第二语言习得复习资料
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第⼆语⾔习得复习资料
★1. SLA (Second language acquisition)is the process by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in anatural setting or in a classroom.
★2. Acquisition vs. Learning (Krashen1982)
Acquisition refers to the learning of a language unconsciously under natural settings where learners pay attention only to themeanings or contents rather than forms or grammars.
Learning refers to the learning of a language consciously under educational settings where learners mainly pay attention toforms or grammars.
3. The study of second language acquisition is a branch of applied linguistics.
It mainly deals with how the second language is acquired. The process not only involves linguistics but also a great manysubjects including linguistic physiology, psychology, psycholinguistics, cognitive science and so on.
4. Factors affecting SLA
Social factors (external factors)
Learner factors (internal factors)
Social factors (external factors)
Social context
Language policy and the attitude of the public sector;
Social demand
With the trend of globalization of the world economy , it is widely accepted among educators and national leaders thatproficiency in another language is an indispensable quality of educated people
Learner factors (internal factors)
Motivation
Age
Learning strategy
5. Through observations and experiments they have found that children all undergo certain stages of language development.
Babbling stage (articulating certain speech sounds)(6 -12)
One word or Holophrastic stage (using single words to represent various meanings)（12-18 months)
Two –word stage (18-20 months)
Telegraphic speech stage (using phrase and sentences composed of only content words.)(2-3 years )6. Language acquisition和Second Language Acquisition之间的关系
7.(1) Behaviorist learning theory
Behaviorist learning theory is a general theory of learning (i.e. it applies to all kinds of learning, not just language learning).
It views learning as the formation of habits. These arise when the learner is confronted with specific stimuli which lead tospecific responses, which are, in turn, reinforced by rewards. Behaviorist learning theory emphasizes environmental factorsas opposed to internal, mental factors.
(2) The habit-formation theory
The association of a particular response with a particular stimulus constituted a habit. It is formed when a particular stimulusbecame regularly linked with a particular response.
Two important characteristics of habits
Observable: the true basis for psychological enquiry existed only in objects that could be touched and actions that could beobserved. (Watson)
Automatic:habits were performed spontaneously without awareness and were difficult to eradicate unless environmentalchanges led to the extinction of the stimuli upon which they were built.
Two means: imitation and practice
Imitation and practice play an important role in the process of habit- formation, because the behaviorists maintained thatimitation will help learners identify the associations between stimuli and responses while practice will reinforce theassociations and help learners to form the new linguistic habits.
Theories of habit formation were theories of learning in general.
The process of second language acquisition is regarded as a process of habit formation. (The association of a particularresponse with a particular stimulus constituted a habit.)
8. The causes of errors according to behaviorism
Differences between the first and second language create learning difficulty which results in errors.
Behaviorist learning theory predicts that transfer will take place from the first to the second language.Transfer will be negativewhen there is proactive inhibition. In this case errors will result.
Errors, according to behaviorist theory, were the result of non-learning,rather than wrong learning.
Attitude towards error
Errors should be avoided and should be corrected if they have been made, because they are indication of non-learning andhave the danger of becoming bad linguistic habits.
Errors could be avo ided by comparing the learner?s native language with the target language, differences could beidentified and used to predict areas of potential error.
Where are the means used to predict potential errors by behaviorists?
The means used to predict potential errors by behaviorists is Contrastive Analysis.
9. Structuralism
Language was viewed as a coded system consisting of structurally related elements (phonemes, morphemes, words,structures and sentence patterns)
10. What is contrastive analysis (CA)?
Contrastive analysis is an inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive elements in a language. It involves thecomparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences and similaritiesbetween them. It could also be done within one language. Contrastive analysis can be both theoretical and appliedaccording to varied purposes.
