英语考试过去分词和现在分词语法总结

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分词也是非谓语动词之一

分词在形式上不同于不定式和动名词,它有两种形式;

①现在分词:动词原形+ing(同动名词形式)

②过去分词:(规则动词)动词原形+ed (不规则动词)构成没有什么规律

分词也和不定式和动名词一样,在句子中不能作谓语但它还保留一部分动词性质,它可以带自已的状语和宾语,有时也有它自己单独的逻辑上的主语

例:(1)He saw the thief stealing the books from the book shop.(带状语) 他看见这个贼正在书店偷书。

(2)Hearing the news he jumped.(带宾语)听到这个消息,他跳了起来。

( 3 ) Li Ming being late, we had to wait.(带逻辑主语)李明迟到了,我们只好等他。

另外,分词具有形容词和副词性质,它可以在句子中担任表语、定语、状语和宾补。

The story is interesting. I'm interested in it.这个故事很有趣,我对它感兴趣。(作表语)

This is a moving film.这是一部感人的电影。(作定语)

The woman dressed in blue is my sister.穿着蓝衣服的妇女是我姐姐。(作定语)

The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a long speech for the president.(作状语)

秘书工作到深夜,为总统准备一篇长的发言稿。

Given more attention, the trees could havegrown better.如果再多加注意,这些树会长得更好。(作状语)

When he passed the bank, he saw the thiefstealing some money from the bank.(作宾补)

当他经过银行时看见这个贼正在偷钱。

When he was decorating his house, he got(had)the bedroom painted first.(作宾补)

他装饰他的房子时,他首先把卧室刷白。

分词的形式(及物动词的分词有七种形式,不及物动词的分词有四种形式)

动词类别 及物动词(do) 不及物动词(fall)

语态 主动 被动 主动 被动

一般式 doing

being done

done(2) falling

fallen(2) 无

完成式 having done having been doing having fallen 无

完成进行式(1) having been done having been being done

(基本不用) havingbeenfalling 无

注:(1)以上几种形式中完成进行式不常用。(2)fallen是不及物动词fall的过去分词,表示主动,而done是及物动词do的过去分词,表被动(除了这两个是过去分词外,以上其余皆是现在分词。)

☆分词的否定式:not+分词

例:Not knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.

关于这一事故,他什么也不知道,所以他还像平常一样去上班了·

Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.因为他没有收到回信,他决定再写。

它们的主要区别表现在语态和时态上

Ⅰ. 从语态上来区别

1.在语态上现在分词无论是及物动词或不及物动词,一般都表示主动的意思。

Do you know the woman talking to Tom?=Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom?

定语从句(主动语态) 你认识那位正在和汤姆说话的那位妇女吗?

Entering the city, they saw a lot of soldiers marching.=When they entered the city, they saw a lot of soldiersmarching.

状语从句(主动语态)

进入城市后,他们看见许多士兵们在行进。

2. 及物动词的过去分词一般表示被动。

The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.=The soldier who was wounded in the war has become adoctor.

在战争中受伤的那位士兵现在已经成为一名医生了。

Seen from the top of the hill, the city is more beautiful.=If it is seen from the top of the hill, the city is morebeautiful.

如果从山顶上看这座城市更加美丽。

eg1:China is a developing country and America is a developedcountry.

↓↓

(vi)现在分词表正在进行(vi)过去分词表示完成

=China is a country that is developing and America is acountry that has developed.

中国是一个发展中国家,而美国是一个发达国家。

eg2:Look. The falling leaves are all yellow. Lots of fallen leaves make the road yellow.

↓↓

(vi)现在分词表正在进行(vi)过去分词表示完成

=Look. The leaves that are falling are all yellow. Lots ofthe leaves that have fallen make the road yellow.看,这些落叶(正在下落)使得马路变黄了。

eg3:At the party I met my schoolmate just returned fromAfrica. =At the party I met my schoolmate who has just

returned from Africa. ↓在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的我的一位校友。

(vi)过去分词表示完成 注意:请注意missing的用法。

be missing=be lost

必背:

developed country

发达国家

undeveloped country

不发达国家

developing country

发展中国家

1. 跟在系动词之后

分词作表语,一般跟在be, get, become, look, sound, feel,keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等系动词后面。

现在分词作表语:一般表主动或主语的性质和特征。 含有“令人……”的意思。主语多数情况下是物。

过去分词作表语:一般表被动或主语所处的状态。含有“感到……”的意思。 主语多数情况下是人。

而作表语用的分词,许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有以下:

现在分词:moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, inspiring, boring, surprising, puzzling,

amusing, astonishing, missing, promising.

过去分词:interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished, frighten, excited, inspired,

pleased,satisfied, tired, worried, completed, delighted,hurt, married, crowded.

The news sounds encouraging.这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。

How did the audience receive the new play?观众对这个新剧反映如何?

They got very excited.他们非常激动。

How did Bob do in the exams this time?这次鲍伯考得怎么样?

Well, his father seems pleased with his results.不错,他父亲似乎对于他的成绩感到高兴。

2.作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别

这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是一样的,都是由“系动词be十过去分词”构成的,有时容易混淆。区别如下:

The blackboard was broken(has been broken)by LiMing.(被动语态,表示动作)这块黑板是李明打碎的·

The blackboard is broken.(系表结构,表示主语the blackboard所处的状态broken)这块黑板碎了。

系表结构:只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时。

被动语态:除了不能用于完成进行时和将来进行时外, 可用于其它时态。

被动语态的时态要与相应的主动语态一致。

系表结构不需要一致。

Theblackboard, was broken by Li Ming.(被动语态)

Li Ming broke the blackboard.(主动语态)

The blackboard is broken.(系表结构)

(表示状态则可用现在时,表示目前的状态,不必考虑其时态要与相应的主动语态一致。我们可理解为这块黑板以前(或已经)被李明打碎,现在它是碎的。)

必背:不是所有动词的过去分词都可以作表语,表示主语所处的状态的,只有那些形容词特征显著的过去分词才能作表语。常见的有:

amused觉得有趣injured受伤的 covered盖着的known有名的

dressed穿着lost失去的 broken破的gone

burnt燃烧 shut关着的wounded受伤的painted

excited兴奋的crowded拥挤的interested有趣的drunk

satisfied满足的married已结婚 pleasedbilled

worried担心surprised惊讶 finished完成的delighted

done

注意:有相应的形容词能说明状态时,则不用分词,而用形容词。

The window is open. The door is locked.(O)窗户是开着的,门是锁着的。

The window is opened.The door is locked(×)

( open可兼作动词与形容词,都当开、开着的讲,所以只能用它的形容词,而不能用它的分词。而锁着的lock不能作形容词,所以只能用它的过去分词)