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现在完成时讲解与练习
如果你想说“我已经看过某部电影，所以不想看了”、“某人曾经做过什么事情”
等等，该如果表达呢？首先请看下面的句子：
（1）I have seen the film. I don’t want to see it again. 这部电影我已经看过，不想再看了。
（2）Have you answered all the questions? 所有的问题你都回答了吗？ （3）Have you ever looked at a travel brochure? 你看过旅游宣传册吗？
（4）She has never visited the USA. 她从没有过去美国。
观察：以上句子的谓语动词的一个共同特点是_____________________________, 用于表示在以前的某个时间曾经做过的、发生的事情，这种行为对目前有某种影响。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。 一、 现在完成时的概念。
①现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。
She has bought a car 她买了一辆车。
She has arrived. 她到了。
② 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
We've known each other since we were children. （我们从小就认识。） I have been a member of the Party for 10 years. 二、构成：
”助动词have, has + 过去分词”
练. 把下面变否定句、一般疑问句并作肯定和否定回答。 1. I have done my homework.
否定句：_______________________________________ 一般疑问句：___________________________________ 回答：_________________________________________ 2. The plane has arrived.
否定句：_______________________________________ 一般疑问句：___________________________________ 回答：_________________________________________ 三、 现在完成时用法归纳
1. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作现已完成，对现在造成的影响和结果。(此种用法谓语动词用短暂性动词) 如： The plane has arrived. 常用的时间状语和副词：
如： I have already done my homework.
如： Has she finished cooking yet? 他做完饭了吗？ 练：I have already done my homework. (变为否定句)
______________________________________________
ever (曾经)，句中，多用于疑问句
如：Have you ever been to Shanghai?
never (从不) ，本身否定
before (以前)，句尾，独立用
just (刚刚)，用于肯定句中，常用在助动词和过去分词之间。
如：I have just heard the news. 我刚刚听到消息。
2. 现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能延续到将来的动作和状态。常与表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语连用。如：
a.for + 一段时间：for two hours
b.since + 时间点：since 1999, since last year
c.since + 一段时间+ ago =for + 一段时间
since two days ago=______________________
d.up to now, till now, , so far(到目前为止)
e.in the past two years, in the last few days
f.recently, lately(最近)
如：Miss Zhao has taught math for five years.
His mother has worked in the shop since 1990.
The Greens have lived in London since three years ago.
[注]：其中在a,b,c,d 这四种结构中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词。
如：
这本书我已买了一年半了！)
用since和for填空
1.______two years
2.____two years ago
3.___last month
4.______ 1999
5._______yesterday
6._______ 4 o’clock
7 ________4 hours 8._____an hour ago
9. ___we were children 10._____ lunch time 11.____ she left here
12. He has lived in Nanjing ___ the year before last. 13. I’ve known him ______ we were children.
14. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years.
15. She has been away from the city ______ about ten years.
4. 短暂性动词怎样和表示一段时间的状语连用。
英语中的短暂性动词，也叫做终止性动词、瞬间动词或非延续性动词，只表示一时的动作，不能与表示延续的时间状语连用。常见的短暂性动词有：go, come, leave, find, buy, arrive, give, stop, join, marry, die, begin, start, borrow, close, open, lend等。eg. I have bought this book for three months. (×)
非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下列三种方法：
（1）将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词。
leave- be away from close- be closed
join- be in begin/start- be on (电影开始)
buy- have go- be there
die- be dead finish- be over
borrow- keep join – be in
open- be open come back- be back
（2）时间状语的变化：把表时间的状语“for…”变为“数词+ 时间名词+ago”的短语形式。（即：将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时）如：他离开济南三年了。
He has left Ji’nan for three years. ( )
He has been away from Ji’nan for three years.
He left Ji’nan three years ago.
例如：
1) They borrowed it last week. They __________it since _____________.
2) I bought a pen two hours ago. I ____________a pen for _____________.
5. have been to/ have gone to/ have been in 三种结构的区别
（1）have been to 曾经去过某地(现已离开)，可以与ever, never, once, twice等连用。
（2）has gone to 去某地了，现在还未回来。此句型一般用于第三人称。
（3）have been in 表示已在某地呆了多久，若该地为小地方则用at。句末常有
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