第二章管理学原理习题参考答案

《管理学——原理与方法》课后习题答案第一章:第一题答案：1：目的性：人类正是在为实现预期目的的活动中,在不断地劳动，思考，谋划，设计和组织管理的过程中，逐步进化的。

2：依存性：人类的目的性来源于对外部环境和人类自身的相互依存关系。

3：知识性：人类能从过去的实践中学习，从前人的经验中学习,并能把学到的知识加以记忆，积累,分析和推理，从而形成人类独有的知识体系。

人类活动的上述三个特点为人类的管理实践提供了客观条件,也回答了为什么管理实践与人类历史同样悠久的原因.第二题答案：管理是社会组织中,为了实现预期的目标，以人为中心进行的协调活动调。

管理的最基本的特征是：1：管理的载体是一个组织2：管理的基本对象是人3：在管理的资源配置中，人才是第一资源。

4:管理的任务:在一般意义上讲，它是通过采取某些具体的手段和措施，设计、营造、维护一种环境,包括组织内部和外部的环境，使所有管理对象在特定的环境中,做到协调而有序地进行活动.第三题答案：许多新的管理论和管理学实践已一再证明：计划、组织、领导、控制、创新这五种管理职能是一切管理活动最基本的职能。

计划：制定目标并确实为达成这些目标所必需的行动.组织中所有的管理者都必须从事计划活动.根据工作的要求与人员的特点,设计岗位,通过授权和分工，将适当的人员安排在适当的岗位上,用制度规定各个岗位的职责和上下左右的相互关系,形成一个有机的组织结构，使整个组织协调运转—-这就是组织的职能组织目标决定着组织的具体形式和特点指导人们的行为，通过沟通增强人们的相互理解，统一人们的思想和行动，激励每个成员自觉地为实现组织目标而共同努力。

控制的实质就是使实践活动符合与计划,计划就是控制地标准。

创新职能与上述各种管理职能不同，他本身并没有某种特有的表现形式,他总是在与其他管理职能的结合中表现自身的存在与价值。

每一项管理工作都是从计划开始，经过组织、领导到控制结束。

各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透，控制的结果可能又导致新的计划，开始了新一轮的管理循环。

管理学原理随堂练习参考答案第一章企业运作的源头1. 1. 所有组织的一个基本目标是能长期生存下来去贯彻基本宗旨。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：2. 2. 完成计划是组织的最终目的。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：3. 3. 管理人员通过对资源进行组合和协调来实现组织目标。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：4. 4. 企业以盈利为唯一目的，因此管理人员的管理活动应紧紧围绕盈利这一中心。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：×问题解析：5. 5. 宗旨是公司的宪法，是全公司上下的行为准则。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：第二章管理者与管理1. 6. 对于管理，最形象的描述是________。

A. 艺术B. 科学C. A和BD. 上述都不是答题： A. B. C. D.参考答案：C问题解析：2.7. 管理理论以________为核心。

A. 计划B. 组织C. 控制D.指挥答题： A. B. C. D.参考答案：B问题解析：3.8. 以下不属于管理职能的是_______。

A. 组织活动B.控制活动C. 有效获取资源D.计划与决策答题： A. B. C. D.参考答案：C问题解析：4.9. 管理者应该承担哪种类型的角色_______。

A.人际关系方面的角色B.信息方面的角色C.决策方面的角色D.全部皆是答题： A. B. C. D.参考答案：D问题解析：5.10. 法约尔所提出的企业6项经营职能是指：技术职能、营业职能、财务职能、保养职能、会计职能、安全职能。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：×问题解析：6.11. 按照现代的观点，管理的职能包括计划、组织、领导和控制。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：7.12. 法约尔提出的管理职能中包括了指挥、协调两大职能，现代理论则以领导取而代之。

（）答题：对. 错.参考答案：√问题解析：8.13. 泰勒教授提出，管理就是决策。

《管理学原理》作业（附有答案）第一章管理、管理者与管理学单项选择题1、下列不属于管理学的特点：（Ｄ）。

A 一般性B综合性C精确性D实践性名词解释管理（P2）、系统（P5）、管理者（P11）、管理者的技能（P16）、管理学（P21）、简答题1、如何理解管理的含义？（P2～P3）2、管理的基本职能有哪些？（P4～P5）3、管理的基本原理有哪些？（P5～P9）4、从管理层次来看管理者可分成哪几类？（P11～P13）5、简述管理者在组织中扮演着三类十种不同的角色。

（P14～P15）6、简述管理者的三种技能。

（P16 ～P17）7、简述管理的科学性和艺术性。

（P24）第二章管理思想与管理理论单项选择题1、被誉为“管理学之父”的是：（B ）A 法约尔B泰罗C韦伯D梅奥2、西蒙是哪个学派的代表人物？（C ）A 系统管理学派B 权变理论学派C决策理论学派D经验管理学派简答题1、简述《科学管理原理》的理论要点。

（P35～P36）2、什么是管理的14项原则？（P37）3、理想的行政组织体系的理论要点是什么？（P37～P38）4、什么是企业流程再造？（P43）第三章管理环境名词解释管理环境（P61）、组织文化（P75）、科技环境（P67）、社会责任（P84）简答题1、简述管理环境的构成。

（P63）2、组织如何适应环境？（P71～P72）3、简述组织文化的特点。

（P76～P77）4、简述组织文化的功能。

（P77）5、组织文化如何影响管理？（P78～P79）6、如何建设组织文化？（P82～P83）第四章决策单项选择题1、下列哪个不属于决策的特点？（ B ）A超前性B适时性C目标确定性D风险性名词解释决策（P95）、德尔菲法（P101）简答题1、简述决策的内涵。

（P95）2、决策有哪些步骤？（P99～P100）3、悲观决策法、乐观决策法与最小后悔值法有什么区别？（P106）4、如何避免决策的失误？（P110～P111）计算题课本例题4.2、例题4.4第五章计划名词解释计划（P117）、宗旨（P121）、战略（P122）、滚动计划法（P129）、目标管理（P132）简答题1、简述计划的特征。

第一章课后题答案一、选择题1.C2.C3.B4.D5. B6.D7.A8. C9.B 10. A二、填空题：1.计划2.组织3.领导4.控制5.基层管理者6.信息角色7.概念技能8.管理9.技术环境10.交换关系三、简答题：答案见前书四、案例分析题1.承担角色：（1）企业家：王小川思考是否可以通过一些新的产品来辅助推动搜索引擎的市场份额；（2）联络者、领导者：输入法属于底层软件，开发上难度很大，需要跟Windows打很多交道，还要与其他各种软件进行适配，工作繁杂而琐碎。

此时，王小川表现出了他性格方面的韧性，搜狗团队死磕技术障碍，最终逐一解决了底层开发、兼容性等各种技术难题。

2. 2.管理技能（1）技术技能：输入法属于底层软件，开发上难度很大，需要跟Windows打很多交道，还要与其他各种软件进行适配，工作繁杂而琐碎。

此时，王小川表现出了他性格方面的韧性，搜狗团队死磕技术障碍，最终逐一解决了底层开发、兼容性等各种技术难题。

（2）人际技能：王小川知道面临困难的时候怎么去跟老板沟通，怎么去表达，怎么理解大家的意图，什么时候该等待。

他也习惯了与不同风格的下属和团队的合作。

（3）概念技能：王小川明白要使高管有全面的能力。

过去做事情总是想得太清楚，安排工作也非常具体，没给他们留空间去思考、去创造。

他希望高管们能自己站在一个很高的高度去想公司要做哪种事情，要激发他们全面思考的意愿。

3. 大公司的考核体系适合程序性的工作，比较平稳，没有太大变动。

但是对于创新而言，有时需要打破常规，甚至可能失败，如果按照大公司的考核体系进行考核，这样的员工考核无疑会受到影响，为了保障自己的利益，很少有人会尝试创新，进而阻碍了创新。

第二章课后题答案一、选择题1.D2.B3.A4.C5.C6.B7.D8.D9.A 10.C二、填空题1.获取最大的利益2.股东3.其他利益相关者三、简答题：答案见前书四、案例分析题案例一：答案要点之所以会出现对食品安全的“虚惊”，是因为近年来食品安全问题频发，不断挑战消费者的认知底线，使得消费者对商家提供的食品越来越不信任。

管理学原理课后习题答案2011年06月19日星期日上午 10:03第一章答案一、填空1.计划，组织，领导，控制；资源2. 计划，组织，领导，控制；3. 计划4. 人际角色，信息角色，决策角色；5. 决策；6. 协调，人；7. 技术技能，人际技能，概念技能8.组织目标的实现；9. 计划10. 自然，社会11. 管理原理，管理方法；12. 人力资源，物力资源，财力资源，信息资源二、单项选择1.C2. D3.D4.A5. A6.C7.C8.B9.B 10.D11.B 12.C 13.B三、多项选择1. ABEF2. ABD3.ABD四、判断1.×2. ×3.√4. ×5. ×6.√7. √8.√五、简答（要点，非完整答案）1.管理是一个过程，就是一个组织通过计划、组织、领导、控制等工作，对组织所拥有的资源进行合理配置和有效使用，以实现组织预定目标的过程。

计划、组织、领导、控制、创新是一切管理活动最基本的职能。

每一项管理活动都是从计划开始，经过组织和领导，到控制结束。

各职能之间同时相互交叉渗透，控制的结果可能又导致新的计划，又开始一轮新的管理循环。

如此循环不息，把工作不断推向前进。

创新在管理循环中处于轴心的地位，成为推动管理循环的原动力。

2. 管理的科学性表现在它是对劳动过程的管理；管理的艺术性表现在它是对人的管理；二者不可分离。

管理既是科学，也是艺术。

管理是一门科学，由大量学者和实业家在总结管理工作的客观规律基础上形成，用以指导人们的管理实践。

管理者如果没有管理科学知识，则管理过程中或是依靠经验，或是凭主观、靠运气；而有了系统化的科学管理只是，他们就有可能对管理上存在的问题设想出可行的、正确的解决办法。

当然，管理科学并不能为管理者提供解决一切问题的标准方案，它要求管理工作者以管理的基本理论、原则为基础，结合实际，对具体情况做具体分析，以球的问题的解决，从而实现组织目标。

《管理学原理》习题参考答案第一章概述一、单项选择1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．C 6．C 7．D 8．B 9．C 10．C 11．B． 12．C 13．C 14．C 15．C 16．B 17．C 18．B 19．D 20．B二、多项选择题：1．ABE 2．ABD 3．BE 4．BD 5．ABDE 6．BCDE 7．BE 8．BD 9．ACDE 10．ABD 11．BCDE 12．AD 13．AC 14．ABCDE 15．ABCDE 16．ABCE 17．ABCDE 18．AC 19．BD 20．ABC 21．BC 22．BCE 23．ABE 三、判断改错题1．×。

管理是一个过程，是让别人与自己一道去实现既定的目标，是一切有组织的集体活动所不可缺少的要素。

2．×。

组织分为三个层次，拥有的权力范围最大、担任的职务最高的管理人员是上层主管人员。

3. √4．×。

管理的任务是设计和维护一种环境，使在这一环境中工作的人们能够用尽可能少的支出，实现既定的目标。

5．×。

管理是由许多人协作劳动而产生的，具有同生产力、社会化大生产相联系的自然属性。

6．×。

管理学的历史性决定了管理学是对前人的管理理论、管理思想的总结、扬弃和发展。

7．×。

研究如何完善组织机构与各种管理体制的问题是管理学内生产关系方面的内容。

8．√9．√四、名词解释（答案略）五、简答题1．管理是一个过程，是让别人与自己一道去实现既定的目标，是一切有组织的集体活动所不可缺少的要素。

管理的基本特征是：(1)管理是一种文化或社会现象。

其存在的必要条件，一是多人集体活动；二是共同一致目标。

这就使组织成为管理的载体。

(2)管理的主体是管理者。

他的责任是管理组织、管理管理者、管理工作和工人。

(3)管理具有特定任务，职能和层次。

即通过上、中、基层三个层次，运用计划、组织、人员配备、指导与领导、控制等基本职能，设计和维持一种体系，使共同工作的人以尽量少的支出，实现既定目标。

第一章1.管理是一种在正式组织内由一个或更多的人来协调其他人活动的活动过程。

2.由于每个企业能投入生产过程的资源都是有限的，整个社会能用于社会生产的资源也是有限的，所以就要求通过有效的管理来提高资源的使用效率，使有限的资源得到有效的运用，以可用的资源尽可能多地实现某种想要完成的任务或目标。

否则，管理就会失去它的必要性。

3.因为管理并不是促进组织目标有效实现的唯一作用力。

组织成效的高低，除了受管理成效影响外，还受到其他一些因素的影响。

4.①活动主体不同：管理活动的主体是管理者，而业务活动的主体是业务活动者。

②活动内容不同：管理活动具有普遍性和全局性，而业务活动具有特殊性和局部性。

③活动的直接目标不同：管理活动的直接目标是协调业务活动，使业务活动能有效地实现组织目标，而业务活动的直接目标是实现组织的目标。

5.⑴组织中的管理者是从事管理活动的人。

⑵特点：①管理者所从事的是协调组织中被管理者活动的活动。

②管理者对组织目标的实现起间接贡献作用。

③管理者在组织中的行为是受双重人格影响和作用的。

④管理者在履行各种管理职能时，考虑问题的出发点是组织整体的利益追求及组织中各个方面相互之间的联系与关系。

6.①高层管理者：侧重思想（概念）技能。

高层管理者要能够总揽全局，判断出重要因素并了解这些因素之间的关系，用观念进行宏观调控。

同时，人际技能对其也很重要。

②中层管理者：侧重人际技能和思想（概念）技能。

中层管理者的位置特殊，处于高层管理者和基层管理者的过渡位置。

中层管理者既要得到高层管理者的赏识，又要得到基层管理者的信任。

所以人际技能对中层管理者尤为重要。

③基层管理者：侧重技术技能。

基层管理者直接面对员工，这就要求其具备专业知识，技术技能就显得最为重要。

同时，具备人际技能在同下属的频繁交往中也非常有帮助。

7.①研究管理活动的规律性，学习管理的科学理论，掌握新的管理方法。

②在管理实践中不断提高自己的管理艺术水平。

③有效地利用自己与被管理者的时间。

管理学原理试题及参考答案一、填空题(每空1分，共10分)1.如果生产专用性高，企业既难以( )，也难以( )。

2.量本利计算的基本公式是( )。

3.经营计划的重点是以提高经济效益为中心，重点是( )，范围是( )。

4.组织机构设计是在管理分工的基础上，设计出( )和( )。

5.不论哪一个层次的领导都应具备四方面的能力，它们是人际关系技能、( )、( )和技术技能。

6.激励的“公平理论”中“贡献律”的公式是( )。

二、单项选择题(每小题1分，共20分)1.中国古代管理思想“法治”中的“常法”是指A.要保持法的稳定性B.要制定统一的法律C.法律面前人人平等D.要使法律固定不变2.美国学者肯尼迪和迪尔认为，企业文化除了价值观、英雄人物、文化网络因素外，还包括A.组织结构B.领导方式C.礼仪和庆典D.企业行为3.在管理学中，定义为“影响力”的权力除“专长权”和“个人影响权”外，还包括A.随机处置权B.制度权C.奖惩权D.任免权4.持续控制的方法包括有自我控制、集体控制和A.管理信息系统B.预算控制C.政策程序控制D.个人观察5.群体的发展一般经历四个明显的阶段，它们是A.初创、动荡、有序、衰亡B.形成、动荡、规范、表现C.形成、有序、规范、成熟D.形成、动荡、规范、成熟6.所谓的“火炉法则”包括以下步骤A.预先警告、即时处理、违者必究、普适执行B.预先警告、即时处理、相同后果、普适执行C.预先警告、身为表率、即时处理、相同后果D.预先警告、身为表率、即时处理、普适执行7.环境研究对组织决策有着非常重要的影响，具体表现在可以提高组织决策的A.有效性、及时性、稳定性B.前瞻性、有效性、稳定性C.正确性、及时性、稳定性D.有效性、正确性、及时性8.从组织外部招聘管理人员可以带来“外来优势”是指被聘干部A.没有历史包袱B.能为组织带来新鲜空气C.可以迅速开展工作D.具有广告效应9.人员配备的工作包括A.制定工作规范，选配、培训组织成员B.确定人员需用量、选配、培训组织成员C.确定人员结构、选配、培训组织成员D.确定人员需用量、选配、考核、晋升组织成员10.所谓授权，是指A.在组织设计时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限B.在组织调整时，规定下属管理岗位必要的职责与权限C.领导者将部分处理问题的权委派给某些下属D.委托代理关系11.( )假设事物在历史上各个时期的状况对未来的影响程度是相同的。

Chapter 2 – Management Yesterday and TodayTrue/FalseAccording to Adam Smith, division of labor was an important concept.In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.“Principles of Scientific Management” was writ ten by Frederick Taylor.Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the best worker.Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macro management issues, whereas Taylor was interested in studying micro management issues.Bureaucracy, as described by Weber, emphasizes rationality and interpersonal relationships.Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory le vels have been significantly influenced by economic order quantity modeling.Barnard, Follet, Musterberg, and Owen are all theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach. Multiple ChoiceAdam Smith's, "The Wealth of Nations," put forth that the primary economic advantage by societies would be gained from which of the following concepts?a. management planning and controlb. on-the-job trainingc. union representationd. fair employment legislatione. division of laborWhich of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of the first half of this century?a. scientific managementb. general administrativec. organizational behaviord. systems approache. quantitativeAccording to the text, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific management was the ______________ experiment.a.horse shoeb.pig ironc.blue collard.fish tankWhich of the following is NOT one of Taylor’s four principles of management?a.Develop a science for each eleme nt of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principlesdeveloped.d.Provide managers will less work than other employees so the managers can plan accordingly.General administrative theory focuses ona.the entire organization.b. managers and administrators.c. the measurement of organizational design relationships.d. primarily the accounting function.e. administrative issues affecting non-managerial employees.The fourteen principles of management are associated with whom?a. Weberb. Druckerc. Taylord. Gilbrethe. FayolWhich of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations research or management science?a.The qualitative approachb.The quantitative approachc.The experimental approachd.The theoretical approachWhich of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to management?a. information modelsb. critical-path schedulingc. systematic motivation of individualsd. linear programminge. statisticsWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing field of organizational behavior came out of the _______________.a.Taylor Studies.b.Porter Studies.c.Parker Studies.d.Hawthorne Studies.What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne Studies?a. Adamsb. Mayoc. Lawlerd. Barnarde. FollettOne outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following statements?a.Social norms are the key determinants of individual work behavior.b.Money is more important than the group on individual productivity.c.Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely related.d.Security is relatively unimportant.e.While groups are an important determinant of worker productivity, the individual him/herself is mostimportant.Scenarios and QuestionsHISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENTA Look Back (Scenario)Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a fifteen-minute nap to help clear her head before the 4:15 managers' meeting. Her company had recently begun a re-engineering process as well as other changes requiring copious management input. As she leaned back in her chair, she wondered if management science had always been this way and how it all began. As she napped, she dreamed that, along with "Mr. Peebodi" as her guide, she was traveling in the "Management Way Back Machine" that took her back through management history.106. One of the earliest sites Cindy visited was Adam Smith's home, author of The Wealth of Nations, which suggested that organizations and society would gain froma. time management.b. division of labor.c. group work.d. quality management.e. time and motion studies.107. Cindy visited a bookstore where there was a book signing occurring. She looked down and saw that the title of the book was Principles of Scientific Management and concluded that the author must bea. Adam Smith.b. Frank Gilbreth.c. Henry Gantt.d. Frederick Taylor.e. Henri Fayol.108. Cindy admired the works of Taylor and Gilbreth, two advocates ofa. scientific management.b. organizational behavior.c. human resource management.d. motivation.e. leadership.109. Cindy spent some time visiting with __________, a researcher she previously knew little about but who also contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion picture films to study hand-and-body motions and by devising a classification scheme known as a "therblig."a. Henry Ganttb. Max Weberc. Chester Barnardd. Frank Gilbrethe. Mary Parker FolletEssay QuestionsSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTIn a short essay, discuss Frederick Taylor’s work in scientific management. Next, list Taylor’s four principles of management.AnswerFrederick Taylor did most of his work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel Companies in Pennsylvania. As a mechanical engineer with a Quaker and Puritan background, he was conti nually appalled by workers’ inefficiencies. Employees used vastly different techniques to do the same job. They were inclined to “take it easy” on the job, and Taylor believed that worker output was only about one-third of what was possible.Virtually no work standards existed. Workers were placed in jobs with little or no concern for matching their abilities and aptitudes with the tasks they were required to do. Managers and workers were in continual conflict.Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to shop floor jobs. He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the “one best way” for each job to be done.Taylor’s Four Principles of Managementa.Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, whi ch will replace the old rule-of-thumbmethod.b.Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.c.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that al work is done in accordance with the principles ofthe science that has been developed.d.Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes overall work for which it is better fitted than the workers.(difficult)122. In a short essay, discuss the work in scientific management by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.AnswerFrank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayer’s job, he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5, and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using the Gilbreth’s techniques, the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. The Gilbreths were among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. The Gilbreths also devised a classificationscheme to label 17 basic hand motions, which they called therbligs. This scheme allowed the Gilbreths a more precise way of analyzing a worker’s exact hand movements.(moderate)GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS123. In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol as it relates to the general administrative approach to management. Next li st and discuss seven of Fayol’s fourteen principles of management.AnswerFayol described the practice of management as something distinct from accounting, finance, production, distribution, and other typical business functions. He argued that management was an activity common to all human endeavors in business, government, and even in the home. He then proceeded to state 14 principles of management—fundamental rules of management that could be taught in schools and applied in all organizational situations.Fayol’s Fourteen Principles of Managementa.Division of work. – specialization increases output by making employees more efficient.b.Authority – managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Along with authority,however, goes responsibility.c.Discipline – employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.d.Unity of command – every employee should receive orders from only one superior.e.Unity of direction – the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.f.Subordination of individual interests to the general interest – the interests of any one employee or group ofemployees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole.g.Remuneration – workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.h.Centralization – this term refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.i.Scalar chain – the line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks in the scalar chain.j.Order – people and materials should be in the right place at the right time.k.Equity – managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.l.Stability of tenure of personnel –management should provide orderly personal planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.m.Initiative – employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.n.Esprit de corps – promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.(difficult)124. In a short essay, discuss Max Weber’s contribution to the general administrative approach to management.AnswerMax Weber was a German sociologist who studied organizational activity. Writing in the early 1900s, he developed a theory of authority structures and relations. Weber describes an ideal type of organization he calleda bureaucracy—a form or organization characterized by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailedrules and regulations, and impersonal relationships. Weber recognized that this “ideal bureaucracy” didn’t exist in reality. Instead he intended it as a basis for theorizing about work and how work could be done in large groups. His theory became the model structural design for many or today’s large organizations.(easy)TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR125. In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne Studies. Next, discuss the role of Elton Mayo in these studies and some of the findings of his research.AnswerWithout question, the most important contribution to the developing OB field came out of the Hawthorne Studies,a series of studies conducted at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois. These studies wereinitially designed by Western Electric industrial engineers as a scientific management experiment. They wanted to examine the effect of various illumination levels on worker productivity. Based on their research, it wasconcluded that illumination intensity was not directly related to group productivity. In 1927, the Western Electric engineers asked Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates to join the study as consultants.Through additional research, Elton Mayo concluded that behavior affected individual behavior, that group standards establish individual worker output, and that money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group sentiments, and security. These conclusions led to a new emphasis on the human behavior factor in the functioning of organizations and the attainment of their goals.(difficult)CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES126. In a short essay, define entrepreneurship and discuss the three import themes that stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship.AnswerEntrepreneurship is the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and uniqueness, no matter what resources are currently controlled. It involves the discovery of opportunities and the resources to exploit them. Three important themes stick out in this definition of entrepreneurship. First, is the pursuit of opportunities. Entrepreneurship is about pursuing environmental trends and changes that no one else has seen or paid attention to. The second important theme in entrepreneurship is innovation. Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches—that is, new products or services of new ways of doing business. The final important theme in entrepreneurship is growth. Entrepreneurs pursue growth. They are not content to stay small or to stay the same in size. Entrepreneurs want their businesses to grow and work very hard to pursue growth as they continually look for trends and continue to innovate new products and new approaches.(moderate)127. In a short essay, define e-business and e-commerce. Next discuss the three categories of e-business involvement.AnswerE-business (electronic business) is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its work by using electronic Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies (employees, managers, customers, suppliers, and partners) in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals. It’s more than e-commerce, although e-business can include e-commerce. E-commerce (electronic commerce) is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the parties interact electronically. The first category of e-business involvement an e-business enhanced organization, a traditional organization that sets up e-business capabilities, usually e-commerce, while maintaining its traditional structure. Many Fortune 500 type organizations are evolving into e-businesses using this approach. They use the Internet to enhance (not to replace) their traditional ways of doing business. Another category of e-business involvement is an e-business enabled organization. In this type of e-business, an organization uses the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything. In other words, the Internet enables organizational members to do their work more efficiently and effectively. There are numerous organizations using electronic linkages to communicate with employees, customers, or suppliers and to support them with information. The last category of e-business involvement is when an organization becomes a total e-business. Their whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the Internet.(moderate)128. In a short essay, discuss the need for innovati on and flexibility as it relates to the survival of today’s organizations.AnswerInnovation has been called the most precious capability that any organization in today’s economy must have and nurture. Without a constant flow of new ideas, an organization is doomed to obsolescence of even worse, failure.In a survey about what makes an organization valuable, innovation showed up at the top of the list. There is absolutely no doubt that innovation is crucial. Another demand facing today’s organizations and managers is the need for flexibility. In a context where customers’ needs may change overnight, where new competitors come and go at breathtaking speed, and where employees and their skills are shifted as needed from project to project, one can see how flexibility might be valuable.(easy)129. In a short essay, discuss the concept of total quality management and the six characteristics that describe this important concept.AnswerA quality revolution swept through both the business and public sectors during the 1980s and 1990s. Thegeneric term used to describe this revolution was total quality management, or TQM for short. It was inspired bya small group of quality experts, the most famous being W. Edwards Deming and Joseph M. Juran. TQM is aphilosophy of management driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.The objective is to create an organization committed to continuous improvement in work processes. TQM is a departure from earlier management theories that were based on the belief that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.The Six Characteristics of Total Quality Managementa.Intense Focus on the customer –the customer includes not only outsiders who buy the organization’sproducts or services but also internal customers (such as shipping or accounts payable personnel) whointeract with and serve others in the organization.b.Concern for continual improvement –TQM is a commitment to never being satisfied. “Very good” is notgood enough. Quality can always be improved.c.Process-focused –TQM focuses on work processes as the quality of goods and services is continuallyimproved.d.Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does –TQM uses a very broad definition ofquality. It relates not only to the final product but also to how the organization handles deliveries, howrapidly it responds to complaints, and how politely the phones are answered.e.Accurate measurement –TQM uses statistical techniques to measure every critical variable in theorganization’s operations. These are compared against standards or benchmarks to identify problems, tracethem to their roots, and eliminate their causes.f.Empowerment of employees – TQM involves the people on the line in the improvement process. Teams arewidely used in TQM programs as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems.(difficult)130. In a short essay, describe the learning organization and discuss the concept of knowledge management.AnswerToday’s managers confront an environment where change takes place at an unprecedented rate. Constant innovations in information and computer technologies combined with the globalization of markets have created a chaotic world. As a result, many of the past management guidelines and principles no longer apply. Successful organizations of the twenty-first century must be able to learn and respond quickly, and will be led by managers who can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manage the organization’s knowledge bas e, and make needed changes. In other words, these organizations will need to be learning organizations. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change. Part of a manager’s responsibility in fostering an environment conducing to learning is to create learning capabilities throughout the organization—from lowest level to highest level and in all areas. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning culture where organizational members systematically gather knowledge and share it with others in the organization so as to achieve better performance.(moderate)Answer:TTTFT TFTT EDBDA EBCDB ABDAD。