吉林大学考博英语2011年真题.doc

2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. inelevantlyD. independently2. The work was done in the of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD. texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was by the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustratedC. disclosedD. justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situation so that their news may create agreat .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, there was little to disprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be in some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD. used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty8. This growth in the of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD. repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around ＄110 billion, the ＄160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply toC. in relation toD. in contrast to10. France’s of nuclear testing in the South Pacitic last month triggered polltical debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The of a oultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementationB. demonstcationC. manifestationD. expedition12. Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read our.A. rectitiesB. prolongsC. minimizesD. furnishes13. Previous studies provoked because the used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.A. contrlbutionB. contractionC. controversyD. convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close .A. temperamentB. contaminationC. scrutinyD. symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all You are purposely my ideas to prove your points.A. revisingB. contradictingC. distortingD. distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear17.I was unaware of the critical points invoived, so my choice was quite .A. arbitraryB. rationalC. mechanicalD. unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research and further thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulateB. renovateC. arouseD. advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from their families.A. affectionateB. sentimentalC. intimateD. sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needs proving.A. spontaneousB. hypotheticalC. intuitiveD. empirical21.The ceremony will as soon as the president arrives.A. commendB. complyC. confrontD. commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD. egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become and are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obsceneC. obviousD. oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to revenue by limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD. reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons slowly into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD. elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedical , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several intemational events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD. revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD. exception29. We are moving towards a more and cooperative society ,which is getting better and better.A fraternalB emotionalC exclusionD illegal30. The student were about who their new teacher would be when thebell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD. ponderingPart III Reading Comprehension (60%)Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the pat ient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.B. The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the few.B. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effects.C. they don’t always work.D. while many lives are saved, SOME ARE ACTUALLY KILLED BY THE VACCINT.54. The best title for the passage would be .A. “The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis”.B. “How Vaccines Work”.C. “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”.D. “A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines”.55. The main purpose of the passage is to .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine. Passage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history, Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists and learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when the traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “soft slab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. AvalanchesB. The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snowblinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.B. Right before a snowstorm.C. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage ThreeQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college.Althoughscientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists can be “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.B. Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because .A. research improves the quality of teaching.B. students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors.C. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and tough.D. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively.63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research only.B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train newscientists.C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching withresearch.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Line 4, Para. 5) refers to.A. raising the status of teaching.B. the separation of teaching from research.C. the combination of teaching with research.D. improving the status of research..Passage FourQuestions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create newjobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and development must .A. rely on their financial resources.B. persuade the banks to provide long-term finance.C. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we know.D. depend on the population as a whole for finance.67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is .A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible.B. raised by the selling of shares in the companies.C. exchanges for part ownership in The Stock Exchange.D. invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange.68. When the savers want their money back they .A. ask another company to obtain their money for them.B. look for other people to borrow money from.C. put their shares in the company back on the market.D. transfer their money to a more successful company.69. All the essential services on which we depend are .A. run by the Government or our local authorities.B. in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of the population.70. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries .A. to borrow as much money as they wish.B. to make certain everybody saves money.C. to raise money to finance new developments.D. to make certain everybody lends money to them.Passage FiveQuestions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read “I lb. Maxwell House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character”) who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that .A. advertising does not assure favorable sales results.B. companies spent more money on advertising than they should.C. people pay little attention to advertising.D. the more one advertises the better the sales picture.72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover .A. why people drink coffee.B. why instant coffee did not taste good.C. why regular coffee was successful.D. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee.73. This investigation indicated that .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazy.B. housewives who use instant coffee are lazy.C. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazy.D. wives who use regular coffee are good planners.74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to showa .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee.B. hard-working housewife using instant coffee.C. lazy housewife using instant coffee.D. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee.75. Implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its taste.B. The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffee.C. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing things.D. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy.Passage SixQuestions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating （改善）the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents’ evidence Unfo rtunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements.Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护) —the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.76. The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except .A. narrow the issuesB. cause early settlementsC. save judicial timeD. increase settlement costs77. What is the main topic of the passage?A. A ll states should follow California’s example in using small-claims courts in order to freejudges for other work.B. The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on itsolder cases.C. Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial systemmore efficient.。

2011年 秋季 学期 英语 专业《英语高级笔译》期末试卷Test Paper for “Advanced Written Translation”专业 年级 班级 姓名 学号Part One Translation Theory (30 points) Paper Writing (30 points)Directions: Write a short paper on the main differences between English and Chinese and your ideal translation criteria.（Please expound in English with no less than 300 words. You may give examples in your writing.）____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part Two Translation Skills (40 points)Section One (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentence groups by using the skills you have learnt.1.Scientist at the laboratory, on examining the clothing, found tiny shreds of a certain unusual metalwhich then had only one use. It was used in the manufacture of jet-engine rotors. That put the police in mind of one particular man. He worked as rotor grinder in a factor y near the woman ’s home.译文：_____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.2.They tell us, Sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall webe stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power.译文：_____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________.3.Panic attack victims show the following symptoms: they often become easily frightened or feel uneasyin situations where people normally would not be afraid; they suffer shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness; experience chest pains, a quick heartbeat, tingling in the hands; a choking feeling, faintness, sudden fits of trembling, a feeling that persons and things around them are not real; and most of all, a fear of dying or going crazy.译文：_____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________.4.有些老年人因怕死而惶惶不安。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编34.doc－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编34(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Now researchers are directing more attention to the social and cultural impetus that propelled university graduates into careers in management.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.implicationB.propagandaC.impulseD.refuted2.Many language teachers are______ to talk too much.（分数：2.00）A.tendB.subjectC.likelyD.inclined3.In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webpage, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.(2004年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.limitingB.maintainingC.distinguishingD.increasing4.The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, as families saw a______ in female breadwinners. (2013年北京大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.increase5.The situation there has become ______ grave in the last few days.（分数：2.00）A.continuouslyB.increasinglyC.inevitablyD.invariably6.For such a tiny woman she had a(n) ______appetite.（分数：2.00）A.potentialB.incredibleC.obviousD.inexhaustible/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlnguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable infact.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently8.The degree of economic growth is an______ of the level of living.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indexC.accessD.aspect9.I asked him where my sister was, and he______the store across the street.（分数：2.00）A.indicatedB.displayedC.pointedD.showed10.Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.conveysB.definesC.indicatesD.explains11.Can a novelist remain______to the problems of the world in which he lives?（分数：2.00）A.impartialB.indifferentC.carelessD.detached12.The actress was very______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.(2007年清华大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.extraterrestrialB.explicitC.indignantD.innovative13.Mr. Smith became very______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant14.It is well known that knowledge is the______ condition for expansion of mind.（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable15.She has become quite______to the company.(2004年湖北省考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.influential/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlpulsoryC.indispensableD.essential16.Every person on the sales team is ______ because they work together well.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable17.Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an______spur to efficiency and innovation.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）B.exquisiteC.intermittentD.indispensable18.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play______roles in raising children.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incapableB.indispensableC.insensibleD.infinite19.A teacher cannot give ______ attention to each pupil if his class is large.（分数：2.00）A.individualB.totalC.properD.definite20.The food was divided ______ according to(he age and size of the child.(2007年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.equallyB.individuallyC.sufficientlyD.proportionally21.The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure22.When he realized he had been ______ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.(2013年北京航空大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced23.The doctor told the students that a(n)______ disease was one that could be passed from one person to another.(2007 年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.effectiveB.infectiousC.coherentD.inherent24.An argument was______because they disliked each other so intensely.（分数：2.00）A.possibleB.probableC.inevitableD.decisive25.Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.infantsB.hosesC.handkerchiefsD.fences感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

吉林大学考博英语2012年真题(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary an(总题数：30，分数：30.00)nguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.（分数：1.00）A.indistinctB.separateC.irrelevantD.independent2.The work was done in the ______ of reforms in the economic, social and cultural spheres.（分数：1.00）A.contextB.contestC.pretextD.texture3.The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt was ______ by the board of trustees.（分数：1.00）A.approvedB.frustratedC.disclosedD.justified4.Some journalists are fond of overstating the situation so that their news may create a great ______.（分数：1.00）A.explosionB.sensationC.exaggeratingD.stimulation5.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______ there was little to disprove it.（分数：1.00）A.by the same tokenB.under the same conditionC.at the same stageD.for the same purpose6.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be ______ in some form.（分数：1.00）A.given offB.put outC.set offed up7.The United Nations Conferences on the Law of the sea would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its ______ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.（分数：1.00）A.unanimousB.abstractC.autonomousD.almighty8.This growth in the ______ of diabetes is due, in part, to an increase in obesity.（分数：1.00）A.inferenceB.incidenceC.regulationD.repetition9.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.（分数：1.00）A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to10.France"s ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.（分数：1.00）A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption11.The ______ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.（分数：1.00）A.implementationB.demonstrationC.manifestationD.expedition12.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.（分数：1.00）A.rectifiesB.prolongsC.minimizesD.furnishes13.Previous studies provoked ______ because they used patients whose diagnosis was questionable.（分数：1.00）A.contributionB.contractionC.controversyD.convergence14.Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close ______.（分数：1.00）A.temperamentB.contaminationC.scrutinyD.symmetry15.I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your points.（分数：1.00）A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companies must ______ the qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.（分数：1.00）A.forfeitB.enhanceC.guaranteeD.gear17.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______.（分数：1.00）A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable18.An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.（分数：1.00）A.stimulateB.renovateC.arouseD.advocate19.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.（分数：1.00）A.affectionateB.sentimentalC.intimateD.sensitive20.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ______ and needs proving.（分数：1.00）A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical21.The ceremony will ______ as soon as the president arrives.（分数：1.00）mendplyC.confrontmence22.The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ______ in slaughtering people and burning down their houses.（分数：1.00）A.amorphousB.ferociousC.audaciousD.egregious23.Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have become ______ and are no longer used in the present days.（分数：1.00）A.obsoleteB.obsceneC.obviousD.oblique24.Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy to ______ revenue by limiting commerce.（分数：1.00）A.disregardB.challengeC.diminishD.reject25.The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colorful balloons ______ slowly into the sky.（分数：1.00）B.ascendingC.escalatingD.elevating26.An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical ______, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.（分数：1.00）A.interferenceB.interruptionC.interventionD.interaction27.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.（分数：1.00）A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive28.Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.（分数：1.00）A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception29.We are moving towards a more ______ and cooperative society, which is getting better and better.（分数：1.00）A.fraternalB.emotionalC.accidentalD.illegal30.The students were ______ about who their new teacher would be when the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.（分数：1.00）A.foreseeingB.speculatingC.fabricatingD.pondering二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have—it shows that pets are good for your health. The 1 of this new study suggest that people who have pets are 2 less risk from heart disease than 3 who do not.Ironically this 4 study on pets was intended to 5 the myth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research 6 the benefits of owning pets received a lot of 7 , but the results were not good enough to 8 the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried 9 over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yet involved in 10 a study. They took tests that measured a 11 of different factors known to be 12 in heart disease— 13 and blood levels of cholesterol (胆固醇) and triglyceride (甘油三酸酯). 14 , people were asked about their lifestyles.The 800 people who owned pets had 15 levels on each of the factors 16 than those who did not own pets. The differences were even greater than those found in similar studies on people who 17 to vegetarian diets or took 18 exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter 19 kind of pet was owned—a cat was as good as a dog—so the benefits could not be attributed 20 the exercise involved in walking a dog.（分数：10.00）B.conclusionsC.indicationsD.signsA.inB.onC.atD.ofA.othersB.onesC.theseD.thoseteterttertestA.exploreB.explodeC.exploitD.expressA.aboutB.inC.onD.ofA.publicityB.publicC.publicanD.publicationA.consultB.convertC.convictD.convinceA.onB.outC.throughD.forA.soB.suchC.howD.whatA.kindB.sortC.varietyD.differenceA.includingB.involvingC.includedD.involvedA.blood pressureC.indigestionD.high feverA.HoweverB.AlsoC.ThereforeD.SoA.similarB.sameC.lowerD.fewerA.calculatedB.testedC.mentionedD.measuredA.switchedB.shutC.ateD.directedA.inB.outC.upD.overA.whatB.whichC..aD.theA.throughB.toC.byD.for三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient"s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body"s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease"s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient"s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version ofthe disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient"s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970"s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.（分数：10.00）(1).How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.By training the immune system to fight weaker versions of the diseaseB.By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune systemC.By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat itD.Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it(2).What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?（分数：2.00）A.The way that vaccines protect people from diseasesB.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseasesC.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic diseaseD.The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines(3).The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because ______.（分数：2.00）A.saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB.some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC.they don"t always workD.while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccine(4).The best title for the passage would be ______.（分数：2.00）A."The Smallpox Vaccine: An Analysis"B."How Vaccines Work"C."Vaccines: Methods and Implications"D."A Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines"(5).The main purpose of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00）A.convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many thinkcate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangerscate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vaccinationsD.present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpox vaccine五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar part of European history. Particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the direction of wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains and the lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have occurred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in the western mountains. Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create avalanches are hidden beneath the snow"s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork. Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse the slopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever is holding it inplace. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab. A loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier"s track, and spreads out like a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiples as the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet. Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles per hour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touched by the actual avalanche.Stab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a large piece. These can range in size from just a few square feel to thousands of square feet of snow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called "soft slab" avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn"t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the existing snow. The heavier and the wetter the snow and the colder the temperature, the less likely the new snow will form a bond with the existing snow.（分数：10.00）(1).What would be the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.AvalanchesB.The History of AvalanchesC.Skiers BewareD.Avalanches Can Kill(2).According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?（分数：2.00）A.They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attackB.They killed the armies approaching the cityC.They blocked paths into the cityD.They snowblinded the approaching armies(3).According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when skiing?（分数：2.00）A.They only have to worry after a heavy snowfallB.Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French AlpsC.They should always expect that an avalanche will occurD.When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche(4).According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?（分数：2.00）A.When the temperature is below 20 degrees FB.Right before a snowstormC.During a snowstormD.In the winter(5).According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?（分数：2.00）A.The slope of the mountainB.The size of the snowfallC.The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfallD.The weight of the snow六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these statements, but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research university because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from an arts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents s problem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition is usually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judging teaching.A highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top students who want to bechallenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. The mild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappointment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should present the greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on the basis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modem science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the time needed to keep up with the profession; the other is the time needed to teach. The training of new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the arts college. Although scientists are usually "made" in the elementary schools, scientists can be "lost" by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not to separate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital. The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to reserve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors unwilling to teach can be called "distinguished research investigators" of something else.The pace of modem science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcher and a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we can separate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who say the problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.（分数：10.00）(1).What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplifiedB.Teaching and research are contradictoryC.Research can never be emphasized too muchD.It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching(2).In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to research partly because ______.（分数：2.00）A.research improves the quality of teachingB.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professorsC.professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD.it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively(3).According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probably agree with?（分数：2.00）A.Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on research onlyB.It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to train new scientistsC.The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientistsD.The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teaching with research(4).The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do ______.（分数：2.00）A.scientific researchB.teachingC.field workD.investigation(5).The phrase "the problem" (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to ______.（分数：2.00）A.raising the status of teachingB.the separation of teaching from researchC.the combination of teaching with researchD.improving the status of research七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they, too, come to The Stock Exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.（分数：10.00）(1).Almost all companies involved in new production and development must ______.（分数：2.00）A.rely on their financial resourcesB.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC.borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD.depend on the population as a whole for finance(2).The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is ______.（分数：2.00）A.repaid to its original owners as soon as possibleB.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC.exchanges for part ownership in The Stock ExchangeD.invested in different companies on The Stock Exchange(3).When the savers want their money back they ______.（分数：2.00）A.ask another company to obtain their money for themB.look for other people to borrow money fromC.put their shares in the company hack on the marketD.transfer their money to a more successful company(4).All the essential services on which we depend are ______.（分数：2.00）A.run by the Government or our local authoritiesB.in constant need of financial supportC.financed wholly by rates and taxesD.unable to provide for the needs of the population(5).The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the Government, local authorities and nationalized industries ______.（分数：2.00）A.to borrow as much money as they wishB.to make certain everybody saves moneyC.to raise money to finance new developmentsD.to make certain everybody lends money to them八、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for instant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the cause of the consumers" seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given by most people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeper reasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research"s classic studies, one often cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shopping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with the brands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, read "I lb. Maxwell House coffee" on one list and "Nescafe instant coffee" on the other. One list was given to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in another group of the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, as far as they could, the kind of woman ("personality and character") who would draw up that shopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee described a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only one woman in the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list, as lazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women felt that the instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drew such a conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.（分数：10.00）(1).The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact that they spent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that ______.（分数：2.00）A.advertising does not assure favorable sales resultspanies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC.people pay little attention to advertisingD.the more one advertises the better the sales picture(2).In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______.（分数：2.00）A.why people drink coffeeB.why instant coffee did not taste goodC.why regular coffee was successfulD.the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee(3).This investigation indicated that ______.（分数：2.00）A.50 per cent of housewives are lazyB.housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC.many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD.wives who use regular coffee are good planners(4).On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to show a ______.（分数：2.00）zy housewife using regular coffeeB.hard-working housewife using instant coffeezy housewife using instant coffeeD.man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee(5).Which of the following is implied but not stated?（分数：2.00）A.Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB.The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular coffeeC.Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD.Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buy九、Passage Six(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of ameliorating (改善) the situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have an overabundance of pending cases to borrow judges from other districts that do not have such a backlog. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences, in which the judge meets in his chambers with the litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents" evidence. Unfortunately, at least one study has shown that pretrial conferences actually use more judicial time than they save, rarely result in pretrial settlements, and actually result in higher damage settlements. Many states have now established another method, small-claims courts, in which cases over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable dispatch. Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of counsel. The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading (辩护)—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim. By going to this type of court, the plaintiff (原告) waives (放弃) any right to a jury trial and the right to appeal the decision.（分数：10.00）(1).The pretrial conference, in theory, is supposed to do all of the following except ______.（分数：2.00）A.narrow the issuesB.cause early settlementsC.save judicial timeD.increase settlement costs(2).What is the main topic of the passage?（分数：2.00）A.All states should follow California"s example in using small-claims courts in order to free judges for other workB.The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so that the judiciary can catch up on its older casesC.Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods for making the judicial system more efficientD.While there are many problems with the court system, there are viable suggestions for improvement(3).The word "litigants" means most nearly ______.（分数：2.00）A.jury membersmentatorsC.parties in a lawsuitD.taxpayers(4).Which of the following is true about small-claims courts?（分数：2.00）A.It is possible to have one"s case heard by a jury if he or she is dissatisfied with the court"s decisionB.The litigants must plead accurately and according to a strict formC.The decision may not be appealed to a higher courtD.The parties may not present their cases without an attorney"s help(5).What can we assume from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Most people who feel they have been wronged have a ready remedy in courts of law。

2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．The government allocated a special sum of money in order to reinforce the prosecution of the effective policy.A．practiceB．proceedingC．useD．implementation正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。

prosecution意为“实行；起诉”，与选项中的implementation(实行，执行)词义匹配。

故答案为D。

2．The patient’s unusual symptoms confounded even the most experienced doctor of the hospital.A．confusedB．hitC．stimulatedD．confronted正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。

confounded意为“使迷惑，使疑惑”，与选项中的confused(使迷惑，使疑惑)为同意表达。

故答案为A。

3．Forests are delicate systems that if disturbed can be permanently destroyed.A．expansiveB．complexC．unusualD．fragile正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。

根据句中destroyed判断，森林是很“脆弱的”，与选项中的fragile(脆弱的，易碎的)为同意表达。

故答案为D。

4．The Charter had been ratified by a majority of the participants who were the ones that asked for its draft.A．challengedB．approvedC．distributedD．attacked正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。

东北师范大学吉林大学考博英语辅导：考博英语阅读理解习题Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words.Words do provide us with some information，but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone.Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message.Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words.We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say.Sometimes our words don't mean anything except“I'm letting off some steam.I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying.Just pay attention to what I'm feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once.A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner，“This step has to be fixed before I'll buy.”The owner says，“It's been like that for years.”Actually，the step hasn't been like that for years，but the unspoken message is：“I don't want to fix it.We put up with it.Why can't you？”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it，when it occurred，the related conditions or situation，and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning.Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing.But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior.A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness.Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic.For example，a person who says“No！”to a serials of charges like“You're dumb，”“You're lazy，”and“You're dishonest，”may also say“No！”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is“And you're good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented.The words，“If sure has been nice to have you over，”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically.The phrase can be said once or repeated several times.And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly.Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance；sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners，if___.A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.C.they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.2.“I'm letting off some steam”in paragraph1means___.A.I'm just calling your attention.B.I'm just kidding.C.I'm just saying the opposite.D.I'm just giving off some sound.3.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means___.A.the step has been like that for years.B.he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical，but are justifiable if___.A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.B.seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.D.expressed to a series of charges.5.The word“ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done___.A.without true intention.B.light-heartedly.C.in a way of ceremony.D.with less emphasis.答案：ＤＢＡＢＣ本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

吉林大学考博英语真题精解Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question.The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say,this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates（patterns）into which they plug each day's events.In other words,there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers,which helps explain why the standard templates of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country,plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids,own Mercedeses,and trade stocks,and they're less likely to go to church,do volunteer work,or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry,particularly a declining one.Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did,it would open up its diversity program,now focused narrowly on race and gender,and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook,values,education,and class.59.What is the passage mainly about?[A]Needs of the readers all over the world.[B]Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C]Origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D]Aims of a journalism credibility project.60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be________.[A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory[C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their________.[A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle[C]world outlook[D]educational background62.Despite its efforts,the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its________.[A]failure to realize its real problem[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender重点词汇：journalism/5dVE：nElizEm/（新闻；新闻业）即journal+ism，journal （期刊；日志），-ism后缀。

GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDA TESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for V alentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On V alentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the NationalConfectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented V alentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted tolimited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage T woThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SA Ts, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SA Ts, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at heart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplic ityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New Y ork Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New Y ork and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the V irgin Islands, V ermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades ofthe 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from theoriginal text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage T woFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medic ine,。

吉林大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark thecorre-sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ofeach other inthought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. relevantlyD.independently2. The work was done in the __________ of reforms in the economic, socialand culturalspheres.A. contextB. contestC. pretextD.texture3. The dean tried to retain control of the situation on campus, but his attempt wasby the board of trustees.A. approvedB. frustrated O. disclosed D.justified4. Some journalists are found of overstating the situations so that their newsmay createa great __________ .A. explosionB. sensationC. exaggeratingD. stimulation5. There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and，_______________ t here was little to disprove it.A. by the same tokenB. under the same conditionC. at the same stageD. for the same purpose6. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce thechange, or causes energy to be _____________ i n some form.A. given offB. put outC. set offD.used up7. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce anocean-miningtreaty following its___________ declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage ofman-kind.A. unanimous 巳.abstract C. autonomous D.almighty8. This growth in the __________ o f diabetes is due, in part, to an increase inobesity.A. inferenceB. incidenceC. regulationD.repetition9. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around 110 billion, ______________ t he 160 bil- lion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A. in proportion toB. in reply to 0. in relation to D. in contrast to10. France’s _ _______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last monthtriggered po-litical debates and mass demonstrations.A. assumptionB. consumptionC. presumptionD. resumption11. The ________ of a natural phenomenon is usually a logical consequenceof somephysical aspect in the life style of the people.A. implementation 巳.demonstration C. manifestation D. expedition12. Reading __________ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it isthinking thatmakes what we read ours.A. rectifies 巳.prolongs O. minimizes D.furnishes13. Previous studies provoked __________ because the used patients whosediagnosiswas questionable.A. contributionB. contractionC. controversyD.convergence14. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close _______________ .A. temperament 巳.contamination C. scrutiny D.Symmetry15. I never said anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoints.A. revising 巳.contradicting C. distorting D.Distracting16. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, companiesmustthe qualities and varieties of their products to the world-market demand.A. forfeitB. enhanceC. guaranteeD.Gear17. i was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ______________ .A. arbitrary 巳.rational C. mechanical D.Unpredictable18. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to _______________ f urther re- search and further thinking about a particular topic.A. stimulate 巳.renovate C. arouse D.Advocate19. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________________ l etters from their families.A. affectionate 巳.sentimental 0. intimate D.Sensitive20. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________________ and needs proving.A. spontaneous 巳.hypothetical C. intuitive D.Empirical21. The ceremony will _________ as soon as the president arrives.A. commend 巳.comply C. confront D.Commence22. The barbarous aggressors grew more and more ____________ inslaughtering peopleand burning down their houses.A. amorphousB. ferociousC. audaciousD.Egregious23. Some of the words employed by Shakespeare in his works have becomeand are no longer used in the present days.A. obsoleteB. obscene 0. obvious D.Oblique24. Because of the economic slowdown, the government changed its policy torevenue by limiting commerce.A. disregardB. challengeC. diminishD.Reject25. The spectators in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds ofcolorful bal-loons slowly __________ into the sky.A. descendingB. ascendingC. escalatingD.elevating26. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advancedmedi-cal ，will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.A. interferenceB. interruptionC. interventionD. interaction27. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ___________ ，or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A. revoltB. revolveC. reverseD.revive28. Foreign disinvestments and the __ ______ of South Africa from worldcapital mar-kets after 1985 further weakened its economy.A. displacementB. eliminationC. exclusionD.exception29. We are moving towards a more _________ about who their new teacherwould bewhen the bell rang for their first class in the new semester.A. foreseeingB. speculatingC. fabricatingD.ponderingPart II: Cloze TestDirections: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then markthe corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.New research from Australia supports the belief that many pet owners have —itshowsthat pets are good for your health. The [31 ] ______________ of this new studysuggest thatpeople who have pets are [ 32 ] ______________ less risk from heart disease than[ 33 ]_________ who do not.Ironically, this [34] ____________ study on pets was intended to [35] ______________ themyth that pets are good for your health. Earlier research [36]_________________________________________________________________ the benefits ofowning pets received a lot of [37 ] ____________ ，but the results were not goodenough to[38] __________ the more skeptical doctors. The new research was carried [39]_________ over three years and examined 6000 people, the largest group yetinvolved in[40] __________ a study. They took tests that measured a [41 ] ________________ o f different factors known to be [42] ____________ in heart disease —[43]________________________________ and blood lev-els of cholesterol and triglyceride. [44] _ ，people were asked about their lifes-tyles.The 800 people who owned pets had [45] _______________ l evels on each ofthe factors[46] __________ than those who did not own pets. The differences were evengreater thanthose found in similar studies on people who [47] ______________ to vegetariandiets or took[48] __________ exercise. The study also showed that it did not matter [49] ________________ kind of pet was owned —a cat was as good as a dog —so the benefits could not beattrib-uted [50] ___________ t he exercise involved in walking a dog.Questions 51PasWag,to 55 are based on the foliopassage.育明教育育明考博93When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediatelyget to work ，trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Often-times ,successes achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cellthat causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the mostB. conclusions B. on B. ones B. later B. explode B. in B. public巳.convertB. out B. such B. sort巳.involvingB. pressure巳.AlsoB. same B. same B. shut B. out巳.whichB. toC. indications C. at C. these O. latter C. exploit C. on C. publican C. convict C. through C. how C. variety C. included C. indigestion C. Therefore C. lower % C. a .C. byPart III: Reading Comprehension (60%)1 1D. signs D. of D. those D. latest D. express D. ofD. publication D. convince D. for D. what D. difference D. involved D. high fever D. So D. fewer D. measured D. directedseriousof cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguardlives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus ordisease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlledenvironment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. In-formation on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of thepatient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information ispassed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contactwith the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having alreadydone so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weak-ened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to han-dle, resulting in the immune case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the small-pox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed mas-sive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine con-tract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire popu-lation of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americanswould be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, endingthe mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a r㊀-introduction of thedisease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a blessing, may indeed hide some hidden cures.51. How do vaccines protect humans from diseases according to paragraph two?A. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the disease.B. By passing information on how to fight the disease to the immune system.C. By weakening the disease so that the immune system can defeat it.D. Introducing the disease to the body, so that survivors have already fought it.52. What does the example of the smallpox vaccine illustrate?A. The way that vaccines protect people from diseases.巳.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain diseases.C. The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.D. The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.53. The author argues that vaccinations are both a blessing and a curse because __________ .A. saving the many would not necessarily justify the death of the fewB. some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine, have negative side effectsC. they don’t always workD. while many lives are saved, some are actually killed by the vaccines54. The best title for the passage would be ____________ .A. The Smallpox Vaccine: An AnalysisB. How Vaccines WorkC. Vaccines: Methods and ImplicationsD. a Warning on the Negative Side Effects of Vaccines55. The main purpose of the passage is to ____________ .A. convince the reader that vaccines are not as safe as many think.B. educate the reader on how vaccines are used and some of their dangers.C. educate the reader on the circumstances that would necessitate widespread vacci-nations.D. present the method by which vaccines are used through the case of the smallpoxvaccine.Passage 2Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Few natural dangers are more feared than avalanches. Avalanches are a familiar partof European history, particularly in the Swiss and French Alps. This is where the directionof wars has turned almost instantly because of avalanches wiping out invading armies.In North America, avalanches are limited almost entirely to the Rocky Mountains andthe lower ranges to the west, the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades. Avalanches have oc-curred in the mountains of New England but not with the regularity and intensity seen in thewestern mountains.Several methods are used in explaining and predicting avalanches. Scientists are learning about them using research methods. So many of the factors that create ava-lanches are hidden beneath the snow’s surface that predictions are still largely guesswork.Therefore, winter travelers must assume the worst of conditions when they traverse theslopes.An avalanche occurs when a given amount of snow becomes too heavy for whatever isholding it in place. It then breaks loose and slides downhill.Avalanches are divided into two general categories, loose snow and slab, a loose snow avalanche usually starts at a single point, such as a skier’s track, and spreads outlike a fan or a pyramid in a chain reaction. One crystal breaks another free, which multiplesas the loose snow moves downhill. Sometimes these avalanches stop after only a few feet.Sometimes they move thousands of tons of snow downhill in speeds up to 300 miles perhour. This creates a shock wave that can flatten parts of a forest that are not even touchedby the actual avalanche.Slab avalanches are those that have a wide area of snow which breaks loose in a largepiece. These can range in size from just a few square feet to thousands of square feet ofsnow. The most dangerous and common type of avalanche for skiers is the so-called “softslab” avalanche. This type occurs most often during, or just after a heavy snowfall. The snow hasn’t yet had a chance to settle and adhere to the temperature, the less likely thenew snow will form a bond with the existing snow.56. What would be the best title for this passage?A. Avalanches巳.The History of AvalanchesC. Skiers BewareD. Avalanches Can Kill57. According to the passage, how did avalanches affect wars?A. They hid the armies approaching the city aiding in the attack.B. They killed the armies approaching the city.C. They blocked paths into the city.D. They snow-blinded the approaching armies.58. According to the passage, what must skiers assume about avalanches when ski-ing?A. They only have to worry after a heavy snowfall.B. Avalanches only occur in the Swiss or French Alps.C. They should always expect that an avalanche will occur.D. When skiing in New England, they will never have to worry about an avalanche.59. According to the passage, when is the most dangerous time for skiers?A. When the temperature is below 20 degrees F.巳.Right before a snowstorm.0. During a snowstorm.D. In the winter.60. According to the passage, which factor causes an avalanche?A. The slope of the mountain.B. The size of the snowfall.C. The amount and intensity of movement around the snowfall.D. The weight of the snow.Passage 3Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and researchcontradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized. There is an element of truth in these state-ments ,but they also ignore deeper and more important relationships.Research experience is an essential element of hiring and promotion at a research uni-versity because it is the emphasis on research that distinguishes such a university from anarts college. Some professors, however, neglect teaching for research and that presents aproblem.Most research universities reward outstanding teaching, but the greatest recognition isusually given for achievements in research. Part of the reason is the difficulty of judgingteaching, a highly responsible and tough professor is usually appreciated by top studentswho want to be challenged but disliked by those whose records are less impressive. Themild professor gets overall ratings that are usually high, but there is a sense of disappoint-ment on the part of the best students, exactly those for whom the system should presentthe greatest challenges. Thus, a university trying to promote professors primarily on thebasis of teaching qualities would have to confront this confusion.As modern science moves faster, two forces are exerted on professors: one is the timeneeded to keep up with the profession；the other is the time needed to teach. The trainingof new scientists requires outstanding teaching at the research university as well as the artscollege. Although scientists are usually “made” in the elementary schools, scientists canbe “lost” by poor teaching at the college and graduate school levels. The solution is not toseparate teaching and research but to recognize that the combination is difficult but vital.The title of professor should be given only to those who profess and it is perhaps time for u-niversities to reserve it for those who profess and it is perhaps time for universities to re-serve it for those willing to be an earnest part of the community of scholars. Professors un-willing to teach can be called “distinguished research investigators” of something else.The pace of modern science makes it increasingly difficult to be a great researcherand a great teacher. Yet many are described in just those terms. Those who say we canseparate teaching and research simply do not understand the system, but those who saythe problem will disappear are not fulfilling their responsibilities.61. What idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph?A. The relationship between teaching and research should not be simplified.巳.Teaching and research are contradictory.C. Research can never be emphasized too much.D. It is wrong to overestimate the importance of teaching.62. In academic promotions research universities still attach more importance to re-search partly because ___________ .A. research improves the quality of teaching巳.students who want to be challenged appreciate research professors0. professors with achievements in research are usually responsible and toughD. it is difficult to evaluate teaching quality objectively63. According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following will the author probablyagree with?A. Distinguished professors at research universities should concentrate on researchonly.B. It is of utmost importance to improve teaching in elementary schools in order to trainnew scientists.C. The separation of teaching from research can lower the quality of future scientists.D. The rapid development of modern science makes it impossible to combine teachingwith research.64. The title of professor should be given only to those who first and foremost do __________ .A. scientific researchB. teachingC. field workD. investigation65. The phrase “the problem” (Para. 5) refers to_______________ .A. raising the status of teachingB. the separation of teaching from researchC. the combination of teaching with researchD. improving the status of researchPassage 4Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage.Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The sameproblem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company trying to develop new prod-ucts and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums neededfrom friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term fi- nance ,they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-termprojects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through The Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can putinto circulation the savings of individuals and institutions, both at home and overseas.When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company withwhom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to someother saver who is seeking to invest his money.Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by theGovernment or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, rail-ways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equip-ment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than israised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalizedindustriestherefore frequently needed to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they,too, come to The Stock Exchange.There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of livingdoes not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new devel-opment. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the coun-try. The Stock Exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.66. Almost all companies involved in new production and developmentmust __________ .A. rely on their financial resources巳.persuade the banks to provide long-term financeC. borrow large sums of money from friends and people we knowD. depend on the population as a whole for finance67. The money which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects is__________ .A. repaid to its original owners as soon as possible巳.raised by the selling of shares in the companiesC. exchanges for part ownership in the stock exchangeD. invested in different companies on the stock exchange68. When the savers want their money back they ____________ .A. ask another company to obtain their money for them巳.look for other people to borrow money fromC. put their shares in the company back on the marketD. transfer their money to a more successful company69. All the essential services on which we depend are ____________ .A. run by the gov-ernment or our local authorities.巳.in constant need of financial support.C. financed wholly by rates and taxes.D. unable to provide for the needs of the population.70. The stock exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and na-tionalized industries ___________ .A. to borrow as much money as they wishB. to make certain everybody saves moneyC. to raise money to finance new developmentsD. to make certain everybody lends money to themPassage 5Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage.The producers of instant coffee found their product strongly resisted in the market places despite their manifest advantages. Furthermore, the advertising expenditure for in-stant coffee was far greater than that for regular coffee. Efforts were made to find the causeof the consumers’seemingly unreasonable resistance to the product. The reason given bymost people was dislike for the taste. The producers suspected that there might be deeperreasons, however. This was confirmed by one of motivation research’s classic studies, oneoften cited in the trade. Mason Haire, of the University of California, constructed two shop-ping lists that were identical except for one item. There were six items common to both lists: hamburger, carrots, baking powder, bread, canned peaches and potatoes, with thebrands or amounts specified. The seventh item, in the fifth place on both lists, readu Max-well House coffee” on one list and “Nescafe instant coffee” o n the other. One list wasgiven to each person in a group of fifty women, and the other list to those in anothergroupof the same size. The women were asked to study their lists and then to describe, asfar asthey could, the kind of woman ( “personality and character n) who would draw up thatshopping list. Nearly half of those who had received the list including instant coffee de-scribed a housewife who was lazy and a poor planner. On the other hand, only onewomanin the other group described the housewife, who had included regular coffee on her list,aslazy, only six of that group suggested that she was a poor planner. Eight women feltthatthe instant-coffee user was probably not a good wife! No one in the other group drewsucha conclusion about the housewife who intended to buy regular coffee.71. The fact that producers found resistance to their product despite the fact thattheyspent more advertising money on instant than regular coffee shows that _______________ .A. advertising does not assure favorable sales results巳.companies spent more money on advertising than they shouldC. people pay little attention to advertisingD. the more one advertises the better the sales picture72. In this instance, the purpose of motivation research was to discover ______________ .A. why people drink coffeeB. why instant coffee did not taste goodC. why regular coffee was successfulD. the real reason why people would not buy instant coffee73. This investigation indicated that ___________ .A. 50 per cent of housewives are lazyB. housewives who use instant coffee are lazyC. many women believe that wives who use instant coffee are lazyD. wives who use regular coffee are good planners74. On the results of this test, the producers probably revised their advertising to showa __________ .A. lazy housewife using regular coffee巳.hard-working housewife using instant coffeeC. lazy housewife using instant coffeeD. man obviously enjoying the taste of instant coffee75. _________ is implied but not stated.A. Despite its advantages, most people disliked instant coffee because of its tasteB. The advertising expenditure for instant coffee was greater than that for regular cof-feeC. Very often we do not know the real reasons for doing thingsD. Taste is the principal factor in determining what we buyPassage 6Questions 76 to 79 are based on the following passage.In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the ju-dicial system in the United States. Costs are staggering both for the taxpayers and the liti-gants—and the litigants, of parties, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of amelioratingthe situation, but as in most branches of government, changes come slowly.One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the。