HAM入门手册-业余无线电台入门手册

“HAM”一词又有“火腿”的意思，所以，我国的业余无线电爱好者有时也风趣地自称为“火腿”很多车友在刚刚购买设备后，都急切的想按下发射键说点什么。

殊不知，良好的通联习惯就在此刻即将养成。

“一步错、满盘输”，没有正确的通联习惯，后果是相当严重的。

轻则招致其它HAM的反感，减少了通联次数；重则破坏正常的通联秩序，受到法律法规的制裁。

以下简单介绍几种日常通联(胶州车友交流频率438.300MHz)的规范用语及操作方法。

首先，要在频率上“守听”。

打开机器后，无论在哪个频率，都要等待几秒钟，听听是否有其它朋友正在使用该频率。

如果有朋友正在通联，应该等他们说完。

确认暂时没有朋友使用频率，可以开始呼叫了。

正确的呼叫用语：“CQ、CQ、CQ，这里是BG4OTL（此为呼号）呼叫，并等待回应。

” 听到有朋友回答：“BG4OTL，这里是BG1OBO(另一呼号)，抄收您的信号，您请讲。

” 这时，您就可以将所要说的事情讲出，注意语句一定要简短。

例如：“您好BG4OBO，这里是BG4OTL，我想询问。

” 通联过程中，不必每句都重复双方呼号，但至少在通联四、五句以上时重复一下，以便其它在频率上守听的朋友可以知道是谁在使用，也使通联对象清楚您是在和谁讲话。

通联结束后，应该礼貌的报出结束语：“BG4OBO，这里是BG4OTL，很高兴与您通联，73！再见。

”至此，一段正确的通联结束如果在守听的过程中，对其它朋友通联的事情很有兴趣，或是想加入他们的通联，可以选择“插入”。

正确的方法是：在双方谈话的间隙，最好是一件事情说完的时候呼叫：“插入、插入、插入”。

等待通联的任意一方提出：“插入的朋友请讲”后，方可加入通联。

最好首先感谢通联双方，然后再说出自己的事情。

通联结束，还应该再次感谢通联双方，并讲话语权交还给他们。

如果想在频率上呼叫某一位HAM（对方呼号是BG4OBO），在呼叫时不要呼叫“CQ”，应该直接呼叫对方呼号。

例如：在确认频率暂无人使用时：“BG4OBO、BG4OBO、BG4OBO，这里是BG4OTL.”，对方抄收到您的信号，通联正式开始。

安徽火腿服务组－业余无线电台入门手册(1)业余无线电家是尊重他人的……他从来不故意用影响他人快乐的方式进行操作。

(2)业余无线电家是忠诚的……他们对其它无线电爱好者、地方俱乐部和在国内外代表本国的国家协会表现忠诚、鼓励和支持。

(3)业余无线电家是上进的……他的知识与科学发展同步，因此精心制作。

效率卓越的电台及操作是不会丢脸的。

(4)业余无线电家是友爱的……应要求缓慢而有耐心地发送，对初学者友好地指导和讨论。

为他人的利益提供善意的帮助、合作和考虑。

这些是业余精神的标志。

(5)业余无线电家是平衡发展的……无线电是业余爱好，不容许妨碍他的家庭、工作、学校或社会应负的责任。

(6)业余无线电家是爱国的……他的电台和技能时刻准备为他的国家和社会服务。

The Radio Amateur is:CONSIDERATE... never knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.LOYAL... offers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally.PROGRESSIVE... with knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach.FRIENDLY... slow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginners; Kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.BALANCED... radio is an avocation. Never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school, or community.PATRIOTIC... station and skill always ready for service to country and community.-the original Amateur's code was written by Paul M.Segai, W9EEA, in 1928.目录：字母解释法呼号和信号报告通信基本程序及规则U/V段传播规律设备和通信中常见名词含义部分常见设备使用方法及亚音的设置天线选择和天馈系统（本书如侵犯到您的权益，请与我联系―――BG6AGF）字母解释法字母解释法是为了在通讯条件不好的情况下，正确的抄收对方的内容，也是为了分辨容易混淆的呼号而制定的字母解释规则，比如，N、M、F等字母，在通联的时候就可能听错。

Repeaters – what are they and how to use themMore hams use frequency-modulated (FM) voice than any other communications mode. Most hams have an FM rig of some type. They use it to keep in touch with their local friends. Hams often pass the time during their morning and evening commute talking on the air. In most communities, amateurs interested in a specialized topic (such as chasing DX) have an FM frequency where they meet regularly to exchange information. At flea markets and conventions, hand-held FM units are in abundance as hams compare notes on the latest bargain.Generally, it's a good idea to use VHF or UHF for all local communications. The HF bands should be reserved for longer-distance contacts to reduce interference on the HF bands.VHF and UHF FM voice operation takes two forms: simplex and repeater. Simplex operation means the stations are talking to each other directly, on the same frequency. This is similar to making a contact on the HF bands.FM voice operation is well-suited to local VHF/UHF radio communication because the audio signal from an FM receiver is not affected by static-type electrical noise. Car engines and ignition systems produce quite a bit of static electrical noise, and many hams like to operate their FM radios while they are driving or riding in a car. (This is called mobile operation.) An AM or SSB receiver is affected much more by static-type electrical noise.The communications range for VHF and UHF FM simplex is usually limited to your local area (5-15 miles). If you live high on a mountain and use a high-gain directional antenna, you may be able to extend your range considerably. Unfortunately, most of us do not have the luxury of ideal VHF/UHF operating conditions. Often, we want to make contacts even though we live in a valley, are driving in a car or are using a low-power, hand-held transceiver.Enter repeaters. A repeater receives a signal and re-transmits it, usually with higher power and from a better location, to provide a greater communications range. Often located atop a tall building or high mountain, VHF and UHF repeaters greatly extend the operating range of amateurs using mobile and hand-held transceivers. If a repeater serves an area, it's not necessary for everyone to live on a hilltop. You only have to be able to hear the repeater's transmitter and reach the repeater's receiver with your transmitted signal.A repeater receives a signal on one frequency and simultaneously retransmits (repeats) it on another frequency. The frequency it receives on is called the input frequency, and the frequency it transmits on is called the output frequency.To use a repeater, you must have a transceiver that can transmit on the repeater's input frequency and receive on the repeater's output frequency. The input and output frequencies are separated by a predetermined amount that is different for each band. This separation is called the offset. For example, the offset on 1.25 meters is 1.6 MHz. A repeater on 1.25 meters might have its input frequency on 222.32 MHz and its output on 223.92 MHz. Repeater frequencies are often specified in terms of the output frequency (the frequency you set your receiver to listen on) and the offset. Your transmitter operates on a frequency that is different from the receive frequency by the offset amount.Most transceivers designed for FM repeater operation are set up for the correct offset. They usually have a switch to change between simplex operation (transmit and receive on the same frequency) and duplex operation (transmit and receive on different frequencies). So, if you wanted to use the repeater in the preceding example, you would switch your transceiver to the duplex mode and dial up 223.92 to listen to the repeater. When you transmit, your rig will automatically switch to 222.32 MHz (1.6 MHz lower in frequency), the repeater input frequency.When you have the correct frequency dialed in, just key your microphone button to transmit through ("access") the repeater. Most repeaters are open -- that is, available for use by anyone in range. Some repeaters, however, have limited access. Their use is restricted to exclusive groups, such as members of a club. Such closed repeaters require the transmission of a continuous subaudible tone or a short "burst" of tones for access. These are called CTCSS (continuous tone-coded squelch system) or PL (Private Line PL is a Motorola trademark) tones. There are also some repeaters available for use by everyone that require the use of special codes or subaudible tones to gain access. The reason for requiring access tones for "open" repeaters is to prevent interference from extraneous transmissions that might accidentally key the repeater. If you wish to join a group that sponsors a closed repeater, contact the repeater control operator.Finding a RepeaterMost communities in the United States are served by repeaters. While the majority of repeaters (over 6000) are on 2 meters, there are more than 1600 repeaters on 222 MHz, more than 5000 on 440 MHz, over 70 on 902 MHz and more than 200 on 1270 MHz. More repeaters are being put into service all the time. Repeater frequencies are selected through consultation with frequency coordinators -- individuals or groups that recommend repeater frequencies based on potential interference and other factors.a comprehensive listing of repeaters throughout the activity, theCertain segments of each band are set aside for FM operation. For example, on 1.25 meters, repeater inputs are found between 222.32 and 223.28 MHz. The corresponding outputs are between 223.92 and 224.98 MHz.Frequencies between 223.42 and 223.9 MHz are set aside for simplex operation. On 23 cm, repeater inputs run between 1270 and 1276 MHz, with corresponding outputs between 1282 and 1288 MHz. Simplex operation is between 1294 and 1295 MHz.Repeater OperatingBefore you make your first FM repeater contact, you should learn some repeater operating techniques. It's worth a few minutes to listen and familiarize yourself with the procedures used by other hams in your area. Accepted procedures can vary slightly from repeater to repeater.Your First TransmissionMaking your first transmission on a repeater is as simple as signing your call. If the repeater is quiet, just say "N1GZO" or "N1GZO listening" -- to attract someone's attention. After you stop transmitting, you will usually hear the unmodulated repeater carrier for a second or two. This squelch tail lets you know that the repeater is working. Someone interested in talking to you will call you after your initial transmission. Some repeaters have specific rules for making yourself heard. In general, however, your call sign is all you need.Don't call CQ to initiate a conversation on a repeater. It takes longer to complete a CQ than to transmit your call sign. (In some areas, a solitary "CQ" is permissible.) Efficient communication is the goal. You are not on HF, trying to attract the attention of someone who is casually tuning across the band. In the FM mode, stations are either monitoring their favorite frequency or not. Except for scanner operation, there is not much tuning across the repeater bands.To join a conversation in progress, transmit your call sign during a break between transmissions. The station that transmits next will usually acknowledge you. Don't use the word "break" to join a conversation --unless you want to use the repeater to help in an emergency. To make a distress call over a repeater, say "break break" and then your call sign to alert all stations to stand by while you deal with the emergency.A further word about emergencies: Regardless of the band, mode or your class of license, FCC Rules specify that, in case of emergency, the normal rules can be suspended. If you hear an emergency call for help, you should do whatever you can to establish contact with the station needing assistance, and immediately pass the information on to the proper authorities. If you are talking with another station and you hear an emergency call for help, stop your QSO immediately and take the emergency call.To call another station when the repeater is not in use, just give both calls. For example, "N1II, this is N1BKE'' If the repeater is in use, but the conversation sounds like it is about to end, wait before calling another station. If the conversation sounds like it is going to continue for a while, however, transmit only your call sign between their transmissions. After you are acknowledged, ask to make a quick call. Usually, the other stations will stand by. Make your call short. If your friend responds, try to meet on another repeater or on a simplex frequency. Otherwise, ask your friend to stand by until the present conversation ends.Use plain language on a repeater. If you want to know someone's location, say "Where are you?" If you want to know whether someone you're talking with is using a mobile rig or a hand-held radio, just ask: "What kind of radio are you using?" You get the idea.Courtesy CountsIf you are in the midst of a conversation and another station transmits his or her call sign between transmissions, the next station in line to transmit should acknowledge the new station and permit the new arrival to make a call or join the conversation. It is impolite not to acknowledge new stations, or to acknowledge them but not let them speak. The calling station may need to use the repeater immediately. He or she may have an emergency to handle, so let him or her make a transmission promptly.A brief pause before you begin each transmission allows other stations to break in -- there could be an emergency. Don't key your microphone as soon as someone else releases theirs. If your exchanges are too quick, you can prevent other stations from getting in.The courtesy tones found on some repeaters prompt users to leave a space between transmissions. The beeper sounds a second or two after each transmission to permit new stations to transmit their call signs in the intervening time. The conversation may continue only after the beeper sounds. If a station is too quick and begins transmitting before the beeper sounds, the repeater may indicate the violation, sometimes by shutting down!Keep transmissions as short as possible, so more people can use the repeater. Again, long transmissions could prevent someone with an emergency from getting the chance to call for help through the repeater. All repeaters encourage short transmissions by "timing out" (shutting down for a few minutes) when someone gets longwinded. The time-out timer also prevents the repeater from transmitting continuously, due to distant signals or interference. Because it has such a wide coverage area, a continuously transmitting repeater could cause unnecessary interference. Continuous operation can also damage the repeater.You must transmit your call sign at the end of a contact and at least every 10 minutes during the course of any communication. You do not have to transmit the call sign of the station to whom you are transmitting.Never transmit without identifying. For example, keying your microphone to turn on the repeater without saying your station call sign is illegal. If you do not want to engage in conversation, but simply want to check if you are able to access a particular repeater, simply say "N1KB testing."Fixed Stations and Prime TimeRepeaters were originally intended to enhance mobile communications. During commuter rush hours, mobile stations still have preference over fixed stations on some repeaters. During mobile prime time, fixed stations should generally yield to mobile stations. When you're operating as a fixed station, don't abandon the repeater completely, though. Monitor the mobiles: your assistance may be needed in an emergency. Use good judgment: Rush hours are not the time to test your radio extensively or to join a net that doesn't deal with the weather, highway conditions or other subjects related to commuting. Third-party communications nets probably should not be conducted on a repeater during prime commuting hours.Simplex OperationAfter you have made a contact on a repeater, move the conversation to a simplex frequency if possible. The repeater is not a soapbox. You may like to listen to yourself, but others, who may need to use the repeater, will not appreciate your tying up the repeater unnecessarily. The easiest way to determine if you are able to communicate with the other station on simplex is to listen to the repeater input frequency. Since this is the frequency the other station uses to transmit to the repeater, if you can hear his signals there, you should be ableto use simplex. If you want to perform an on-the-air test of a pair of hand-held radios, you should select an unoccupied simplex frequency.The function of a repeater is to provide communications between stations that can't otherwise communicate because of terrain, equipment limitations or both. It follows that stations able to communicate without a repeater should not use one. That way, the repeater is available for stations that need it. (Besides, communication on simplex offers a degree of privacy impossible to achieve on a repeater. On simplex you can usually have extensive conversations without interruption.)Select a frequency designated for FM simplex operation. Otherwise, you may interfere with stations operating in other modes without realizing it. (The reason for this is simple: Changing to a simplex frequency is far easier than changing the frequencies a repeater uses.) To see if you and the other station can communicate on a simplex frequency, listen on the repeater input frequency. If you can clearly hear what's going into the repeater, you don't need the repeater to communicate.Common VHF/UHF FM Simplex Frequencies2-Meter Band 146.52* 146.535 146.55146.565 146.58146.595 147.42147.435 147.45147.465 147.48147.495 147.51147.525 147.54147.555 147.57147.5851.25-Meter Band223.42223.44223.46223.48223.50*223.5270-cm Band446.0*33-cm Band906.5*23-cm Band1294.5*1294.0001294.025Every 25 kHz to 1295* National simplex frequencyAutopatch: Use it WiselyAn autopatch allows repeater users to make telephone calls through the repeater. To use most repeater autopatches, you generate the standard telephone company tones to access and dial through the system. The tones are usually generated with a telephone-type tone pad connected to the transceiver. Tone pads are available from equipment manufacturers as standard or optional equipment. They are often mounted on the front of a portable transceiver or on the back of a fixed or mobile transceiver's microphone. Whatever equipment you use, the same autopatch operating procedures apply.There are strict guidelines for autopatch use. The first question you should ask is "Is the call necessary?" If it is an emergency, there is no problem -- just do it! Calling for an ambulance or a tow truck is okay. Otherreasons may fall into a gray area. As a result, some repeater groups expressly forbid autopatch use, except for emergencies.Don't use an autopatch where regular telephone service is available. One example of poor operating practice can be heard most evenings in any metropolitan area. Someone will call home to announce departure from the office. Why not make that call from work before leaving?Never use the autopatch for anything that could be considered business communications. The FCC strictly forbids you to conduct communications in Amateur Radio for your business or for your employer. You may, however, use Amateur Radio to conduct your own personal communications. The rules no longer forbid you to use the autopatch to call your doctor or dentist to make an appointment, or to order food, for example.Don't use an autopatch just to avoid a toll call. Autopatch operation is a privilege granted by the FCC. Abuses of autopatch privileges may lead to their loss for everyone.You have a legitimate reason to use the autopatch? Here's how most systems operate. First, you must access (turn on) the autopatch, usually by pressing a designated key on the tone pad. Ask the other hams on a repeater how to learn the access code. Many clubs provide this information only to club members. When you hear a dial tone, you know that you have successfully accessed the autopatch.Now, simply punch in the telephone number you wish to call.Once a call is established, remember that you are still on the air. Unlike a normal telephone call, only one party at a time may speak. Both you and the other person should use the word "over" to indicate that you are finished talking and expect a reply. Keep the call short. Many repeaters shut off the autopatch after a certain time.Turning off the autopatch is similar to accessing it. A key or combination of keys must be punched to return the repeater to normal operation. Ask the repeater group sponsoring the autopatch for specific information about access and turn-off codes, as well as timer specifics. Don't forget to identify your station. Most groups expect you to give your call sign, the date and time just before accessing the autopatch and just after turning it off.。

HAM入门业余无线电基础入门世界公认的无线电爱好者准则体谅（Considerate）他从来不故意用影响他人快乐的方式进行操作。

忠诚（Loyal）他对其他无线电爱好者、地方俱乐部和代表本国的国家协会表现忠诚、鼓励和支持。

进取（Progressive）他的知识与科学发展同步，因此精心制作设备、使用效率卓越的电台及用心的操作是引以为豪的事情，不会因水平不高丧失进取心。

友爱（Friendly）应对方的要求缓慢而耐心的发送、对初学者友好的指导和讨论，为他人的利益提供善意的帮助、合作和考虑，这些事业与精神的标志。

适度（Balance）无线电是业余爱好，不容许因此妨害他的家庭、工作、学业和社会应尽的义务。

爱国（Patriotic）他的电台和技能时刻准备为国家和社会服务。

---这个为全世界几百万业余无线电爱好者所共同遵循的准则，最早是由美国的Paul M.Segal，W9EEA在1928年提出的，现在被世界各个国家爱好者所公认业余无线电家礼仪互谅互解—凡是让人不舒服的事我不干：进行CQ呼叫或是履行约定通讯之前，是不是要提前准备先倾听一阵子？确定频率上无人使用之后，再进行呼叫。

碰到频率使用权纷争时，是不是能尽量给对方方便？而不是高谈阔论，以「根本无人有权拥有频率」等语相应，或只是一味地坚持你是优先使用者。

如果友台指出自己有技术上的瑕疵，是不是应该马上停止操作，就这些问题先解决？而不是若无其事的继续操作。

使用中继台时，有没有考虑到可能随时有人需要使用，或者是紧咬着中继台不放？如果对方提出交换QSL卡时，是不是应尽速履行实现？产生射频扰问题时，是不是能彻底反躬自省，即使知道射频扰问题根本与自己的通讯设备无关？面对远征电台讯号时，是不是要完全配合对方的呼叫指示；或者只顾自己就缺这个国家地区通讯而显得不耐烦，或者是表现出「丛林战术」以对？高贵情谊—以高中的情操支持并鼓舞业余无线电同好、地方性及全国性的业余无线电社团；我是不是已经加入了地方性的业余无线电社团，或者是以单飞的姿态对应？如果我使用了公共资源（例如中继台、QSL卡服务），是不是心存回馈？如果对于所属社团有意见或不满，是不是应透过适当管理表达，或者迳自在空中发炮，散播自己的情绪与不满？是否意识到无线电波无远弗届，你的一举一动，世界各地都有可能监听到，不管监听的是一般人士或者是业余特定监听站，都有可能影响到业余无线电家的形象？日新又新—集优良科学素养、有效率的电台设备与操作习惯、及水准以上的业余家精神于一身。

业余无线电爱好者实用手册目录一：法规汇编01楼目录02楼《中华人民共和国无线电管理条例》03楼《个人业余无线电台管理暂行办法》04楼《北京市无线电台设置使用管理规定》05楼《无线电管理处罚规定》06楼《中华人民共和国业余无线电台操作证书等级标准》二：新手入门07楼中国无线电运动协会章程08楼什么是个人业余电台？09楼什么是业余电台？10楼我国业余无线电的历史11楼如何取得合法使用业余电台资格？12楼业余无线电家礼仪13楼业余无线电真谛14楼火腿入门15楼您准备好加入“中国业余无线电运动协会”了吗？三：基础知识16楼业余无线电爱好者准则17楼业余电台的通话联络18楼HAM--火腿19楼“73”的起源20楼关于信号报告21楼业余无线电通信常用缩语22楼允许各等级业余无线电台操作员使用的频率23楼业余电台的通信方式24楼CW——摩尔斯电码表25楼全国各省、自治区、直辖市业余电台呼号后缀分配表26楼全国业余电台频率中继、直发一览表27楼业余电台的QSL卡片和电台日记28楼什么是“最好”的天线？29楼业余通讯常用Q简语30楼天线与传播(上)31楼天线与传播(下)32楼水平偶极天线的架设方法33楼完全天线手册34楼如何使用驻波比表35楼天线与通信36楼业余电台通信中的字母解释法37楼天线的增益是从哪里来的？38楼谈谈天线的业余制作39楼亚音的解释40楼火腿器材葵花宝典（完整版一）41楼火腿器材葵花宝典（完整版二）42楼《CW初学者手册》上部43楼《CW初学者手册》中部44楼《CW初学者手册》下部45楼关于VHF和UHF信号的远距离传播46楼CQ世界分区图四：购机指南手持电台47楼ICOM-IC-T90A48楼八重洲Yeasu－5R49楼八重洲Yeasu－VX-7R50楼八重洲Yeasu－VX-2R(适合女性)51楼健伍KENWOOD TH-G71A52楼北峰5118A车载电台53楼ICOM：IC-2720H54楼ICOM：IC-208H55楼ICOM：IC-207H56楼Yaesu FT-8900R57楼Yaesu FT-7800R58楼Yaesu FT-85759楼Yaesu FT-89760楼常用电台中文说明书下载链接61楼选择短波设备的几个误区62楼——63楼业余无线电百年回顾02楼中华人民共和国无线电管理条例(国务院、中央军委一九九三年九月发布)第一章总则第一条为了加强无线电管理，维护空中电波秩序，有效利用无线电频谱资源，保证各种无线电业务的正常进行，制定本条例。

业余无线电通讯入门教材第一节什么是业余无线电活动业余无线电顾名思义是“无线电爱好者出于个人爱好，不以商业为目的，利用工作余暇时间，自已研制或购买无线电收发设备，通过空中电波与其他无线电爱好者的联络，进行技术探讨”。

现在世界各国，不分职业，不分种族，也不分男女老少，已经有数以百万计的人参加这项活动。

这项深受各国业余无线电爱好者欢迎。

并倍受各国政府重视的业余活动，不仅仅是一种单纯的技术活动。

而且还是一项丰富人民生活的体育、文化活动。

业余无线电台间的交往活动，对于增进各国人民之间的相互了解和友谊也起到很重要的作用。

由于无线电通信技术的特殊性，业余无线电对社会的服务，大致可分为二方面：一是发生意外灾难，像洪水、风暴、地震与火灾等，协助灾难地区做好对外的联络；二是参与探险、越野竟赛、航行的联络。

特别是对普及科学技术知识，培养有动手能力的科技后备力量与军事后备人员的培训，其效果也是十分明显的。

业余无线电通信活动，从本世纪初到现在已有八九十年的历史，这种联络从简单的电报与调幅电话发展到今天的单边带、调频、电传、电视等一系列技术复杂而又极为生动有趣、富有吸引力的活动。

业余无线电台不仅进行视距范围点对点的甚高频/特高频通信，而且利用电离层对高频的反射和业余家自已架设的无线电中继站，进行着全世界范围的通信，随着航天技术的发展，业余无线电活动已利用卫星通信多年，至目前为止全世界已经发射了十几颗业余通信卫星，如表1-1所示。

还有不少业余家完成了从地球发射电波到月球，再借月球反射回到地球接收的E-M-E通信，有些业余家在设备上已经采用包括电子计算机在内的各种最新的高级技术设备与最先进的电子通信新技术。

国际电信联盟（ITU）制定的“国际无线电规则”规定，业余无线电通信活动属于业余业务（Amateur Service）范畴，即“业余爱好者，经正式核准的，单纯地由于个人兴趣有志于无线电技术的人员，不是为了营利而举办的，用以自我训练、相互通信和进行各种技术探讨的业务”。

业余无线电手册无线电通信作为一种重要的通信方式，在现代社会得到了广泛的应用和发展。

作为业余爱好者，学习和了解无线电的原理和操作方法是非常有必要的。

本手册将为业余无线电爱好者提供一份简要而全面的业余无线电指南。

第一章：无线电原理在开始学习业余无线电之前，我们首先需要了解一些基本的无线电原理。

1.1 电磁波电磁波是无线电通信的基础，是由电场和磁场相互作用而产生的。

电磁波具有频率和波长的特性，不同频率的电磁波在空间中传播的方式和特性也不同。

1.2 调频和调幅调频（FM）和调幅（AM）是两种常见的无线电调制方式。

调频通过改变电磁波的频率来传递信息，而调幅则是通过改变电磁波的振幅来传递信息。

1.3 天线天线是将电磁波转换为电流或从电流转换为电磁波的装置。

天线的设计和选择对无线电通信的效果具有重要影响。

第二章：设备和操作了解无线电的基本原理后，我们需要了解无线电设备和操作方法。

2.1 无线电设备业余无线电所用的主要设备包括发射机、接收机和天线。

发射机用于将电信号转换为电磁波发送到空中，接收机则用于接收并解码从空中传来的信号。

2.2 业余无线电频段业余无线电频段是由国际电信联盟在不同的频率范围内为业余无线电爱好者所分配的。

不同的频段用于不同的通信方式和用途。

2.3 业余无线电操作在进行业余无线电通信时，我们需要严格遵守无线电操作规程。

这些规程包括频率的选择和占用、通信的礼仪和用语等。

第三章：应用和实践业余无线电不仅仅是一种爱好，还可以应用于许多实践和应急场合。

3.1 业余无线电通信业余无线电爱好者可以利用业余无线电设备与世界各地的其他爱好者进行通信交流，扩展人际网络，增进友谊。

3.2 天气报告和预警业余无线电爱好者可以利用业余无线电设备获取和传播天气报告和预警信息，为社区和个人提供及时的天气信息，提高预防和应对灾害的能力。

3.3 紧急通信在灾害和紧急情况下，传统通信设施可能会受到破坏或中断，而业余无线电设备可以提供备用通信手段，帮助救援人员进行紧急救援和组织工作。

《CW电报初学者手册》完全版CW 初学者手册Jack Wagoner WB8FSV 著——前言业余无线电所覆盖的范围非常广。

业余无线电也叫HAM RADIO，这种叫法似乎追溯不到什么起源。

从做DX通讯、卫星通讯、到慢扫描电视甚至和全世界的新老朋友谈天说地，就像你我正在做的，都是业余无线电的范畴。

作为一名铁杆HAM，我最擅长的就是用摩尔斯电码与其他的HAM交流。

神奇的摩尔斯电码实在是一种很COOL的通联方式。

摩尔斯电码也叫CW（等幅波电报）。

在这篇《CW初学者手册》中，我将给那些刚刚接触CW的HAM们一些建议和指导：如何寻找通联的对象、在CW通联中到底该说些什么、如何应付QRM、如何结束CW通联、如何得到大量的QSL 卡片以及很多实用的技巧。

这篇手册是我以一名美国HAM的身份写的，所以在文中的一些诸如可用频率、传播情况的例子都带有一些美国地域性。

不过绝大多数CW操作技巧都是全世界通用的。

——学习电码HAM们对摩尔斯电码的了解有点两极分化，一些人非常热衷于它，而另一些人根本就不了解它。

在过去的几十年里，随着语音通信和数字通信的发展CW已经失去了它原有的光彩。

尽管如此，当你扫描业余频段的时候仍然会发现成千上万的HAM依旧在运用这种古老的通信方式。

FCC（联邦通讯委员会）还是要求在考取短波操作执照的时候进行速度为5WPM 的摩尔斯电码抄收测验。

我认为学习和运用摩尔斯电码非常类似于学习一门外语。

可别像我刚开始学习电码的时候那样，在脑子中列出一张表，上面写着A是“滴答”、B是“答滴滴滴”。

这种方法会降低你的学习速度而且会给你带来挫败感。

最理想的情况就是，当你耳朵听到“滴答”后，你的意识中马上就能反应出这是A。

如果这中间插入了第三个环节：当听到“滴答”后，你还要在记忆中的那张列表中查询一下——“滴答”等于A，这样的话就会使很多人觉得学习摩尔斯电码非常的困难。

我这里有一些能帮助你学习摩尔斯电码的建议：·分组学习，首先学习完全由点组成的字母，再学习完全由划组成的字母，最后学习既包含点又包含划的字母。

业余无线电准则业余无线电作为一种兴趣爱好，吸引了众多爱好者投身其中。

在我国，业余无线电爱好者又被称为HAM，他们持有执照，享有使用无线电通讯设备的权利。

业余无线电不仅仅是一种爱好，更是一种富有挑战性和趣味性的活动。

本文将为您介绍业余无线电的相关知识和准则。

一、业余无线电的基本概念业余无线电爱好者指的是具备一定无线电知识和技能的人员，他们通过无线电设备进行通讯实验和交流。

业余无线电爱好者可以与其他业余无线电爱好者、朋友和家人进行双向通讯，还可以使用更强有效的无线电通讯方式，与世界各地的业余无线电爱好者进行联系。

二、业余无线电的执照分类在我国，业余无线电执照分为三个等级：A、B、C。

不同等级的执照对应不同的无线电操作能力和权限。

持有相应执照的业余无线电爱好者可以使用相应频率范围的无线电设备，进行通讯实验和交流。

三、业余无线电的操作准则1.遵守国家法律法规作为业余无线电爱好者，我们在操作无线电设备时，首要的任务就是严格遵守我国的法律法规。

这包括但不限于无线电管理相关法规，不得从事任何非法活动，包括但不限于非法广播、未经许可的通信等。

我们必须明白，合法合规是我们在业余无线电领域活动的基本要求。

2.遵循国际业余无线电公约作为国际业余无线电爱好者的一员，我们还需要遵循国际业余无线电公约，尊重各国业余无线电爱好者的权益。

这包括遵守国际电信联盟（ITU）的相关规定，确保我们的无线电设备符合国际标准，同时，尊重其他无线电爱好者的频谱使用权益，避免产生干扰。

3.保持无线电频谱资源的有效利用在我国，无线电频谱资源属于国家所有，我们作为业余无线电爱好者，有责任合理使用这些资源，避免浪费和干扰。

这意味着我们要妥善调整设备设置，确保信号稳定，避免不必要的频率切换，同时，及时关闭未使用的设备，以节省资源。

4.爱护设备，确保安全业余无线电设备是我们的工具，我们应该妥善保管，确保设备安全可靠。

这包括定期检查设备状态，保持设备清洁，防止设备受潮、受热、受冻等，同时，避免在危险环境中使用设备，防止意外事故的发生。

HAM入门——业余电台呼叫入门业余电台呼叫入门１、广泛呼叫(CQ)：呼叫CQ是在工作频率上以主人的身份呼叫任何可以听到你的电台，并愿意与他们联络。

例如 BH6XXX 呼叫：英文： CQ CQ CQ This is BH6XXX Bravo-Hotel-Six-Xray-Xray-Xray BH6XXX, Calling CQ and standing-by.中文： CQ CQ CQ 这里是 BH6XXX Bravo-Hotel-Six-Xray-Xray-Xray BH6XXX，呼叫CQ并等待回答。

２、指定呼叫某台，例如 BH6XXX 呼叫 BH6YYY：英文：BH6YYY BH6YYY BH6YYY, This is BH6XXX Bravo-Hotel-Six-Xray-Xray-Xray BH6XXX，Calling you and standing-by.中文：BH6YYY BH6YYY BH6YYY，这里是BH6XXX Bravo-Hotel-Six-Xray-Xray-Xray BH6XXX，呼叫并等待回答。

３、回答某台的呼叫，例如 BH6YYY 回答 BH6XXX 的呼叫：英文：BH6XXX, This is BH6YYY, Over.中文：BH6XXX, 这里是 BH6YYY, Over.４、插入呼叫其它电台的联络：当其它两个电台正在联络，而自己也想加入联络或有事需要呼叫某一方时，可以他们联络的间隙(一方讲完而另一方尚未回答时)发出插入呼叫：英文：Break中文：请求插入５、回答他台的插入呼叫：英文：Who is breaker? Go ahead please.中文：哪位电台要插入？请进来。

6、联络结束：英文：Thanks for the nice QSO, Hope to see you again，73!中文：感谢这次良好的联络，希望下次再见，73!或：英文：73 and goodbye. BH6YYY, this is BH6XXX, clear and listening.中文：73，再见。