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中国美术简史央美版摘要：一、引言：中国美术的定义与特点二、古代美术：中国传统美术的起源和发展1.新石器时代的美术创作2.夏商周时期的美术特色3.汉代美术的繁荣与创新4.魏晋南北朝时期的美术风貌5.隋唐时期的美术高峰6.宋元明清的美术传承与变革三、现代美术：中国美术的转型与创新1.20世纪初期的美术革命2.国立艺术专科学校的创立与发展3.抗日战争时期的美术创作4.1949年后的中国美术变迁5.20世纪80年代的美术改革开放6.当代中国美术的多元化发展四、央美版中国美术简史的学术价值与影响1.央美版教材的编写背景与目的2.教材的学术特点与创新3.央美版中国美术简史在我国美术教育领域的地位4.对中国美术史研究的贡献与启示五、结论：中国美术的发展趋势与未来展望正文：一、引言中国美术，作为一种独特的艺术形式，承载着中华民族悠久的历史文化传统。
它既有与世界艺术相通的共性，又具有鲜明的民族特色。
中国美术的历史可以追溯到新石器时代，历经数千年的演变，形成了独特的审美观念和创作手法。
二、古代美术1.新石器时代的美术创作新石器时代，是我国美术的起源阶段。
这一时期的美术作品主要以陶器、石器、玉器等为载体，表现出神秘、古朴的风格。
2.夏商周时期的美术特色夏商周时期，美术发展逐渐繁荣。
青铜器、玉器、金器等成为美术创作的重要载体，展现了当时社会的礼仪制度与宗教信仰。
3.汉代美术的繁荣与创新汉代美术在继承前代基础上，实现了繁荣与创新。
壁画、画像石、木雕等作品展现出丰富的题材和高度的表现力。
4.魏晋南北朝时期的美术风貌魏晋南北朝时期，美术作品呈现出多样化的发展趋势。
绘画、雕塑、建筑等领域均有显著成就，宗教美术尤为突出。
5.隋唐时期的美术高峰隋唐时期，中国美术迎来了高峰。
绘画、雕塑、建筑等领域均有杰出作品，如《簪花仕女图》、《千里江山图》等。
6.宋元明清的美术传承与变革宋元明清时期，美术在传承中谋求变革。
绘画、书法、戏曲等领域的发展相互交融，形成了独特的艺术风貌。
中国美术简史中国美术简史(新修订本), 目录增订本编写说明修订说明第一编:史前及先秦美术第二编:秦汉美术第三编:魏晋地南北朝隋唐美术第四编:五代宁元美术第五编:明清美术第六编:近现代美术《外国美术简史》(修订版)全书共分8章第一章原始、古代美术第一节原始美术第二节古代两河流域地区的美术第三节古代埃及美术第四节爱琴美术、古代希腊美术第五节古代罗马美术第二章欧洲中世纪美术第一节早期基督教美术第二节拜占庭美术第三节蛮族艺术和加洛林文艺复兴第四节罗马式美术第五节哥特式美术第三章欧洲文艺复兴时期美术第一节意大利文艺复兴时期美术第二节尼德兰文艺复兴时期美术第三节德国文艺复兴时期美术第四节西班牙文艺复兴时期美术第五节法国文艺复兴时期美术第四章 17、18世纪欧洲美术第一节 17、18世纪意大利美术第二节 17世纪佛兰德斯美术第三节 17世纪荷兰美术第四节 17、18世纪西班牙美术第五节 17、18世纪法国美术第五章 19世纪欧洲及美国美术第一节法国新古典主义美术第二节法国浪漫主义美术第三节法国批判现实主义美术第四节法国印象主义、新印象主义和后印象主义美术第五节 19世纪德国美术第六节 19世纪瑞典、丹麦、比利时美术第七节 18、19世纪英国美术第八节 19世纪美国美术第九节 18、19世纪俄罗斯美术第十节 19世纪东欧诸国美术第六章 20世纪美术第一节西方现代美术第二节苏联美术第七章亚洲美术第一节波斯美术第二节印度美术第三节东南亚美术第四节日本美术第五节古代朝鲜美术第八章非洲、拉丁美洲古代美术第一节非洲黑人美术第二节拉丁美洲古代美术各章节插图目录。
中国美术简史央美版
（原创实用版）
目录
1.中国美术的起源和发展
2.中国美术的独特特点
3.中国美术的历史演变
4.中国美术的现代发展
5.中国美术的未来展望
正文
中国美术是一门悠久而独特的艺术形式，其历史可以追溯到远古时期。
中国美术的起源和发展可以从两个方面来看，一方面是传统美术，另一方面是现代美术。
传统美术主要受到中国古代文化和哲学的影响，而现代美术则受到西方艺术思潮的冲击和影响。
中国美术的独特特点主要体现在其艺术表现手法和审美观念上。
中国美术强调“意境”，追求“形神兼备”的艺术效果。
这种独特的艺术表现
手法使得中国美术在世界艺术史上独树一帜。
中国美术的历史演变可以从古代、中古、近古和现代四个时期来看。
古代美术以商周时期的青铜器和战国时期的帛画为代表，中古美术则以汉代的壁画和唐代的绘画艺术为代表，近古美术则以宋代的山水画和明代的文人画为代表，现代美术则以徐悲鸿、齐白石等为代表。
中国美术的现代发展主要受到西方艺术思潮的冲击和影响，但在吸收西方艺术养分的同时，中国美术也保持了自己的独特性和本土特色。
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中国美术简史央美版摘要：一、中国美术简史央美版概述二、中国美术的起源和发展1.新石器时代2.商周时期3.春秋战国时期4.秦汉时期5.三国两晋南北朝时期6.隋唐时期7.五代十国时期8.宋朝9.元朝10.明朝11.清朝12.近现代三、中国美术的主要成就和特点1.绘画艺术2.雕塑艺术3.建筑艺术4.工艺美术5.书法艺术四、中国美术与世界艺术的交流与影响正文：中国美术简史央美版是对中国美术发展历程的全面梳理和总结。
中国美术源远流长，具有丰富的文化内涵和历史价值。
从新石器时代开始，中国的美术就已经初具规模，经过数千年的演变和发展，逐渐形成了独特的艺术风格和审美情趣。
在商周时期，美术作品主要以青铜器为主，展现了当时精湛的铸造技艺。
春秋战国时期，绘画和雕塑艺术逐渐兴盛，出现了许多著名的艺术作品和艺术家。
秦汉时期，美术作品更加注重形式美和实用性，建筑艺术和工艺美术也得到了迅速发展。
三国两晋南北朝时期，绘画艺术进一步成熟，出现了许多传世之作。
隋唐时期，中国美术达到了一个高峰。
绘画、雕塑、建筑、工艺和书法等艺术门类都取得了显著的成就，对后世产生了深远的影响。
五代十国时期，美术作品更加注重个性表现和情感传达。
宋朝时期，文人画成为主流，强调意境和情感。
元朝，民族融合促进了艺术的发展，出现了许多具有鲜明民族特色的作品。
明朝时期，美术作品更加注重现实主义和个性化表现。
清朝，中西文化交流日益密切，中国美术受到了西方艺术的影响，出现了一些新的艺术形式。
近现代，中国美术在继承传统的基础上，不断创新，走向世界。
中国美术在历史长河中形成了自己独特的成就和特点。
绘画艺术注重线条、色彩和构图的美感，强调写意传神。
雕塑艺术以人物为主，注重表现人物的内心世界。
建筑艺术注重和谐统一，体现了中国古代的宇宙观。
工艺美术以精湛的技艺和繁复的图案著称。
书法艺术则以汉字为基础，形成了独特的艺术风格。
中国美术与世界艺术的交流和影响是相互的。
从古代丝绸之路开始，中国美术就不断向外传播，影响了世界艺术的进程。
中国美术简史中国美术史中国美术在原始时期就存在，主要应用在陶器及陶器的装饰手段上。
那些陶器从早期的以实用为目的，制作的比较简单粗劣发展到后来越来越制作精良，种类逐渐变繁多，造型也独特各异。
原始美术除了陶器艺术还有绘画和雕塑。
绘画只有简单的图案和图画。
新石器时代雕塑有实用性和象征性两大特征，最具代表性的雕塑是玉器和陶塑。
陶塑造型有动物和人物两大种类。
新石器时代石雕刻的两个中心及主要风格。
一个是采用平面浅浮雕和线刻结合的手法，描绘对象主要为宗教礼器上的神人像，造型庄重神圣，较强的宗教意味。
另一个是采用圆雕的技法，描绘生活中或神化中的动物，造型生动活泼，带有较强的装饰性。
先秦时期美术与原始美术相比，在青铜器的使用中有了突破。
青铜器按用途分为食器、酒器、水器、乐器、兵器等。
有动物（造型及主体装饰）和几何纹样（底纹或细部）两大类。
同时，先秦时期的雕塑和绘画也在发展着，就制作材料上来看就多了许多种类。
战国帛画对后世人物画的影响巨大，用笔用色等绘画创作实践上积累了一定的经验，墨线勾画人物的技法为后世传统绘画表现技法的发展奠定了一定的基础。
秦汉墓室壁画兴起，其重要代表有河北望都1号东汉墓壁画，汉代帛画主要反映墓主企望升天以及表现死者生前的显赫生活。
题材有80多项，如城池幕府，乐舞百戏，庄园生产，孝子列女等等。
汉代宫廷绘画的主要出于宣传或政治目的。
秦汉画像石、画像砖又是秦汉时期美术的一大特色，其兴起的主要原因是封建统治者为满足其奢侈生活或出于辅助政教的需要。
隋唐五代人物画，山水画，山水花鸟鞍马画，宗教墓室壁画及石刻线画。
人物画代表人物有阎立本、吴道子、尉迟乙僧、张萱、周P、孙位。
山水画代表人物有展子虔，他的《游春图》是今存最早的一幅完整的山水画。
唐代水墨山水画的代表人物王维，他的山水画及技法特点是水墨渲染，诗中有画，画中有诗，体涉古今，是南宗画派鼻祖。
唐代陶瓷美术的代表作品，唐三彩：低温釉陶。
宋元美术是在隋唐美术的基础上发扬光大的，其山水画，人物画，花鸟画，雕塑，工艺美术都发展出了那个时代的特色。
中国美术简史整理中国美术简史教师招聘核⼼笔记第⼀编史前及先秦美术（距今约 200 万年前---公元前 221 年）第⼀章史前美术新⽯器时代中期⽂化（约公元前 7000——前 5000 年），内蒙古林西⽩⾳长汗的兴隆洼⽂化遗址出⼟我国迄今发现早的⽯刻⼥神像。
新⽯器时代晚期⽂化（约公元前 5000——前 3000 年），农业⼿⼯业出现分⼯，⼭产规模扩⼤，到本期后段，⼿⼯业内部也有了新的分⼯。
彩陶艺术也⼗分流⾏，琢⽟已成独⽴的部门。
新⽯器时代末期⽂化（约公元前 3000——前 2000 年），这个时代亦称龙⼭时代，或称铜⽯并⽤时代。
第⼀节新⽯器时代的⼯艺美术陶器的发明和磨制⽯器的应⽤，并列为新⽯器时代的两⼤标志。
陶器⼯艺的主要代表：仰韶⽂化的红陶和彩陶、马家窑⽂化的彩陶、河姆渡⽂化、龙⼭⽂化、⼤汶⼝⽂化的⿊陶。
⼀、陶器陶器----⼈类利⽤泥⼟的烧制造的实⽤器⽫或陶艺品，是史前⼈类社会的重⼤发明。
距今1万年前的新⽯器时代。
1、陶器依⽤途可分为饮⾷器、炊煮器和储藏器。
其中盆、钵、碗、杯、⾖、勺属饮⾷器；⿍、⿀、簋、釜、灶属炊煮器；壶、罐、瓶、瓮属储藏器。
2、按陶质分:红、灰、⽩、⿊；3、按器表装饰分:拟形陶，彩陶，印纹陶，素陶4、装饰纹样分：动物纹、植物纹、⼈形纹。
5、陶塑的创作⼿法分为：模仿性、幻想性、抽象性（⼀）仰韶⽂化（公元前5500年-前3000年）主要分布于黄河流域的河南、⼭西、陕西等地。
有半坡类型和庙地沟类型的成就最⾼。
彩陶绘画：《⼈⾯鱼纹盆》、《鱼纹盆》和《⿅纹盆》是仰韶⽂化半坡类型的绘画代表。
半坡类型以西安半坡村和临潼姜寨遗址出⼟的彩陶为代表。
其造型以圆底钵、圆底盆和平底盆较多，还有折腹盆、细颈壶、直⼝尖顶瓶以及⼤⼝⼩底盆等，造型风格厚重朴实。
纹样形象⽣动⾃然，⼿法简练，笔触粗犷，特征鲜明。
⼏何纹样中主要有并列折线，并列斜线、三⾓形⾯构图的⼆⽅连续装饰带，单纯⽽富有装饰效果。
⼆⽅连续纹饰在我国早期的装饰图样的发展中，可以说是⼀个划时代的进步。
中国美术简史魏晋南北朝（220-618）美术：1.著名画家曹不兴（三国吴）：是最早享有盛誉的画家，传说他画屏风是“落墨为蝇”，致使孙权误以为真。
擅画佛像。
画大象有“心敏手运，须臾立成”之说。
卫协（西晋）：谢赫评价称：“古画皆略，至邪始精”，即古代的画都很精略简率，到了卫协绘画趋向精细和注重风范气韵的追求。
在绘画发展史上有着划时代的影响。
戴逵（东晋）：是首创中国式佛像的雕塑家，创造了“夹纻”漆像法，把漆工艺的技术运用到雕塑方面，是今天仍流行的“脱胎漆器”的创始者，克服了造型尺寸增大而重量加重的矛盾。
2.南朝四杰：顾恺之、陆探微、张僧繇、曹仲达。
其中顾、陆、张与唐代吴道子并称画家四祖。
顾恺之（东晋）：代表作《洛神赋图》是根据曹植的《洛神赋》而画的，创造了人神相恋的梦幻境界，用以抒发作者失恋的感伤。
《女史箴图》共九段，内容是讲诫宫中妇女的一些封建道德规范。
采用“春蚕吐丝”，“春云浮空、流水行地”的游丝描。
《列女传·仁智图》陆探微（南朝刘宋）：谢赫《画品》评价称：“第一品第一人”，创“秀骨清象”的风格，影响当时的石窟和壁画。
以书法入画，运用东汉张芝草书的特点，创造连绵不断的“一笔画”，擅画宗教画、名人肖像画、风俗故事画。
张僧繇（南朝萧梁）：有“画龙点睛”的美传。
擅于佛教壁画、雕塑，奇形异貌，夷夏皆妙，始创疏体，有“张家样”之称。
影响了吴道子，同属于“笔才一二，象以应焉”的疏体画法。
曹仲达（北朝）：擅画梵像，“曹衣出水”。
后世评价他的风格说“曹家样”。
肖绎（南朝）：《职贡图》杨子华（北朝）：宫廷画家，擅长人物和鞍马画，据闻他画马晚上会叫。
《北齐校书图》2.理论著作顾恺之：著《论画》《画云台山记》《魏晋胜流画赞》，观点：强调“传神”的重要性，提出“以形写神”的理论及“迁想妙得”“悟对通神”的创作思想。
在技法上创“高估游丝描”，具有春蚕吐丝的特色，表现了对笔墨技巧的追求。
谢赫（南朝）：著《画品》是第一部对绘画作品、作者进行品评的理论文章。
中央美术学院《中国美术简史》（新修订本）笔记详解第1章史前及先秦美术（距今约200万年前～公元前221年）1.1复习笔记第1节史前美术（距今约200万年前～公元前21世纪）一、旧石器的造型发展1．旧石器时代初期的石器造型一般是形状不规则的石器，很少有第二步加工，之后出现了初步的类型分化，种类增多，加工方法也有显著进步，运用交互打击法。
典型遗址有四川龙骨坡巫山人遗址、河北阳原小长梁与云南元谋猿人遗址、山西芮城西侯度遗址、陕西蓝田猿人遗址、北京猿人遗址。
2．旧石器时代中期的石器造型这一时期石器较多地采用交互打击法，类型显著分化，形式日趋稳定，对造型的讲究脱离了实用目的。
典型遗址有山西襄汾的丁村人、阳高的许家窑人及陕西的大荔人。
3．旧石器时代晚期的石器造型这一时期进步显著，注重修理石核台面和间接打击石片法的采用，能产生长而薄的石片，其次是石器类型丰富，形状更对称，加工益发精致，在实用的前提下，具有一定的形式美感。
典型遗址有宁夏灵武水洞沟、河北阳原虎头梁、山西朔县（今朔州）峙峪人遗址。
二、旧石器晚期的石器发展1．制作装饰品旧石器时代晚期生产力提高后，为了美化自身与美化生活，先民制作了装饰品，我国迄今发现最古老的装饰品，是距今约2.8万年前峙峪人制作的一件石墨装饰品，此外还发现穿孔串珠、磨孔海蚶壳、钻孔兽牙及骨管、骨针等。
2．使用染料山顶洞人与虎头梁人还分别采用赤铁矿粉末与红色泥岩作染色材料。
3．钻孔在峙峪人和山顶洞人的装饰品上，呈现出成熟的钻孔技术，这在雕刻史上具有重要意义。
4．刻画艺术1987年在河北兴隆发现的一件赤鹿角枝残段，是现知比较可靠的最早的原始刻画艺术品。
其上用阴刻的线条构成三组图案：第一组由直线、斜线纹组成，第二组由互相平行的密集曲线组成，第三组为四组密集曲线构成具有对称性的图案。
刻纹还染成红色，其意义应该与狩猎的巫术仪式有关。
其测定年代为距今1.3万年前。
三、新石器时代的文化序列1．新石器时代早期文化（约公元前10000～前7000年）（1）代表文化①华北地区有河北徐水南庄头遗址文化；②华南地区有江西万年仙人洞与吊桶环、湖南道县玉蟾岩、广西桂林甑皮岩下层等遗址文化。
中国美术简史（A brief history of Chinese art）Examination book (Textbook):A brief history of Chinese art history, edited by the fine arts history department of China Central Academy of Fine Arts, and edited by the teaching and research section of Chinese art history, higher education press, October 2000 edition.Explanation: in the course of the examination, there will be academic disputes or different ways of expression in the current academic circles, which will be subject to the discussion of the designated teaching materials for this examination, and shall not exceed its scope of discussion. Questions such as time factors are only asked for the year.First, the nature and purpose of the examinationChina art history is one of the basic theory of the school of fine arts master students of all compulsory.The examination specified materials mainly discusses the evolution process of the origin and development of China art, and art phenomenon Chinese different dynasties. Is divided into 6 parts: the 6 series of prehistoric and pre Qin art; the art of Qin and Han Dynasties of Sui and Tang Dynasties; the art of Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties; the five generation of song art; the art of modern art of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Objective: to test the emergence and development of the comprehensive understanding of the students study Chinese art;the level of understanding of each period of art concept and representative, representative works; whether from the evolution of art development and cultural point of view, understanding Chinese art forms and means of expression.Two, assessment objectivesFirst, prehistoric and pre Qin ArtExamination objectives and requirementsThis part requires candidates from the origin of man's point of view, to understand the origin of Chinese art, understanding the characteristics of China stone age of primitive art; from Chinese civilization history perspective, understanding the Xia Shang Zhou bronze art style and ornamentation, and its present situation and its social significance, its categories of art.First, the prehistoric art section(1) examination of knowledge points;1. The art of the Old Stone Age2, the stone sculptures of the Neolithic Age3, the painting of the Neolithic Age4, the Neolithic arts and crafts(two) assessment requirements;1. The art of the Old Stone AgeRemember: the early form of art.Understanding: the origin of art.2, the stone sculptures of the Neolithic AgeRemember: pottery, clay sculpture, stone carving, jade carving characters and representative works.Understand the origin and development of pottery, clay sculpture, stone carving, jade carving.3, the painting of the Neolithic AgeRemember: characteristics and representative works of pottery design and decoration of the cultural period; murals, painting and painting characteristics and representative works.Understanding: the emergence and development of painted pottery, murals, paintings and rock paintings.4, the Neolithic arts and craftsRemember: features and construction processUnderstanding: the emergence and development of technology and architectureTwo, pre Qin art section(1) examination of knowledge points;1 bronze ware2, sculpture3, painting4, technology and architecture(two) assessment requirements;1 bronze wareRemember: Xia Shang Zhou, spring and autumn and the Warring States Bronze characteristics and representative works.Understanding: the emergence and development of bronze ware.2, sculptureRemember: bronze sculpture, Shi Yu sculpture, pottery, lacquer carving characteristics and representative works.Understand the origin and development of bronze sculpture, Shi Yu sculpture, pottery, lacquer carving.3, paintingRemember: the murals, paintings, decorative painting process and characteristics of representative works.Understand the origin and development of murals, paintings, decorative painting.4, technology and architectureUnderstanding: evolution and development of calligraphy by generations.4, technology and architectureRemember: technology and architectural characteristics and representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of technology and architecture.Fourth and Five Dynasties Song and Yuan Dynasty Fine ArtsExamination objectives and requirementsThis part from the period of social reform, require candidates to economic development, the rise of Confucianism, from the late North South confrontation state of society's point of view, mainly to understand the development of this period palace painting, landscape painting, aesthetic pursuit of literati painting and calligraphy, and other art phenomenon.(1) examination of knowledge points;1, painting2, calligraphy3 architecture and sculpture4, arts and crafts(two) assessment requirements;1, paintingRemember: the main artist in every period of the art style and representative works of painting works.Understanding: the evolution and development of painting art; painting theory.2, calligraphyRemember: the calligrapher's art style and their representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of calligraphy.3 architecture and sculptureRemember: Architecture and sculpture art features of each period and representative works.Understanding: evolution and development of architecture and sculpture.4, arts and craftsRemember: each period of all kinds of Arts and crafts art characteristics and representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of Arts and crafts.Fifth series Ming and Qing artExamination objectives and requirementsThis part requires candidates to inherit the culture of Song Dynasty from the Ming Dynasty and the new cultural perspective, understanding from the Ming Dynasty to the development of art schools varied, the formation and development of understanding of literati painting and literati painting standard, and other art phenomenon.(1) examination of knowledge points;1, painting2, calligraphy3 architecture and sculpture4, arts and crafts(two) assessment requirements;1, paintingRemember: the main artist in every period of the art style and representative works of painting works.Understanding: the evolution and development of painting art; painting theory.2, calligraphyRemember: the calligrapher's art style and their representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of calligraphy.3 architecture and sculptureRemember: Architecture and sculpture art features of each period and representative works.Understanding: evolution and development of architecture and sculpture4, arts and craftsRemember: each period of all kinds of Arts and crafts art characteristics and representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of Arts and crafts.Sixth Series modern artExamination objectives and requirementsThis part requires candidates from western culture and traditional cultural development angle, this period mainly China painting and Western painting evolution and development situation, and its artistic characteristics.(1) examination of knowledge points;1, Chinese painting2, Western painting(two) assessment requirements;1, Chinese paintingRemember: art style and representative works of painter China painting in different periods.Understanding: the evolution and development of painting art.2, Western paintingRemember: the western painting painter's artistic style andtheir representative works.Understanding: the evolution and development of painting art.Three, examples of questionsThere are four types of questions in this paper: fill in the blanks, choose single items, answer questions and discuss questions. Examples are as follows:The ancients said: fill in the blanks "painting lines such as silk", "spring floating cloud, water line".Individual choice: 1.The first Chinese royal painting organization was founded in ().A. B. C. D. in the Ming Dynasty of Qin Dynasty of Tang Dynasty in Song DynastyAnswer: the artistic features of the Qin terracotta warriors.This paper deals with the emergence and evolution of Chinese literati painting.Examination outline of foreign art historyExamination book (Textbook):A brief history of foreign art (Revised Edition), Departmentof art history, China Central Academy of Fine Arts, edited by the teaching and research section of foreign art history, higher education press, April 1998, second edition.Explanation: in the course of the examination, there will be academic disputes or different ways of expression in the current academic circles, which will be subject to the discussion of the designated teaching materials for this examination, and shall not exceed its scope of discussion. Questions such as time factors are only asked for the year.First, the nature and purpose of the examinationForeign art history is one of the basic theories of our school master of fine arts students of all compulsory.This examination specifies the main materials for a systematic exposition of the arts, developments and their interactions in the world, and introduces the major artists and artistic phenomena in various regions and countries of the world. Is divided into eight chapters: the original, ancient art; the European medieval art; art of the Renaissance; the 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, the nineteenth Century European and American art; art; the art of twentieth Century; the Asian art; the art of ancient Africa and Latin America.Objective: to test the emergence and development of the comprehensive understanding of students visit the western countries and the area of art; the level of understanding of the major trends or genre concepts and representatives, works of art development and evolution; whether from the angle ofculture, understanding the traditional and modern art forms and means of expression.Two, assessment objectivesChapter 1 primitive and ancient art(1) examination purposes and requirementsThis chapter mainly examines the origin of human fine arts civilization, including the ancient Mesopotamia art, ancient Egyptian art and ancient Greek, Rome art, and the three interrelated. These are all the basis for understanding the future art development and the premise of learning the whole course. It is one of the key and difficult parts of this exam.(two) examination knowledge points;1. ancient Mesopotamia art;2. ancient Egyptian art;3. ancient Greek and Rome art.(three) assessment requirements;1. ancient Mesopotamia art;Mastery: (1) Fine Arts in Babylon; (2) Sumerian Acard arts and crafts.Understanding: (1) the history of art development in ancient Mesopotamia; (2) why is the civilization of ancient Mesopotamia in the world one of the four major civilizations in the world?.2. ancient Egyptian art;Mastery: (1) the characteristics of ancient Egyptian art; (2) ancient Egyptian art in the ancient kingdom.Understanding: (1) ancient Egyptian art in the Middle Kingdom;(2) ancient Egyptian art in the period of the new kingdom; (3) the influence of ancient Egyptian sculpture on ancient Greek sculpture.3. ancient Greek and Rome art.Master: (1) the formation of the historical and cultural background; (2) the ancient Greek art in the Archaic period of construction; (3) the ancient Greek classical period of architecture and art sculptor; (4) the unique achievement of ancient Rome art.Understanding: (1) sculpture of ancient Greek art in ancient times;(2) ancient Greek Hellenistic art; (3) ancient Rome art architecture; (4) ancient Rome art sculpture.The second chapter, European Medieval Art(1) examination purposes and requirementsThe characteristics, this chapter mainly examine medieval Christianity art of the Carolingian revival of the arts, Rome art and Gothic art etc..(two) examination knowledge points;1. Byzantine art;2. barbarian art and Carolingian renaissance;3. Rome art;4. Gothic art.(three) assessment requirements;1. Byzantine art;Byzantine art.Understanding: the meaning of golden byzantium.2. barbarian art and Carolingian renaissance;Master: the Carolingian renaissance.Understand: barbarian art.3. Rome art;Understanding: the characteristics of Rome art.4. Gothic art.Understanding: the characteristics of Gothic art.The third chapter, European Renaissance Art(1) examination purposes and requirementsThis chapter mainly examine the European Renaissance Italy, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain and France, as well as the influence of art, the countries of the European Renaissance art and Renaissance origin and other aspects, is the focus of the examination, the difficult part of.(two) examination knowledge points;1. Renaissance art in Italy;2. of the art of the renaissance;3. German Renaissance art;4. Spanish Renaissance art;5. French Renaissance art.(three) examination requirements, art encyclopedia, Art Library1. Renaissance art in Italy;Mastery: (1) art of the Renaissance period in Italy; (2) Venice painting school.Understanding: (1) the humanistic background of Renaissance art in Italy; (2) art in the early Renaissance of Italy.2. of the art of the renaissance;Master: the Renaissance painter Bruegel.Understand: the Renaissance artists and other art phenomenon.3. German Renaissance art;Master: German Renaissance artist duerer.Understanding: other German art phenomena and artists during the renaissance.4. Spanish Renaissance art;Mastery: Spanish Renaissance art prodigy Greco.Understanding: (1) Spanish art in 14 and fifteenth Century; (2) Spanish art in sixteenth Century; (3) Spanish Renaissance architecture and sculpture.5, French Renaissance art.Mastery: Fontainebleau painting school.Understanding: other artists and artistic phenomena during the Renaissance in france.The fourth chapter: European art in 17 and eighteenth Century(1) examination purposes and requirementsThis chapter mainly inspects 17 in Europe in eighteenth Century, Italy, Flanders, Holland, Spain and France Art development, Baroque art style features and other aspects of the content, is the focus of the examination, the difficult part of.(two) examination knowledge points;1.17 and eighteenth Century, Italy art;The 2.17 century Flemish art;Holland art in the 3.17 century;Spanish art in 4.17 and eighteenth Century;French art in 5.17 and eighteenth Century.(three) assessment requirements;1.17 and eighteenth Century, Italy art;Mastery: (1) art of Italy Academy of art in seventeenth Century;(2) Italy artist Caravaggio in seventeenth Century; (3) Baroque art formation and development.Understanding: (1) local art school of Italy in seventeenth Century; (2) art in Italy in eighteenth Century.The 2.17 century Flemish art;Mastery: the art of Lubensi.Understand other artists: seventeenth Century FlandersHolland art in the 3.17 century;Mastery: the art of the realist Maestro Rembrandt.Understanding: (1) genius portrait painter Hals; (2) colorful Holland school painting art; (3) the artistic achievements of Holland landscape painting.Spanish art in 4.17 and eighteenth Century;Mastery: (1) the truth painter drew your attention; (2) European romantic pioneer Goya.Understanding: (1) Rivera and Su Balaam; (2) Spanish art in the second half of the seventeenth Century; (3) architecture and sculpture in Spain in 17 and eighteenth Century.French art in 5.17 and eighteenth Century.Mastery: French painting in 17 and eighteenth Century.Understanding: French sculpture in 17 and eighteenth Century.The fifth chapter, European and American Art in nineteenth Century(1) learning objectives and requirementsThe main assessment of this chapter, the development of France, Britain, Russia and the United States in nineteenth Century, the phenomenon of art and law, as well as the origin of modern art and other aspects, is one of the key parts of this examination.(two) examination knowledge points;1. neo classical art in france;2. French romantic art;3. French Critical Realism art;4. French Impressionism, new Impressionism and post Impressionist art;British Art in 5.18 and nineteenth Century;American Art in the 6.19 century;7.18, 19 Russian art.(three) assessment requirements;1. neo classical art in france;Mastery: (1) artist David and Angell.Understanding: (1) French neo classical art; other artists.2. French romantic art;Master: (1) by Gericault and Delacroix.Understanding: (1) French romantic art; other artists.3. French Critical Realism art;Master: (1) the realist painter Courbet; (2) Coehlo and Miller (3) Barbizon sculptor Luo Dan (4).Understand the reason: (1) the rise of realism; (2) the Barbizon seven gentlemen4. French Impressionism, new Impressionism and post Impressionist art;Mastery: (1) French Impressionist; (2) new Impressionist in France; (3) post Impressionist artists in france.Understanding: (1) the social and cultural background of the rise of impressionism; (2) the great influence of Impressionistart.British Art in 5.18 and nineteenth Century;Master: (1) British landscape painting; (2) a.Understanding: (1) British Art in eighteenth Century; (2) British Romantic art; (3) Impressionist london.American Art in the 6.19 century;Mastery: American Art in the second half of the nineteenth Century.Understanding: (1) American Art in colonial period before and after the war of independence; (2) Hudson River Painting school.7.18, 19 Russian art.Mastery: Russian tour school.Understanding: (1) Russian art in eighteenth Century; (2) Russian art in the first half of the nineteenth Century; (3) Russian art in the second half of the nineteenth Century.The sixth chapter, twentieth Century Art(1) examination purposes and requirementsThis chapter mainly appraisal of western modern art phenomenon,and the representative figures such as Picasso, Duchamp and other artists, they in the development of western modern art in the status and role of the content, is one of the key parts of the exam.(two) examination knowledge points;1. modern western art;2. Soviet art.(three) assessment requirements;1. modern western art;Master: (1) Fauvism and Matisse; (2) Picasso and cubism. (3) dada and Duchamp.Understanding: (1) western modern art before World War II; (2) western modern art after World War II; (3) western modern sculpture and architecture.2. Soviet art.Understanding: (1) Soviet art before and after 20s; (2) Soviet art in 30s; (3) Soviet art in 60s.The seventh chapter, Asian Art(1) learning objectives and requirementsThis chapter mainly inspects the ancient India art and the Japanese modern fine arts development and so on.(two) examination knowledge points;1. India art;2. Japanese art.(three) assessment requirements;1. India art;Mastery: India classical art.Understanding: (1) India early art; (2) India (3) India medieval art; modern art.2. Japanese art.Mastery: the age of secular art.Understanding: (1) the era of pre history art; (2) Buddhist art era.Three, examples of questionsThis course examination paper contains five types of questions: fill in the blanks, select questions, explain the noun, answer questions and discuss the questions.Examples are as follows:Fill in the blanks:The earliest form of human art came into being.Two, individual choice:The following is the pre Raphaelite artist belongs to ().A. Maurice,B., Cezanne,C., Duchamp,D., PicassoThree. NOUN explanation:Beast pieFour, use the:The foundation and condition of Renaissance art are briefly introduced.Five, discuss:The research fields and research methods of post-modern art are discussed.。
中国美术简史的论述题
题目：中国美术简史，简述中国美术发展的主要阶段并分析其特点。
答案：中国美术发展经历了多个主要阶段，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和艺术风格。
1. 古代传统阶段：古代中国美术起源于先秦时期，重要表现形式包括铜器、陶瓷、绘画等。
这一阶段的特点是注重艺术与道德、文化背景的结合，强调以形象传达思想和美学价值。
2. 宋元明清时期：宋代是中国绘画的黄金时期，注重写意和意境的表现，形成了以山水画为主的文人画派。
元代继承了宋代的传统，同时也加入了一些外来影响，表现出豪放和浪漫的风格。
明清时期则呈现出仕女画和花鸟画的兴盛，注重细腻的表现和装饰性的艺术效果。
3. 近现代阶段：近现代的中国美术受到了西方艺术的影响，发生了剧烈的变革。
在19世纪末和20世纪初，中国艺术家开始追求现代性和个人表达，兴起了新式绘画运动，标志着中国艺术进入了现代阶段。
此后，中国美术经历了许多流派的涌现和艺术实验的探索，包括齐白石的写意花鸟画、林风眠的新写实主义等。
这些阶段及其特点只是对中国美术发展的简要概括，实际上中国美术的历史发展非常复杂而丰富。
每个阶段都有其独特的艺术表现和思想内涵，反映了中国社会、文化和艺术理念的变迁。
中国美术简史一、古代绘画：战国帛画：《人舞龙画图》（龙凤仕女图），《人物御龙图》是保存至今的最早绘画。
汉代绘画：（1）帛画：《马王堆一号T形帛画》两晋南北朝：（1）敦煌壁画（2）东晋：顾恺之《洛神赋图》《女史箴图》《列女仁智图》，提出传神论。
（3）南朝：谢赫《画品》六法论。
张僧繇画龙点睛的传说隋朝绘画：展子虔《游春图》最早的卷轴青绿山水画唐朝绘画：（1）人物：阎立本《步辇图》张萱《捣练图》《虢国夫人游春图》张萱、周昉创造了“浓丽丰肥，雍容华贵”的唐代仕女画形象。
吴道子，被称为“画圣”，用“兰叶描”画人物衣纹，形成了“吴带当风”的风格。
《送子天王图》（2）山水：两种画风青绿山水---李思训《江帆楼阁图》水墨山水----王维《雪溪图》（3）花鸟：韩滉《五牛图》五代绘画：（1）人物：顾闳中《韩熙载夜宴图》（2）山水：分南北派荆关山水：北方以荆浩、关仝为代表。
荆浩《匡庐图》董巨山水：南方以董源巨然为代表。
董源《潇湘图》（3）花鸟：有“黄家富贵，徐熙野逸”之说。
出现了工笔、写意画法。
黄筌《珍禽图》工笔画法。
徐熙《雪竹图》写意画法。
宋代绘画：（1）人物：北宋李公麟：创“白描人物画”，《五马图》马夫形象南宋梁楷：创写意人物画（泼墨画法），后人称“减笔法”，《李白行吟图》（2）山水：北宋范宽《溪山行旅图》，全景式描绘。
南宋“马一角，夏半边”，马远、夏珪构思巧妙，以少胜多。
马远《独钓寒江图》留大片空白夏珪以虚代实，计白当黑，喻南宋残山剩水，半壁江山。
（3）花鸟：宋代院体画赵佶《芙蓉锦鸡图》，创“瘦金体”赵昌，善写生，喜画折枝花果，誉为“与花传神”，《夹蝶图》崔白：《寒雀图》《双喜图》宋代文人画兴起，“四君子”题材形成，到明清大盛。
苏轼，文同是宋代文人画的代表，《墨竹》元代绘画：（1）人物：人物画开始进入文人画轨道。
（2）山水：元四家黄公望：《富川山居图》，被誉为“画中兰亭序”。
王蒙：《青卞隐居图》密体山水倪瓒：《平远窠石图》疏体山水吴镇：《渔夫图》安平乐道（3）花鸟：王冕《墨梅》明代绘画：（1）人物：陈洪绶《屈子行吟图》（2）山水：明四家沈周：《庐山高图》文征明唐寅仇英（3）花鸟：徐渭《黑葡萄图》《泼墨芭蕉》大写意画风清代绘画：（1）人物：（2）山水：正统派“四王”-------王时敏、王鉴、王翚和王原祁革新派“四僧”，以石涛为代表，“搜尽奇峰打草稿”清初“四僧”是指原济（石涛）、朱耷（八大山人）、髡残（石溪）、渐江（弘仁）。
