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英汉互译中对主语的处理摘要：英汉两种语言不仅在词汇层面上有不同之处，而且在句子层面上也有很多差异。
本文旨在探索中英文翻译中，两种语言对主语的处理和变通，首先讨论英汉主语中差异对比，其次是英汉翻译中主语的转换问题。
在两种语言转换过程中，可使译文更加地道，更符合两种语言习惯。
关键词：主语；中英文；差异一、介绍英语主语是表示句子主题的成份，即句子说明的对象或出发点。
而汉语的主语却相比英语来说较为松散。
在汉语习惯中，并不是所有句子都有主语。
概括来讲，英汉主语都可用来表示句子说明或描写的对象，在句中常位于主位位置。
主语翻译在英汉翻译过程中至关重要，英译汉中过多人称主语的重复会使句子变得累赘；汉译英中若找不准主语，可能会改变句意。
二、比较与分析（一）英汉主语性质比较就句法结构而言，英语的主语显然是很重要的句子成分。
英语的主语对全句具有“全面密切的关系”，它是位于讨论或描写、叙述的对象。
英语主语一般处于句子的主位，即句子的句首成分，也就是第一个全局性功能成分。
在相当普遍的情况下，处于主位的是一个本身并没有什么所指但是在形式上不可缺少的代词it。
形式主语特别能说明英语主语的“不可或缺性”。
英语主语和谓动关系极其密切。
由于主语决定动词的数，实际上也就决定了它与动词谓语的形态和数的一致，由此而构成了主谓搭配。
因此，主语实际上又是决定主谓形式的依据，而主谓搭配则是英语句法构架的核心。
汉语中存在着许许多多各种类型的无主语句。
这就是说，在汉语句法结构中，主语并不具有可与英语主语相比的那种“不可或缺性”。
从句法结构形式和句法结构层次来看，汉语主语具有十分突出的模糊性。
也就是说，从语言形式上难以判定句法层次，因为汉语不具备这种语法标定手段：名词、动词都没有词性标定，主谓之间不存在“数的一致”问题。
从句子的句法结构形式来看，汉语句子的谓语前可以出现一个以上的、可视为主语的成分，形成主语并列（或“s1大主语”“s2次主语”），例如：1.房子（s1）我们（s2）已经盖好了。
Determining the Subject of a Sentence汉译英的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放，如何构建译文句子的总体框架，主要确定那拿什么作为英语主语。
汉英句法结构有相似性，即传统语法认为汉英句子总统框架相同，都属于主－动－宾（SOV），但同时也存在着许多差异。
英语是一种注重主语的语言（subject-prominent language）,而汉语则是注重主题的语言(topic-prominent language)。
具体地说，汉语经常采用主题—述题（topic—comment）的句式，主语的句法功能弱，有时还不容易识别；英语主语的句法功能强，几乎都采用主语—谓语（subject—predicate）的句式，主语是整个句子最关键的成份。
就英语而言，主语一旦选定，句子总体框架大致就确立了。
e.g.这件事你不用操心。
（通顺）This you don’t need to worry about. (×)You don’t need to worry about this. (√)This is not something you need to worry abo ut. ( √)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) （汉语没有对应结构）汉语是主题显著的语言，其句法特征是意合，这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系（尤其是主语）在形式上不明显（有时主语不清）。
而英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个英语句子都必须有主语。
再者，由于英语句法特征是形合，这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰，以免句子结构混乱，影响意义传达。
因此，译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语，并在译文中妥贴地表现出来。
汉译英的句法处理(一)英语重形合，在形式上强调结构完整，绝大部分句子都不能没有主语，因而，英语是主语显著的语言。
一. 主语的确定1. 确定主语时，必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗；1)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立和发展贸易关系。
2) 希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市1)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts. 分析：汉语省略了主语“我们”，这既反映了汉语重主题而非重主语的语言特点，同时也反映了汉民族喜欢以主人的姿态欢迎客人这一文化特征。
英语补出的主语不是“我们”而是原文中的“客商”，这种处理不仅突出了英语主语显著的特点，而且译出了英美人的心态：在英美国家，人人都希望被当作客人看待。
2) 希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。
It is hoped/anticipated that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.分析：汉语省略了主语“我们”或是“人们”。
为了避免这种指代不清，英语中有一种左右逢源的办法，即使用“It is +过去分词+that从句”的结构。
2. 确定主语时，必须符合英美人的思维方式；1）她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。
1）她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。
It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.分析：译文中，主语是“It”，这是西方人的思维方式，译文意为：这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。
这种翻译强调了“他是个不诚实的人”这一客观事实，并显露出她对之一事实感到惊讶。
汉译英句子主语的确定摘要：本文从翻译教学的角度出发，充分的阐述了在汉译英的过程中，主语的确定应遵循五个原则，从而达到译文地道，流畅的翻译标准。
关键词：汉译英、主语、确定Abstract: This article from the perspective of translation teaching, fully describedin the CE proess, the subject should be determined to follow five principles, to achieve the authentic translation, smooth translation standards.Key words: Chinese to English, subject, to determine在汉译英教学过程中，笔者发现，学生在翻译句子时，通常把汉语中的主语对应的译为英语中的主语，致使有的译文成了典型的“中国式”英语，甚至导致错误的译文。
例如：(1)你的学习取得了很大的进步，但不能因此而骄傲自满。
原译：Your study has made good progress,but should not get conceited and arrogant改泽：You have made good progress in your study, but you should not get conceited and arrogant．(2)他的英语讲得很好原译：His English speaks good改译：He speaks good English．通过上述两种译文的对比，“原译"是将汉语中主语对应译为英语中的主语，而“改译”根据英语的表达习惯，采用灵活的变通手段表达原文意义，使译文符合英语的语言习惯。
主语的确定汉语和英语分属两种不同类型的语言，前者属汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan family)，而后者属于印欧语系(Indo-European family)。
论在汉译英中主语的选择——以张培基《英译中国现代散文选》为例摘要翻译是两种语言间相互转换的语言活动。
在汉译英中，我们面临的任务之一是选择合适的词做主语。
然而，由于英汉语言间存在较大差异，我们在汉译英过程中选择主语并不容易。
汉英主语在形式和构句方面存在差异，而且汉语注重话题而英语注重主语。
本文从对这些差异的分析入手，通过对张培基《英译中国现代散文选》的学习以及本人自身的实践和总结，在汉译英主语选择方面提出了一些方法和建议。
一、保留原文主语作译文主语，二、选择原文的其他句子成分作译文主语，三、在译文中增补主语，四、减少改变主语。
进而得出结论。
在汉译英选择主语时，我们应该现在英美人的思维方式上考虑，结合英语的语言习惯，充分理解原文，运用一些技巧选择合适的主语。
关键词：汉译英;主语的选择;英汉主语的差异;张培基;英译中国现代散文选AbstractTranslation is a language activity of transforming between two languages. In the process of Chinese-English translation, choosing the suitable words as subjects is one of the tasks people facing with. However, it's not easy for people to choose subjects in Chinese-English translation because of the differences between Chinese and English. The subjects of Chinese and English have differences in forms and sentence structure. Furthermore, Chinese is topic-prominent language and English is subject-prominent language. This thesis begins with these differences, puts up some methods and advises about how to choose a suitable subjects through learning Selected Modern Chinese Essays by Zhang Peiji and the author own practices and conclusion. First, keeping the subjects of the original sentences. Second, choosing other constituents of the original sentences. Third, replenishing new subjects for the translation. Fourth, reducing of changing the subjects. And then, the writer shows the conclusion that it should be considered the mode of thinking in western countries, combining with the English language habits, fully understanding the origin text, and use some skills to choose the appropriate subjects.Key words: Chinese-English Translation；the choice of subjects；the differences of subjects in English and Chinese；Zhang Peiji；Selected Modern Chinese EssaysContentsAbstract (I)1．Literature Review 01.1 Existing Researches on this Topic 01.2 Purposes and importance of the study 02. Differences between Chinese and English Subjects (1)2.1 In Forms (1)2.2 Topic-prominent Language vs. Subject-prominent Language12.3 In Sentence Structure (2)3. Methods of Choosing the Subjects in Chinese-English Translation 23.1 Keep the Subjects of the Original Sentences (3)3.2 Choose other constituents of the Original Sentences (3)3.2.1 Choose the Objects to be the Subjects (4)3.2.2 Choose the Adverbials to be the Subjects (4)3.2.3 Choose the Attributives to be the Subjects (6)3.2.4 Choose the Predicates to be the Subjects (6)3.3 Replenish New Subjects for the Translation (6)3.3.1 Replenish the Suppressed Subjects of the Original .. 73.3.2 Replenish the Impersonal Pronoun “It” (7)3.4 Reduce of Changing the Subjects (8)4. Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (10)1．Literature Review1.1 Existing Researches on this TopicMany scholars discussed the translation of Chinese and English sentences from the perspective of differences between Chinese and English subjects. According to the existing research, there are many different forms of expression between Chinese and English, which can be divided into topic-prominent language and subject-prominent language, covert subject and overt subject, parataxis and hypotaxis in sentence structure, personal subject and impersonal subject. These studies focus on the analysis of subjective differences between Chinese and English languages, but the discussion of subjects in Chinese-English translation is relatively less detailed. In the book Chinese-English Translation Studies and Practice written by Ji Dequan (2005: 105), who puts forward five principles of determining the subjects in Chinese-English translation: "(1) It must conform to the English expression and the background. (2) It must conform to the English way of thinking ". (3) It must be the information that should be emphasized in the sentence. (4) It must follow the logical order of the sentence. (5) It should meet the context of the request ". In addition, Liu Miqing (1992: 37:46) has concluded in his book Contrast and Translation of English and Chinese three specific methods of selecting the subjects in the procession of translating Chinese into English, which are equivalence, shift, and supplement. These studies provide translators with some theories, principles, and strategies to choose the subject of Chinese to English translation.1.2 Purposes and importance of the StudyThe main purposes and importance of my paper can be summarized as the following two aspects. First of all, as a famous translator and translation theorist, Zhang Peiji made a great contribution to the translation of Chinese papers. The qualities and standards of the articles which he translated are very high. His Selected Modem Chinese Essays was widely accepted by readers and scholars to help spread the Chinese culture, so his translation of the paper worthy of translators’ unremitting study, they learned a lot, so as to improve translators’ ability to translate; the other aspect is that there is no denying the important role of the subject in shaping and constructing sentences in both Chinese and English. They also have a significant impact on the cohesion of sentences,but because of the differences between English and Chinese subjects, translators choose an appropriate subject from Chinese into English as a challenge, so it seems that it should be investigated and made detailed use of some useful translation techniques and strategies to help translators’ determine the subject of Chinese to English translation. Zhang Peiji's Chinese prose translation has set a good example in choosing the appropriate subject, so the author chose to analyze own translation works together with him and explore the method of choosing the subject.2.Differences between Chinese and English SubjectsChinese and English belong to two different language families, therefore Chinese finds its root in the Sino-Tibetan Language Family, while English belongs to Indo-European Language Family. Differences exist between the two languages, one of which is the difference between their subjects, so as bring difficulties to us in English learning and Chinese and English translation. This chapter will generally discuss the differences between Chinese and English subjects mainly in the following three facts.2.1 In FormsChinese subjects are diverse and highly compatible. Wei Zhicheng (2003) points out that all kinds of words, phrases and clauses can be used as Chinese subject. Liu Miqing (1992) argues that, due to the diversity of Chinese characteristics, the Chinese language features, almost any form of expression can be directly used as the subject of Chinese, or in other words, topics, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers or any other words, phrases or terms, we consider them to be "topics" rather than "subjects". “TmS (time subject), PlS (place subject), DaS (subject matter), MrS (modifier subject) Chinese subject” (Liu Meiqing, 1992: 39). Unlike Chinese subjects, English subjects are less incompatible and form singular, because they must be nominal. Thus, noun and subject pronouns can be used as subject of English, and as for other non-nominal words, phrases or clauses, if you want to use them as subjects of English, you must change their form and make them nouns.2.2 Topic-prominent Language vs. Subject-prominent LanguageAccording to Li and Thompson (1976) theory, different languages can be divided into four categories, namely the subject-prominent language, thetopic-prominent language, both the subject-prominent and the topic-prominent language, neither the subject-prominent nor the topic-prominent language. And they show that Chinese belongs to the topic-prominent language which is the informational units of topic and comment that are basic to the structure of sentences, while English is the subject-prominent language which is the grammatical units of the subject and predicate that are basic to the structure of sentences. English focuses more on the relationship between the subject and the actor and the action, and the performance of the behavior can be found in the close grammatical relationship between the English subject and the predicate. This is not the same as Chinese. Zhao Yuanren (1979) said that only about 50% of the relationship between the Chinese subject and the predicate reflects the relationship between the actor and the behavior, so it is best to be the Chinese subject and predicate as the topic and comment. This also explains why Chinese subjects are more diverse than English subjects.2.3 In Sentence StructureFrom the above discussion, you can conclude that that English emphasizes the subject. They are indispensable in constructing sentences. In most cases, the subject is the starting point, the center and the must in English sentences. Often using the formal subject "it" can also be a good explanation of the English subject is indispensable. They have a decisive grammatical function and have a comprehensive and close relationship with the whole sentence. In English, the subject decides the number of predicates, so it should be consistent with the subject when the sentence is constructed. “The main body and the predicate form the seven main English sentences, namely SV, SVC, SVO, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA.” (Quirk, R., Greenbaum, G. Leech & J. Svartvik, 1985: 721). These forms of sentences also reveal the importance of English subjects. Chinese sentences are more flexible and do not have to follow strict sentences as English. As for the Chinese subject, they are not indispensable in the sentence structure and are not related to the form of the predicate. No subject sentences are common to meet in Chinese, and in many cases the subject can be omitted.3.Methods of Choosing the Subjects in Chinese-English Translation3.1 Keep the Subjects of the Original SentencesFrom the analysis and discussion in section two, translators understand that the subject of English sentences is mainly nouns, subjective pronouns or nominal words. If the original Chinese has a clear subject, and the subject is composed of nouns or subjective pronouns, and in line with the English primitive order, which is the thematic progression pattern. And then the translation of the original subject can be used as the subject of English translation. This is the easiest and most reliable means of choosing a subject in Chinese to English translation.(1)这激流永远动荡着，并不曾有一个时候停止过，而且它也不能够停止；没有什么东西可以阻止它。
