TUC-FIU IT期中考试复习资料
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Chapter1.1.RAM,ROMCentral Processing Unit – The heart of the computer where data is processed.A CPU consists of control控制部件and arithmetic算术/logic units运算逻辑部件and primary storage寄存器部件Primary Storage consists of random随意的-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM).(1).RAM is measured in bytes字节. Most computers come equipped with at least 512,000,000 bytes (512 MB). The number of bytes required depends on how much space the program and data occupy.RAM -random access memory 随机存储器。
存储单元的内容可按需随意取出或存入，且存取的速度与存储单元的位置无关的存储器。
这种存储器在断电时将丢失其存储内容，故主要用于存储短时间使用的程序(2) ROM是只读内存（Read-Only Memory）的简称，是一种只能读出事先所存数据的固态半导体存储器。
其特性是一旦储存资料就无法再将之改变或删除。
通常用在不需经常变更资料的电子或电脑系统中，资料并且不会因为电源关闭而消失。
ROM所存数据，一般是装入整机前事先写好的，整机工作过程中只能读出，而不像随机存储器那样能快速地、方便地加以改写。
ROM所存数据稳定，断电后所存数据也不会改变；其结构较简单，读出较方便，因而常用于存储各种固定程序和数据。
RAM和ROM相比，两者的最大区别是RAM在断电以后保存在上面的数据会自动消失，而ROM 不会Speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz) or million instructions per seconds (MIPS)百万指令每秒. 兆赫（MHz）或千兆赫（GHz），用来表示CPU的运算、处理数据的速度It is important to make sure that the CPU has enough processing power to handle all system requests. The speed at which data travels is affected by the data bus 数据总线or size of the data path. A 64-bit bus can transfer data more quickly than 32-bit bus. The latest development is the multi-core CPU, which enables two (dual-core) or four (quad-core) CPUs to be integrated on a single processor chip.More RAM enables a program to run faster since more of it can be loaded into RAM. Windows Vista and 7 requires at least 1 Gigabyte of RAM for it to run comfortably.2.how to organize informationThe organization of information affects its usefulness.There are several ways to organize information:Category, Time，Location，Alphabet, and Continuum连续统一体Category: Overtime加班时间hours broken down出故障by job position pinpoints准确的找准位置where corrective action is needed. (?)Time: Recording the number of meals served per hour assists in labor scheduling.Location: Performance can be tracked 搜寻for each property in a hotel chain.For example, an executive vice president of one hotel chain lowered减少the labor cost percentage by 10% by sending each GM a report that contained the labor cost percentage for each property in the chain, which incited 鼓动healthy competition to top the best performance.Alphabet: Arranging information alphabetically, such as an employee directory, enables the desired information to be more quickly accessed.Continuum: Departments can be ranked from high to low on such things as labor turnover or customer satisfaction.3.data mining, definition, capabilitiesData Mining.数据挖掘This involves harvesting knowledge from mountains of data. It enhances prediction预言and modeling capabilities.For example, data mining can help predict what new menu items to offer to customers based on their past choices or what customers are unlikely to pay their bills on time.rmation Processing Phases阶段:Input: Collection and conversion转化变化of data for processing.Processing: Performs执行work on data – calculating, classifying分类, sorting排序, and summarizing. Output: Preparation of processed information into a form acceptable for analysis.Output: An effective information system will inform management when results deviate偏离越轨from predetermined goals. Feedback反馈信息is necessary for operational control. An information system may be composed of many subsystems where the output of one subsystem often becomes the input into another.Storage: After data is processed, then is commonly stored. Operations need to accumulate堆积historical statistics and financial totals for accounting purposes and to guage performance.5.inputKeyboard – Most widely used device for entering text and information.Mouse– Used in conjunction with the keyboard.Touch screen– Popular input device used in various hospitality environments (e.g., restaurants).Voice Recognition –Used to book hotel rooms. A voice portal 入口allows customers to access information from Web using a voice browser. 浏览程序Automatic speech recognition connects a user directly to the Web with voice prompts without a personal or handheld computer.Pen-based手写输入手机–Used to enter for various hospitality applications (e.g., entering a food order) on PDAs using a pen-like stylus. Other types of wireless handhelds can operate by single or multi-touch. 这种手持设备集中了计算，电话，传真，和网络等多种功能。
它不仅可用来管理个人信息（如通讯录，计划等），更重要的是可以上网浏览，收发Email，可以发传真，甚至还可以当作手机来用。
尤为重要的是，这些功能都可以通过无线方式实现。
当然，并不是任何PDA都具备以上所有功能；即使具备，也可能由于缺乏相应的服务而不能实现。
但可以预见，PDA发展的趋势和潮流就是计算、通信、网络、存储、娱乐、电子商务等多功能的融合。
