自考《现代语言学》复习讲义

自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2•单项选择3•判断正误4•解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5•回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。

二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）I. What is lin guistics?1.1 Defi nition （语言学的定义）P.1Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scientific study of languageLinguistics studies not any particular Ianguage, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in Ianguage in gen eral.1.2 The Scope of lin guistics （语言学的研究范畴）P.2—4The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called general linguistics（普诵语言学）.This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those bran ches of study which relate lin guistics to the research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics （语音学）2）phonology （音系学）3）morphology （形态学）4）syntax （句法学）5）semantics （语义学）6）pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of Ian guage forms the core of lin guistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1） Psycholingusitcs 心理语言学）；2） Sociolinguistics 社会语言学）；3） Anthropological linguistics （人类语言学）；4） Computational linguistics （计算语言学）1.3 Some importa nt dist inctions in lin guistics P.4— 71.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive （规定性和描述性）Examples: Don 'say X.People don 'say X.Moder n lin guistics, i.e., li nguistic study carried out i n this cen tury is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchron ic vs. diachro nic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writi ng （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken Ianguage as primary , not the written.1.3.4 Lan gue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between Iangue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th cen tury.1.3.5 Compete nee and performa nee （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure ' distinction between Iangue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance , which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950 '.While Saussure'distinction and Chomsky ' are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of Ian guage and his no tio n of Ian gue is a matter of social conven ti ons, and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of view and to him compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.2. What is Ian guage?2.1 Defin iti ons of Ian guage p.9Lan guage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com mun icatio n.（语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。

）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal com muni cati on system.2.2 Desig n features p.11 —14Design features refer to the defining properties of human Ianguage that distinguish it from any animal system of com muni cati onA framework was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett . He specified twelve design features, five of which will be discussed here.1） Arbitrari ness （任意性）Lan guage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical relati on ship betwee n meanings and soun ds. While Ianguage is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary . The arbitrary nature of Ianguage is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for Ianguage to have an unlimited source of expressions.2） Productivity （创造性）Productivity is unique to huma n Ian guage.3） Duality （双重性）Lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of soun ds, which is meanin gless.4）Displaceme nt （移位性）Lan guage can be used to refer to things which are prese nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away places. In contrast, no animal communication possess this feature.5） Cultural transmission （文化传递性）While human capacity of Ianguage has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire Ian guage, the details of any Ian guage system are not gen etically tran smitted, but in stead have to be taught and lear ned.Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学）1. The phonic medium of language （语言的声音媒介）p.15—16Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural Ianguages as vehicles for com muni cati on. Of the two media of Ian guage, speech is more basic tha n writ ing. For lin guists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing; their dada for investigation and analysis are mostly draw n from authe ntic, everyday speech.2. Phonetics 语音学）2.1 What is pho netics? p.16—17Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of Ianguage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world ' Ianguages.articulatory phonetics （发音语音学）；auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）；acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）Of the three branches of phonetics, the Iongest established, and until recently the most highly developed,is articulatory phonetics.2.2 Orga ns of speech （发音器官）p.17—22The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities: thepharyngeal cavity （咽月空）一the throat, the oral cavity （口月空）—the mouth, and the nasal cavity （鼻腔）—the nose.（人类的发声器官都被包括在三个重要的地方或腔道里；咽腔一即咽喉；口腔一即嘴；和鼻腔一即鼻子。