll of these symptoms can interfere with your quality of life. Even if you don ’t have major depression , if you have experience a few of these symptomsfor at least two weeks you may have less severe form of depression that still requires treatment.the symptoms of slight and major depressionDepression is a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms.Slight depression could be a portionof major depression, so the criteria for this disease are important to considerand examine for people with the problem. If the depression is only minor, it willnot have all of the components of major depression and therefore would be treated differently from the more serious version of the disease.The most common diagnostic criteria are encapsulated in the mnemonic device SIGECAPS. They are in the order of the letters, Sleep problems, lack of Interest, Guilty feelings, lack of Energy, problems with Concentration, Appetiteand weight disturbances, Psychomotor retardation, and Suicidal thoughts or actions. If a person has five or six items in this criteria it is very likely that theyhave major depression and they should be treated for it. If they only have oneor two of them they might have a less serious version of the disease, but it stillmay require treatment. The only difference is that it could be more minor. Byasking about these different symptoms, people perform a basic diagnosis testto evaluate themselves or their patients.The symptoms of serious to slight depression may be very debilitating to a patient and identification of the problem is the first step to a full recovery. The condition of depressive disorders is prevalent through all walks of life and it is expected that the majority of persons will experience symptoms of depressionat least once in the course of their life. However, since most people experience these symptoms at some point, extended research has been done to determine the best way to treat these specific conditions and many solutionsare available to sufferers.To the tissues, which raises the carbon dioxide level, causing general Depression.Associated conditionsMajor depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990 –92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reports that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders suchas generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety symptoms can have a major impacton the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicide attempts.American neuroendocrinologist Robert Sapolsky similarly argues that the relationship between stress, anxiety, and depression could be measured and demonstrated biologically.There are increased rates of alcohol and drug abuseand particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with ADHD develop comorbid depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression often co-occur.Depression may also coexist with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), complicating the diagnosis and treatment of both.Depression and pain often co-occur. One or more pain symptoms are present。
抑郁症的英文单词关于抑郁症的英文单词抑郁症(重性抑郁障碍)的症状表现其实可以用一个英文单词来概括，即Depression，其中各个字母代表的含义分别为：D depression mood 抑郁心境;E energy decreased 疲乏或精力不足;P psychomotor changes 精神运动性改变;R reduced concentration in decision-making 做决定时注意力下降;E esteem decreased, excessive guilt 自尊心下降和过度自责;S sleep changes 睡眠情况改变;S suicidal ideation / behavior 自杀意念/行为;I interest decreased 兴趣减低;ON nutritional and weight change 食欲和体重改变。
是不是非常简单明了?下面我们就逐个字母来看下吧。
D抑郁心境Depression mood.此处既可以是抑郁心境，又可以是易激惹(在儿童和青少年中更容易出现)。
因一些患者存在述情障碍(alexthymia，a = 不能，lex = 使用词汇，thymia = 心境)，在正确描述自己的情绪状态上有明显困难，所以需要医生多次重复询问：悲伤，低落，郁闷，忧愁，沮丧，兴趣下降。
多换用这些词汇，可以使患者的阳性诊断增加三倍。
E精力不足或疲乏Energy decreased.对于精力不足或疲乏，可以通过下面两个问题进行评估：1. 过去 2 个月以来，你觉得身体比以前或平时，更加疲劳或精力不足吗?2.(如果问题 1 是否定)即使运动量很小，比如逛街，你的身体也比想象中更加疲劳?P精神运动性改变Psychomotor changes.精神运动性改变即精神运动性激越和迟滞，包括 4 组症状，抑郁症患者的 4 组症状可能以任何组合形式出现。
精神性激越：易怒、内心紧张感，这是激越的内心体验。
阿尔兹海默症与抑郁症的关系及干预措施阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症的关系及干预措施阿尔茨海默症 (Alzheimer's Disease) 是一种神经退行性疾病，表现为记忆力丧失、认知能力下降和人格改变等症状。
抑郁症 (Depression) 则是一种情绪障碍，常常出现持久的悲伤和沮丧情绪。
尽管这两种病症在病因和表现上存在差异，但研究显示它们之间存在一定的关联。
本文将探讨阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症之间的关系，并介绍相应的干预措施。
一、阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症的关联研究表明，阿尔茨海默症患者中有相当一部分也同时患有抑郁症。
根据一项针对老年人群体的研究，将抑郁症作为阿尔茨海默症的前驱症状，发现抑郁症患者发展为阿尔茨海默症的风险增加了两倍。
此外，抑郁症与阿尔茨海默症的发病机制也存在一定的关联，例如神经递质的异常、神经炎症的产生等。
二、阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症的共同症状阿尔茨海默症和抑郁症在症状上有一些相似之处，如记忆力下降、注意力不集中、疲劳和行为异常等。
这些共同症状使得区分这两种疾病变得困难。
因此，在临床上，医生需要进行详细的评估和检查，以确诊患者的具体病情。
三、干预措施针对阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症的关联，以下干预措施可以帮助患者改善病情和生活质量：1. 综合治疗：综合治疗是针对阿尔茨海默症与抑郁症的有效干预措施。
通过药物治疗、心理治疗和康复训练等综合手段，可以改善患者的认知功能和情绪状态。
2. 药物治疗：对于阿尔茨海默症患者，医生常常会开具抗胆碱酯酶药物，以提高患者的认知能力。
对于抑郁症患者，则可以使用抗抑郁药物来缓解抑郁情绪。
3. 心理治疗：心理治疗可以帮助患者认识和应对自身情绪问题。
通过认知行为疗法和支持性心理治疗等手段，可以减轻患者的焦虑和沮丧情绪。
4. 认知训练：针对阿尔茨海默症患者的记忆力衰退问题，认知训练可以提供一系列的记忆训练和脑力活动，以保持和增强患者的认知功能。
5. 社交支持：提供社交支持对于阿尔茨海默症和抑郁症患者都具有重要意义。
