煤矿开采影响地表横向剪切变形论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。

作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。

关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。

“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。

在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。

想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。

营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。

原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。

燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。

这些也在自然界中发生。

最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。

在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。

生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。

然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。

如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。

附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Construction of Digital Mine and Key TechnologiesABSTRACTIn China, the mine is facing a stern challenge over its environmental protection, the limitation on its structure and function within its subsystem, optimization of its limited manpower , financial and material resources and its sustainable development. Digital mine is come up with to deal with all these problems.The Digital Mine can be liken to “a logistics supply chain”, the basic characteristic is the high-speed network, with broadband and two-way communication system, used as “path map”, which shall make sure the fast delivery of all the date within all the relevant enterprises in the country; It consists of vehicles, which refers to the technics of Mine CAD,virtual reality, mine simulation, scientific calculation, artificial intelligence, visualization and office automation; goods,which refers to mine data and mind application model; package, which refers to 3DGM(3-Dimensional Geographical Model) and data mining; security system, which refers to the collection and renewal system of mine data; and dispatching system, which refers to MGIS(Mine Geographical Information System), the common carrier of the entire information and office decisions,controlling the use and operation of all vehicles as well as all of the goods production and the package system.The basic structure of the Digital Mine is composed of two parts: digital ground and digital mine. The digital ground is a management information system based on the EPR (Enterprise Resource Planning) and spatial information infrastructure and information system based on 3S technology and computer network. The digital mine regards the mine geology and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning, furthermore, inputting other relevant information if necessary, such as mining working-face, excavating working-face, underground chamber, mechanical and electronic equipments, ventilation and safety device, underground pipeline and communication and others, forming a spatial database. Thus, the entire mine’s information system of management and service and decision support system is established.The Digital Mine is a huge systematic project, involving 3S (GIS, GPS, RS), IT (Information technology), mine science, virtual reality technology and visualization technology. Based on computers and network communication, the Digital mine realizes the digitization of storing, transporting, expressing and applying of all the relevant spatial data and ttribute data, including mine construction, exploration, development, mining, environmental protection and control. In addition, it is also a huge artificial intellectual system that integrates digital construction, digital exploration, digital mining, digital environmental protection and digitalforecasting based on data dictionary technology, data warehouse technology, WebGIS, virtual reality technology, multimedia technology, CASE technology and artificial intelligence technology. Key words: digital mine; data dictionary; data warehouse; WebGIS; virtual reality; multimedia; artificial intelligenceINTRODUCTIONThe digital mine is integration understanding and digitized reconstruction of real mine & relevant phenomenon, it aims high-efficient, safe and green mining for mineral resource, which guarantee sustainable growth mine economic, also guarantee ecological stability of mine natural environment, and then realize the sustainability,stability, harmonious of the whole mine system, it is a part of digital mining area, digital earth. Constructing digital mine is a complicated system engineering, which need use these disciplines such as information, geography,mine, computer, mathematics, mechanics, surveying and mapping, geomatics .etc. at present, the study on digital mine is on the primary stage, its target is particular application, till now, digital mine has set up some regional,single-function technological system, for instance, mine geology & surveying information system. With the development of modern science and technology, constructing digital mine, realizing informationization and digitization of mine enterprises become basic strategy of mine enterprise's sustainable development. Till now, regarding research of digital mine, each scholar has studied the function intension of digital mine from ifferent sides. I thinkdigital mine should possess these following functions: ①overall digitized for data related to mine (hereafter referred to as mine data). Function includes mine data acquisition, mine data memory, mine ata retrieval, mine data transform, mine data transmission and alternate visit etc.; ②using “3S” technology,multimedia, artificial intelligence technology, WebGIS technology, virtual reality technology to realize 3D display of ore body and mine and monitor duly mining work, realize artificial intelligence, check and assess mineral stack impact on environment etc.; ③with the help of computer technology, network technology.etc. Digital mine should be capable of realizing mine data release, updating, share and exchange between different departments, mine data of the same trade in time;④Digital mine should have functions of predicting, appraising, analyzing etc., which can offer policymaking and optimization scheme for macroscopic strategy of the government department, drawing up the selling prices of enterprises, etc.1. CONCEPT OF DIGITAL MINEDigital mine regards mine system as prototype, regards geographical coordinate as reference system, regards mine science and technology, information science, artificial intelligence and calculation science as theoretical foundation,regards high-new mine observation technology and network technology as technological support, establishing a series of different levels prototype, system field, material model, mechanics model, mathematical model, information model and computer model ,using multimedia and simulation& virtual reality technology to express multidimensional information, at the same time, it is a technological system possessing high resolution, magnanimity data, various data fusion and with the characteristic of space, digitization, internalization, intelligence and visualization. It is virtual mine of informationization, digitization, using the method of informationization & digitalization to research and reconstruct mine, after accomplishment of digital mine, the information involving in the whole mine system can be understood fully at a glance, especially regarding information connection between multiple bodies and law of interaction.The concept of digital mine can be grasped from two aspects. on one hand, inherent information of digital mine is digitized (namely, fixed information related to spatial position directly, such as topography on the ground, geology under the shaft, mine scheme, completed engineering under the shaft, and so on),and build digital mine according to three-dimensional coordinate, which portray mine and ore body overall; on the other hand，all relevant information is imbedded to make up a multidimensional digital mine in more extensive meaning.(i.e. relative change information related to spatial position indirectly, such as management of reserves, electromechanical management, personnel management, production management, technical management, etc.), Fig.1 shows its structure and interaction:According to the above-mentioned analysis, digital mine should include 4 layers.(1) Data administration layer : it lies in the first layer in the system, also in lowest layer of the whole system，which is responsible for the collection, memory, preprocessing，transform，inquiry，retrieval，transmission，cross visit of the data and data output, providing the support of the data for other layers. So it is foundation and data source of the whole system.(2) Model layer: it lies in the second layer in the system, which includes designed new model and application of various given geological model, mathematical model, appraising and predicting model, etc. for instance , the tonnage and grade model of mineral deposit , reserves calculation model, and so on. And some models need be designed and set up in the course of practical application, for example, the three-dimensional geological body has fracture, because there is no ready-made model, the users must design and build model again. This layer offers modeling method and data support for constructing new model and applying given model.(3) Technologies and methods layer: the third layer in the system. It refers to applying various new and high technologies to realize the three-dimension display of the mine and ore body, real time supervision on mining work,artificial intelligence and examination and assessment of ore pileup and impact on environment on the basis of model layer(4) Management and application layer: in outermost layer of the system .it includes MIS and office automation, the long-range renewal, share and exchange of data; In addition, relevant analysis andprediction can be carried out depending on various information and processed data derived from other layer, which offer the decision support of each level for policymaker2. ESSENTIAL FEATURES ANDBASIC STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL MINEEssential features of digital mine include:①digital mine regards high-speed enterprise network as “the route chart”. And broadband, high-speed, two-way communication network is gradual set up to guarantee the fast transmission of mine data in the network of mining industry between enterprises and provinces; ②it regards high and new technologies, such as mining CAD, virtual reality, mining stimulation, scientific calculation , artificial intelligence, visualization and office automation, as “ the vehicle”, which integrates many varieties of data and information; ③digital mine regards mining industry data and mining industry application model as “ goods”, and the core of digital mine is the data warehouse;④ it regards 3DGM (three-dimension geography science model) and the data mining as “package”, and regards the acquisition & renewal system of mining industry data as “security”, and regards MGIS as “deployment” .digital mine is public carrier for the whole mine information and office decision, which deploys and controls the use of all kinds of“vehicle s”, the manufacture of all kinds of “goods”.The basic structure of digital mine can be roughly divided into two major parts: “digital ground” and “digital shaft”.Digital MineInherent information digitalization Relativechange information digitalization round topographic map Underground Geology Mining program Others Reserves Management Mechatronics Management Personnel Management Production Management Others The former is composed of two systems: one is management information system of person, property, matter and process (such as the financial affairs, goods and materials, marketing) based on ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning); the other is spatial information infrastructure and information system based on “3S” technology and computer network technology. “digital shaft” regards geology of coal mine and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning, which can form spatial database after these parameters andinformation, such as coalface, leading face of excavation, room in the pit, electromechanical facility of shaft, ventilation safety devices, pipeline in the pit,communication and other information related to shaft, are input into the system. On this basis, management, service and decision-making information system of the whole mine is set up. Fig. 3 shows the basic structures and interrelation of igital mine.3. KEY TECHNOLOGIES TO DIGITAL MINEThe realization of digital mine involves numerous disciplines and knowledge, they mainly include: the data’ dynamic acquisition and real time updating technology, data processing and information extraction technology, spatial data warehouse technology, spatial data modeling technology, virtual reality and stimulation technology, network technology,etc. as shown in Fig 4, the research on these technology systems and their integration mode is the key to therealization of digital mine. obviously, data acquisition is the data source of digital mine system, data management is the foundation of digital mine system, data modeling and spatial analysis are the core of digital mine system, visualization release of distributed network is important expression of digital mine.3.1 three-dimensional spatial data acquisitionData acquisition is the most basic work for establishing digital mine system, and accuracy of the data determines directly the accuracy of data model and spatial analysis. Mine data acquisition focuses on geological exploitation data,mine surveying data, mining engineering data, etc. due to the characteristic of multiple sources, so effective combination and superposition should be conducted according to data model and structure, which guarantees quality and quantity of the data to reach optimum. Except for traditional surveying, electronic surveying, geological drilling,etc., the three-dimensional spatial data acquisition of mine includes new methods in the following. 3.2 distributed spatial database and network GIS technologyDistributed database and distributed processing is the development trend. Every specialized department of mine may establish professional database in order to bring the special skill in data acquisition, updating, processing into full play and avoid management difficulty and the network. Jam caused by the centralized type system. These dispersive computers are linked into a multiple computer system through interconnection network, which adopt the distributed computing technology and interoperation technology to realize theresource-sharing. Hypermedia network GIS (WebGIS) and interoperation norm (OpenGIS) are the tools to realize distributed calculation and interoperation between homogenous system (the same software platform) and heterogeneous system (the different software platform) respectively.3.3 data model and data structureDigital mine is a typical multidimensional dynamic system. For the sake of abstracting and expressing real mine,spatial-temporal database must be developed to describe complex geographical phenomenon which is dynamic and real-time. The spatial data structure develops on the basis of spatial data model, which is the conventional connotation of a software system, and it indicates “the set of data elements of certain structure”. in order to build spatial-temporal data model of “digital mine”, the spatial-temporal data structure should be adopted to express it accurately.In this respect of data model of three-dimensional space, till now, numerous researches have been carried out both at home and abroad, and many kinds of three-dimensional data model have been proposed. Generally speaking, data model can divided into plane model, body model and mixed model. The spatial object of mine has the following haracteristics:① great complexity of the geometry and spatial relationship; ②uncertainty of geometry characteristic and internal attribute change. When three-dimensional data model and data structure of geology-oriented mine is researched, at first, these characteristics must been enough understood, thus, the most suitable expression mode and modelingmethod can been achieved.3.4 dynamic analog and artificial intelligence technologyThe function of digital mine is not merely information management, the more important one is to possess commanding and decision making functions. Digital mine regards the data warehouse and high-speed network as support, and use artificial intelligence technologies such as data mining and knowledge discovery, expert system to realize decision support function including production deployment command, resource forecasting, environmental protection countermeasure, security warning and emergency processing, the effectiveness is the sign of the successful application of digital mine.4. CONCLUSIONSDigital mine regards computer and network as the key means to realize acquisition，memory, transmission, expression,deep processing of mine information and the application in production, management and policy making, which is huge system composed of many interrelated software and hardware sub-system. The construction of digital mine is a long-term task, which involves many new and high technologies, so unremitting efforts need be made.At present, taking the complexity of the system into consideration, enterprises of mine generally adopt the principle of “design of top layer, gradual division, planning stage by stage, realization subsystem by subsystem”. In the construction of digital mine, due to interrelation between subsystems, some subsystems need other systems to act as the foundation or accessory, for example, theautomatic deployment system of opencut mine is best assisted by corresponding model system, relevant optimization systems and auxiliary design system .if the construction is independent , use efficiency and benefit will influenced greatly. In general, the system located in low layer and relative independent system should have priority to be built, such as database and administration system, model system, auxiliary design system and administration system. Now, some software needed in the construction of digital mine may buy ready-made products at the domestic and abroad, but the majority software of the digital mining system need be developed.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Item: 40771143) and Natural ScienceFoundation of Xuzhou Normal University (Item: 08XLS03).REFERENCES[1] Shuey S A. Mining technolony for 21st century: INCO digs deep in Sudhurv. E&M J-China, 2:7-11(1999).[2] Udoh, Emmanuel E, Applying database technology in the integration of engineering software modules,Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications, Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications,30-33(2004).[3] Wu Lixin,Yin Zuoyu,Zhong Yaping. Discussion on digital mine again: characteristic, framework and key technology,Journal of China Coal Society, 28(1): 1-7(2003)[4] Wu Lixin.digital earth,digital china and digital mine, Mine Surveying, 1 : 6-9(2000).[5] Wu Lixin,Yin Zuoyu,Deng Zhiyi. Discussion the mine of 21st digital mine, Journal of China Coal Society, 25(4):337-342(2000).[6] Wang Qing, Wu Huicheng, Niu Jingkao. Functions and system formation of digital mine,Chinese Mine Industry,13(1): 7-10(2004).[7] Li Mei, Mao Shanjun. 3DGIS key technology of digital mine, Coal Science and Technology, 32(8): 44-48(2004).[8] Yang Ming,Wang Yunjia. Mine data warehouse technology based on data mining, Metal Mine, 2: 47-50(2004).[9]WU Li-xin.Progress of Digital Mine in China[J].Geomatics World, 5:58-62(2008)[10]WULi-xin.Digital Mine in China is Quick Developing[J]. Geomatics World,5:1-6(2008)[11]Luo Li.Discussion on the Characteristics and Construction of Digital Mine[J].Metal Mine, 5:69-74(2009)[12]LI Baiping,ZHAO Anxin,LU Jianjun.System structural model of digitized mine[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science),6:115-119( 2008)[13]SUN Xiao-yu,WANG Bing-ying,LIU Jian-guo.Exploration and practice of digital mine construction[J].Opencast Mining Technology,6:25-29(2008)中文翻译：数字化矿山建设及关键技术摘要在中国，煤矿正面临着严峻的挑战超过其对环境的保护，其结构和功能在其子系统，优化其有限的人力，财力和物力资源和可持续发展的限制。

煤矿开采中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)液压支架的优化设计摘要：本文描述了程序优化测定两组参数的液压支架用于采矿业。

这个过程是基于数学规划方法。

在第一步中，一些参数的最优值领先的四连杆机构以确保被发现所需的运动的支持以最小的横向位移。

在第二步中,最大公差最优值的主要四连杆机构计算,所以响应对液压支架将是令人满意的。

关键词：四连杆机构、优化、最大公差、液压支架1、介绍设计师的目的是找到最好的机械设计机器系统考虑。

努力的一部分是最优的选择一些选定参数的一个系统。

如果一个合适的数学模型的系统可以使用方法数学编程。

当然,它取决于液压系统的类型。

这个方法,保证良好的计算机支持寻找最佳参数的系统。

在液压支架(图1)被拖(1998)是一个部分的矿业设备，我的VelenjeSlovenia:用于保护在画廊工作环境。

它由两个四连杆机制和AEDB FEDG如图。

2。

AEDB机制定义了路径的耦合器点萤石FEDG机制用于驱动支持由一个液压执行机构。

图、一液压支架运动的支持是必须的，更多更准确地说，运动的点C在图2，是垂直与最小的横向位移。

如果不是这种情况，在液压支架将不能正常工作。

因为它是困在切除地球机中的。

一个原型的液压支架是测试一个实验室(Grm 1992)。

表现出很大的支持横向位移，这将减少其就业能力。

因此，一个设计是必要的。

这个项目应该改进如果能以最小成本。

这是决定找到最佳值参数最成问题的a1、a2、a4领用。

否则将需要改变项目，至少AEDB机制是这样的。

以上问题的解决将给我们回应的液压支架的理想系统。

其实真正反应会有所不同，由于公差的各种参数的系统，这就是为什么最大允许公差参数a1、a2、a4计算方法的帮助下而运用数学规划。

图、二两个四连杆机制2、确定性模型的液压支架首先有必要开发一个适当的机械模型的液压支架。

它可能是基于以下假设:1.这个链接必须是刚体2.运动的个人链接速度相对慢由度。

其运动学可以模拟同步运动的两个四连杆机制FEDG和AEDB(Oblaket al . 1998)。

关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。

外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。

英文原文Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutionsBIAN Zhengfu, Inyang Hilary I, DANIELS John L, OTTO Frank, STRUTHERS SueInstitute of Land Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, ChinaAbstract: The environmental challenges from coal mining include coal mine accidents, land subsidence, damage to the water environment, mining waste disposal and air pollution. These are either environmental pollution or landscape change. A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issues is proposed. Clean processes, or remediation measures, are designed to address environmental pollution. Restoration measures are proposed to handle landscape change. The total methane drainage from 56 Chinese high methane concentration coal mines is about 101.94 million cubic meters. Of this methane, 19.32 million, 35.58 million and 6.97 million cubic meters are utilized for electricity generation, civil fuel supplies and other industrial purposes, respectively. About 39% of the methane is emitted into the atmosphere. The production of coal mining wastes can be decreased 10% by reuse of mining wastes as underground fills, or by using the waste as fuel for power plants or for raw material to make bricks or other infrastructure materials. The proper use of mined land must be decided in terms of local physical and socio-economical conditions. In European countries more than 50% of previously mined lands are reclaimed as forest or grass lands. However, in China more than 70% of the mined lands are reclaimed for agricultural purposes because the large population and a shortage of farmlands make this necessary. Reconstruction of rural communities or native residential improvement is one environmental problem arising from mining. We suggest two ways to reconstruct a farmer’s house in China.Keywords:mine environment; management of mining wastes; reuse of mine gas; mined land reclamation; clean coal mining1 IntroductionWhile coal makes an important contribution to worldwide energy generation, its environmental impact has been a challenge. In essence, the coal energy production system consists of coal mining, preparation or processing and energy generation. Fig.1 shows the complete process of the coal energy system. Environmental issues arise at every stage of the process.This paper will discuss environmental issues due to coal mining. In fact, environmental problems from coal mining have been studied since coal mining became industrialized. Nevertheless, environmental issues from coalmining have become important concerns only since the 1970’s. The majority of the available literature related to mining and the environment date from the end of the 1970’s to the end of the 1980’s. However, coal production has changed significantly since the beginning of th e 1990’s and, as a result, the way and the extent that mining operations impact the environment are also different now. Fig. 2 shows the change in worldwide coal production over time, which illustrates that coal production increased strikingly after 2000. Six countries, the USA, Russia,India, China, Australia and South Africa, produced 81.9% of the total coal extracted throughout the world in 2006. These same countries have about 90% of the World’s coal reserves. Coal production in China accounted for 38.4% of the worldwide total and has increased about 66% over the past five years from 1.38 billion tons in 2001 to 2.3 billion tons in 2006. During the same time period the number of coal mines was reduced by 50%. The annual production of the Daliuta Coal Mine, one of the underground mines operated by the Shendong Coal Mining Company, reached 20 million tons from only two longwall work faces in 2007. In the U.S. the situation is similar to China. There were 2475 coal mines with a total production of 945424 thousand short tons in 1993 but 1438 coal mines producing 1162750 thousand short tons in 2006.China consumes more coal than Europe, Japan and the United States combined; 40% of the world’s total.China’s coal use continues to grow every year and it is estimated that 90% of the rise in world coal consumption is from increased activity in China. As a result, mining intensity in some coalfields is ten times greater than it was in the past. Therefore, the impact of mining on the environment today is significantly different from that in the 1980’s. Thus, this paper focuses on environmental issues due to coal mining in the context of current mining operations.2 Importance of coal mining to energy systems worldwide and challenges to the environmentThe main use of coal in the United States is to generate electricity. Coal generates half of the electricity used in the United States[3]. Today, 91.9% of all the coal in the United States is used for electricity production. In contrast, less than 50% of all the coal mined in China was used for electricity generation in 2005 when 82% of the electricity used in China came from coal fired plants. Coal accounts for approximately 74% of China’s primary energy consumption. Coal is recognized as a dirty source of energy and has been rendered obsolete in many European countries. For example, France closed all coal mines in 2004 and, in early 2007, the German government announced that subsidies for coal production would be completely phased out by 2018. Whether this will mark the end of deep mining in Germany remains to be seen. Some experts and institutions forecast that coal will continue to underpin the economic and social development of the world’s biggest economies in both the developed and developing world[4]. The World Bank Group estimated that coal is one of the World’s most plentiful energy resources and that its use is likely to quadruple by 2020[5]. Global recoverable coal deposits exceed 1 trillion tons with enough deposits to last for the next 270 years at current consumption rates. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that coal will continue to be an important energy source andthat coal mining is not a sunset industry. This will be especially true in those countries with abundant coal reserves and increased energy demands for their development. Using coal as an energy source requires addressing environmental challenges from mining. This includes coal mine accidents, land subsidence, water pollution, air pollution, spoil heaps, acid mine drainage, disturbance of hydro-geology and so on. The impact of coal mining on the environment varies in severity depending on whether the mine is active or abandoned, the mining methods used and the geological conditions.2.1 Coal mine accidentsEvery year nearly 80% of the World’s total deaths due to coal mine accidents occur in China[7]. The main causes of coal mine accidents are gas leaks, roof cave-ins, fires, blasts and floods/water bursting. Table 1 shows accident statistics for Chinese coal mines for the years 2006 and 2007. This data was compiled by the corresponding author from the State Administration for Coal Mine Safety safety bulletins. It is easy to see that coal dust and methane blasts are in the absolute majority. In addition, 117 of the 374 deaths in 2006, and 92 of the 399 deaths in 2007, occurred in coal mines with a production of less than 200 thousand tons. It was reported that coal mines with small scale production account for one third of total production, two third of the total coal mine accidents and 75% of the deaths.2.2 Land subsidenceApproximately 60% of the world’s coal production comes from underground mines. Since 95% of the coal production in China is from underground mines and, in 2007, Chinese production was 2523 million tons, which accounts for more than one-third of the world’s production, China accounts for much of the underground operation, see Table 2.Land subsidence over underground mines is one important adverse impact of mining on the environment. About 1 million hectares of subsided land exists today. Mining ten thousand tons of raw coal will result in 0.2 hectares of subsiding land in China. Land subsidence not only reduces crop production but also causes other environmental problems, such as utility failures, plant death, surface fracture and soil loss, drainage system failure, building damage and so on.Subsidence falls into two forms of deformation: continuous and discontinuous. Continuous, or trough, subsidence involves the formation of a smooth surface profile free of steps. Discontinuous subsidence is characterized by large surface displacements over a limited surface area and by the formation of steps or discontinuities in the surface profile. Mining subsidence will affect land use or the environment differently depending upon the context of the terrain, groundwater level and the original type of land use.For example, in eastern China, which has plain land-form, shallow groundwater levels and was prime farmland before mining, mining subsidence has resulted in large area flooding. After this the land use was changed as buildings, roads and croplands were seriously damaged by major incidents of land subsidence. Mining subsidence in mountain areas will induce slope failurecausing the loss of water and soil from the formation of surface cracks and overburden fracture from mining.3 A conceptual framework and potential solutions to the mine environment3.1 A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issuesThe key words green mining, ecological mines, recycling economy, industrial ecology, site characterization for remediation of abandoned mine lands and life cycle assessment were proposed by environmentalists, economists and scholars working in the field of mining science. The core ways to solve mine environmental problems may fall into two types. One is the taking of measures to lessen the impact of mining on the environment during mining. The other is the taking of measures to clean or remediate or restore or reclaim the environment post mining.3.2 Use of mine gasThe Ministry of Environmental Protection and the General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of China have jointly issued the Emission Standard of Coalbed Methane/Coal Mine Gas (on trial). The Standard requires that measures to drain and utilize the mine gas must be taken before mining. Coal mining operations may only be implemented after the methane content in the coal seam is reduced to less than eight cubic meters per ton of coal. If the concentration of methane is higher than 30% atmospheric release is prohibited. There are currently two ways to drain mine gas in China. One is by drilling wells through the coal seam at the coalfield before mining operations begin. The concentration of methane obtained this way is higher than 90% the other method is to drill boreholes through the goaf after coal has been mined. Methane concentrations obtained in this way are higher than 30%.3.3 Conservation and restoration of the mine water environmentWe developed some mining techniques that make full use of water leaking from fractured aquifers that preserve the aquifer. For coal mines in western China constructing a concrete wall along mined lanes and cavities and channeling water resulting from mining into an underground reservoir has proved useful. The Bulianta coal mine operated by the Shendong Branch Company of the Shenhua Group, which has an annual coal production of about 20 million tons and is located in Inner Mongolia, collects 4000 tons of water per day from underground mining operations after constructing such an underground reservoir. For coal mines in eastern China we proposed that key strata should be controlled to prevent fracture, or be restored by grouting after fracture, to prevent water burst into the mined space.3.4 Management of mining wastesCoal mining generates huge amounts of waste, indeed this is the largest source of solid waste accounting for 40% of all solid wastes in China. The waste consists of materials that must be removed to gain access to the coal resource such as topsoil, overburden or waste rock as well as wastes from coal preparation and gangue from underground mining. A series of accidents in recent years has highlighted the significance of reuse of these mining wastes and the urgent need for better waste management procedures. Management of mining wastes involves their reduction, recycle and reuse. This method goes by many other names such as cleaner production, clean technology, waste minimization, pollution prevention, waste recycling, resource utilization, residue utilization, TRU (Total Resource Utilisation) and TPD (Total Project Development). Innovative mining techniques are the main way to reduce the production of mining wastes.4 Strengthening cooperation between parties to solve environmental problems from coal miningCoal is a dirty energy source because of land disturbance; subsidence; AMD and water pollution that occur during mining. There is also the emission of CO2 during coal utilization to consider. But coal is also cheap, affordable, abundant and available. It is easy to transport and secure and will be with us for the long term. It must be considered that the present energy structure in some countries can not be changed over the short term because of the natural deposits of energy resources. For example, China predominantly relies on coal resources for energy not because China does not want to use more clean energy, such as natural gas or oil, but because these are not abundant enough to meet the needs of rapid social and economic development. Demand for coal continues to grow and coal reserves are adequate to ensure that demand can be met far into the future. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation between multiple parties to solve the environmental problems due to coal mining.5 Conclusionscoal is one of the World’s most plentiful energy resources. It is today and will be in the future the most important global source of electricity. This is likely to be true for the next 50 years in light of available natural resources and technological advances. Coal mining and utilization will inevitably cause negative environmental effects including coal mine accidents, land subsidence, pollution of water environments, disposal of mine waste and air pollution. Current Chinese coal production and its environmental impacts were analyzed under the context of worldwide coal mining.中文译文煤矿的环境问题及其解决方案卞正富，希拉里·殷阳，约翰·丹尼尔斯，奥托·富兰克，STRUTHERS Sue 土地资源研究所，中国矿业大学，徐州，中国摘要：煤炭开采的环境挑战包括煤矿事故，地面沉降，水环境的损害，采矿废物处置和空气污染。

英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。

过度开采矿资源的英语作文英文回答：The exacerbation of environmental degradation due to excessive mineral extraction has emerged as a criticalglobal concern. As the demand for raw materials intensifies, mining activities have expanded to unprecedented levels, unleashing a cascade of adverse impacts on ecosystems and human well-being.Excessive mining degrades soil quality and contaminates water resources. The removal of vegetation during mining operations strips the land of its natural protective layer, leaving it vulnerable to erosion. The accumulation ofmining waste and tailings disrupts soil structure, impairs fertility, and releases toxic chemicals into the environment. Water sources become polluted from acid mine drainage and leaching of heavy metals, threatening aquatic life and human health.Furthermore, mining activities emit significant amounts of greenhouse gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The use of heavy machinery and blasting techniques releases carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides, contributing to climate change. Dust from mining operations pollutes the air, posing respiratory risks to nearby communities.Deforestation is another major consequence of excessive mining. Vast areas of forest are cleared to make way for mines, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. This disrupts ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation. It also increases the risk of landslides and soil erosion.The negative impacts of excessive mining extend beyond environmental degradation. It often leads to social and economic displacement of local communities. The establishment of mines can disrupt traditional livelihoods, including agriculture, fishing, and tourism. Displacement and resettlement can strain social fabric, exacerbate poverty, and undermine cultural heritage.Addressing the issue of excessive mining requires amulti-faceted approach. Governments must implementstringent environmental regulations and enforce sustainable mining practices. This includes minimizing land disturbance, reducing waste generation, and implementing measures to mitigate air and water pollution. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and promoting energy efficiency in mining operations can reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Collaboration among governments, industry, and civil society is essential for sustainable mining. Public awareness campaigns can highlight the environmental and social impacts of excessive mining and promote responsible consumption of mineral resources. Ethical sourcing and certification schemes can encourage responsible mining practices and reduce the demand for minerals extracted from environmentally damaging operations.Investment in research and development is crucial to explore innovative mining technologies and practices that minimize environmental impacts. Governments and industryshould support initiatives that focus on reducing waste, recycling, and developing alternative materials. By embracing sustainable mining practices, we can mitigate the adverse consequences of mineral extraction and secure a more sustainable future for our planet.中文回答：过度开采矿产资源的英语作文。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。

作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。

关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。

“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。

在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。

想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。

营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。

原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。

燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。

这些也在自然界中发生。

最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。

在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。

生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。

然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。

如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。

P1 二、复合难句：1、Mining may well have been the second of humankind's earliest endeavors--granted that agriculture was the first. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization如果说农业是人类最早的产业（文明）的话，那么采矿就理所当然地排在第二。

这两种产业作为人类早期文明最原始或最基本的产业联系在了一起。

2、If we consider fishing and lumbering as part of agriculture and oil and gas production as part of mining , then agriculture and mining continue to supply all the basic resources used by modern civilization如果我们把捕鱼业和伐木业作为农业的一部分，而石油和天然气产业作为采矿的一部分，那么农业和采矿业至今仍是现代文明所使用的基础资源的支柱3、Here the term mining is used in its broadest context as encompassing the extraction of any naturally occurring mineral substances-solid , liquid , and gas-from the earth or other heavenly bodies for utilitarian purposes.这里所说的采矿是指广义上的，因为它包括为实利目的而从地球或其他天体岩石中获取任何天然形成的固态、液态和气态矿物的开采4、Mine：An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals采矿：为了开采矿物而在地球上进行的一种挖掘5、Mining: the activity , occupation , and industry concerned with the extraction of minerals采矿业：一种与开采矿物有关的活动、职业和产业6、Mining engineering: the practice of applying engineering principles to the development ,planning , operation , closure and reclamation of mines.采矿工程：运用工程原理生产、规划、运作和关闭（充填）以及对矿山再利用（复垦）的一种实践7、Mineral：A naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and a characteristic chemical composition , crystal form , and physical properties.矿物：一种天然形成的无机元素或化合物（无机物），它有着有序的内部构造、特有的化学成分、结晶形式和物理性质。