An Improved Model of the Jovian Magnetosphere

——参考范本——【资格考试】2019最新整理-恩波春季大学英语四级第二次模拟考试试题______年______月______日____________________部门试卷一Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Example: You will hear: A) At the office. B) In the waiting room.C) At the airport. D) In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening. This conversation is most likely taking place at the office. Therefore, A) “At the office” is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the center.Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D]1. A) Giving up reading. B) Going to the college library.C) Going to the city library. D) Stopping on the way to the city.2. A) Three dollars. B) Four dollars.C) Five dollars. D) Seven dollars.3. A) The man should join the student union.B) She agrees with the man.C) The man shouldn’t feel like that.D) She would join the union.4. A) They both come from Europe. B) They are both interested in art.C) They plan to study art in Europe. D) They will spend the summer in Italy.5. A) She doesn’t understand only one point.B) She would like some help from the man.C) She won’t have any problems on the exam.D) She has too many problems to deal with.6. A) Joe won’t leave school. B) Joe left school many times.C) Joe does not like his school. D) Joe often talks about his school.7. A) The woman enjoyed the TV program.B) The man didn’t like TV program.C) The man didn’t want to listen to the music.D) The woman put on a record for herself.8. A) Reading a book. B) Cooking in the kitchen.C) Getting to the kitchen. D) Showing a book to the woman.9. A) All programs are better than before.B) Most of the programs are interesting.C) Some programs are not good enough.D) Some programs are good but others are better.10. A) His room feels too cold. B) His plan has been cancelled.C) He doesn’t know who called him. D) He doesn’t feel very well.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A) A long stick with two wheels.B) An individual transport vehicle.C) A platform for people to stand on.D) A device improving the speed of a plane.12. A) From the wind. B) From the manpower.C) From a generator. D) From rechargeable batteries.13. A) It is very simple to operate.B) It does not produce pollution.C) It costs quite a bit of money to use.D) It can replace cars in crowded city centers.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A) To take off his legs. B) He got into a dispute.C) He did as was requested. D) To deposit his belongings.15. A) He was sorry. B) He was angry.C) He was excited. D) He was agreeable.16. A) Because they are obliged to make people safe and sound.B) Because they want to solve the problem of overcrowding.C) Because people do not leave their bags outside obediently.D) Because people can not get to and from their seats comfortably17. A) He made a disturbance. B) He got into dispute.C) He did as was requested. D) He woke up with a surprise.Passage ThreeQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.18. A) A crop, similar to fruits or vegetables.B) An industry employing over 100,000 people.C) A seedling that can grow into a traditional relatives.D) A present that can be made to friends and relatives.19. A) Three B) Five C) Seven D) Fifteen20. A) To have them replanted in fields.B) To control how fast the trees grow.C) To give the trees the traditional shape.D) To remove the unwanted from the trees.Part Ⅱ�������������鶵eadingComprehension���������� (35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and markthe corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a singleling through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:The case for college has been accepted without questionfor more than a generation. All high school graduates oughtto go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence,because college will help them earn more money, become‘better’ people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to half our high schoolgraduates are attending, those who won’t fit the pattern are becoming more numerous, and more obvious. College graduatesare selling shoes and driving taxis; college studentsinterfere with each other’s experiments and write falseletters of recommendation in the intense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies, and drop out – often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves – they are spoiled and they are expecting too much. But that’s a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn’t explain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We’ve beentold that young people have to go to college because our economy can’t absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, theproper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things – maybe it’s just the oth er way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. Andperhaps all those successful college graduates would havebeen successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy(异端邪说) to those of us who have been brought upto believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.21. According to the author, ________.A) people used to question the value of college educationB) people used to have full confidence in highereducationC) all high school graduates went to collegeD) very few high school graduates chose to go to college22. In the 2nd paragraph, “those who don’t fi t the pattern” refers to ________.A) high school graduates who aren’t suitable for college educationB) college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxisC) college students who aren’t any better for their higher educationD) high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college23. The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because ________.A) young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at collegeB) many young people are required to join the armyC) young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher educationD) young people don’t like the intense competition for admission to graduate school24. According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that ________.A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduatesB) high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college educationC) too many students have to earn their own livingD) college administrators encourage students to drop out25. In the passage the author argues that ________.A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for high school graduatesB) college education is not enough if one wants to be successfulC) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning peopleD) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don’t go to collegePassage TwoQuestion 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this environment frequently have to make a judgment as to their competitors' role when making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are changing their products, then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster personal computers, the Mackintosh II and Mackintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple’s major competitors.Apple’s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier models. The improved Mackintosh is able to run programs that previously were impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM compatible(兼容的)programs. Thiscompatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new attitude of giving customers the features they want. Making Apple computers capable of running IBM software is Apple’s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales. Users of the new Apple can also add accessories(附件) to make their machines specialize in specific uses, such as engineering and writing.The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the high price end of the personal computer market to finance research for even faster, more sophisticated computers.Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that their competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated colorgraphics(图形)，whereas the IBM machines have always been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably be more compatibility between the two companies' products, which no doubt will require that both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies.26. According to the passage, Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced the Mackintosh II and the Mackintosh SE because .A) IBM is changing its computer models continuouslyB) it wants to make its machines specialize in specific usesC) it wants to stay ahead of IBM in the competitive computer marketD) it expects its major competitor IBM to follow its example27. Apple hopes to increase Mackintosh sales chiefly by .A) making its new models capable of running IBM softwareB) improving the color graphics of its new modelsC) copying the marketing strategies of IBMD) giving the customers what they want28. Apple sells its new computer models at a high price because .A) they have new features and functionsB) they are more sophisticated than other modelsC) they have new accessories attachedD) it wants to accumulate funds for future research29. It can be inferred from the passage that both Apple and IBM try to gain a competitive advantage by .A) copying each other’s technologyB) incorporating features that make their products distinctiveC) making their computers more expensiveD) making their computers run much faster30.The best title for the passage would be .A) Apple’s Efforts to Stay Ahead of IBM B) Apple’s New Computer TechnologyC) Apple’s New Personal Computers D) Apple’s Research ActivitiesPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.����A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed, a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone. By contrast, the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with each additional passenger.���鶷he author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 p.m., and especially after midnight, with passengers in the car, the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.���鶵obert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says thehigher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior” than with just a lack of driving experience. “The basic issue.” he says, “is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex a nd skilled a task driving is.”���鶥oth he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate (使……缓解)the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems, in which getting a license is a multistage process. A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult, followed by a period of driving with night of passenger restrictions, before graduating to full driving privileges.Graduated licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes, according to recent studies, About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place, but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers, California is the strictest, with a novice(新手)driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under20(without the presence of an adult over 25)for the first six months.31. Which of the following situations is most dangerous according to the passage?A) Adults giving a lift to teenagers on the highway after10 p.m.B) A teenager driving after midnight with passengers in the car.C) Adults driving with three or more teenage passengers late at night.D) A teenager getting a lift from a stranger on the highway at midnight.32. According to Robert Foss, the high death rate of teenage drivers is mainly due to ________A) their frequent driving at night�����鶥) their improper way of driving��C) their lack of driving experience���� D) their driving with passengers33. According to Paragraph 3. which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.B) Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.C) Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.D) The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers' driving accidents.34. A suggested measure to be taken to reduce teenagers' driving accidents is that ________ .A) driving in the presence of an adult should be made a ruleB) they should be prohibited from taking on passengersC) they should not be allowed to drive after 10 p.m.D) the licensing system should be improved35. The present situation in about half of the states is that the graduated licensing system ________.A) is under discussion���������� B) is about to be set up����C) has been put into effect �������� D) has been perfectedPassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table. I couldn’t help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked: "So, how have you been?" And the boy—who could not have been more than seven or eight years old —replied. "Frankly, I've been feeling a little depressed lately."���鶷his incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. Asfar as I can remember, my friends and I didn’t find out we were “depressed” until we were i n high school.���鶷he evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children don’t seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to.���鶺hether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists, why?���鶫uman development is based not only on innate (天生的) biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social rote to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new status. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowlyand in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders.���鶬n the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation (揭示) machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately (不加区分地), to all viewers alike, be they children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation,many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures.���鶦ommunication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading andwriting involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practices. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.36. According to the author, feeling depressed is________.A) a sure sign of a psychological problem in a childB) something hardly to be expected in a young childC) an inevitable sign of children's mental developmentD) a mental stage present in all humans, including children37. Traditionally, a child is supposed to learn about the adult world ________.A) through contact with society������ B) gradually and under guidanceC) naturally and by biological instinct�� D)through exposure to social information38. The phenomenon that today’s children seem adult-like is attributed by the author to ________.A) the widespread influence of televisionB) the poor arrangement of teaching contentC) the fast pace of human intellectual developmentD) the constantly rising standard of living39. Why is the author in favor of communication through print for children?A) It enables children to gain more social information.B) It develops children's interest in reading and writing.C) It helps children to memorize and practice more.D) It can control what children are to learn.40. What does the author think of the change in today’s children?A) He feels amused by their premature behavior.B) He thinks it is a phenomenon worthy of note.C) He considers it a positive development.D) He seems to be upset about it.Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes) Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences it: this part. For each sentence thereare four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose cite ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the Corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.41. The beam that is ________by a laser differs inseveral ways from the light that comes out of a flashlight.A) emitted B) transmitted C) discharged D) expelled42. He is a boy of promise; he never fails to ________the expectation of his parents and teachers.A) live up with B) stand up with C) live up to D) stand up for43. It is indeed much more difficult to ________ a social reform on a large scale than just to talk about it.A) bring up B) bring forward C) bring about D) bring in44. No matter how ________ a hill may be, it is not necessarily worthless.A) vacant B) bare C) empty D) hollow45. When I took his temperature, I found it was two degrees above ________.A) average B) ordinary C) regular D) normal46. This newly-built grand theatre has a seating ________ of ten thousand audience.A) volume B) capacity C) power D) capability47. Finding a job can be ________and disappointing, and therefore it is important that you are prepared.A) exploiting B) frustrating C) profiting D) misleading48. The existing government has been ________ great importance to the improvement of the quality of education.A) concentrating B) attaching C) focusing D) contributing49. After a day’s fierce fighting, the enemy finally had to ________ their troops from the occupied area.A) retreat B) return C) dismiss D) withdraw50. He was very ________ to go, but he had no other choice.A) resolute B) hesitant C) willing D) reluctant51. I wandered through the cool ________ of the forest trees.A) shadow B) shade C) shelter D) shape52. The National Safety Council urges drivers and passengers to wear seat belts as a ________ against injury.A) caution B) precaution C) security D) safety53. You can ________ different kinds of people, dictionaries or maps, to find out what you wish to know.A) contact B) consult C) refer D) request54. The bus ran over the cliff on the way back to the camp because its ________ failed.A) controls B) gears C) brakes D) signals55. My cousin ________ his playground plans to the City Council.A) subjected B) yielded C) submitted D) surrendered56. Mrs. Jones was born in Germany and still speaks English with a German ________.A) pronunciation B) dialect C) trace D) accent57. Before moving to another city, Mr. London ________ of the horse and the furniture.A) discarded B) dismissed C) discharge D) disposed58. Unfortunately, the rate of his expenditure ________ that of his income.A) precedes B) dominates C) exceeds D) prevails59. He obviously displays a great________ for some of your poems.A) consent B) admiration C) respect D) pleasure60. A series of border incidents would ________ lead the two countries to war.A) inevitably B) consistently C) uniformly D)persistently61. Louis was asked to ________ the man who stole her purse.A) confirm B) recognize C) claim D) identify62. The captured criminals were ________ in chains through the streets.A) exhibited B) displayed C) paraded D) revealed63. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________ .A) precious B) rewarding C) worth D) challenging64. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A) spot B) locate C) place D) situate65. While some office jobs would seem________ to many people, there are quite a few jobs that are stimulating, exciting and satisfying.A) hostile B) tedious C) fantastic D) courageous66. After the collision, he examined theconsiderable________ to his car.A) ruin B) destruction C) damage D) injury67. Recycling wastes slows down the rate________which we use up the Earth’s finite reso urces.A) in B) of C) with D) at68. In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to ________ dreams were likely to be highly respected.A) interpret B) interfere C) inherit D) inform69. When he applied for a ________in the office of the local newspaper he was told to see the manager.A)vocation B) profession C) career D) position70. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on ________ .A) consciousness B) impulse C) instinct D) response试卷二Part Ⅳ���������������鶶hort Answer Questions�������� (15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with 8 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passagecarefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in fewest possible words. Your answer may be a word, a phrase, a short sentence, or fewest possible words. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the right of the page. ����Sports is one of the world’s largest industries, and most athletes are professionals who are paid for their efforts. Because an athlete succeeds by achievement only—not by economic background or family connections—sports can be a fast route to wealth, and many athletes play only for money than for love.���� This has not always been true. In the ancient Olympics the winner got only a wreath of olive leaves (橄榄叶花环). Even though the winners became national heroes, the games remained amateur for centuries. Athletes won fame, but no money. As time passed, however, the contests became increasingly less amateur and cities began to hire athletes to represent them. By the fourth century A.D., the Olympics were ruined, and they were soon ended.���鶬n 1896, the Olympic games were revived (使再度兴起)with the same goal of pure amateur competition. The rules bar athletes who have ever received a $50 prize or anathletic scholars or who have spent four weeks in a training camp. At least one competitor in the 1896 games met thesequalifications. He was Spiridon Loues, a water carrier who won the marathon race, After race, a rich Athenian offered him anything he wanted. A true amateur, Loues accepted only a cart and a horse. Then he gave up running forever. But Loues was an exception and now, as the Chairman of the German Olympic Committee said, “Nobody pays any attention to these rules.” Many countries pay their athletes to train year-round, and Olympic athletes are eager to sell their names to companies that make everything from ski equipment to fast food.���鶨ven the games themselves have become a huge business. Countries fight to hold the Olympics not only for honor, but for money. The 1972 games in Munich cost the Germans 545 million dollars, but by selling medal symbols, TV rights, food, drink ,hotel rooms, and souvenirs (纪念品), they managed to make a profit. Appropriately, the symbol of victory in the Olympic games is no longer a simple olive wreath—it is a gold medal.Questions:S1. To many people, sports today is nothingS1._______________but ____S1____. S1._______________S2. What do most athletes of today go after?S2.________________S3. What reward could an ancient Greek athleteexpect?��S3___ S3._________________S4. By the fourth century A.D., Olympic contestsS4._____________became increasingly more__S4____ thus ruining the Olympics.S5.When the Olympic games were revived in1896, athletes who had received specialtraining in camps would be___S5_______. S5.________S6. What did Spiridon Loues do after he acceptedthe Athenian’s gift?�鷂___S6______. S6.____________S7. According to the author, some athletes areeven willing to advertise for businesses whichsell things like�� S7��. S7.____________S8. The 1972 Munich games managed to makea big profit mainly by�� S8(1)�� services ��S8.(1)_____________and selling�� S8(2)��. (2)_____________Part V Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Internet and I. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:。

大学英语四级仔细阅读摸底测试题大学英语四级仔细阅读摸底测试题英语四级马上就要开始了，以下是为大家分享的大学英语四级仔细阅读摸底测，供大家参考借鉴，欢送浏览!Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump-convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn’t. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing its effects on the 150 or sopatients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concludedthat the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning (制止) the device.The recall may hurt Symbion Inc., maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won’t end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned mode is that the tubes connectingit to an external power source createda passage for infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with atiny power pack, in the patient’s chest. The first sample products aren’texpected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they’ll work—and that America’soverextended health—care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the effect could actually be a decline in the nation’s health.Choose correct answers to the question:1. Aording to the passage, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be .A. a technical failureB. a technical wonderC. a good life-saverD. an effective means to treat heart disease2. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. .A. has been banned by the government from producing artificial heartsB. will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new modelsC. may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial heartsD. can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years3. The new models of artificial hearts are expected .A. to have a working life of 10 or 20 yearsB. to be set fully in the patient’s chestC. to be equipped with an external power sourceD. to create a new passage for infection4. The word "them" in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to .A. doctors who treat heart diseasesB. makers of artificial heartsC. America’s health-care programsD. New model of artificial hearts5. Some people feel that .A. artificial hearts are seldom effectiveB. the country should not spend so much money on artificial heartsC. the country is not spending enough money onartificial heartsD. America’s health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation’s health1.[A] 文章一开头说Jarvik-7以前被认为是一大技术成就，但文章第1段倒数第2句中提到,美国食品与药品管理局得出结论,认为这种仪器与其说是挽救生命,不如说是将生命置于更加危险的境地。

大学英语六级分类模拟题469(总分293, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Writing1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an**menting on the saying "Where there"s a will there"s a way." You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write atleast 150 words but no more than 200 words.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 20[范文]Where There"s a Will There"s a WayAn old saying goes like this, "Where there"s a will there"s a way." It means that if you are determined enough, you can find a way to achieve what you want, even if it is very difficult. Personally I can"t agree more.Every success could involve setbacks and risks, and we need to summon up our will to conquer them. Moreover, there are enormous temptations along our pursuit of success. For instance, when we plan to quit smoking, our roommates may smoke freely in front of us; when we are eager to keep fit, our close friends may invite us to have late night snacks. On these occasions, only a strong will can help us to resist the temptation, and persist in chasing our goals until we triumphantly realise them.In short, no dream will **e true if we do not have a strong will. Where there is a will, there is a way. Let us bear this motto in mind no matter how many thunders and thorns there are on our road ahead, and then we will be successful with such precious and powerfulspirit.Part Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionSection ANew Discoveries of Public TransportA. A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University"s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The **pared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.B. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result,17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.C. According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: "A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one". Melbourne"s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people"s preferences as to where they live.D. Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that "the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms".E. Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most "bicycle friendly" cities considered—Amsterdam and Copenhagen—were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were—"reasonable but not special".F. It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of publictransport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found "zero correlation".G. When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.H. In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: "The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favoured." He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In theyears that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.I. In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now **muting times far higher.J. There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the samelevel of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars—creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities. K. Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.L. It was once assumed that improvements in **munications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team"s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. "The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where **e together face-to-face."SSS_FILL1.In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the inner suburbs.该问题分值: 7.1C[解析] 题干中的两个名词Melbourne和suburbs可以将答案定位在C段，The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people"s preferences as to where they live. 近郊住房需求激增说明人们选择住在近郊。

初一英语虚拟语气阅读理解20题1<背景文章>If people had magic, the world would be a truly amazing place. Imagine waking up one morning and finding that you can make things disappear with a wave of your hand. You could clean your room in an instant by making all the mess disappear. Or if you were late for school, you could just blink and be there.If everyone had magic, there would be no more traffic jams. People could simply fly to their destinations. Cities would look different too. Buildings might be made of light and change colors according to people's moods.In this magical world, people could heal the sick with a touch. No one would ever have to suffer from illness or pain. There would be no more hospitals as we know them.The environment would also be different. People could make the air cleaner and the water purer with a snap of their fingers. There would be no pollution and the earth would be a beautiful place to live.1. If people had magic, they could _____.A. make things appearB. make things disappearC. make things biggerD. make things smaller答案：B。

大学英语四级（阅读）模拟试卷37(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.GPS The Global Positioning System is a space-based triangulation system using satellites and computers to measure positions anywhere on earth. It is first and foremost a defense system developed by the United States Department of Defense, and is referred to as the “Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System”or NA VSTAR GPS. The uniqueness of this navigational system is that it avoids the limitations of other land-based systems such as limited geographic coverage, lack of continuous 24-hour coverage, and the limited accuracies of other related navigational instruments. The high accuracies obtainable with the Global Positioning System also make it a precision survey instrument. GPS Components: the Space Segment, the Control Segment, and the User Segment. Space Segment The Space Segment of the system consists of the GPS satellites. These space vehicles (SVs) send radio signals from space. The GPS Operational Constellation consists of 24 satellites that orbit the earth in 12 hours. There are often more than 24 operational satellites as new ones are launched to replace older satellites. The satellite orbits repeat almost the same ground track (as the earth turns beneath them) once each day. The orbit altitude is such that the satellites repeat the same track and area over any point approximately each 24 hours (4 minutes earlier each day). There are six orbital planes (with four SVs in each), equally spaced (60 degrees apart), and inclined at about fifty-five degrees with respect to the equatorial (赤道的) plane. This constellation provides the user with between five and eight SVs visible from any point on the earth. Control Segment The Control Segment consists of a system of tracking stations located around the world. The Master Control facility is located at Schriever Air Force Base (formerly Falcon AFB) in Colorado. These monitor stations measure signals from the SVs which are incorporated into orbital models for each satellites. The models compute precise orbital data and SV clock corrections for each satellite. The Master Control station uploads orbital data and clock data to the SVs. The SVs then send subsets of the orbital ephemeris (星历表) data to GPS receivers over radio signals. User Segment The GPS User Segment consists of the GPS receivers and the user community. GPS receivers change SV signals into position, speed, and time estimates. Four satellites are required to compute the four dimensions of X, Y, Z (position) and Time. GPS receivers are used for navigation, positioning, time distribution, and other research. Navigation in three dimensions is the primary function of GPS. Navigation receivers are made for aircraft, ships, groundvehicles, and for hand carrying by individuals. Precise positioning is possible using GPS receivers at reference locations providing corrections and relative positioning data for remote receivers. Surveying, geodetic control, and plate tectonic studies are examples. Time and frequency distribution, based on the precise clocks on board the SVs and controlled by the monitor stations, is another use for GPS. Astronomical observatories, telecommunications facilities, and laboratory standards can be set to precise time signals or controlled to accurate frequencies by special purpose GPS receivers. Research projects have used GPS signals to measure atmospheric parameters. GPS Accuracy At present the system consists of 24 satellites at an altitude of about 20,000 km having an orbital inclination of 55 degrees. The orbits are almost circular and it takes 12 hours for a satellite to complete a pass around the Earth. GPS signals are broadcast from a cluster of 24 or more earth orbiting satellites. Because the GPS signals are derived from the atomic frequency standards on board each satellite, they are widely used as a reference for time synchronization and frequency adjustment. The real time positioning accuracy of a single receiver is normally up to 100 meters horizontally and 150 meters vertically. However, various methods have been developed which enable much higher accuracy (centimeter level). GPS Receivers There are a variety of different types of GPS receivers on the market for commercial and public use. Prices range from $500—$30,000, reflecting the accuracy and capabilities of the instruments. For the general outdoorsman, a good GPS receiver should have 8 satellite tracking capability and be capable of receiving the GPS satellite signals through forest covering in northern Ontario shield area; for the professional user, a minimum 8 satellite tracking capability, high memory capacity, differential GPS capability, and resistance to signal weakening under forest covering is essential; for the professional surveyor requiring high level precision and accuracy capability, they should assess the project or application for which the technology is to be used with the help of an unbiased consultant, in order to determine the most cost effective and appropriate instrument. Navigational Units Small hand held units at relatively low cost allow boaters and hikers to know their position within a few hundred meters. This accuracy is sufficient for recreational use. Mapping A hand held or similar unit at mid-range price that is linked to a fixed broadcast base station. These units allow utility companies, municipalities and others to locate various items (telephone poles, waterlines, valves) with a positional tolerance of several meters. This is suitable for some Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping purposes. GPS and Policing GPS technology offers numerous benefits to law enforcement agencies of all types. For some agencies, the navigational capabilities offered by GPS enhance efficiency and safety. These navigational applications can be used to support a variety of policing and criminal justice functions. Other agencies use GPS positioning technologies to carry out special operations or to provide enhanced personnel safety. For example, using computerized maps of their rights given by law, cooperated with GPS, aviation personnel can determine location, speed and time. The positioning capabilities offered by GPS may also contribute to the success of specialized law enforcement operations such as in controlling vehicles. One such program operated in Minneapolisled to a 60% reduction in auto theft after only one month. The automatic vehicle location systems can not only provide efficiency of response and help ensure officer safety, but also provide officer with accurate information concerning the best response route to an incident. What’s more, they can provide officers information that allows the closest patrol officers to be dispatched to a particular incident. Advanced Transportation Management Systems (ATMS) are heavily dependant upon GPS technology to provide data about the road system. GPS allows for law enforcement personnel to clear roadway blockages to ensure the safety of motorist. Most people associate law enforcement with the prevention, reduction, and prosecution of criminal activity. In fact, a large portion of local law enforcement resources are involved in facilitating the movement of people and vehicles in a safe manner. In conclusion, large-volume commercial applications such as cellular phones, personal communication systems, and in-vehicle navigation systems will fuel continued development of these technologies. What was ultimately the domain of the Department of Defense is rapidly becoming available for business, private, and general government use. Policing and public safety in general, will benefit from these market forces. It is clear that there are a number of GPS applications for policing.1．The components of GPS include ______.A．the Space Segment, the Control Segment, Navigational UnitsB．the Space Segment, the Control Segment, GPS ReceiversC．the Space Segment, the Control Segment, the User SegmentD．the Space Segment, the User Segment, GPS Receivers正确答案：C解析：原文第2段提到，全球定位系统的组成部分包括空间部分、监控部分和用户部分，故答案为C。

大学英语专四考试考前恶补习题附答案解析大学英语专四考试考前恶补习题附答案解析贵有恒何必三更眠五更起，最无益只怕一日曝十日寒。

以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的大学英语专四考试考前恶补习题附答案解析，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!There was a time when parents who wanted an educational present for the ir children would buy a typewriter, a globe or an encyclopedia set. Now those ___ 1___ seem hopelessly old?fashioned; this Christmas, there were a lo t of personal computers under the tree. ___ 2___ that computers are the key to success, parents are also frantically insisting that children ___ 3___ taught to use them in schoo l—as early as possible. The problem for schools is that when it ___ 4 ___ computers, parents don’t always know best. Many schools are yielding to parental impatience and are purchasing hardware ___ 5___ sound education al planning so they can say, “OK, we’ve moved into the computer age.” Teachers found themselves caught in the middle of the problem—between parent pressure a nd ___ 6___ educational decisions. Educators do not even agree ___ 7 ___ how computers should be used. A lot of money is going for computerized e ducational materials ___ 8___ research has shown can be taught ___ 9 ___ with pencil and paper. Even those who believe that all children should h ave access to computers, warn of potential ___ 10___ to the very young. The temptation remains strong largely because young children ___ 11___ s o well to computers. First graders have been seen willing to work for two hours on math skills. Some have an attention span of 20 minutes. ___ 12___ sch ool can afford to go into computing, and that creates ___ 13___ another problem: a division between thehaves and have?nots. Very few parents are agita ting ___ 14___ computer instruction in poor school districts, ___ 15 ___ there may be barely enough money to pay the reading teacher.1. A. items B. toys C. sets D. series2. A. Given B. Provided C. Convinced D. Believed3. A. are B. be C. are being D. were4. A. talks about B. comes to C. turns to D. mentions5. A. without B. with C. through D. for6. A. wise B. clever C. slow D. enough7. A. on B. with C. to D. about8. A. however B. it C. what D. that9. A. equally B. in the same way? C. just as well D. not as well10. A. approaches B. exposures C. dangers D. harmful11. A. adopt B. keep C. adapt D. devote12. A. High B. Not every C. No D. Any13. A. already B. of course C. in addition D. yet14. A. for B. against C. to buy D. use15. A. for B. in any case? C. although D. where参考答案及详解1. A) 根据句义“现在那些东西(指以上提到的打字机、地球仪、百科全书)显得太落后了”可知，本空正确答案为A items2. C) 通过分析本句结构可知此空所在句是一个从句，作主句的原因状语，结合选项可知此空需要动词的过去分词表示“确信、相信”的意思，故选项C为正确答案，因为“be conv inced that”意为“确信、相信”。

1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方Our study area is located in xiaozhang village ，which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city 。

2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959。

3 在这个地区,除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的.In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率领下,我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。

In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days"field work 。

5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。

We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要解释这些资料。

All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于这种研究的目的是判断沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用所有的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相.Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession 。

大学英语四级模拟试卷692(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) 3. Listening Comprehension 4. Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) 5. Cloze 8. TranslationPart I Writing (30 minutes)1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the Rich Show off Their Wealth ? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1．现在富人炫富正成为一种社会现象2．人们对此现象看法不一3．我认为……Should the Rich Show off Their Wealth?正确答案：Should the Rich Show off Their Wealth? With the popularity of the Internet, network columns in which celebrities such as pop stars, athletes show off their wealth become prevalent. Opinions on this issue differ from person to person. An army of people, especially youngsters today are fond of these activities. Not only can they know about the latest information of these celebrities but also they can get their shopping desires stimulated by copying what the rich do. On the contrary, a number of people hold the negative attitude towards this phenomenon. They maintain that the show-off may mislead the public’s value of consumption and erode people’s outlook on life. For my part, despite the continuous improvement of people’s living standard, in China where the gap between the rich and the poor is increasingly widening, the rich should play at least a small role in helping those in poverty instead of flaunting their wealth.Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN)if the information is not given in the passage.The Quantified Self-Counting Every Moment The idea of measuring things to chart progress towards a goal is commonplace in large organizations, governments and companies. But this quantitative method is rather less widespread among individuals, with the notable exceptions of people who are trying to lose weight or improve their fitness. Most people do not routinely record their moods, sleeping patterns or activity levels, track how much alcohol or coffee they drink or chart how often they walk the dog. But some people are doing just these things. What they share is a belief that gathering and analyzing data about their everyday activities can help them improve their lives—an approach known as “ self-tracking”or “self-quantifying”. In some ways this is not a new idea. Athletes and theircoaches commonly make detailed notes on nutrition, training sessions, sleep and other variables. Similar strategies have long been used to combat health problems like allergies (过敏). But new technologies make it simpler than ever to gather and analyze personal data. Sensors have shrunk and become cheaper. This makes it much easier to take the quantitative methods used in science and business and apply them to the personal sphere. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the notion of marrying technology with self-improvement originated in San Francisco, where Gary Wolf, a journalist and author, co-founded the “Quantified Self” blog in 2007. This led to regular meetings, which are now held in about 50 cities around the world. “Almost everything we do generates data. “ says Mr. Wolf, “Data from phones, computers and credit cards are mostly used by companies to target advertising, recommend products or spot fraud. But tapping into the stream of data they generate can give people new ways to deal with medical problems or improve their quality of life in other ways. “Quantify this Self-quantifying is being taken seriously by start-ups, in Silicon Valley and elsewhere, which are launching new devices and software aimed at self-trackers. It may even provide a glimpse of the future of health care, in which a greater emphasis is placed on monitoring, using a variety of devises, to prevent disease, extend lives and reduce medical costs. To see how self-tracking rewards, consider the example of David, an investment banker in London. With his routine of early starts and 11 -hour days, he found that he had trouble falling asleep, and worried that this affected his concentration at work. He started using a headband made by Zeo, a start-up based in Newton, Massachusetts. It tracks sleep quantity and quality by measuring brainwave activity to determine how long the wearer spends in light, deep and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. David recorded his sleep data along with information on his diet, health supplements, exercise and alcohol consumption, uploading it all onto the Zeo website. He now sleeps for an average of seven-and-a-half hours a night, up from six hours before he began his self-tracking experiment. “ I feel more relaxed, sharper and more switched on,” he says. “ Seeing the facts on your computer screen makes them difficult to ignore. “Some self-quantifiers can come across as a little odd. Not everyone carries out experiments to see whether wearing orange glasses or performing regular hopping exercises can improve sleep quality, or whether (as has been claimed) eating butter improves arithmetic ability. An obvious problem is that self-quantification experiments lack strict controls and clinical trials. There could also be placebo (安慰剂) effects. “With self-tracking you never really know whether it is your experiment that is affecting the outcome, or your expectations of the experiment,”says Nancy Dougherty, a self-tracking enthusiast who works as a hardware engineer at Proteus Biomedical, a medical-devices company in Redwood City, California. She found that taking virtual pills labelled “happy”, “calm” , “focus”and “will power” had a noticeable impact, even though she knew they were placebos. But with careful design of experiments there is scope for self-tracking to produce useful data. The Zeo, for example, has already generated the largest-ever database on sleep stages, which revealed differences between men and women in REM-sleep quantity. Keeping track Tens of thousands of patients around the world are already sharinginformation about symptoms and treatments for hundreds of conditions on websites such as PatientsLikeMe and CureTogether. This has yielded valuable results. The growing number of self-tracking devices now reaching the market will increase the scope for large-scale data collection, enabling users to analyse their own readings and incorporate them with those of other people. The thumb-sized Fitbit, for example, made by a company of the same name based in San Francisco, clips onto a belt to measure activity levels and sleep patterns. A readout (读出器) shows steps walked, stairs climbed and calories burned. Information is also uploaded wirelessly to a website that analyses and displays the data and lets users compare notes with their friends. Jawbone, also based in San Francisco, has released the Up, a wristband that communicates with an iPhone and can also measure physical activity and sleep patterns. GreenGoose, yet another San Francisco start-up, has devised tiny motion sensors that can be attached to everyday items, sending a wireless signal to a base-station whenever the item is used. A sensor can be attached to a toothbrush, for example, or a watering can, or the collar of a dog, making it possible to measure and track how often you brush your teeth, water your plants or walk your dog. The company’s aim is to establish a platform for the gamification (游戏化) of everyday activities. As populations age and health-care costs increase, there is likely to be a greater emphasis on monitoring, prevention and maintaining “wellness”in future, with patients taking a more active role—an approach sometimes called “Health 2. 0”. With their sleep monitors and health dashboards, the aficionados (狂热爱好者) of self-tracking may end up being seen as pioneers of this model. “ We were inspired by our knowledge of this history of personal computing. “Mr. Wolf says. “ We asked ourselves what would happen if we convened (召唤) advanced users of self-tracking technologies to see what we could learn from each other. “Self-tracking may look weird now, but the same was once true of e-mail. And what geeks do today, the rest of us often end up doing tomorrow.2．As to the individual application of the quantitative method, the author is surprised to find that______.A．the number of people who use it is rather largeB．the way people apply the method is not scientificC．people who really need the method rarely use itD．most people don’t approve the use of the method正确答案：C解析：定位句指出，这种量化方法在个人领域中的应用极不普遍，那些在努力减肥或者改善体质的人都没有使用，即最需要使用量化方法的人却很少使用它，故答案为C3．People who conduct “self-tracking” believe that the approach______.A．is helpful for life improvementB．can improve their mathematicsC．can better personal relationshipsD．is good for natural environment正确答案：A解析：定位句指出，这种收集和分析个人日常活动数据的方法即为“自我追踪法”或者“自我量化法”，采用这种方法的人们相信它可以帮助他们改善自己的生活。

课下能力提升(七)Ⅰ.用所给词的适当形式填空1．Sounding (sound) reasonable, the salesman's words persuaded many customers to buy his products.2．Take a deep breath, and you will feel relaxed (relax)．3．We must always keep cheerful (cheer) in hard time.4．In spring, all the flowers in the garden smell (smell) so sweet that they attract many people to enjoy the beautiful scenery there.5．You just can't imagine that such a clever, promising student turned (turn) murderer.6．Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will_stay (stay) fresh for several days.7．—Take this medicine three times a day, Tom.—Do I have to take it? It tastes (taste) so terrible.8．—Why was Tom unhappy those days?—Can't you see it clearly? The theory he stuck to proved (prove) wrong.9．The children all looked sadly at the broken model plane and felt quite sad.(sad)10．Please remain seated (seat) until the plane has e to a plete stop.Ⅱ.完成句子1．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ书面表达) For a start, I feel_really_delighted_that_I've won the first prize in the petition, which makes me understand the true meaning of the proverb “no pains, no gains”．首先，在比赛中获得一等奖我确实感到高兴，这使我理解了谚语“不劳无获”的真正含义。