2012考研英语单词1
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考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 2(上)本文选自《波士顿环球报》(The Boston Globe),原文标题为Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises,这是一篇关于核电站守信的文章,文章虽然较难,但是后面的题目设置比较简单,可以在原文中找到答案,但前提是读懂其中的核心关键词。
接下来就让我们一起来学习本篇中的重点词汇。
1. 3 outrage ['aʊtreɪdʒ]n. 1. 义愤,愤慨 2. 暴行vt. 激起…的义愤,激怒【词根记忆】:out (外面,超出) +rage (生气,愤怒)→特别生气,出离愤怒→义愤,愤慨→对什么事情特别生气→暴行,骇人听闻的事件【真题例句】:The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 该公司是新英格兰地区的一家主要能源供应商。
它上星期在佛蒙特州激起了愤怒,而且这种愤怒合乎情理。
(2012年阅读Text 2)2. 2 abide [ə'baɪd]v. (by) 1. 遵守2. 坚持 3. 忍受【词根记忆】:a(强调)+bide(咬)→咬牙坚持,咬牙忍受,遵守也是一种坚持→坚持,忍受,遵守【真题例句】:It was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 它将违背“遵守严格的核安全条例”这一长期许诺。
2012(一)完形 - 法官伦理理Part1 单词1、justices n.法官judiciary n.司法部⻔门judgment n.评判2、instance n.事例例3、lest 以恐;引出产⽣生某种感情的原因eg. She was afraid lest she had revealed too much. 她担⼼心她泄露露的太多了了。
4、restore v.恢复5、compromise v.违背;达不不到;使遭受危险6、advance v.促进,推进;发展,提出(⽅方案)7、prone n.可能性;有不不好事情的趋向8、envision v.设想9、provided 只要,在...条件下10、though 让步,使语⽓气变弱11、confirm v.证实,确认;加强,巩固12、cultivate v.结交,获得;培养,耕作13、frame n.框架framer n.制定者14、division n.部⻔门,分歧15、convention n.习俗;惯例例16、dismiss v.对...不不屑⼀一顾17、standalone a.独⽴立的18、inescapably ad.不不可避免地19、suppress v.镇压、压制;(贬义)阻⽌止,抑制发展20、exploit v.利利⽤用⼈人或事为⾃自⼰己谋私利利剥削;开发;利利⽤用21、amiable a.和蔼可亲的;亲切友好的Part2 短语1、the rule of law 法治2、be bind by ... 受(准则、协议等)约束bind ~ bound3、at the very least ⾄至少,起码4、dismiss A as B 补充对A的具体看法B的感情⾊色彩与dismiss⼀一致5、agreeable to sb. 对某⼈人来说,某事可以接受6、sth. is accessible to sb. 某事对某⼈人是可以达到的,接近的7、by all means 尽⼀一切⽅方法,务必Text 1 - 同侪压⼒力力 Part1 单词1、whisper v.⼩小声说,⽿耳语whistle n.⼝口哨2、supply n.供给supplement n.补充3、recipe n.⻝⾷食谱recipient n.接受者4、perceptive a.敏敏锐的,有洞洞察⼒力力的5、critique n.批评6、spot-on a.准确的7、glaring a.明显的8、virtuous a.有道德的9、tactic n.⽅方法,策略略10、engineer v.[僻义]策划,设计Part2 短语1、Herd Mentality 从众⼼心理理2、group dynamics 群体互动3、take a page from 学习...= take a leaf4、general effectiveness 整体效果Text 2 - 承诺 Part1 单词1、justified a.合理理的,有正当理理由的2、recure v.得到,获取rescue v.营救3、desperate a.不不顾⼀一切的;绝望的4、vision n.视⼒力力;幻象;美景v.想象;显现5、result v.导致6、regulatory a.控制的7、precedent-setting a.开创先例例的8、pledge v.正式承诺plead v.恳求9、review v.复审10、defy v.蔑视,违抗11、withdraw v.撤回12、pilgrim n.朝圣者Part2 短语1、honor one’s own promises 履履⾏行行承诺2、renege on 背信弃义3、abide by 遵守4、a desperate effort 拼死努⼒力力5、go along 赞同,同意live by 遵守;按某原则⽣生活6、regulatory power 监管权7、beside the point ⽆无关紧要8、pledge to do 保证…Text 3 - 取信过程 Part1 单词1、abound v.⼤大量量存在2、subsequent a.随后的,后来的3、self-deception n.⾃自欺deceptiveness n.欺骗4、ambiguous a.模棱两可的ambitious a.有野⼼心的5、collect v.收集collectable a.可收集的collective a.集体的6、protoscience n.源科学proto- 词根,表示起源7、intellectual a.智⼒力力的8、credit n.荣誉9、confrontation n.对⽴立10、paradox n.悖论11、modification n.改变,修饰12、refutation n.改变,修饰13、inspire v.启发14、confirmation n.确认15、laureate n.获奖⼈人16、correspond v.相⼀一致17、revise v.修正18、accompany v.伴随Part2 短语1、full of potential 充满潜能2、intellectual credit 学术赞誉3、work one‘s way through 排除困难朝特定⽅方向前进4、Nobel Laureate 诺奖得主5、open to ... 易易受...损害的6、correspond to 相当于Text 4 - ⼯工会Part1 单词1、prime n.全盛期2、Britain n.英国3、patrol v.巡查4、backload v.回程装载5、egregiously ad.惊⼈人地6、academy n.私⽴立中学,学院7、drawn-out a.延⻓长的,持续很久的8、norm n.标准Part2 短语1、be in one’s prime 正值鼎盛期2、civil servants 公务员3、in the way of ... 在...⽅方⾯面4、go back a long way 由来已久5、work practices ⼯工作惯例例,体制,⼯工作管理理6、pay deals ⼯工资协定7、merit pay 绩效⼯工资8、get rid of bad one’s and promote good ones 优胜劣汰9、clamp down 镇压10、norms of culture ⽂文化标准新题型 - 电脑上传Part1 单词1、diabetes n.糖尿尿病2、tale n.故事3、aeroplane n.⻜飞机4、fleeting a.短暂的5、brown-paper a.⽜牛⽪皮纸的6、inheritor n.后继者,继承⼈人7、labour v.⾟辛勤勤⼯工作,努⼒力力8、press n.出版社9、visionary n.梦想家,有远⻅见的⼈人10、paintbrush n.画笔11、fabulous a.难以置信的12、superfluous a.多余的,过剩的13、tread v.踩14、celebrate v.赞美,称颂15、sculpture n.雕刻,雕塑16、advent n.出现,到来17、content a.满⾜足的n.内容18、tap n.⽔水⻰龙头19、count v.算是,看作20、constitution n.宪法constituent n.成分convention n.会议21、engender v.产⽣生,造成22、spark v.引起,导致23、mount v.登⼭山;发起24、bear v.具有,带有,显示25、format n.格式Part2 短语1、labour to 不不辞⾟辛苦...2、printing press 印刷机3、the mail carrier 邮差4、commercial agendas 商业模式5、tread with caution 步步⼩小⼼心,⾔言⾏行行谨慎6、turn around 反过来;转变,好转7、for all 虽然,尽管8、strip sb. of sth. 剥夺(头衔、财产或权⼒力力)9、move beyond 超越翻译 - 语⾔言进化 Part1 单词1、enterprise n.事业,规划2、explicatory a.解释的3、unification n.统⼀一4、generation a.⽣生成的general a.⼤大概的,⼀一般的5、equation n.等式,公式6、dimension n.范围7、universe n.领域;宇宙8、entail v.牵涉,使...成为必要9、nonetheless prep.尽管如此10、justification n.辩护,证明为正当11、bewildering a.令⼈人眼花缭乱的12、custom n.习惯;关税consume v.习惯costume n.戏服13、region n.地区religion n.宗教14、consider v.讨论15、dictate v.⼝口授;命令,⽀支配16、unfold v.展现,充分表现17、initiate v.发起,创始18、bias n.[僻]趋势Part2 短语1、universal truths 普遍真理理2、courtship rituals 示爱仪式3、in ... terms 从...⽅方⾯面来说= in terms of4、in the light of ... 根据,按照5、result from ... 由...造成6、bear out 证实7、family tree 家谱;谱系8、be independent of ... 与…⽆无关作⽂文 1 - 欢迎+建议 Part1 单词1、fulfilling a.有意义的2、boast v.有,⾃自夸eg. Local squads boast plenty of talents.译:地⽅方代表队有许多⼈人才。
2012年考研英语一真题参考答案1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出,这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下,法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象,所以应该选C,maintain“维持,保持”,其他显然语义不通。
2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出,文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事,模糊了二者之间的区别时,就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B,when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明,法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损,影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B,weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示,法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响,人们就会认为其审判不公正,所以选D,be accepted as...“被认为是”。
5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为:产生这样的问题,部分原因在于“法官没有_ _道德规范”。
后一句话说,至少法院应该遵守行为规范,这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束,选C,bound。
6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出,这里应该是说遵守行为规范,subject与to 连用,表示“服从某物,受…支配”。
故本题选B。
7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知,这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范,是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to “适用于”符合题意。
resort to “求助于”;stick to “坚持(原则等)”语意不通。
8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为,类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题:法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。
提出问题,产生问题用只能选raise。
9.【答案】A【解析】根据第8题可知,空内应填line,“界限”。
barrier “障碍”,similarity “相似性”,conflict“冲突”都不合题意。
text1whisper 小声说,耳语whispered message 耳语invitation 邀请drinking 喝,喝酒drug 毒品,药drugs 毒品contend 主张,坚决认为peer pressure 同侪压力lead to no good 带不来什么好事social cure 社会治疗official 正式的;官方的; +s官员group dynamics 群体互动individual 单独的;一个人的a host of 大量host 主持人,主办,大量recipient 接受者state-sponsored 州政府资助的haze 薄雾,模糊cigarette 香烟uncool 土里土气的;没有把握的initiative 主动权recruit 招聘; 新兵in action 进行中的,正在发挥作用的set out to do sth 开始做某事HIV-prevention initiative 预防艾滋病毒的倡议promote 促进promise 诺言,答应,有希望的perceptive 敏锐的,有洞察力的observer 观察家critique 批评,评论lameness 缺陷,不足之处spot-on 准确的mobilize 调动,动员flaw 瑕疵;缺陷;plead 辩护;恳求billboard 广告牌reduce 减少;缩小convincingly 令人信服地;有说服力地ought 应该;应当advertiser 广告商;广告客户dare to do sth 敢于做某事desire nothing more than 最渴望desire 希望,渴望fit in 融入,合群take a page from sb 向某人学习apply 应用,运用skill 技能,熟练glaring 明显的a glaring flaw 明显的缺陷probe 探索,探究general effectiveness 整体效果persuasive 有说服力的;令人信服的fill with 使 ... 充满,用...装满irrelevant 无关系的;不相干的exploration 探险;探索;勘探once 一次,曾经,一旦lasting changes 持久的变化subtle 不易察觉的,微妙的exert influence on sth 对某事产生影响positive/negative health habits 积极/消极健康习惯as well as 也,还,并且via 通过subtle 微妙的;精细的unconsciously 无意识地;不知不觉地imitate 模仿bureaucrat 官员,官僚steer 引导virtuous 有道德的tactic 方法,策略engineer 策划,设计break up 拆开troublemaker 闹事者;捣蛋鬼better-behaved 表现更好classmate 同班同学the back row 后排pair A with B 将A和B配对insist on doing sth 坚持做某事supplement 补充stimulus 刺激obstacle 障碍undesirable 不受欢迎的,不良的undesirable behaviors 不良行为stay away 远离recognize 认识advertiser 广告商;广告客户advertisement 广告adequately 足够地;充分地probe 调查;查究effectively 有效地evade 逃避;躲避long-lasting 持续时间长的profound 深奥的;渊博的realize 实现,意识到without our realizing it 我们没有意识到far less certain 更难确定的desirable 有利的text2deal 交易,处理,大量,协议apparently 表面上;似乎;显然involve 包含,牵连supplier 供应者,供应商energy supplier 能源供应商provoke 激怒;惹起justified 合理的,无可厚非的outrage 义愤,愤怒announce 宣布;宣告longstanding 长时间的a longstanding commitment to 对...的一项长期承诺commitment 承诺renege on 背信弃义,食言abide 遵守abide by 遵守state 状态;国家;州strict 严格的nuclear 原子核的;原子能的;核心的regulation 管理;规章;规则precisely 精确地constitutionality 合宪性challenge 挑战,质疑challenge the constitutionality of 质疑...的合宪性desperate 不顾一切的,孤注一掷的a desperate effort 拼死努力federal court 联邦法院stun 使震惊stunning 令人震惊stunning move 惊人之举move=移动,动作as part of 作为 ... 的一部分conflict 冲突surface 浮出水面,显露bought 购买,buy的过去式reactor 反应堆condition 条件,情况agree 同意approval 赞成,批准,认可operate 工作,运转permission 许可;允许regulator 调整者;监管机构require 要求;需要extension 延长;伸展;延期license 许可证;执照subject 取决于,视...而定legislature 立法机关as a condition of 作为...的条件seek permission from 获取...的许可extension of the license 许可证延期be subject to 服从,受...支配,取决于go alone 前进,进行,同意intend 想要;打算either...or... 要么...要么live by 靠 ... 为生;住在 ... 附近,遵守,遵循foresee 预见,预知string 连成一串accident 事故;意外partial 部分的,不完全的collapse 突然倒下,倒塌leakage 渗漏,泄露pipe 管子;烟斗management 管理;管理部门statement 陈述;声明live by 遵守a string of 一连串raise 上升,引起raise questions about 引起对....的质疑enrage 激怒vote 投票,表决,选举agreement 同意;一致;协议invalid 无效的regulatory 管理的,控制的obscure 模糊不清的,不分明的,费解的whereas 然而authority 权力;官方;职权;precedent-setting 开创先例的certainly 当然patchwork 补丁keep one's words 遵守承诺beside the point 与讨论的问题无关,无关紧要的debate 辩论;讨论damage 损害;损失trust 信任station 站application 应用;申请;应用程序pledge 保证给予,正式承诺pledge to do 保证,发誓keep in mind 牢记review 复审,重新考虑defy 藐视,违抗withdraw 撤回go to war with 与...开战condemn 谴责reaffirm 重申;再确认dishonor 不名誉;羞辱secure 安全的,获得;固定obtain 获得;得到managerial 管理practice 实践,练习innovativeness 创新的;革新的vision 视力;视觉,眼光capacity 能力,容量defied 藐视;挑衅enter into 进入,参加,建立,开始agreement 同意,协议favor 赞成,支持acquire 获得,取得text3idealize (使)理想化idealized version 理想方式fact 事实frequently 频繁地;经常地ambiguous 模棱两可的;含糊不清的complicate 使复杂化;使起纠纷follow 沿着,跟随route 路线;途径escape 逃跑;逃避context 背景,环境prior 优先的;在前的influence 影响subsequent 随后的,后来的misinterpretation 误解self-deception 自欺abound 充满consequently 因此;所以deceptiveness 欺骗carry out one's work 开展工作follow a ...route 沿着...路径prior knowledge 先验知识opportunities for ...的可能性protoscience 源科学think(thought)of ... as ... 把 ... 看作是 ... stake 用桩支撑,标准collective 集体的,共同的mining 采矿similar to 与...相类似scrutiny 仔细而彻底的检查acceptance 认可;同意mature 成熟的credibility 可信,可靠inspection 检查,审查stake(out)a claim 公开声明对...拥有所有权full of potential 充满潜能transform...into... 将...转变为...intellectual 智力的credit 信用,赞扬unlike 不同的,不相似的gatekeeper 看门人;门卫suit 适合,套装,满足purpose 目的;意图finally 最后;最终as 作为,因为,当...之时interaction 相互作用,相互影响confrontation 对抗;冲突take control to 掌控act as 担任...角色accompany 陪伴的;附随的work one's way through 排除困难朝特定方向前进paradox 自相矛盾的话throughout 遍及;贯穿aspect 方面;方位prevailing 盛行的incomplete 不完全的;不完整的incorrect 不正确的;错误的duplication 重复,复制confirmation 确认;证实convince 使人信服的;有力的modification 修改,修饰refutation 辩驳,反驳novelty 新奇的事物disbelief 不相信;怀疑truly 真实地;真诚地;正确地appreciate 欣赏;赏识;感激physiologist 生理学家inspire 激发,产生be viewed as 被视为not surprisingly 毫不奇怪的appear to be 貌似open to challenge 面对挑战correspond 相一致,符合correspond to 相当于revise 校订,修正conception 理解,概念happen to 突然降临到...身上uncertainty 不确定complexity 复杂;复杂性misconception 误解deceptiveness 迷惑logicality 合理性;逻辑性objectivity 客观;客观性systematicness 系统性regularity 规律性inspection 检查share 分享,共有,共同share efforts 共同努力wisdom 智慧;明智persistent 坚持的;连续的;固执的survive 存活scrutiny 监视;细看examine 检查,调查recognition 承认,认出justified 合理的,合法化的call for 需要,要求gate 大门text4trade 贸易;交易;行业unionist 工会会员alive 活着的;注意到的represent 代表,象征,表示civil 公民的belong 属于union 工会prime 全盛时期fellow 同事;同伴be in one's prime 正值鼎盛时期unionized 加入到公会的civil servants 公务员public sector 公共部门private sector 私有部门the number of ...的数目a number of 许多pass 通过,经过,超过thriving 繁荣的;旺盛的suffer 遭受;忍受bright 聪明的dominate 支配,控制,影响shut things down 停工,罢工in the way of 在...方面;妨碍left-of-centre politics 中左政治go back a long way 由来已久(往回走很长一段路;追溯到很久以前)tie 领带,使人结合在一起的事物,表示有关联owe 感激;把...归功于Labor Party 工党imply 暗示associate 联想;联合; 同事current 现在的as its name implies 顾名思义fearsome 可怕的,害怕的budget 预算state's budget 州政府预算patrol 巡查,巡逻at the .... level 在...的层面/范围keep an eye on 密切留意prison 监狱wage 工资gain 获得;收益real gains 实际收益benefit 利益;津贴,福利politician 政治家repeatedly 重复地;再三地backload 以其他方式提高;变相提高modest 谦虚的;适度的generous 大量的,丰富的reform 改革;改良vigorously 有力地;健壮地secure 获得augment 增加,增大work practices 工作惯例,体例pay deals 工资协定oppose 反抗,反对charter 宪章;特许notoriously 出名地academy 私立中学,学院,学会merit 优点;值得;价值drawn-out 延长的;持续很久的battle 战斗plenty 丰富;大量;rid 摆脱;除去variable 可变的事物,可变的量charter schools 特许学校merit pay 绩效工资get rid of 摆脱fought(fight)对抗,抗议,战斗,争取,打仗hardline 强硬的,不妥协的clamp down 镇压rally against 召集人群以反对run against 违反norm 标准,规范norms of culture 文化标准above 超过,高于,在上面coach 教练; 指导;训练civil services 行政部门stay put 保持不变high achievers 成功人士fat pay packets 丰厚工资attract much criticism 饱受指摘teamster 卡车驾驶员enlarge 扩大;增大membership 成员资格;会员全体prudent 谨慎的seldom 很少;难得illegally 非法地secure 安全的;牢靠的indirectly 间接地augment 增加barrier 屏障;障碍物disapproval 不赞成appreciation 欣赏;感激tolerance 宽容;容忍indifference 漠不关心。
2012年考研英语(一)真题及答案Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot___1__ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that___3__ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial。
Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not __5___ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that ___7___to the rest of the federal judiciary。
频率在 100 次以上的词汇part n.部分;角色;作用;零件v.使分开,分离,分别pass v.经过,走过;传递;通过(考试等)n.通行证,护照;关口ring n.戒指;铃声,按铃;圆圈,环;(打)电话v.按(铃);敲(钟);(up)打电话tie n.领带,领结;联系,关系;约束,束缚v.系,栓,捆passage n.通过;通路;段,节even ad.甚至,即使a.平坦的;偶数的;均匀的cause n.原因;事业奋斗目标v.引起,使产生sing v.唱,演唱;鸡叫long a./ad.长的,长远的,长期的vi.(for)渴望频率为 51—99 次的词汇count vt.数,计数,看作,认为n.计数,计算,总数arch n.拱门,拱形结构v.拱起,(使)变成拱形hang vt. 悬,挂,垂吊;吊死ratio n.比,比率great a.伟大的;重大的;美妙的sentence n.句子;判决,宣判v.判决,宣判inform vt.通知,向…报告;告密direct a./ad.径直的,直接的vt.指导rent n.租金vi.出租,租赁tend v.趋向,往往是;照料,看护dust n.灰尘,灰烬being n.存在;生物;生命formation n.形成;构成mate n.伙伴,同事;配偶·2· .stand vi.站,站立;坐落,位于,经受,忍受;坚持,维持原状n.台,座high a./ad.高高的(地),高尚的(地)care n.关怀,操心;小心,谨慎v.关心;介意;计较ease n.安逸,舒适,休闲;容易v.减轻;使舒适,使安心sheet n.被单;(一)张,(一)片,薄片;大片sign n.标记,符号,招牌;征兆,迹象 v.签名(于),署名(于)state n.州,国家,政府;状态,情况v.陈述,说明unit n.单位;单元;部件,元件;机组,装置import v./n.输入,进口ample a.充裕的;宽敞的earn vt.赚得,挣得;获得ought v. aux早应该,本应,本当section n.章节,部分;地区,部门,科;截面,剖面bit n.一点,一些,一片tell v.(from)辨别,区别;告诉,讲述;吩咐,命令;泄露,吐露direction n.方向,方位;指导effect n.结果;影响;效果society n.社会;团体,协会,社;社交界,上流社会rough a.粗糙的;粗略的,大致的;粗野的,粗暴的number vt.共计,达…之数;编码,加号码 n.数字,号码seem vi.好像,似乎stem n.词干;茎,干频率为 31—50 次的词汇mad a.发疯的;疯狂的rim n.(圆物的)边,边缘;边界certain a.确实的,肯定的;某一,某些考研英语词汇、词频统计·3·process n.过程,进程;制作法;工序;工艺 v.加工,处理hard a.困难的;硬的;冷酷无情的;烈性的ad.努力地;猛烈地;困难地aid n.帮助,救护;助手,辅助物 v.援助,救援,帮助elect vt.选举,推选;选择lack n./v.缺乏,没有rope n.绳子,索sin n.罪,罪孽vi.犯罪employ vi.雇用;用;使忙于graph n.(曲线)图,图表idea n.主意,念头,思想trial n.考验,试验;审讯without prep.无,没有vice n.罪恶;恶习;缺点a.副的complete a.完全的,彻底的general a.总的;一般的n.将军growth n.增长;增长量;生长rage n.愤怒behavior n. 行为,举止grow vi.生长;变得;增长increase n./v.增加logic n.逻辑,推理;逻辑学oil n.油;石油vt.上油,涂油,给…加润滑油system n.系统,体系;制度,体制economic a.经济上的;经济学的hold vt.抓住;保有,拥有;托住,支持;容纳;举行;有效,适用;持续dam n.水坝,水堤found vt.创立,创办;建立means n.方法,手段,工具tag n.货签;标签base n.基础;底部;基地,根据地 v.把…基于;以……为根据地paragraph n.(文章的)段,节;小新闻,短评profession n.职业,自由职业·4· .require vt.需要;(of)要求,命令shed n.棚;小屋v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去pond n.池塘; 鱼塘appear vi.出现;问世;仿佛evolution n.发展;演变,演化lion n.狮子;勇猛的人manage vt.设法;对付patient a.能忍耐的,有耐心的n.病人,患者patent a.专利的,特许的n.专利,专利品,专利权mind v.介意,注意,当心n.头脑,精神;理智;想法,意见,心情,记忆organ n.器官;机构;风琴Owl n.猫头鹰sly a.狡猾的;偷偷摸摸的tow v./n.拖引,牵引individual a.个人的,单独的;独特的n.个人,个体letter n.信;证书;字母limit n.限制;限度,局限;范围v.限制,限定ski n.滑橇vi.滑雪account n.帐目;叙述,说明vt.说明,解释below Prep./ad.在……下面;向下star n.星,恒星;明星,名角频率为 21—30 次的词汇heal vt.治愈;使和解medical a.医学的;医疗的;内科的service n.服务,帮助;公共设施,公用事业;维护保养;行政部门,服务机构v.维修,保养technology n.工艺学,工艺,技术case n.情况;事实;病例;案件;容器(箱子,盒子等)pain n.疼;疼痛,劳苦,努力reign v.(over)统治;支配;盛行,占优势n.统治,统治时期,支配;朝代考研英语词汇、词频统计·5·rest n.休息,睡眠,停止,静;剩余部分,其余;(the)其余的人(或物)v.休息;睡,放,靠,(使)搁在rob v.(of)抢劫,盗取;非法剥夺force vt.强迫,迫使pace n.(一)步(距离);步速v.踱步alter vt.改变,变更event n.事件,大事;事变natural a.自然的rally n.集会;公路汽车赛v.集合,团结;恢复(健康等),重新振作sting v/n.刺,刺痛,剧痛;叮structure n.结构,构造;建筑物v.建造,构造theory n.理论,原理;学说,见解,看法concern n.关心,挂念;vt.涉及,关系到edge n.边缘;边flat a.平的,扁平的;平淡的,乏味的n.一套房子,平坦的部分govern vt.统治,治理;支配mental a.精神的;脑力的usual a.通常的,平常的adapt v.适应,适合;改编,改写fund n.资金;基金;存款lend vt.把...借给,贷款subject n.题目,主题;科目,学科;主语 v.(to)使遭到,使服从a.(to)易遭…的,受…支配的substance n.物质;实质;大意;财产,财物thus ad.如此,这样;因而,从而vision n.视觉,视力;眼力,想象力abandon vt.放弃,抛弃correspond vi.通信;符合,相当energy n.活力;精力;能,能量opera n.歌剧oral a.口头的;口的·6· .rug n.小地毯;围毯sour a.酸的;发酸的;酸痛的;脾气坏的;刻薄的wide a.宽阔的;广泛的ad.完全地,充分地amount n.数量,总额v.合计,总共达paper vt.用纸包装(或覆盖)n.纸;报纸;试卷;文章,论文raw a.未煮过的,生的;未加过工的,未经训练的sense n.感官,官能;感觉;判断力;见识;意义,意思special a.特别的;特殊的top n.顶部,上边,上面,首位,最高位a.最高的v.高过,超过,到达……顶部affect vt.影响;感动benefit n.利益;好处;恩惠v.有益于,受益character n.性格,特性;角色claim n.权利;断言;主张;索赔v.要求;索赔;声称;主张corresponding a.相应的;符合的create vt.创造;引起,产生customer n.顾客,主顾essential a.必要的,必不可少的,本质的panel n.面,板;控制板,仪器盘;专门小组proper a.合乎体统的;适合的,恰当的;正当的;固有的,特有的有礼貌的,正派的;本身(的)rust n. 铁锈v.(使)生锈,氧化shift vt.替换,转移;移动n.转换,转变;(变)班,(换)班spot n.污点,斑点;地点,场所v.认出,认清,发现;玷污,弄脏;用点作记号therefore ad.因此,所以conj.因此travel n.旅行v.旅行,行进,传播verse n.诗,韵文;诗行考研英语词汇、词频统计·7·consume vt.消耗,消费,耗尽critic n.批评家,爱挑剔的人;评论家demand v./n.要求;需要express vt.表示n.快车,快递a.特快的,快速的firm n.商行,商号,公司a.坚固的,坚决的,稳固的improve v.使…更好,改善intelligence n.智力;理解力;情报,消息least a.最少的ad.最少legal a.法律的;合法的machine n.机器;机械racket n.球拍reed n.芦苇,苇丛;芦笛,牧笛select v.选择,挑选a.精选的,选择的频率为 16—20 次的词汇attitude n.态度,看法;姿势broad a.宽的,广阔的;豁达的carbon n.碳decline vt.下倾;偏斜;衰退;谢绝hole n.洞;孔眼,裂开处infer vt.推论,推断involve vt.使卷入;牵涉;包含,涉及matter n.事情;物质,物体;毛病,麻烦moral a.道德的;合乎道德的offer vt.提供;提出n.提供picture n.图画,照片;美景;影片v.画,描述,想象space n.间隔,距离;空地,余地;空间,太空v.留间隔,隔开vest n.汗衫;背心;内衣available a.可利用的;可得到的;可以见到的;随时可来的competition n.竞争,比赛continue vt.继续,连续;延伸cure vt.医治;消除n.治愈·8·.drug n.药,药物,药材employment n.工作,职业;雇用;使用forget vt.忘记,遗忘function n.功能;职务;函数issue n.问题,争论,争端;发行,发行物 vt.发行,发表,颁布;流出,放出nut n.坚果,干果;螺母relation n.关系,联系;家属,亲戚situation n.位置,场所;处境,局面,处境,形势;职务,职位television n.电视title n.书名, 标题;头衔 ,称号attention n.注意,留心;立正journal n.日报,杂志;日志nature n.大自然,自然界particular a.特殊的;特定的,个别的rot v.(使)腐烂,(使)腐败,腐朽trust v.信任,依赖;盼望,希望;委托 n.信任,依赖;委托,信托advocate n.提倡者,鼓吹者vt.提倡,鼓吹assist vt.援助,帮助comb n.梳子competitive a.竞争的,比赛的goods n.商品;货物ground n.地;场地;根据harm n.伤害,损害vt.损害identify vt.认出,识别,鉴定;把…看作international a.国际的,世界(性)的line v.沿...排列,排队n.线;路线,航线;排;界线neat a.整洁的;整齐的order n.定货,定货单;命令;次序,循序;秩序,治安,正常状态,整齐;等级v.制,定制,订购purpose n.目的;意图;效果,用途roll vi.滚动,转动;使摇摆,(使)摇晃;辗,轧;绕,卷;(up)卷起,卷拢n.(一)卷,卷形物,面包卷;名单,名册考研英语词汇、词频统计·9·sell v.卖,出售sequence n.连续,数列;次序,先后together ad. 共同,一起,合起来,聚拢地central a.中心的,中央的,中枢的;主要的concept n.概念,观念,思想court n.法院,法庭;庭院;宫廷,朝廷;球场creation n. 创造,创作物,发明cut vt.切;割;砍;删减dependent a.依靠的,依赖的;随..而定的detail n.细节;枝节;零件v.详述dig vt.掘,挖;采掘election n.选举,选择权;当选extend vt.延长;扩大;致full a.满,完全的,充分的ad.完全,充分invention n.发明,创造lane n.(乡间)小路;跑道;行车道lay vt.放,搁;下(蛋)learning n.学习;学问,知识measure vt.量,测量n.尺寸,大小;措施,办法private a.私人的;私下的,个人的,秘密的skill n.技能,技巧,手艺;熟练speaker n.扬声器,说话人,演讲人spend v.花费;消耗,用尽;度过,消磨teach v.教,教授,教训treat vt.治疗;论述,探讨;款待,请客;对待;处理n.款待,请客visit n.访问,参观,作客v.访问,参观,视察,巡视,常去warm a.暧和的,温暖的,热心的,热情的 v.(使)变暖频率为 11—15 次的词汇acquire vt.取得;获得;学到·10· .appropriate a.恰如其分的,适当的brain n.大脑;脑力,智能capital a.首位的,最重要的,基本的n.资本,资金;首都communication n. 传达,通讯;通讯系统;交通(工具)community n.社区;共同体courage n.勇气,胆量,胆识effective a.有效的;有影响的goal n.球门;得分;目的intend vt.想要,打算;意指label n.标签;标记,符号land n.陆地,土地;田地,国土,国家v.(使)登陆,(使)着陆major a.较大的n.专业,专业学生,少校v.主修,专攻obtain vt.获得,得到,obvious a.明显的,显而易见的operation n.运算;运转,开动,操作;手术plane n.平面,水平面;飞机remark v.(on)评论,谈论;注意到,察觉 n.(about,on)评语,议论,意见sound a.健康的,完好的;正当的,有根据的;彻底的,充分的v.发声,响;听起来n.声音,声响specially ad.专门地,特别地;附加的,额外的stab v./n.刺,戳tempt v.,引诱,吸引,使感兴趣tradition n.传统,惯例trend vi.伸向;倾向n.倾向,趋势trouble n.烦恼,麻烦,动乱,纠纷,疾病,故障;辛苦,费心v.(使)烦恼,麻烦type n.型,类型,铅字v.打字combine vt.结合,联合compare vt.比较,相比,对比;比作composition n.作品,作文,乐曲;写作,作曲;组成,构成,结构consequence n.结果,后果考研英语词汇、词频统计·11·convention n.大会,会议;惯例,公约,(换俘等)协定creative a.创造性的,创作的describe vt.形容;描写,描绘effort n.努力;努力的成果;艰难地尝试especial a. 特别的,特殊的especially ad.特别,尤其,格外establish vt.建立,设立;确立;安置grant n.授予物,拨款;同意,给予happen vi.(偶然)发生interpret vt.解释,说明;口译memory n.记忆;回忆;存储occur vi.发生;出现;被想到,被想起pattern n.型,式样,模,模型,图样v.仿制,模仿potential a.潜在的,可能的;势的,位的n.潜力,能力project n.方案,工程,计划vi.投射,放映;(使)凸出,(使)伸出;设计规划serious a.严肃的;主要的;重的,危急的;认真的specific a.明确的;具体的;特定的,特有的sphere n.球,圆体;范围,领域status n.地位,身份;情形,状况translate v.翻译void a.空的,空虚的;没有的,缺乏的;无效的wave n.波,波浪;(挥手)示意,致意;飘扬,起伏v. (挥手)示意,致意;波动,飘动wise a.有智慧,聪明的attack vt.进攻,着手,开始n.(病情)发作; 进攻,着手,开始attend v.出席,参加;照顾,护理auto n.汽车blank a.空白的,失色的n.空白,表格chairman n.主席;议长,会长,董事长climate n.气候,风气,社会风潮·12· .commit vt.犯(错误),干(坏事);把…委托给,托付给drop vt.使落下;降低evidence n.根据;证据;形迹,迹象hit vt.打;击中;撞;到达,完成n.一击,击中;轰动一时地人或事物interact vi.相互作用learned a.有学问的;学术上的maintain vt.维持;赡养;维修;坚持,主张manner n.方式;态度;礼貌meeting n.聚集,集会,会见mess n.混乱,混杂,肮脏necessary a.必需的,必要的;必然的organization n.组织体制;团体,机构physical a.物理的,自然科的有形的,物质的;肉体的,身体的;poet n.诗人principle n.原则,原理;主义,信念selection n.选择,挑选;选集,精选物similar a.相似的,类似的tire v.(使)疲劳;使厌倦n.轮胎,车胎trait n.特征,特点,特性vocabulary n.词汇表,词汇汇编wood n.木头,木材;[pl.]小森林,树林worth n.价值a.值…的,价值…的值得…的amateur a.业余的n.业余爱好者approach vt.向…靠近n.方法,途径,探讨assure vt.使确信;保证attach vt.缚,系;使隶属,使依附commercial a.商业的,商务的,贸易的corporation n.公司,企业;社团credit n.信用贷款;信用;名誉,名望;光荣,功劳;学分deliver vt.投递,送交;发表discipline n.纪律;训练;学科vt.训练distinct a.独特的,截然不同的;清楚的,明显的enterprise n.艰巨的事业,企业;事业心考研英语词汇、词频统计·13·exhibit vt.显示;陈列,展览expression n.词句;表达;表情;式,符号extreme n.极端,最大的程度,极度a.末端的,尽头的;极度的,极端的financial a.财政的,金融的further vt.增进,促进ad.更远,更往前a.更进一步的generation n.一代,一代人;产生highway n.公路;大路influence n.势力,权势;影响,感化v.影响,感化judge n.法官,审判员;裁判员,评判员;鉴定人v.审判,判决;评定,裁判;断定,判断later ad.后来;过一会儿layer n.层,层次;铺设者leader n.领袖;领导人local a.地方的;局部的loss n.遗失;损失;失败;亏损mechanic n.技工,机修工mend vt.改正,修正;改进origin n.起源,由来;出身,来历physician n.医生,内科医生provided conj.假如,只要,倘若relate vt.叙述,讲述;使互相关联relevant a.有关的,相应的,适当的,中肯的;实质性的,有重大意义的remain vi.剩下,余留;留待,尚须;仍然是,依旧是risk n.风险,危险,冒险v.冒…的危险rude a.无礼的,粗鲁的;猛烈的,残暴的;粗糙的,粗陋的settle v.安定,安顿;停息;安居;解决,调停site n.地点,位置;场所stake n.桩,标桩;赌注,利害关系suffer v.受痛苦,患病;受损失;遭受;忍受,忍耐threat n.威胁,恐吓,凶兆universe n.宇宙,世界advertise vi.做广告·14· .argue vi.争论,辩论,主张,说服audience n.听众,观众,读者;遏见beyond prep.在…的那边,远于,迟于,超出bid v.祝愿;命令;报价cast vt.投,扔,抛;浇铸n.演员表comment n./v.注释,评论,意见complex a.复杂的,合成的,综合的connect vt.连接,连结;联系continent n.大陆;洲couple n.一对;夫妇;力偶,电偶desire vt.欲望;要求n.愿望,欲望,要求emphasis n.强调,重点,重要性employee n.受雇者,雇员,雇工fundamental a.基础的,基本的historic a.有历史意义的,历史地holder n.持有/所有人,支持物hut n.小屋;棚屋;茅屋immediate a.立即的;直接的imply vt.暗示,意指independent a.独立的;自主的inner a.内部的;内心的listener n.听者,听众之一liver n.肝;肝脏medicine n.医学;内科学;内服药mission n.使命,任务;使团,代表团notice vt.注意n.通知;注意Outline n.轮廓;略图;大纲,梗概v.概述,略述perform vt.履行;表演,行动;表演;演出pick n.镐,鹤嘴锄v.拾,采,摘;挑选,选择porter n.搬运工人;门房prediction n.预言,预告;预报press n.报刊,出版社,通讯社;压榨机;压,按,v.压,按;压榨,压迫;紧迫,催促,逼迫prevent vt.预防,防止;阻止push v.推,逼迫,催逼n.推,推力;促进,推进radical a.基本的,重要的;激进的,极端的;根本的responsible a.(for,to)应负责的,有责任的;可靠的,可信赖的;责任重大的,重要的考研英语词汇、词频统计·15·scar n.伤疤,伤痕;创伤seek v.(after,for)寻找,探索;试图,企图simply ad.简单地;仅仅,只不过;朴素地;完全,简直speech n.言语,语言;演说,讲话stock n.备料,库存,现货;股票,v.储存stress n.压力,应力;重音v.着重,强调trade vi.经商,交易n.贸易,商业;职业,行业tribute n.贡品;颂词,称赞,(表示敬意的)礼物urge v.催促,力劝;强烈希望;鼓励,促进n.强烈欲望,迫切要求valid a.有效的;合理的,有根据的verbal a.用言辞的,用文字的;口头的;动词的wind n.风;气息,呼吸v.绕,缠;上发条within prep.在…里面,在…以内ad.在内频率为 10 次的词汇access n.接近;通道,入口;接近(或进入)的方法announce vt.宣布,发表;报告…的来到cash n.现金,现款conclusion n.结束,终结;结论,推论consist vi.由…组成;在于,存在于consumption n.消费(量),消耗contract n.契约,合同;婚约core n.果实的心,核心critical a.决定性的;批评的;临界的defend vt.保卫,防守;辩护,答辩encourage vt.鼓励,支持,怂恿excess n.超越;过量;过度exhibition n.展览focus vi.聚焦,注视n.焦点·16· .former a.在前的pro n.前者fuel n.燃料vt.给…加燃料intention n.意图,意向,目的nearly ad.几乎,差不多official a.官方的,正式的n.官员opinion n.意见,看法,主张Ounce n. 盎司,英两Owner n.物主,所有人personality n.人格,个性;人物progress n.进展;进步v. 前进,进展;进步reject v.拒绝,抵制,驳回;丢弃;排斥,退掉relative a.有关系的,相关的;相对的,比较的resident a.居住的n.居民,常住者scatter v.散开,驱散;散步,散播sigh n叹息声,叹息v.叹息,叹气spit v.吐痰,吐唾沫n.唾液spite n.恶意,怨恨stage n.舞台,戏剧;阶段,时期strange a.陌生的,生疏的;奇异的,奇怪的;外地的,异乡的survive v.幸免于,幸存;比…长命tale n.传说;故事traffic n.交通,交通量university n.大学频率为 9 次的词汇argument n.争论,争辩,论据,论点attract vt.吸引;引起,诱惑attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性,品质,特征blame vt.责备,把…归咎于n.责任,过错,责备bound a.理应,必定,准备到…去v./n.跳越challenge n.挑战,艰巨任务;难题channel n.海峡;信道;路线,途径constitute v.构成,组成;考研英语词汇、词频统计·17·contain vt.包含,容纳;等于deep a.深的,深刻的,深切的ad.深,迟definite a.明确的;肯定的,限定的definition n.定义,释义;定界demonstrate vt.说明;论证;表露directly ad.直接地;立即disease n.疾病drama n.一出戏剧,剧本;戏剧性的场面due a.预期的;应给的,应支付的;应有的engine n.发动机,引擎;机车fell vt.砍倒(树等);砍伐figure n.数字;外形;人物v.算出,估计,推测frequent a.时常发生的;经常的fuse n.保险丝,导火线v.熔化,熔合gain v./n.获得,利益,增加gum n.口香糖;树胶intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的justify vt.证明…是正当的lame a.跛的,瘸的;有缺陷的largely ad.主要的,基本上的;大量地leisure n.空闲时间;悠闲lest conj.惟恐,以免lock n.锁vt.锁上,锁住mass n.(聚成一体的)团,块mere a.仅仅的;纯粹的mist n.薄雾motor n.发动机;机动车organize vt.组织,编组partly ad.部分地,不完全地popular a.大众的;流行的,通俗的;广受欢迎的,有名的privilege n.特权,优惠,特许v.给予优惠,给予特权prolong vt.延长,拉长,拖延prospect n.展望;前景,前途;景色revolution n.革命;旋转,转数rival n.竞争者,对手a.竞争的v.竞争,对抗sad a.悲哀的,忧愁的saw n.锯子,锯床v.锯,锯开·18· .score n.二十;(比赛)得分,得数sight n.视力;视觉;望见;视域;眼界;情景,奇观significant n.有意义的;重要的,重大的simple a.单纯的,直率的;迟钝的,头脑简单的;简单的;朴素的solar a.太阳的,日光的sort n.种类;类别v.整理,分类species n.种类;(生物分类)种spy n.间谍,特务vt.当间谍,刺探;察觉,发现station v.驻扎;安置n.车站;所,站,局;身份,地位statistics n.统计stay vi.停留,暂住;保持下去,能继续;停止,站住n.逗留,停留sufficient a.足够的,充分的suggest v.建议,提出;使想起,暗示suit n.一套(衣服);诉讼v.合适,适合;相配,适应super a.极好的,超级的talent n.天才;才能,天资training n.训练,培养transfer v.转移,调动;转车,转业,转学;转让,过户wonder n.惊奇,惊异;奇迹,奇事v.诧异,奇怪;纳闷,想知道难怪,怪不得频率为 8 次的词汇academic a.学院的;学术的admit v.承认;接纳apparent a.显而易见的,明显的;表面的,貌似的appeal v./n.呼吁要求;申述,上诉;对…有吸引力assess vt.估价,评价assume vt.假定;采取;呈现atmosphere n.大气;空气;气氛;大气压考研英语词汇、词频统计·19·attempt vt.尝试,试图n.企图,努力aware a.知道的,意识到的beneath prep./ad.在…下方,向下board n.木板;全体委员;船舷v.上船,登机,上车compete vi.比赛,竞争cope vi.对付,应付damage vt.损害,毁坏n.损害deed n.行为;事迹depress vt.使沮丧,压抑;降低educate vt.教育;培养;训练efficient a.效率高的;有能力的emotion n.感情;情绪;激动fashion n.样子,方式;风尚giant n.巨人;巨物hind a.后面的,后部的honor vt.给...以荣誉,尊敬n.尊敬,敬意;光荣icy a.冰冷的;冷冰冰的implication n.含义,暗示,暗指incident n.小事件;插曲;事变increasingly ad.日益,越来越多地innovation n.创新,改革,新设施liability n.责任;倾向;债务liable a.易于…的;可能的link vt.连接n.环,环节oar n.桨;划手vi.划(行)pie n.(西点)馅饼piece n.(文艺作品的)篇,首;碎片,断片v.拼合,拼凑policy n.政策,方针portion n.一部分;一分poverty n.贫穷,贫困preside vi.主持profit n.益处;利润,收益vi.(by,from)得利,获益;利用;有利于ray n.光线,射线recommend v.推荐,介绍;劝告,建议reflect v.反映,表现;反省,细想;考虑replace vt.把…放回;取代,替换;归还·20· .responsibility n.责任,责任心;职责,任务satellite n.卫星,人造卫星security n.安全,安全感shock n.冲击,震动;电击,触电;震惊;休克v.(使)震动,(使)震惊;(使)休克statement n.陈述,声明store v. 贮备,贮藏n.商店,店铺;贮藏,贮备品survival n.幸存(者),残存物;生存,幸存tax v.对…征税,使负重担n.税(款),负担team vi.协同工作n.小队,小组temper n.脾气,情绪;韧度,回火度threaten v.威胁,恐吓;有…危险,快要来临tight ad.紧紧地a.紧的;紧身的,装紧的;密封的,不透…的typical a.典型的,有代表性的vitamin n.维生素,维他命warn vt.警告,告诫witness n.证据,证明;目击者,证人v.目击,目睹;作证频率为7次的词汇abuse vt./ n.滥用;虐待;谩骂adopt vt.收养;采用;通过aggressive a.侵略的,好斗的;有进取心的;敢作敢为的artificial a.人工的;人为的,造作的assert vt.断言,宣称assumption n. 假设,承担bear n.熊v.忍受;负担;结果实,生子女bright a.明亮的;聪明的;聪明的chief n.首领,领袖a.主要的,首要的circumstance n.情况,形势,环境;经济情形,境况conduct n.举止,行为,品行v.引导,带领;处理,管理;指挥考研英语词汇、词频统计·21·Confidence n.信任,信心;私房话;秘密,机密confront vt.面临,遭遇,面对consistent a.前后一致的,连贯的constant a.经常的,不断的;永恒的,坚定的,忠实的construct vt.建造,建设,构筑contest vt.竞争,竞赛,比赛counter n.柜台,计数器criminal n.犯人,罪犯,刑事犯a.犯罪的,刑事的crude a.生的,未熟的;天然的,未加工的;粗鲁的,粗野的current a. 当前的;通用的n.电流,水流;潮流,趋势desirable a.值得期望的;称心如意的despite prep.不管,不顾digital a.数字的,计数的dim a.昏暗的;朦胧的;模糊的distant a.在远处的,疏远的distinction n.差别,不同,区分diver vi.跳水;潜水;俯冲dome n.圆屋顶,拱顶dramatic a.引人注目的,戏剧的;剧烈的dying a.垂死的;临终的emerge vi.出现,涌现;冒出entitle vt.把…称作,给以权利(或资格),给…题名eventually ad.终于;最后expand vt.扩大;使膨胀fault n.缺点;过失;故障flow vi.流,流动intelligent a.聪明的;理智的interior n.内部a.内部的introduce vt.提出(议案等);介绍;引进;采用item n.条,条款;项目leading a.指导的;最主要的literature n.文学;文献,文学作品loud a.响亮的,大声的;吵闹的magazine n.杂志,期刊male a.男的,雄的n.男子manifest vt.表明,显示a.明白的·22· .mention v./n.提到,说起note n.钞票,纸币;笔记;暗语;注释;便条occasion n.场合,时刻;时机odd a.奇数的;单只的;奇怪的;临时的,不固定的;带零头的party n.聚会,政党,党派;一方,当事人phrase n.短语;习惯用语,词语positive a.正的;阳性的;十足的,完全的;积极的,肯定的;确实的,明确的precise a.精确的,准确的pride n.骄傲;自满;自豪,自尊心,傲慢;引以自豪的东西v.使自豪,使自夸rare a.稀有的,珍奇的;稀薄的,难得的,稀疏的regulation n.规章,规则;调节,校准;调整remove vt.移动,搬开;脱掉,运走;去掉,排除resolve vt.决心,决定;(使)分解,溶解;议决,决议n.解决,解答;决心;决议reward n.(for)报酬,赏金,奖赏v.(for)酬劳,奖赏;酬谢,报答,奖酬row n.(一)排,(一)行;吵嚷,口角v.划(船)等,荡桨satisfaction n.满意,满足;乐事,愉快scale n.刻度,标度;天平,磅秤,秤;比例尺;规模;音阶;鱼鳞single a.单一的,单个的;独身的未婚的;单人的span n.跨距;一段时间spirit n.精神;气概,志气;[pl.]情绪,心情;[pl.]酒精,烈酒spread v.伸开,伸展;传播,散布n.伸开,伸展;传播,散布stern n.船尾,舟尾a.严厉的,苛刻的;坚决的,坚定的storage n.贮藏量,保管;库房succeed v.成功;继承,接替考研英语词汇、词频统计·23·telephone n.电话,电话机v.打电话trip v.失足,绊倒n.旅行,远足turn v.转动,旋转,翻(转),(使)变化,变成n.旋转;变向;转弯,旋转;轮流universal ad.普遍的,全体的,通用的;宇宙的,世界的vast a.巨大的;大量的;巨额的warning n.警告,频率为 6 次的词汇absorb vt.吸收;使专心accomplish vt.完成admire vt.钦佩;赞美afford vt.买的起,担负得起…;供给appreciate vt.感激;正确评价,欣赏arise vi.出现,发生;(from)由…引起(产生)assemble vt.集合,召集;装配associate vi.使联系,使联合;交往n.伙伴,同事,同行background n.背景,后景,经历blind a.瞎的,盲目的n.百叶窗;窗帘;遮帘v.使失明,蒙蔽boom n./v. 迅速发展,兴旺,发出隆隆声camp n.野营,营地,兵营,帐篷v.设营,宿营candidate n.候选人,候补者,报名者casual a.偶然的;临时的,非正式的cement n.水泥,胶泥,胶接剂v.粘结,粘紧certainly ad.一定,必定;当然,行characterize vt.表示...的特征committee n.委员会;全体委员commodity n.商品,物品comparative a.比较的,相当的comparison n.比较,对照;比喻,比拟concentration n.集中;专心;浓缩conform v.遵守,依照,符合consideration n.考虑,思考;体贴,照顾;需要考虑的事,理由·24· .convenient a.便利的;方便的conversation n.会谈,谈话crime n.罪,罪行;犯罪define vt.给…下定义;限定degree n.程度;度;学位;等级delay vt.推迟;耽搁;延误dependence n. 依赖,依存;信赖derive v.取得,引申出;起源description n.描写,形容;种类desert vt.遗弃;擅离(职守)n.沙漠,不毛之地deserve vt.应受,值得device n.器械,装置,设备;设计,方法distance n.距离;远处efficiency n.效率;功效,效能emotional a.感情的,情绪的employer n.雇佣者,雇主entertain vt.使欢乐;招待estimate vt.估计,评价n.估计,评估exceed vt.超过,胜过;超出excessive a.过多的,极度的,过分的exclusive a.专有的,独占的;排外的explosion n.爆炸,爆发,extent n.广度;范围;程度flash vi.(火焰等)一闪,闪亮,闪现n.闪光forward ad.向前,前进gift n.礼物,赠品;天赋grand a.庄严的;伟大的;盛大的guarantee n./v.保证;担保happiness n.幸福,幸运;快乐hemisphere n.半球hence ad.因此,所以;今后host n.主人;东道主;一大群,许多;主持人ignore vt.不顾,不理,忽视impact n.影响,作用;冲击v.冲击,装紧impose vi.征税;把…强加给impress vt.印;留下极深的印象indeed ad.的确;真正地initial a.最初,开始insurance n.保险;保险费,保险业introduction n.介绍;引进;引言lag vi.走得慢,落后 n.落后lawyer n.律师考研英语词汇、词频统计·25·lecture n./vi.演讲,讲课lung n.肺脏,肺mankind n.人类master n.主人;能手;硕士v.精通,掌握native a.本国的,本土的necessity n.必要性;必然性;必需品net vt.用网捕;用网覆盖a.净的,纯净的noise n.喧闹声;响声;噪声notion n.概念,意念;看法,观念offend v.冒犯,犯过错oppose vt.反对;反抗optimistic a.乐观的;乐观主义的orient n.东方;亚洲,远东v.定…的_______方位partial a.部分的;不公平的;偏袒的persuade vt.劝说;说服;相信philosopher n.哲学家,哲人pine n.松树,松木plus prep.加 a.正的,加的n.加号,正号port n.港,港口possess vt.占用,拥有(财产)property n.财产;资产,所有物;性质,特性proportion n.比例;部分,份儿;均衡,相称psychological a.心理的,心理学的rational a.理性的,合理的regular a.有规则的,有规律的;整齐的,匀称的,正规的,正式的remarkable a.值得注意的;显著的,异常的,非凡的represent vt.描绘;代表;象征,代理;阐明,说明resign v.辞去,辞职retire vi.退休,引退;退却,撤退;就寝reveal vt.展现,显示;揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露sand n.沙;[pl.]沙滩,沙地scope n.(活动)范围;余地,机会screen n.屏风,屏幕;帘v.掩蔽,包庇;筛选secure a.(from,against)安全的,可靠的,放心的v.得到,获得;防护,保卫·26· .sensitive a.(to)敏感的,易受伤害的;灵敏的severe a.严格的,严厉的;剧烈的,严重的,严峻的,艰难的significance n.意义,含义;重要性,重大smooth a.光滑的,平滑的;平稳的;平静的;顺利的;流畅的;柔和的solid a.固体的;实心的;结实的,稳固的,可靠的n.固体solution n.解决方法,解答;溶解,溶液strain n.过多的疲劳,紧张;张力,应变v.扭伤,拉伤;拉紧,扯紧;紧张,尽力sudden a.突然的,意外的sympathy n.同情;同感;慰问,同情心systematic a.系统的,有组织的task n.任务,工作,作业tile n.瓦片,瓷砖;贴砖tour n./vi.旅行,游历transaction n.处理,办理;交易,事务;。
2012年1月考研英语一答案(完整版)完形填空1. B.maintain2. A.when3. B. weakened4. D. accepted5. C. bound6. B. subject7. D. applies8. B. raise9. A. line10. B. as11. A. so12. C. upset13. C. cultivate14. D. tied15. A. concepts16. C. shapes17. A. dismissed18. C. address19. D. accountable20. D. as a result阅读理解Text 121. D a cause of undesirable behaviors22. B learn from advertisers’experience23. A adequately probe social and biological factors24. C occurs without our realizing it25. DquestionableText 226. C dishonoring.27. A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.28. A managerial practices.29. B the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.30. B the authority of the NRC will be defied.Text 331. A uncertainty and complexity.32. A strict inspection.33. B has been examined by the scientific community.34. D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 436. C unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.37. D Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. B indirectly augmented.39. C may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.40. A disapproval.Part B41. C Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium th ey had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people e very day.42. D This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between do wnloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outc ome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.43. A Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great s kills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.44. F One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pa st half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium -television - and television is defined by downloading.45. G The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flo w, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploadin g.翻译46. 在物理学领域,有一种方法将这种“万物归一的冲动”推向了极致,它试图探寻到能解释一切的,最底层的公式。
最新考研英语高频词汇(2012版)abnormal不正常的absurd荒谬的abundant丰富的acute敏锐的,锋利的,急性的accurate 精确的,准确的adequate 足够的,恰当的,合适的adjacent(to)毗连的,接近的adverse不利的,相反的aerial空中的,航空的aesthetic审美的,有审美能力的agreeable宜人的,同意的aggressive侵略的好斗的,进取的alien外国的,不同性质的ambiguous模棱两可的模糊的ambitious有雄心的有抱负的ample充足的,足够的,广大的analytical 分析的anonymous 匿名的applicable 适用的,合适的apprehensive 不安的,担心的appropriate合适的,恰当的apt敏捷的;适当的;倾向,易于arrogant 傲慢的,自大的authentic可靠的可信的authoritative 有权威的,可信的autonomous 自治的,自主的average 一般的普通的awesome 令人畏惧的aware 意识到的,知道的awkward 尴尬的bald秃头的,不毛的,单调的barren贫瘠的不毛的bizarre 古怪的,奇异的bleak阴冷的,寒冷的;荒凉的;暗淡的blunt 不尖的,钝的;直率的,直言的botanical植物学的bound 一定的brisk 活跃的,活泼的brutal 野蛮的,残忍的cardinal主要的,最基本的carefree无忧无虑的casual 随意的,随便的catholic 广泛的,普遍的cautious 谨慎的,小心的chronic慢性的cognitive认知的coherent 一致的,连贯的;清晰,易懂的compact紧凑的小巧的commercial 商业的,compassionate 表示同情的competent 有能力的competitive竞争性的,具有竞争力的compact紧凑的,小巧的,简洁的complementary 互补的compulsory强迫的,强制的,义务的concise 简洁的,简明的conclusive 确定的,决定性的confidential机紧的,秘密的conscientious负责的,尽责的conscious意识到的,知道的consecutive 连续不断的,接连而来的consequent 随后发生的,由引起的conservative 保守的,传统的consistent 和…一致conspicuous 显而易见的,引人注目的constituent 组成的,构成的conventional 传统的courteous 有礼貌的cordial热情的,诚恳的corporate 法人的,公司的,全体的,cozy/cosy 舒适的crisp 脆的,有霜气的;干脆的crucial/critical关键的cumulative 累积的current当前的decent 体面的,像样的,还不错的deceptive 欺骗的,骗人的definitive 最后的,明确的delicate 精细的,微妙的,精心处理的democratic 民主的desirable 理想的,想要的deteriorating 恶化的,变坏的destined 命中注定的destructive 毁灭的detached 超然的,detrimental 有害的digital 数字的divisive 分裂的,不和的disastrous 灾难性的discrete 不连续的,分立的divine 神圣的,神的dominant 占优势的,有支配力的dramatic 戏剧性的,夸张性的drastic 激烈的,猛烈的dreadful 可怕的dubious 怀疑的,可疑的eccentric 怪癖的,古怪的,离心的economic 经济的edible 可食的,无毒的effective 有效果的efficient 有效率的elegant优雅的,优美的,精致的eligible 合格的eloquent 有口才的,善辩的embarrassing 令人尴尬的energetic 精力充沛的equivalent 相等的erroneous 错误的essential 必要的,基本的esthetic审美的eternal永恒的,无休止的evitable 可以避免的excessive 过分的,过度的exclusive独有的,排他的exotic 外来的,奇特的explicit 清楚的exquisite 优美的,精致的;灵敏的,敏锐的 extinct 灭绝的,绝种的extensive 广泛的extravagant 浪费的,奢侈的,过分,过度的fabulous 神话中有名的,难以相信的fanciful 奇怪的,不真实的fatal 致命的,毁灭性的feasible 可行的feeble 脆弱的,虚弱的feminine 妇女的,女性的,阴的fertile 肥沃的,有才智的,能生的financial 财政的,经济的finite 有限度的flexible 灵活的,能适应环境的formidable 可怕的,艰难的forthcoming 即将到来的;现成的;热心的fragile 易碎的,易受伤害的fragrant 芳香的furious 猛烈的,生气的fruitful 有成效的generous 大方的genetic 基因的gigantic 巨大的global 全球的gloomy 暗淡的,忧伤的gorgeous 华丽的,灿烂的gracious 亲切的,大方的grim 严厉的,严格的,冷酷的hasty 仓促的,匆忙的homogeneous 同类的,同性质的hostile 敌对的humble 卑微的hysterical 歇斯底里的ideal 理想的identical相同的,一样的ignorant 无知的imaginable 可以想象的imaginative 富有想象力的,爱想象的immune 有免疫力的,安全的impartial 公正的imperative 必要的,急切的,强制的inaccessible不可接近的,不能达到的inadequate 不充分的,不适当的incessant 不断的,不停的incredible 难以置信的inclusive 包括的,包含的incurable 不治之症的indefinite 不确定的,模糊的indicative 直述的,指示的,表示的indifferent 不关心的,冷漠的indignant 生气的,愤怒的indispensable 必不可少的infectious传染的,传染性的inferior 较次的,较劣的,地位较低的,较差的influential 有影响力的innate/inborn 天生的ingenious 天才的,灵巧的,精美的inherent 固有的,生来的innocent 无辜的,天真的inspirational 灵感的instantaneous 瞬间的,即时的instrumental 乐器的,有帮助的intent 专心的,专注的intentional 故意的intelligible 易理解的,易领悟的interactive 相互的,互动的intermittent 间歇的,断续的internal 内部的intimate 亲密的intricate 复杂精细的intrinsic固有的,本质的,内在的invalid 无效的,伤残的,残废的invaluable 无价的ironical 讽刺的irreplaceable 不能替换的,不能代替的irrespective (of )不考虑,不顾jealous 嫉妒的judicial 法官的,法庭的,审判的juvenile 少年的legislative 立法的,法律的legitimate 合法的,正规的,合理的lenient 宽大的,不严厉的liberal 自由的linear 线的,线状的literal 文字的,字面的,逐字逐句的literate 识字的,文雅的locomotive 移动的,引起运动的lofty 高的,高尚的,高傲的logical 合乎逻辑的luminous 发光的,明亮的;清楚的,容易的masculine 男性的,阳性的massive 大规模的,大量的mechanical 机械的medieval 中古的,中世纪的mental 心理的,精神的,metallic 金属的militant好战的,尚武的merciful 仁慈的,宽大的mobile 活动的,流动的,移动的monetary 货币的muscular 肌肉的mythical 神话般的naive 自然而天真的,质朴的nasty 肮脏的negligible可忽略的,微不足道的nominal 名义上的,名字的,无价值的notable 显著的,著名的notorious臭名昭著的,声名狼藉的numerical 数字的,表示数量的obedient 服从的,顺从的obscure 模糊不清的obscene 淫秽的,肮脏的optimistic 乐观的optional 可供选择的oriental 东方的original 原先的,最早的orthodox 正统的,公认的overt 公然的,公开的overwhelming 势如破竹的,压倒性的passionate 热情的,多情的pathetic悲哀的,悲惨的patriotic 爱国的perpetual 永久的,持久的persistent 坚持不懈的potential 可能的,潜在的poisonous 有毒的predominant卓越的,流行的,显著的prevalent 普遍的,流行的primitive 原始的,早期的productive 有生产力的,多产的proficient熟练的,精通的profound 深刻的,深远的prominent 突出的,杰出的prompt 即刻的,迅速的prone (to) 易于,倾向于proper 恰当的prosperous 富裕的,繁荣的prudent 谨慎的;小心的qualitative 与性质有关的,定性的queer 奇怪的,古怪的radiant 光辉灿烂的,容光焕发的radical 激进的,根本的random 随意的,无目的的rash 匆忙的,卤莽的,草率的raw 自然状态的,未加工的redundant 过多的,多余的relevant与…有关的reliable 可靠的resistant 有抵抗力的respectable 可尊敬的rewarding值得的rigorous 严格的,严厉的;严酷的righteous 正义的,义愤的rough 粗略的,不精确的savage 野蛮的;凶猛的,残酷的sensitive 敏感的sheer完全的,十足的shrewd精明的simultaneous 同时的skeptical 怀疑的slight 轻微的,小的sound 合理的,健康的stable/steady 稳定的,不断的stationary 固定的strenuous 吃力的,奋发的,奋斗的subordinate 次要的,从属的substantial 巨大的,subtle微妙的,精巧的,细微的sufficient 足够的superficial 肤浅的surgical 外科的supplementary 增补的,补充的,附susceptible 易动感情的;敏感的;易受…影响的suspicious 怀疑的sustainable 可持续的sympathetic 有同情心的tedious 冗长的,乏味的tentative 试探的thermal 热的,热量的transient 短暂的,片刻的trivial 琐碎的,不重要的turbulent 动荡的,混乱的typical 典型的,有代表性的ultimate 最后的,最终性的unanimous 全体一致的,无异义的underlying 潜在的,根本的universal 普遍的,普通的verbal 言语的,口头的,逐字的versatile 多才多艺的vicious 恶的,恶意的,错误的visible 看的见的vivid 生动的,栩栩如生的vocational 职业的void =invalid 无效的vulnerable 易受伤的,容易受到…影响的watertight 防水的weary 疲倦的,劳累的weird=odd=strange 奇怪的worth 值得的wretched可怜的, 破旧的, 恶劣的, 沮丧的amply 充足的,大量的barely=hardly=scarcely 几乎不deliberately 故意地,深思熟虑地,审慎地exclusively 仅仅;唯一explicitly 明确地implicitly 不清楚地forcibly 强行地,有力地formerly 原先地,以前,从前incidentally 附带地,偶然地increasingly 日益,越来越多地inevitably 必然地,不可避免地intentionally 有意地,故意地invariably 永不变的,恒久的optimistically. 乐观地outwardly 表面上,外表上地practically 实际上;几乎,差不多presumably 大概,可能,据推测quarterly 按季地shabbily 破旧地,褴褛地,卑鄙地shrewdly 精明地,明智地shortly 不久,很快simultaneously 同时发生地somewhat颇为,稍稍,有几分spontaneously 自发地,自然产生地startlingly 惊人地triumphantly(欣喜)胜利地,成功地unexpectedly 意外地virtually 事实上,实际地abundance丰富,充裕access (to) 入口,通路,接触accessory附件,附属品accommodation 膳宿;和解,调解,适应acknowledgement 承认,感谢,致谢admiration 欣赏adolescence青年期adolescent 青年,少年admission 许可,入门费,门票;承认,供认advocate提倡者,拥护者affection 亲爱,爱意aggregate 合计,总数aisle 走廊,通道allowance 津贴;考虑,体谅alloy 合金ambition 野心,雄心ammunition军火,弹药analogy 相似,比喻,类比anticipation 预期,期望apparatus 仪器,装置;器官appendix 附加物,附录appraisal 估计,估价,评价appreciation 感谢,感激array 陈列,一系列arena 比武场,竞技场,舞台armo(u)r 盔甲,装甲array 阵式,服装;一大批,一系列artery 动脉;干道,主流artillery大炮,炮兵aspiration 愿望,希望;渴望assassination 暗杀,行刺assurance 保证,自信,把握automation 自动化aviation 航空,飞行axis 轴,轴心,政治联盟ballet/ ballot 芭蕾,芭蕾舞剧bankrupt 破产;完全缺乏batch 一批,一捆bearing 举止,态度;关系,方面belly 肚子,腹部bias 偏见,倾向,癖性bishop 主教blunder 错误,大错budget 预算booth 棚子,摊位,亭botany植物学boycott 联合抵制brace链,曲柄bracket 托架,类别;分类breach 违犯,破坏,缺口breakdown 坏掉,出毛病;病倒,衰退brink (危险等)边缘brochure 小册子bruise 挫伤;碰伤,淤伤bust 半身像,胸部buzz 嗡嗡声bypass 辅助道路cannon大炮,火炮canvas 帆布,油画capsule胶囊caption标题,题目;说明文字captive 俘虏,被捕获的(动物)capability 能力,才能cash 现金casualty 灾祸;伤亡catastrophe大灾害,灾祸cathedral 总教堂,大教堂caution小心;谨慎,警告census 人口统计,人口调查chorus合唱团,异口同声chunk 一大块,一厚块circulation(书报的)发行量,循环,流通circus 竞技场,马戏团clan 宗族,大家族,氏族clarity清楚,透明clearance 清除;间隙,空间;结关手续climax高潮,顶点cluster 团,族,小群coalition联合,联盟collaboration 合著,合作,勾结,通敌commitment 承诺,许诺commentary 实况报道,注释commonplace习以为常的事情compartment 隔间,车室competence称职,能力,权限compensation 补偿,赔偿complexion肤色,面色,面貌;形式complication 复杂,困难;并发症compliment恭维,表扬,问候,致意conception构思,构想;怀孕configuration 形状,外貌,轮廓,排列consideration 考虑constitution 组成,构成;体格,体质;宪法consultant顾问contempt 轻视,蔑视,鄙视,不尊敬contention 争辩,争论,论点controversy 争论,辩论conversion 转化,改变,转变corpse 尸体counterpart 相对应的人或物;对方courtesy 礼貌,谦恭coverage 新闻报导coward胆小鬼,懦夫crumble 碎屑,细屑damage 损坏debate 争论,辩论decree法令,判决default 不负责,不到场,不还债defiance 反抗,不尊重deficit 赤字denial 否认,否定,拒绝给与(正义,权利)descendant 后裔,后代descent 下来,下去;祖先,祖籍;突袭destiny 命运,天命discrepancy 不同,不符合digest 摘要,简编dilemma 窘境,困境distinction 区分,辨别disposition 排列,性情,气质;倾向;支配权,处理权disturbance 搅乱,动乱;不安,骚动diversion 转向,改道;消遣,娱乐;分散doctrine 教条,主义,学说domain 领土,领域;范围dome 圆屋顶drainage 排水,疏水drawback 缺陷,障碍,不利drought 干旱,旱灾edible 可食之物elite 杰出的人才或人物,精华emergency 紧急情况empirical 经验的,全凭实验的encouragement 鼓励enclosure 包围,函中信件essence 本质estimate 估计esteem 尊敬,尊重excerpt 摘录,引述expedition 远征,远征队expenditure 开支expertise 鉴定,评价;知识和技术exposition 解释,说明extinction .灭绝facet 平面,刻面,方面fashion 方式,样子feast 盛宴;赏心悦目的东西feat 技艺;伟绩federation 联邦制,联合会,联盟ferry 渡船fitting 试衣,试穿;固定装置,家具,设备flattery 奉承,阿谀之词fragrance 香味,香气flaw 裂纹,瑕疵fortune财产,大笔的钱fraction 小部分,一点friction 摩擦,不和,冲突fuse 保险丝,导火线fusion 融合,联合galaxy 星系garment 衣服glacier 冰河glamour 魅力,魔力,诱惑力gossip 闲话,闲谈,随笔,漫谈guarantee 保证,保证书,保修单guilt 犯罪,罪状handicap 障碍,阻碍harassment 烦恼,困苦,侵扰harmony 与…协调一致,和谐heritage 遗产,继承物hierarchy 等级制度hike 徒步旅行hinge 重点,关键,主旨hospitality友好款待,好客hostage 人质humidity 潮湿,湿度hurricane 飓风hypothesis 假设,假说ideology 思想方式,意识形态idiot 白痴,傻瓜illusion 错觉,假象impetus 动力,推动力,刺激incentive 刺激,动机,鼓励,诱因inertia 迟钝,呆滞;惰性,惯性ingredient 成分inlet 入口insight 理解,洞察力inspection 检查,视察instinct 本能,直觉integrity 正直,诚实intersection 交叉,交叉口intuition 直觉intuition 直觉inventory 详细目录存货,盘存junction 连接,会合,交叉点junk 破烂物,垃圾lace 花边,饰带atitude 纬度,地区;自由,自由的范围layman 外行人,门外汉liability 责任,义务;易于,倾向于likelihood 可能性locality 位置,地方;辨认地方的能力longitude 经度lounge 休息室,休息处lease 租约,契约legislation 立法,法律limitation 局限性,缺点loyalty 忠诚,忠心luxury 奢侈,豪华magistrate 地方官吏/法官magnitude 大小,光度mansion 大厦,官邸manifestation表现(形式)massacre 大屠杀meadow 草地,牧场mechanism 机械装置,机构,结构方式melody 音律;歌曲,曲调;主调,旋律menace危险,威胁migrant 移居者,候鸟minority少数;未成年misfortune 不幸,灾难momentum 动量,动力,推动力monopoly 专利权,独占,垄断;专利品morality 道德,美德mortgage 抵押,抵押品notion 概念,观念,理解novelty 新鲜,奇特,新奇物oath 誓约,誓言obligation (法律上或道义上的)责任offset 印刷术offspring 后代,子孙,幼子optimum 最佳,最适宜,最有利orientation 定方向,定方位,朝向outfit 服装,装备,用具occasion 场合opponent敌人,对手ornament 装饰,装饰品overpass 天桥,路桥,高架桥paradox 反论parasite 寄生虫,食客participation 参加,加入partition 分割,分配,瓜分pastime 消遣,娱乐pasture草原,牧场patent 专利权patrol 巡逻,巡查;巡逻者patron 赞助人,资助人pattern 模式penalty 制裁,惩罚pension 养老金personality 人格,人性plateau 高地,高原pledge 保证,誓言plight 困境,苦境position位置,职位,职务posture 姿势;状态,情况;心境,态度predecessor 前任,原有的事物premise 前提,假设premium 保险费;报酬,奖金prescription 处方preservation 保护,防护prestige 威信,威望pretext 借口,托辞prey 猎物priority 优先(权)proceeding 进行,举止,行为,处置prophet 先知,鼓吹者,提倡者,预言者proposition 主张;提议;问题,难题prospect前景,可能性proximity 接近,接近于pursuit 追逐,追求;职业,工作questionnaire 调查表,问卷racket 喧嚣,闹声,繁忙rate 速度ration 比率recession(经济)衰退,不景气;撤退reconciliation 和解,调停,顺从,听从reflection 反映,表现refreshment 爽快,舒心;提神的东西refuge 躲避,避难,避难所refund 退还,退款regime政体,制度regiment 团,多数,大量rehearsal 演习,排演,详述reign 主权,统治;朝代,王朝rein 缰绳rejoice 欢喜,快乐relay 替换,替班,接力,转播reliance 依靠,信任,信赖relish 吸引力,热心,兴趣remainder 剩余物或人remnant残余,剩余repression 镇压,抑制,压抑reputation 名声,声望resemblance 相似,类似reservation贮存,贮藏reservation 预订,保留retention 保持,保留retrospect 回顾,回望revelation 显示,泄露revenue税收,岁入rival 竞争对手routine 常规,惯例,例行公事rupture 破裂,绝交safeguard 安全设施或措施salvation 拯救,救助savage 野人,野蛮人scent 气味,香味;踪迹,痕迹scene 景色,景象scorn轻蔑,鄙视scrutiny 细察,详审,核算选票sensation 感觉,激动,轰动sentiment 感情,情绪,情操;伤感;意见,观点setback 阻碍,挫折shortage 短缺,不足smash 打碎,粉碎stability 稳定(性),稳固stack 堆,一堆standard 标准subsidy 补助金,资助金surface 表面suspension 暂停,延缓,停职,吊销synthesis 综合,合成,合成物temperament 气质,性格tempo 数率,进度,节奏testimony 证言,证词;宣言,陈述threshold 开端,入口tolerance容忍,忍耐力transaction 处理,办理,交易transition 过渡,转变trend倾向,趋势turnover 营业额,销售金额variation 变化,变动vegetation 植物,草木vein 心情,心思,意向verdict 裁决,判决;决定,判断versus 相对,对抗vicinity 接近,附近;密切的关系void 空虚,空处warehouse 货仓warfare 作战,交战warrant 根据,权威,委任状abandon抛弃,放弃accommodate 供给住宿,答应; 适应acknowledge 承认,供认;致谢,打招呼acquaint 熟悉,认识,通晓acquire 获得,得到activate 使活波,激活addict (to) 沉溺于,嗜好adhere to 坚持,忠于adjoin 邻近,接近,毗连administer 管理,处理,治理,实行,实施adore 崇拜,敬爱,爱慕affiliate 加盟,入会affirm 肯定,断言afflict 受折磨,使苦恼afford 付得起,冒危险;供给,给予aggravate 使恶化,使严重alienate 离间,使不和,使疏远,转移,让渡 allege 断言,宣称,提出alleviate 减轻,缓和allocate 分配,配给,拨给alternate 交替,轮流amend 改善,改良,改正;修正anticipate预期,盼望appease 使平息,安抚applaud 赞扬,称赞articulate 清晰说话,连接ascend 上升,攀登ascertain 确知,探知ascribe归因于,归功于assemble 集合,聚集,装备assign 分派,指派(职务,任务) assimilate 吸收,同化attribute...to 归因于authorize/ise 授权,委托;批准,许可avail 利用,有帮助,有用avert 转移,防止,避免baffle 困惑,阻止,难住beam 微笑,高兴地笑;播送(节目等)base建立在……的基础上bewilder 迷惑,弄糊涂blaze 燃烧;照耀blink 眨眼,闪烁不定blush 脸红,羞愧,羞于承认boost 提高,上扬,吹嘘breach 冲破,突破breed (over ) 培育,养育brew 酿制,调制;造成,形成,酝酿brood 沉思,思考,思虑browse 食,吃;浏览,随便阀阅bully 威胁,欺负carve 雕刻,铭刻,刻字cater (for) 准备,提供,迎合certify 证明,保证chant 唱歌,反复唱歌颂clamp 施压,钳制,用力制止clasp 紧握,紧抱cling (to )坚守,抱紧clutch 抓住,攫取,扑捉coincide with 相同,相一致collaborate 合著,合作,合伙collide 互撞,碰撞commemorate 纪念,庆祝commend 称赞,赞扬commence 开始commute 改变,换算成;减刑,通勤compensate补偿,赔偿compile 编辑,编制,编写complement 补充,补足,结合comply with遵守conceive想出,设想concern 涉及condense 压缩,浓缩conflict冲突,战争conform 符合,遵守,适应confront面对,面临conserve保护,保存confer 授予;商谈,商讨,讨论console 给予安慰或同情,慰问consolidate 巩固,统一constrain 强迫,勉强,驱使contemplate 注视,沉思,打算contend 奋斗,竞争;主张,断言contrive 发明,设计,想办法,设法完成convene 召集,召开,集合converge 汇合,聚集convey 表达,传达correlate 有关系,发生联系corrode 腐蚀,侵蚀,受损害corrupt 腐败,败坏,行贿crash(飞机)坠毁,冲入,破产,垮台cruise 航行,漫游,行进culminate 到达极点dart 飞奔,投射,冲进dazzle 使眩目,耀眼deceive 欺骗,哄骗decline 下降,减少,衰退dedicate 奉献,献身,致力于deduce 推理,推想,演绎出deem 相信,认为default 不负责,不到场,不还债defend 为……辩护defy 违抗,藐视degenerate 退步,堕落,腐化,恶化degrade 降级,堕落denote 代表,指出,指示denounce 揭发,告发deny 否认,剥夺,拒绝给deport 驱逐出境deprive 剥夺derive得来,得到descend 下落descend 下来,下去;遗传,为后代deserve 值得designate 标明,指明,命名despise 鄙视,轻视,瞧不起detach 解开,拆开,使分离detain 扣留,使等候,阻止,耽搁deteriorate 恶化,变坏,变质deviate (使)背离,(使)偏离differentiate 区别,辨别,分别diffuse 散布,传播,扩散,推广dilute 变稀,变淡,稀释;减弱diminish 减少,缩小disable 使无能力,使残废discern 辩明,认清discriminate 区别,辨别;歧视dispense 分配,分给,施给;配药disperse 驱散,散开displace 移走,移置disguise 假扮,伪装disrupt 分裂,打破distort 歪曲,扭曲dominate 统治,占据dodge 闪避,躲闪,逃避,规避donate 捐赠,赠送doom 判定,注定dread 害怕,畏惧drain 渐渐耗尽duplicate复制,重复eject 离开,逐出;喷出,射出elapse 经过,过去,逝去elevate 举起,提高,使高尚elicit 发出,引出eliminate消除,淘汰,剔除embark 乘船,装载;开始,从事embody 体现,包括,包含endow 捐赠,赋有endure 忍受,忍耐enhance 提高,增加enroll 使成为…的成员,注册ensue 随着发生,因而发生erase 擦掉,抹去,抹掉erupt 爆发,迸发escort 护送,护航evacuate 撤离,撤退,疏散evaporate 蒸发,消失,死亡exempt (from) 使免除evoke 引起,唤起exclaim 呼喊,欢呼expire 到期,期满explore 探险,探索extract 拔出,拔取;榨出;摘录fabricate 建造,装置;捏造,伪造flank 侧翼包围flap(鸟)振翅(飞行),挥动,轻拍flare 燃烧,闪烁,突然爆发flush 变红,脸红,激动formulate 明确的表达,阐述foster 照顾,培育,培养,养育follow 遵从,接受furnish . 配备,装饰gasp 喘气,喘息gauge 精确计量;估计,判断gaze凝视,注视gear (to )使适应,使适合glitter 闪烁graze 吃草,放牧grease 涂上,搽上grieve使伤心,使悲伤grin 露齿笑groan 呻吟grope 摸索,搜寻hamper 妨碍,限制haul 拖,拉haunt 常去,常出没,萦饶心头hinder 阻碍,妨害hoist举起,升起,吊起hover 盘旋,翱翔huddle 挤在一起,缩成一团hurl 投掷,猛投identify 认出,确认ignite 引燃,发火illuminate 照亮,说明,阐明immerse (in )使浸没,使专心impair 损害,伤害impart 传授,给予;通知,告知impose 把…强加于inaugurate 举行就职仪式,是…开始incorporate 结合,合并incur 招致,蒙受induce 劝诱,诱导indulge 纵容,放任inflict on 强加于,使受痛苦inhabit 居住inhibit 阻止,禁止,抑制intend 意欲,打算interpret 解释,说明initiate 开始,着手,准许加入;传授inject 注射,注入insulate 绝缘,绝热,隔离intervene 干涉,阻扰,调停intrigue 设阴谋;激起好奇心invert 倒转,颠倒irritate 激怒,使急噪;使不舒服jeopardize 危及,损坏jerk 猛拉,颠簸而行jog 轻摇,缓缓行进lash 猛击,煽动levy 征收,征集;扣押linger 逗留,徘徊,留恋;迟缓,拖延litter 乱丢,乱堆locate 位于,定位loom 隐隐地出现,压在心头lubricate 加润滑油,使顺利进展lure 吸引,诱惑magnify 放大,垮大,夸奖manifest 显示,清楚表示,表明mean 打算,意欲mediate 想,考虑,沉思,思考merge 合并,逐渐融入mingle 混合起来,相混合minimize 对…做最低估计mob 包围(攻击)mobilize 动员mock 愚弄,嘲弄;使无法得逞monitor 监听,监控mourn 悲悼,哀悼,道歉necessitate 使必要neglect 忽视,遗漏nominate 提名,指定,指派nurture 养育,教养occupy 占领,使忙碌oppress 压迫,使难受orient 朝向东方,认清形式originate 首创,起源outrage 侵害,触犯,违反overflow 溢出,漫出,洋溢overhear 偷听,无意中听到overlap 重叠,相同,交叉overwhelm 压倒,浸没,使不安parade 游行paralyze/yse 使麻痹,使瘫痪pedal 踩踏板peel 剥,削perish 毁灭,死亡permeate 渗入,渗透perplex 使困惑,使迷惑plead 辩护,答辩;恳求,请求poke 推,刺,塞ponder 考虑,沉思preach 宣传,传教,鼓吹,倡导precede 在前,居先,先于preclude 阻止,使不可能prescribe 开处方,开药preside主持,管理prolong 延长,拖延propel 推进,推动protest 抗议,反对provoke 引起,激起quantify 表示或测定。
Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes s impartial judgments. Part of the problem is it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ athat the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. emselves _19_ to the The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making thcode of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore 19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.ǁ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!ǁ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. mous influence on our behavior. An There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enoremerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors 22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect 24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is [A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionable Text 2 A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its It’s a stunning move.Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.o live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee Either Entergy never really intended twhat would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V e rmont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 26. The phrase ―reneging onǁ(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming. [C] dishonoring. [D] securing. 27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to [A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal legislature. [C] acquire an extension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant. 28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its [A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness. [C] financial goals. [D] business vision 29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues . [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied. [C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.ǁ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility ―happensǁ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.ǁ31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its [A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity. 32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires [A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts. [C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation. 33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific community. [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. rgyi would most likely agree that 34. Albert Szent-Györ gyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. Text 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of Califo rnia points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloadedǁ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of teachers’ unions have evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. 36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. [C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership. [D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists. 37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. [B] Education is required for public-sector union membership. [C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions. [D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions. 38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is [A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented. [C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted. 39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against the current political system. [B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms. [D]are dominant in the government. -sector system is one of 40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public[A]disapproval. [B]appreciation. [C]tolerance. [D]indifference. Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra HEET1.(10 choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER Spoints) Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) k in download For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stucmode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere. [A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity. [B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others. [C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. [D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. [E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading. [G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading. Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans —acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few are born with an innate languagegenerative rules are then suffi cient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals [NxtPage] Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and 2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Mingǁ instead.Do not write the address(10 points) Part B 52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should 1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后信息可以看出,这句表达的是―_ _法官表现得像政治家ǁ的情况下,法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象,所以应该选C,maintain―维持,保持ǁ,其他显然语义不通。
2012年考研英语一答案详解Section Ⅰ Use of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章,出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。
选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章,而且和当年一样,也是包含几个小段落,不像以往的文章,三段或者四段论,脉络比较清晰,结构容易把握。
而且,较去年比较“平易近人”的文章,这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识,比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学,会相应得心应手一些。
另外,20道题目中,多达13题都是在考查动词,虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项,除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外,其他的选项含义都差别甚远,按理说值得高兴。
但是这些考查动词的题目中,许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况,往年就是08年出现了3处,今年也出现3处。
仅有2道题考查逻辑词,而且这两道题是送分题,不需要考虑太多。
一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。
下面就真题作一个详细解析。
和以往一样,第一句话不设空,帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题:美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。
题1选B。
maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。
这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路,也就是首先通读全文。
尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议:希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性,因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。
同时,题2答案(when)也顺势而出:如果法官们和政治家一样,法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。
题2选A。
这里的when其实表示条件关系,即“如果……。
”题3选择weakened。
上下文语义题+词义辨析。
选项含义差别较大,要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。
Yet表示一个转折:“即使这样,还是有很多法官这样做,损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。
” 本题如果能把导向把握准,即可定位在B和D两项,D项eliminated 过于绝对,排除。
2012考研英语词汇二Ddeserve [di'zə:v].应受, 值得He deserved to bepunished. designate['deziɡneit]vt.指派, 委任;指明, 命名Will you designate theflowers youwish?desirable 可取的, 值得拥有的, 合意的Somereasonable adjustmentsseem desirable.desolate无人的, 荒凉的War has desolated thatcity.despise [dis'paiz]vt.鄙视Honest boys despise liesand liars. deteriorate 恶化, 变坏Idle housesdeteriorate.devise 计划; 设计; 发明devised a scheme formaking money.dictate 口授; 指令Hecannot write but he candictate.dilemma 左右为难Shewas in a dilemma whether to stay at school or get ajob.dilute 稀释, 冲淡This is adilute solution.dimension 尺寸, 度量What are the dimensionsof this room?dip 浸, 蘸;洗药水浴Let's dip the sheep.directory 人名地址录, (电话)号码簿the telephone directory. discharge 卸船;偿还;执行;.放出; 流出;开枪;发射;discharged his debts.discourse 论文; 演说;讲道He discoursed on aninteresting topic.discreet .谨慎的, 慎重的, 考虑周到的He is verydiscreet in giving hisopinions.discrepancy .差异, 不符合discriminate 分别, 辨别, disgrace 丢脸, 耻辱;失宠disguise .假扮,化装;伪装;(之处); The discrepancy in their ages seemed not tomatter.区分vi.歧视,discriminatesagainst lower-paidworkers.She was disgraced atcourt.The spy's disguise wassoon penetrated.disgust .反感, 厌恶, 嫌恶She turned away indisgust.disperse (使)散开, 驱散The police dispersed thecrowd.displace .替换, 取代;移走The war has displacedthousands of people.(displacement)display 陈列, 展览Hedisplayed an originalityamounting almost togenius.dispose 处理; 处置;布置They disposed troopsalong theriver.(disposal)disposition 布置.气质,天性, 性格He has acheerfuldisposition.disregard .不顾, 无视Disregard the securityproblem!disrupt .使混乱, 扰乱An accident has disruptedrailway.dissipate 驱散; 消失;浪费The news dissipated myfear.dissolve (使)溶解;结束The campaigndissolved.distinct .截然不同的, ;清晰的, 明显的The partysplit into two distinctgroups. (distinction 区别)distort 歪曲, 曲解;扭曲His face was distorted byrage.distract .使(人)分心, 分distress 悲痛, 苦恼;贫困disturbance 打扰, 扰乱;ditch .沟, 渠.摆脱, 抛弃散;扰乱distracted hermind How can we prevent suchdistress?骚乱There's a violentdisturbance in inner cityareas.She got bored with herboyfriend and ditchedhim.dive 跳水;潜水The men are diving for pearls. diversion .转移, 转向;娱乐, 消遣Golf is myfather's favouritediversion.dividend 红利, 股息What dividend did youreceive?divine .神的,天赐的;极好的猜测, 预测It is thedivine will.doom.注定; 判定.厄运, 劫数Bad weather doomedthe crops.doze 打盹儿, 打瞌睡While the adults doze, theyoung play.draft .草稿, 草案.起草They agreed on a draftresolution.drain (使)流干.喝光, 喝干;排水沟Let's drain theglass dry.drastic .严厉的, 极端的, 极严重的;激烈的, 猛烈的drastic social change drawback 缺点; 障碍Everything has itsdrawback.dread .害怕, 恐惧; 担心The little boy dreads goingto bed in the dark.drift 漂流;流浪;大意There is a slow drift intocrisis.due .应支付[给予]的;应有的,;到期的;预定;适当的, 正当的, 适宜的The rent is due tomorrow. dump 垃圾场.倾倒, 丢弃Just dump everything overthere.dwell .居住, 住Those twomen are dwelling with us.(dwelling 住处, 处所)Welcome to my humbledwelling.Dynamic .有活力的。
不断变化的;动力的This is adynamic world.Eearthenware 陶器an earthenware dish 陶碟ebb (指潮水)退; 衰落;退潮The tide is on theebb.eccentric .古怪的, 怪癖的She is so eccentric .eclipse (日、月)食;消失,黯然失色The moon ispartly eclipsed.ego .自我; 自负He is absolute ego in allthing.embody .表现, 象征, 具体表现;包括; 包含Thenew edition embodiesmany improvements.embrace 拥抱;包括; 包含;接受;信奉Heembraced his parents.empirical 以观察或实验为依据的We now haveempirical evidence .encyclopedia百科全书I bought the encyclopedia on a whim. encyclopaedia endeavour 尽力,竭力endow捐钱;捐赠Heendowed a bed in ahospital.engage .吸引, 占用;雇,聘;答应, 保证.(使)从事于He is engaged at a bank.engagement 订婚, 婚约;约会, 约定entail .使…成为必要, 需要;限定继承This jobentails a lot of hardwork.envisage .想像, 设想Theboard envisages that therewill be a high profit.epidemic .流行病The Sanitary Board triesto stamp out the epidemic.episode .插曲; 片断;一集epoch 纪元, 时期, 时代We're at the end of thehistorical epoch。
(era)equator .赤道Singaporeis near the equator.erroneous 〈正〉错误的,不正确的He has anerroneous opinion aboutthe problem.escalate (使)逐步升级; (使)逐步扩大The cost of living is escalating. escort 护送者;护送; 护卫The prisoner was takenunder escort to the jail.essential .必不可少的;本质的, 实质的, 基本的Food is essential for life.estate 土地;地产He ownsa large estate in Scotland.esteem 尊敬, 敬重.认为, 以为He esteemed that he understood what I hadsaid. eternal .永恒的, 永久的Rome has been called theEternal City.ethnic .种族的, 部落的This music would soundmore ethnic if you playedit in steel drums.evacuate .撤离, 疏散Tell them you intend toevacuate the children.evade 逃避; 回避The lion evaded the hunter. evaluation 估价,评价;估算a critical evaluation ofthe filmevaporate (使某物)蒸发掉;消失, 不复存在His hopes evaporated.everlasting .永久的,永恒的He believes in everlastinglife after death.exception 例外This is considered an exception tothe rule. excessive 过度的, 过分的;极度的She takes anexcessive interest inclothes.excursion 远足, 短途旅行Our class will make anexcursion to the seaside.exclusive 高级的,;独家的独家新闻He often goes tothe exclusive restaurants.exemplify 是…的典型;举例证明He exemplified the use of the word. exempt .使免除Thesegoods are exempt fromcustoms duties.exert 尽(力);运用, 施加He likes to exert hisauthority.expedition .远征; 探险;迅速go on an expeditionto the South Pole.expertise 专门知识或技能We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes. explicit .详述的, 明确的,明晰的It's an explicitstatement.extend (空间)延伸; 延续extended its influence in ,提供The bank will extendyou credit.(extension延长)extensive 广阔的, 大量的The house has extensivegrounds.extent 长度, 面积, 范围;程度, 限度What's the extent of the damage? exterior 外面, 外貌;外部的Some artists only paintexteriors.extract (费力地)拔出, 抽出;摘录The article was achoice extract from herwritings.(extraction拔出)extravagant 奢侈的, 铺张的;过度的He isextravagant in behaviour.Ffable 寓言;神话It was so clearly a moral fable.fabulous .寓言般的, 难以置信的;巨大的We hada fabulous time at theparty.facilitate使便利, 减轻…的困难Tractors facilitatefarming.facility .能力;设备, 设施The machine is onlyservicing facilities.faculty 才能;技巧;院, 系, 部;全体教职员The medical faculty. fake 伪造, 篡改,骗子赝品These are fake diamonds。