MBA联考英语专项辅导：长难句结构分析6

考研英语真题长难句解析结构分析+译文But we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.词汇突破:intrinsic [ɪnˈtrɪnzɪk]adj. 本质的，固有的absence [ˈæbsəns]n. 没有；缺乏；缺席；不注意absent [ˈæbsənt]adj. 缺勤的，缺席的；不存在的，缺乏的；心不在焉的，出神的v. 缺席，离开结构分析:本句的主干结构是we have at least drawn nearer the point。

介词短语of admitting that birds should... economic advantage to us是point 的后置定语，其中that 引导的是宾语从句，作admitting 的宾语。

regardless of... 是让步状语。

参考译文:但是，我们至少更接近于承认，不管鸟类对我们是否有经济优势，它们都应该作为一种固有的权利继续生存下去。

grocery [ˈɡrəʊsəri]n. 食品杂货店；食品杂货cater [ˈkeɪtə(r)]vt. 投合，迎合；满足需要；提供饮食及服务结构分析：本句的主干结构是Demand comes mainly from two sources。

which are two small to buy straight from producers 是限定性定语从句，修饰independent mom and pop grocery stores，其中unlike large retail chains 是插入语。

MBA语法与长难句分析第一章句子基本结构1.最基本句子结构：A＋B＋（C）(重在理解！)A系统：名词性。

B系统：唯一性；动词性C部分只有这样三种基本形式：C= N. ，此时B＝Vt.C= N.; Adj; Prep，此时，B＝Link. V.C= 0, 此时B＝Vi请判定一下句子是否是语法正确的句子1)She knew he was still alive, she could hardly speak without weeping.2)There are some people think lucky numbers can bring good luck.3)He committed another mistake made the boss intensely furious.4)Should the university campus be open to tourists has caused a heated debate in China.5)Study English grammar with Stephen was a pleasant experience.6)My biggest headache is memorize so many words a day.2.基本句型A +B +C的转换与扩大3.结构的启示第二章 B与时间：时态1.时态的含义及分类2.现在时态一般现在；现在进行现在完成一般将来现在完成进行将来完成3.过去时态一般过去过去进行过去完成过去将来4.时态的配合1)现在与现在配合；过去与过去配合。

* I saw a lot of people when I am walking along the Wuluo Road.2)一般将来时和一般现在时分别在主从句中I will phone you when I reach the hotel.If it is still hot tomorrow, John will go swimming in the East Lake.3)从句：since…过去时，主句：现在完成时Since the PRC was founded, he has lived here in this shabby house.第三章AC换位：被动语态1.英语句子有两种语态2.vi有被动语态吗？3.被动语态的构成为be＋V-ed4.被动语态有时态变化吗？5.为什么要使用被动语态？6.汉英被动语态的异同7.如何判定被动语态？（重点）：意义法；形式法☞Your PIN will not verify during the deposit transaction. (T or F?)第四章B表示非真实：虚拟语气1.概念虚拟；主观2.分类非真实条件句中的虚拟语气名词性从句中的虚拟语气3.非真实条件中句中的虚拟语气1) 条件结果时间一致：主从句谓语形式一览表（简化版）假设主句从句现在的“虚” would + v V-ed（be用were）过去的“虚” would have + v-ed had+ v-ed将来的“虚” would +v should + v/were to v✓In his opinion, England or France would have swallowed the other if there had not been the Chunnel.✓If he had been here, he would have helped you.✓If your letter had come a little earlier, I would have accepted your job offer.2) 条件结果时间不一致：✓If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be well now. (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)3). 虚拟条件的其他表示：介词短语(with/ without/ but for)；连词（otherwise, or）上下文✓Without your help, we would be still in the dark.4) But for 与if 从句的转换But for his help, we would be still in the dark.= If it were not for his help, ….=if it had not been for his help,….5) if的省略4.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1)用于表示意愿、建议、命令等动词后的that宾语从句中:1）suggest , move propose, desire, advise, recommend,2）request, require, order, command, demand,3）insist, maintain✓They maintain that we should take these steps.✓The new traffic law requires that passengers sitting in the front of the car should wear a seatbelt.两点注意：小练习：The Senator proposed at the conference that all necessary measures ________ (take) to ensure the security of the region.2)表示宁愿wish；would rather✓I would rather they stayed at home waiting.比较：I would rather stay at home waiting.小练习：Who would you rather ___ with you to that fantastic place, Mary or Rose?A) go B) went5.主语从句中的虚拟语气It’s necessary / important / essential/ natural …(should) ＋vit’s better/ advisable/ decided/ demanded/ desired/ suggested/ arranged/ ...(should) ＋vit’s a pity/ shame/ incredible/ strange/ no wonder ... (should) ＋v ✓It is better that we meet some other time.✓It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.注意：It is time + that 从句（用一般过去式或should + 动词原形）✓It’s time we went / should go to bed.注意：此种情况下should v，现在较少用。

MBA英语阅读翻译长难句结构分析一、了解句子主要成分:1. 主语、表语、宾语(1) What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.商人们自认为他们领导了一场生产力革命，这场革命是否确有其事，这一点更加难以确定。

(2）The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. 问题在于，近年发生的生产力快速增长部分是由于商业周期通常到了这时候就会出现的反弹造成的，因而它不是经济复苏潜在趋势的结论性证据。

(3) Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.强劲的经济增长势头，随着北半球冬季的到来，有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高。

(4) When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.当一场新的艺术运动形成某种时尚时，理应弄清其倡导者的目标所在，因为无论他们的准则在今天看来是多么牵强附会、不可思议，将来都有可能被视为正常的。

MBA英语阅读理解：阅读记词长难句分析1)It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced.【解析】主句：it is assumed that。

it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，其中有一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰the lives，还有一个由into which 引导的定语从句，修饰the society。

【参考译文】人们经常这样设想，工作的机械化对操作新机器的生活产生了革命性的影响，并且对引进机器的社会也产生了革命性的影响。

2)Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex… into public industry.”【解析】主句是Fredrich Engels predicted that...，however是插入语，第一个that引导的宾语从句;第二个that引导的是定语从句，修饰developments，其中有一个make+宾语+形容词结构，由于the recruitment of the who female sex into public industry太长，所以只能放在possible之后。

考研英语常考长难句结构解析附译文In the past, national merger guidelines made it clear that firms needed to seek approval to wed—typically if their combined sales or market share exceeded a certain threshold.【词汇】merger [ˈmɜːrdʒər] n. 合并guideline [ˈɡaɪdlaɪn] n. 指南，指导方针approval [əˈpruːvl] n. 批准，同意wed [wed] v. 合并（wed本身作动词译为“结婚”，句中指的是企业间的“合并”）combined sales 合并销售额market share 市场份额，市场占有率exceed [ɪkˈsiːd] v. 超出，超过threshold [ˈθreʃhoʊld] n. 门槛，界，标准【句子结构】✔句子主干：national merger guidelines made it clear...✔宾语从句（形式宾语句）：that firms needed to seek approval to wed✔状语从句：typically if their combined sales or market share exceeded a certain threshold【原文】In the past, national merger guidelines made it clear that firms needed to seek approval to wed—typically if theircombined sales or market share exceeded a certain threshold.【译文】过去，国家兼并指南已明确指出，通常在合并企业销售额总和或市场份额总和超过一定标准等情况下，企业合并需要得到监管部门的同意。

MBA联考英语专项辅导：长难句结构分析871. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."[参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免感到困惑不安。

72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.[参考译文] 战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限，他们已经在不停地质疑为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人牺牲。

2018考研英语长难句解析（6）以下是英语教研室的老师整理的2018考研英语长难句解析(6)，希望对大家有所帮助！基础阶段的复习主要是夯实基础，即单词和语法的工作，语法中的长难句分析是令诸多考生头疼的问题，下面以2个长难句进行解说。

1. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.第一步：找句子主干。

对于任何一个长难句来说，句子主干是句子的灵魂，只要拎清主干信息，问题基本就解决了。

对于本句来说：Energy conservation, a shift and a decline have reduced oil consumption. 可译为：能源节约(或保护)、转移以及降低，减少了石油消耗量。

第二步：将修饰成分加入翻译中，可译为：能源节约(或保护)、向其他燃料的转移以及降低，减少了石油消耗量。

第三步：对句子进行完善。

可译为：能源节约、燃料替换以及能源密集的重工业的重要性的降低，这些都减少了石油消耗量。

2. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.第一步：找句子主干。

对于本句来说：whether A or B is an unanswered question. 可译为：然而，是，还是，是一个没有被回答的问题。

考研英语长难句分析与技巧在考研英语中，长难句一直是众多考生的“拦路虎”。

它们不仅在阅读理解中频繁出现，也是翻译和写作中提升分数的关键。

掌握长难句的分析技巧，对于提高英语综合能力至关重要。

长难句之所以难，主要在于其复杂的结构和多样的语法现象。

通常，长难句会包含多个从句、短语、非谓语动词等，这些元素相互交织，使得句子的意思难以在短时间内清晰理解。

我们先来看看常见的长难句类型。

一种是复合句，即包含一个主句和一个或多个从句的句子。

比如定语从句、状语从句和宾语从句等。

定语从句用于修饰名词或代词，通过关系词将先行词与从句连接起来；状语从句则用于表示时间、地点、原因、条件等；宾语从句在句子中充当宾语的角色。

另一种常见的长难句类型是并列句，由两个或多个并列的分句组成，通过并列连词如 and、but、or 等连接。

还有一种是带有复杂短语和非谓语动词的句子。

比如介词短语、分词短语、动名词短语等，这些都会增加句子的长度和理解难度。

那么，如何分析长难句呢？首先，要找到句子的主干，也就是主谓宾结构。

这是理解句子核心意思的关键。

我们可以通过去除从句、短语等修饰成分来找到主干。

例如：“The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting” 在这个句子中，“The book is very interesting” 就是主干，“that I bought yesterday” 是定语从句，修饰“book”。

在找主干的过程中，要注意一些标志性的词语，比如从句引导词（which、that、when 等）、连词（and、but、so 等）、介词（of、in、on 等）。

除了找主干，还要学会划分句子结构。

可以根据标点符号、连词等将句子分成几个部分，分别理解每个部分的意思，然后再综合起来理解整个句子。

比如：“Although he is very busy, he still spends time helping his children with their homework” 这个句子中，“Although he is very busy” 是一个让步状语从句，“he still spends time helping his children with their homework” 是主句。

英语句子学习：长难句解析以下是作者整理的英语句子学习：长难句解析（共含6篇），欢迎阅读与收藏。

篇1：英语句子学习：长难句解析1.并列句并列句指在语意上对等的两个或两个以上的、由连接词连接起来的分句。

并列句内各分句之间可构成同等、条件、因果、结果、转折、对比和让步等关系。

连接词通常有and，but，or，while，yet，however，so，therefore，for等。

因此，对于这类句子，首先要找到连接词，同时弄清各分句之间是什么关系，然后根据语境和句际关系正确理解句意。

例如：Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping，baby-size holes in their lives.感觉不幸福的父母们很少会反思自己是否不该养孩子，但那些不幸福的没有孩子的夫妇们却总是受到类似言论的困扰：孩子是世界上最重要的东西，他们之所以生活得不幸福，显然是由这种没有孩子的缺憾造成的。

(but连接的并列句，表示转折;后一分句中又包含由冒号隔开的两个分句，后句对前句进行解释说明)2.名词从句名词从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句四种，它们在句中起名词的作用。

对于这类句子，在阅读时可先不理会从句的内容，只将其视为一个名词，在确定主句的主干部分(即主、谓、宾结构)之后，再来确定这一层次的内容。

l What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more plicated—than previously imagined.在试图模拟人类思维的过程中，研究人员发现，人脑中约一千亿个神经细胞远比以前想象的聪明，人类的感知方式也远比想象中的复杂。

1、They also serve who only stand and wait.结构分析：关键是对who引导的从句进行性质定位，多数同学第一反应是把who引导的从句视作成serve的宾语从句，这样理解一方面句意略有瑕疵，另一方面who引导宾语从句时多是疑问词义“谁”，表示疑问，例如：I wonder who stole my wallet.我不知道谁偷了我的钱包。

因此，可以转而想到分隔结构，定语和所修饰的名词有三种关系“前定”、“后定”和“分定”，前两种情况大家比较熟悉，“分定”比较陌生，例如：He laughs best (who laughts last).（笑到最后的）人笑得最好。

此句本应写成：He (who laughs last) laughs best.，但出于避免头重脚轻，句式结构平衡的需要，将定语从句后置，和前面的名词发生了分隔。

本句话就属于“分定”的情形，who引导定语从句修饰主语they。

参考译文：那些站在一旁等候的人们也在帮忙。

此句话出自大学英语第二册第六课，本是约翰尔顿诗句（This quotation is often used to comfort those who did not take direct part in an activity but only provided support.）。

2、They should have known better than to ask about this.结构分析：a\此句话中包含有一个比较结构句型：know better than to do.意思是“（某人）明事理不会做某事”或者“不至于愚蠢到做某事”。

b\注意时态的使用should have done，“本应该做某事（但没做）”，表示责备。

参考译文：我本该知道，不应多此一问。

4月27日（周一）Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.词汇注解：be prepared to do愿意做某事；准备做某事tolerate vt. 容忍dubious adj. 可疑的privilege n. 特权，好处the country 乡下，农村beyond sb. 超出某人的能力范围Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me.为了得到生活在乡下的那些难以确定的好处，人们愿意每天忍受四小时的旅途，这让我难以理解！{Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country} is beyond me .本句话是主系表结构，括弧里面是why引导的名词性从句，作主语（即主语从句），系动词是is，表语是beyond me.此句话也可以调整为：It is beyond me {why...}此句话翻译的难点是括弧里面的从句，要记得课堂上所讲的状语前置这一原则，先翻译for...这一目的状语更恰当一些。

考研英语长难句分析方法在考研英语的备考中，长难句一直是让众多考生头疼的难题。

然而，只要掌握了正确的分析方法，长难句就不再是无法逾越的障碍。

下面，我们就来详细探讨一下考研英语长难句的分析方法。

一、长难句的特点考研英语中的长难句通常具有以下几个特点：1、句子结构复杂长难句往往包含多个从句、短语和修饰成分，使得句子的层次变得繁多，结构错综复杂。

2、词汇难度较大其中会出现一些生僻词汇、专业术语以及熟词僻义，增加了理解的难度。

3、逻辑关系隐晦句子内部的逻辑关系可能不那么明显，需要仔细推敲才能理清。

二、分析长难句的准备工作1、扎实的语法基础要熟练掌握英语的各种语法规则，如定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词等。

2、丰富的词汇量扩大词汇量，尤其是常见的词根、词缀和高频词汇，有助于猜测生词的含义。

3、良好的阅读习惯养成精读和泛读相结合的阅读习惯，提高对英语语言的敏感度。

三、长难句分析的具体步骤1、找出句子的主干首先，忽略掉各种修饰成分，如定语、状语、插入语等，找出句子的主谓宾结构，也就是句子的核心意思。

例如：The theory which he put forward at the conference was of great significance这个句子的主干是：The theory was of great significance （这个理论意义重大。

）2、分析从句确定句子中存在的从句类型，并理解其在句子中的作用。

还是以上面的句子为例，“which he put forward at the conference”是一个定语从句，修饰先行词“theory”，意思是“他在会议上提出的”。

3、理清短语和修饰成分分析各种短语，如介词短语、动词短语等，以及其他修饰成分，如形容词、副词等。

比如：With the rapid development of technology, people's lives have changed dramatically“With the rapid development of technology”是一个介词短语，作状语，表示“随着技术的快速发展”。

2016年8月8日（周一）Yet it is doubtful whether the proposition is strong enough to bear the vast weight of generalization that has been placed on it.Yet it is doubtful whether the proposition is strong enough to bear the vast weight of generalization that has been placed on it.参考译文：然而，这个论点依据是否充分支持由此推导出的普遍原理，这一点值得怀疑。

结构分析：该句子的主干结构是It＋be＋形容词＋whether从句模式，即Yet it is doubtful whether…is strong…；it作形式主语，指代后面的whether从句；whether 从句中，主语是the proposition，系动词是is，表语是strong；enough是strong的状语，enough修饰形容词或副词时需后置；不定式to bear…作结果状语，修饰enough，属于enough to…搭配；that has been placed on it为定语从句，修饰weight，这里的it指代前面的proposition。

知识链接：It is doubtful…令人怀疑的是……；doubtful令人怀疑的；proposition 观点，论点；vast巨大的，大量的；place weight on…强调\重视；generalization 普遍原理。

8月9日（周二）题干：It was from the study of these two waves that so much was learnt about the interior of the earth。

[In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press](that will propose making payments to witnesses <illegal> and will strictly control the amount of publicity (that can be given to a case [before a trial begins])).分析:第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的结构分析:（1）主干结构是主语（Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor）+将来时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）；（2）that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一个谓语，making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses做making的宾语，illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。

that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句（before a trial begins）的定语从句，修饰publicity。

管综英语长难句长难句在英语学习中一直是考生的心头之患，因为它涉及到句子的结构、语法和逻辑关系等多个方面。

为了帮助大家解决这一难题，本文将重点介绍长难句的构成要素、常见的句型和解题技巧。

一、长难句的构成要素长难句由主句和从句组成，从句又可分为定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。

在长难句中，从句往往扮演着修饰、插入或代替主句的作用，从而增强了句子的表达能力。

定语从句用来修饰名词或代词，状语从句则表示时间、地点、原因、条件等信息，名词性从句则充当主语、宾语或表语。

二、常见的句型在长难句中，有一些常见的句型特别需要我们注意。

比如，带有“that”引导的名词性从句，例如：“She believes that he can succeed.”此外，还有带有“if”、“when”、“although”、“because”等引导词的状语从句。

同时，在定语从句中，通常会以关系代词或关系副词引导，如“who”、“which”、“where”等。

三、解题技巧对于长难句的解题技巧，需要我们掌握一些基本的方法。

首先，要理解句子的结构，明确主句和从句的关系。

其次，要注意从句的语序和时态，与主句保持一致。

同时，要注意各种关系词的用法和搭配，合理运用连接词，使句子条理清晰。

最后，要通过不断的练习和积累，提高自己对长难句的理解和应用能力。

综上所述，在掌握长难句的构成要素、常见句型和解题技巧的基础上，我们可以逐渐提高对长难句的理解和应用能力。

通过不断学习和练习，相信我们能够在英语学习中游刃有余地应对长难句的挑战。

希望本文所述内容能够对大家有所帮助，提祝愿大家在管综英语考试中取得优异的成绩！。

MBA联考英语专项辅导：长难句结构分析431. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches,right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.[参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之权的团体和澳大利亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过过于匆忙。

但是大势已定，不可逆转。

32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.[参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化，延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度，这些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的法律。

33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.[参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】1、复合句When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however far fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.【结构分析】本句的主干是it is advisable to find out... for... it is possible that...，句首的When引导一个时间状语从句，句中的for... it is possible... (至句末)是一个并列分句，表示原因，其中for后面的however +形容词far fetched and unreasonable引导状语从句，表示让步。

在主干it is advisable to find out... 中，it是形式主语，后面的不定式结构to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真正的主语。

【参考译文】当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时，最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的，因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬，在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。

2、并列句While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.【结构分析】这也是一个并列句，包含两个分句。

MBA联考英语专项辅导：长难句结构分析210. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.[参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。

11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。

12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。