(完整word版)表面增强拉曼光谱学SERS综述

表面增强拉曼光谱引言表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy，简称SERS）是一种基于表面增强效应的光谱技术，可以提高拉曼光谱的灵敏度和检测限。

在SERS技术中，分子与金属纳米颗粒表面的局域表面等离激元共振耦合，从而大大增强了拉曼信号的强度。

本文将详细介绍SERS技术的原理、应用和未来的发展前景。

原理SERS技术的实质是在金属纳米颗粒的表面，通过局域表面等离激元共振耦合效应，使分子的拉曼散射信号增强。

这种共振耦合通过增加局部电场使分子的拉曼散射截面积因子（scattering cross section）增加，并且由于表面增强效应，分子周围的电场引起其拉曼散射的增加。

这种增强效应与金属纳米颗粒的形状、大小、间距和金属纳米颗粒与分子之间的相互作用有关。

实验方法SERS实验通常使用激光作为光源，经过一个光栅或者光束分离镜，使得激光聚焦到样品表面。

此外，还需使用金属纳米颗粒作为增敏基质。

在实验过程中，样品可以是液体、固体或气体。

SERS光谱测量通常使用拉曼散射光谱仪进行。

与普通的拉曼光谱仪相比，SERS光谱仪需要更高的灵敏度和稳定性。

常用的金属纳米颗粒包括银、金、铜等，具体的选择取决于实验所需的增强效果和波长。

应用SERS技术在许多领域有着广泛的应用，包括化学分析、生物医学、环境监测等。

在化学分析领域，SERS能够提供准确的分子结构信息，可用于表征和鉴定化合物。

对于非常低浓度的物质，SERS技术是一种极其敏感的检测方法。

在生物医学领域，SERS被广泛用于生物分子的检测、肿瘤标记物的检测以及药物递送系统的研究。

由于SERS技术具有高灵敏度和高特异性，可以用于早期癌症诊断和治疗过程中药物的监测。

在环境监测领域，SERS技术可用于检测和监测环境中的微量有毒物质，例如水中的重金属离子或化学污染物。

发展前景虽然SERS技术已经取得了巨大的成功，并在许多领域得到了广泛应用，但仍然存在一些挑战需要克服。

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱简介1.拉曼光谱简介：光与物质分子的碰撞可以分为两类，即弹性碰撞和非弹性碰撞。

光的散射可以看作是光子与物质碰撞后运动方向的改变。

如果发生的是弹性碰撞，即光子仅改变运动方向而在碰撞过程中没有发生能量交换，这种散射为瑞利散射(Rayleigh scattering)；如果发生的是非弹性碰撞，即光子不仅发生了运动方向的改变，而且在碰撞过程中有能量交换，这种散射就是拉曼散射(Raman scattering)。

结合图1我们可以更加清楚地了解光的散射过程。

图1 瑞利散射与拉曼散射的基本原理在激发光的激发下，分子从它的某一振动态(基态或激发态)跃迁到一个激发虚态，在皮秒时间尺度内跃迁回基态，同时伴随着光子的释放。

这时，大部分跃迁回基态时所释放的光子的波长与激发光相同，就是瑞利散射线。

另有少数光子的波长与激发光不同，即拉曼散射线，该散射又可以分为两类(见图1)：Stokes 散射和反Stokes散射。

由于常温下处于振动基态的分子数远多于处于振动激发态的分子数，所以Stokes谱线要比反Stokes线强得多。

拉曼光谱所关心的是拉曼散射光与入射光频率的差值，即拉曼频移。

不同的激发光所产生的拉曼散射光频率也不相同，但是拉曼频移是相同的。

拉曼频移表征的是化合物的振动—转动能级，在这一点上拉曼光谱与红外光谱是十分相似的[1,2]。

拉曼光谱是一项重要的现代光谱技术，它的应用早已超出化学、物理的范畴，渗透到生物学、矿物学、材料学、考古学和工业产品质量控制等各个领域，成为研究分子结构和组态、确定晶体结构的对称性、研究固体中的缺陷和杂质、环境污染物、生物分子和工业材料微观结构的有力工具。

2.表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)简介：表面增强拉曼散射(Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering)最早是由Fleishmann 等人[3]于1974年发现。

他们在研究电化学电池内银电极上吸附的吡啶分子的拉曼光谱时发现其谱线强度有明显增强，对此他们解释为电极表面粗糙化引起电极表面积的增加。

sers表面增强拉曼光谱的基本原理和应用SERS（Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy）表面增强拉曼光谱是一种功能强大的分析技术，用于增强和检测分子的拉曼散射信号。

它结合了拉曼光谱和表面增强效应（SERS效应），可以实现对微量样品的高灵敏度分析。

以下是SERS表面增强拉曼光谱的基本原理和应用：基本原理：1.SERS效应：SERS效应是指当分子或化合物置于具有纳米结构表面（如金属纳米颗粒）上时，它们的拉曼散射信号被显著增强的现象。

这种增强主要是由于局域表面等离激元共振的产生和电荷转移效应。

2.Raman散射：拉曼散射是一种基于光与物质相互作用的光谱技术，通过激发分子中的振动和旋转能级，从而产生特征性的散射光谱。

每种分子都有独特的拉曼散射光谱，可以用于研究分子结构、分析化学组成等。

应用：1.化学分析：SERS可以用于分析和鉴别化学物质，包括有机分子、无机化合物和生物分子等。

因其高灵敏度和选择性，可以应用于环境监测、食品安全和药品分析等领域。

2.生物医学研究：SERS在生物医学领域中具有广泛应用，如细胞成像、分子诊断、药物传递等。

可以通过利用SERS标记剂将其与生物分子（如蛋白质、核酸）结合来实现对生物分子的探测和定量。

3.表面分析：使用SERS技术可以研究材料的表面特性，包括表面催化反应、电化学过程和表面吸附等。

通过吸附在金属纳米颗粒上的分子的拉曼散射，可以获得有关表面化学反应和动力学的信息。

总之，SERS表面增强拉曼光谱是一种强大的分析技术，可用于高灵敏度和选择性的分子分析。

它在化学、生物医学和材料科学等领域中有广泛的应用前景。

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from Surface-enhanced Raman scattering)Raman spectrum of liquid 2-mercaptoethanol (below) and SERS spectrum of 2-mercaptoethanol monolayer formed on roughened silver (above). Spectra are scaled and shifted for clarity. A difference in selection rules is visible: Some bands appear only in the bulk-phase Raman spectrum or only in the SERS spectrum.Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Ramanscattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes.[1] The enhancement factor can be as much as 1010 to 1011,[2][3] which means the technique may detect single molecules.[4][5]Contents[hide]•1History•2Mechanismso 2.1Electromagnetic theoryo 2.2Chemical theory•3Surfaces•4Applicationso 4.1Oligonucleotide targeting•5Selection rules•6ReferencesHistory[edit]SERS from pyridine adsorbed on electrochemically roughened silver was first observed by Martin Fleischmann, Patrick J. Hendra and A. James McQuillan at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Southampton, Southampton, UK in 1973.[6] This initial publication has been cited over 4000 times. The 40th Anniversary of the first observation of the SERS effect has been marked by the Royal Society of Chemistry by the award of a National Chemical Landmark plaque to the University of Southampton. In 1977, two groups independently noted that the concentration of scattering species could not account for the enhanced signal and each proposed a mechanism for the observed enhancement. Their theories are still accepted as explaining the SERS effect. Jeanmaire and Van Duyne[7] proposed an electromagnetic effect, while Albrecht and Creighton[8] proposed a charge-transfer effect. Rufus Ritchie, of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Health Sciences Research Division, predicted the existence of the surface plasmon.[9]Mechanisms[edit]The exact mechanism of the enhancement effect of SERS is still a matter of debate in the literature. There are two primary theories and while their mechanisms differ substantially, distinguishing them experimentally has not been straightforward.The electromagnetic theory proposes the excitation of localized surface plasmons, while the chemical theory proposes the formation of charge-transfer complexes. The chemical theory applies only for species that have formed a chemical bond with the surface, so it cannot explain the observed signal enhancement in all cases, whereas the electromagnetic theory can apply even in those cases where the specimenis physisorbed only to the surface. It has been shown recently that SERS enhancement can occur even when an excited molecule is relatively far apart from the surface which hosts metallic nanoparticles enabling surface plasmon phenomena.[10] This observation provides a strong support for the electromagnetic theory of SERS. Research in 2015 on a more powerful extension of the SERS technique called SLIPSERS (SlipperyLiquid-Infused Porous SERS)[11] has further supported the EM theory.[12] Electromagnetic theory[edit]The increase in intensity of the Raman signal for adsorbates on particular surfaces occurs because of an enhancement in the electric field provided by the surface. When the incident light in the experiment strikes the surface, localized surface plasmons are excited. The field enhancement is greatest when the plasmon frequency, ωp, is in resonance with the radiation. In order for scattering to occur, the plasmon oscillations must be perpendicular to the surface; if they are in-plane with the surface, no scattering will occur. It is because of this requirement that roughened surfaces or arrangementsof nanoparticles are typically employed in SERS experiments as these surfaces provide an area on which these localized collective oscillations can occur.[13]The light incident on the surface can excite a variety of phenomena in the surface, yet the complexity of this situation can be minimized by surfaces with features much smaller thanthe wavelength of the light, as only the dipolar contribution will be recognized by the system. The dipolar term contributes to the plasmon oscillations, which leads to the enhancement. The SERS effect is so pronounced because the field enhancement occurs twice. First, the field enhancement magnifies the intensity of incident light, which will excite the Raman modes of the molecule being studied, therefore increasing the signal of the Raman scattering. The Raman signal is then further magnified by the surface due to the same mechanism that excited the incident light, resulting in a greater increase in the total output. At each stage the electric field is enhanced as E2, for a total enhancement of E4.[14]The enhancement is not equal for all frequencies. For those frequencies for which the Raman signal is only slightly shifted from the incident light, both the incident laser light and the Raman signal can be near resonance with the plasmon frequency, leading to the E4 enhancement. When the frequency shift is large, the incident light and the Raman signal cannot both be on resonance with ωp, thus the enhancement at both stages cannot be maximal.[15]The choice of surface metal is also dictated by the plasmon resonancefrequency. Visible and near-infrared radiation (NIR) are used to excite Ramanmodes. Silver and gold are typical metals for SERS experiments because their plasmon resonance frequencies fall within these wavelength ranges, providing maximal enhancement for visible and NIR light. Copper's absorption spectrum also falls within the range acceptable for SERS experiments.[16] Platinum and palladium nanostructures also display plasmon resonance within visible and NIR frequencies.[17]Chemical theory[edit]While the electromagnetic theory of enhancement can be applied regardless of the molecule being studied, it does not fully explain the magnitude of the enhancement observed in many systems. For many molecules, often those with a lone pair of electrons, in which the molecules can bond to the surface, a different enhancement mechanism that does not involve surface plasmons has been described. This chemical mechanism involves charge transfer between the chemisorbed species and the metal surface. The chemical mechanism only applies in specific cases and probably occurs in concert with the electromagnetic mechanism.[18][19]The HOMO to LUMO transition for many molecules requires much more energy than the infrared or visible light typically involved in Raman experiments. When the HOMO and LUMO of the adsorbate fall symmetrically about the Fermi level of the metal surface, light of half the energy can be employed to make the transition, where the metal acts as a charge-transfer intermediate.[18] Thus a spectroscopic transition that might normally take place in the UV can be excited by visible light.[15]Surfaces[edit]While SERS can be performed in colloidal solutions, today the most common method for performing SERS measurements is by depositing a liquid sample onto a silicon or glasssurface with a nanostructured noble metal surface. While the first experiments were performed on electrochemically roughened silver,[20] now surfaces are often prepared using a distribution of metal nanoparticles on the surface[21] as well as usinglithography[22] or porous silicon as a support.[23][24]Applying a thin film of silver onto wafers of silicon, through a day-long immersion in a saturated solution of silver nitrate in n-octanol, is a widely accepted method to prepare a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate.[25] The most common metals used for plasmonic surfaces are silver and gold, however aluminum has recently been explored as an alternative plasmonic material, because its plasmon band is in the UV region, contrary to silver and gold.[26] Hence, there is great interest in using aluminum for UV SERS. It has, however, surprisingly also been shown to have a large enhancement in the infrared, which is not fully understood.[27] In the current decade, it has been recognized that the cost of SERS substrates must be reduced in order to become a commonly used analytical chemistry measurement technique.[28] To meet this need, plasmonic paper has experienced widespread attention in the field, with highly sensitive SERS substrates being formed through approaches such assoaking,[29][30][31] in-situ synthesis,[32][33] screen printing[34] and inkjet printing.[35][36][37]The shape and size of the metal nanoparticles strongly affect the strength of the enhancement because these factors influence the ratio of absorption and scattering events.[38][39] There is an ideal size for these particles, and an ideal surface thickness for each experiment.[40] Particles that are too large allow the excitation of multipoles, which are nonradiative. As only the dipole transition leads to Raman scattering, the higher-order transitions will cause a decrease in the overall efficiency of the enhancement. Particles that are too small lose their electrical conductance and cannot enhance the field. When the particle size approaches a few atoms, the definition of a plasmon does not hold, as there must be a large collection of electrons to oscillate together.[14] An ideal SERS substrate must possess high uniformity and high field enhancement. Such substrates can be fabricated on a wafer scale and label-free superresolution microscopy has also been demonstrated using the fluctuations of surface enhanced Raman scattering signal on such highly uniform, high-performance plasmonic metasurfaces. [41]Applications[edit]SERS substrates prepared with silver nano rods are used to detect the presence of low abundance biomolecules, and can therefore detect proteins in body fluids.[42][43][44] This technology has been utilized to detect urea and blood plasma label free in human serum and may become the next generation in cancer detection and screening.[43][44] The ability to analyze the composition of a mixture on the nano scale makes the use of SERS substrates beneficial for environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, material sciences, art and archeological research, forensic science, drug and explosives detection, food quality analysis, and single algal cell detection.[45][46][47] SERS combined with plasmonic sensing can be used for high-sensitivity and quantitative detection of biomolecular interaction.[48]Oligonucleotide targeting[edit]SERS can be used to target specific DNA and RNA sequences using a combination of gold and silver nanoparticles and Raman-active dyes, such as Cy3. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) can be identified using this technique. The gold nanoparticles facilitate the formation of a silver coating on the dye-labeled regions of DNA or RNA, allowing SERS to be performed. This has several potential applications: For example, Cao et al. report that gene sequences for HIV, Ebola, Hepatitis, and Bacillus Anthracis can be uniquely identified using this technique. Each spectrum was specific, which is advantageous over fluorescence detection; some fluorescent markers overlap and interfere with other gene markers. The advantage of this technique to identify gene sequences is that several Raman dyes are commercially available, which could lead to the development of non-overlapping probes for gene detection.[49]Selection rules[edit]The term surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy implies that it provides the same information that traditional Raman spectroscopy does, simply with a greatly enhanced signal. While the spectra of most SERS experiments are similar to the non-surface enhanced spectra, there are often differences in the number of modes present. Additional modes not found in the traditional Raman spectrum can be present in the SERS spectrum, while other modes can disappear. The modes observed in any spectroscopic experiment are dictated by the symmetry of the molecules and are usually summarized by selection rules. When molecules are adsorbed to a surface, the symmetry of the system can change, slightly modifying the symmetry of the molecule, which can lead to differences in mode selection.[50]One common way in which selection rules are modified arises from the fact that many molecules that have a center of symmetry lose that feature when adsorbed to a surface. The loss of a center of symmetry eliminates the requirements of the mutual exclusion rule, which dictates that modes can only be either Raman or Infrared active. 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Trace detection overcoming the cost and usability limitations oftraditional SERS technology(PDF) (Technical report). Diagnostic anSERS.line feed characterin |title= at position 50 (help)47. Jump up^Wackerbarth H; Salb C; Gundrum L; Niederkrüger M; Christou K; Beushausen V; Viöl W(2010). "Detection of explosives based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy". Applied Optics. 49 (23): 4362–4366.doi:10.1364/AO.49.004362.48. Jump up^Xu, Zhida; Jiang, Jing; Wang, Xinhao; Han, Kevin; Ameen, Abid; Khan, Ibrahim; Chang, Te-Wei; Liu,Logan (2016)."Large-area, uniform and low-cost dual-mode plasmonic naked-eye colorimetry and SERS sensor with handheld Raman spectrometer". Nanoscale. 8: 6162–6172.doi:10.1039/C5NR08357E.49. Jump up^Cao, Y. C.; Jin, R; Mirkin, CA (2002). "Nanoparticles with Raman Spectroscopic Fingerprints for DNAand RNA Detection". Science. 297 (5586):1536–1540.Bibcode:2002Sci...297.1536C.doi:10.1126/science.297.5586.1536. PMID12202825.50. Jump up^Moskovits, M.; Suh, J. S. (1984). 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表面增强拉曼光谱的基本原理和应用表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy，SERS）是一种先进的拉曼光谱技术，能够对化学物质进行高灵敏度和高分辨率的表征。

SERS在材料科学、化学、生物学等领域得到广泛应用。

本文将介绍SERS的基本原理，示例其应用以及未来可能的发展趋势。

一、SERS的基本原理SERS是一种表面增强光谱技术，它利用特定的纳米表面结构（称为SERS基底）增强Raman散射信号，进而实现对分子结构和化学键信息的高灵敏度和高分辨率检测。

SERS的基本原理是将分子置于金属表面的“热点”位置，而这些热点通常是金属表面结构的几何形态特征（如孔洞、纳米颗粒、纳米线等）所导致的。

金属表面和分子之间的相互作用被称为表面等离子共振（Surface Plasmon Resonance），这种相互作用能够在分子表面产生一个电磁场增强效应，大量提高分子Raman信号的强度。

而这个效应的大小是与金属表面形态、材料种类、入射光强度、激发波长等因素有关。

SERS的显著优势是能够检测微量分子，因此被广泛应用于化学物质检测。

例如，SERS可以检测到化学物质的痕量，包括药物、污染物和微生物等。

此外，SERS还可以对分子在空间和时间尺度上的行为进行分析，帮助科学家了解化学反应、催化机制等问题。

二、SERS的应用1. 化学物质检测SERS已被广泛应用于化学物质检测。

例如，SERS可以检测到二氧化碳、二硫化碳、氯仿、水中的有机物等化学物质。

由于SERS技术能够在极低浓度下检测到目标物质，因此非常适用于环境监测、食品检测和生物诊断等领域。

2. 生物医学检测SERS技术可以用于生物医学检测，例如检测癌症标志物、病原体和细胞等。

SERS还可以帮助科学家研究生物分子在细胞膜和基质中的相互作用。

SERS在肿瘤、心血管、神经学等领域的研究也有很大的发展空间。

3. 材料表征SERS技术也可以用于材料表征，例如检测材料中的缺陷、化学键、晶格结构等。

综述表面增强拉曼散射光谱体内药物分析技术作者：石玉也，鹿爱娟，黄小燕，陈传品，刘文芳来源：《教育教学论坛》 2015年第15期石玉也，鹿爱娟，黄小燕，陈传品，刘文芳（中南大学药学院，湖南长沙410013）摘要：表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）作为一种新兴的药物分析手段，具有样本处理简单、非侵入性检测、灵敏度高、提供丰富指纹图谱信息等优点，在实现高灵敏度无损检测的同时可获得目标检测物的分子结构信息。

本文综合论述了体内药物分析的常用方法以及SERS在该方面的发展现状，并详细介绍了SERS基底的分类和制备方法以及SERS在药物分析尤其是体内药物分析方面的应用。

针对体内药物分析，主要介绍不分离样本情况下，SERS用于唾液、尿液、血液等生物样本中目标检测物的直接分析技术。

关键词：体内药物分析；生物样本；表面增强拉曼光谱中图分类号：G642 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2015）15-0053-03一、前言表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）是一种利用表面电磁场增强提高拉曼信号的分析技术。

与红外（IR），紫外（UV），核磁共振（NMR），荧光，X-衍射等光学分析手段相比，具有很多突出优势。

表面增强拉曼检测限非常低，可用于痕量分析，甚至可以实现目标检测物的单分子检测；分析过程只需要数毫秒到数十秒不等，可实现对被分析物快速检测和实时信息反馈；能够提供丰富的指纹图谱信息而具有较高的分析准确性；水分子的拉曼响应较弱，因此适用于含水样本的分析，尤其是生物样本，无需复杂的前处理即可检测；与其他分析方法如IR，核磁共振等相比，对样本纯度要求低，可大大减少样本前处理工作并节约分析成本；拉曼检测所需样本量极少，且为非入侵破坏性检测，可为目标检测物的后续分析提供方便。

因其可以从复杂基质中提取目标分子结构信息，故表面增强拉曼光谱尤其适用于生命科学方面的分析应用。

体内药物分析是指利用仪器对人或动物体内的血液、尿液、体液、排泄物、组织、器官等样本中药物及其代谢物的分布进行分析，了解药物进入体内后代谢的途径以及代谢方式等信息，从而指导药品的生产和临床应用。

表面增强拉曼光谱综述表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, SERS）是一种强大的分析技术，用于提高拉曼散射的灵敏度。

这种技术自1974年被发现以来，已经成为化学、物理、生物学和材料科学领域的重要工具。

以下是对SERS的一个综述：1. 基本原理●拉曼散射：基于分子振动能级变化的非弹性散射过程，可提供分子结构信息。

●表面增强机制：将样品放置在特殊的金属表面（通常是纳米结构的银或金）上，可以显著增强拉曼信号。

2. 增强机制●电磁机制：最主要的机制，涉及金属纳米结构上的局域表面等离子体共振（LSPR），导致拉曼散射信号的强烈增强。

●化学机制：与样品和金属表面间的化学作用有关，可能导致电子转移，影响拉曼散射的强度。

3. 材料和方法●金属纳米结构：银和金是最常用的材料，但也有使用铜、铂等其他金属。

●制备方法：包括化学还原法、电化学沉积、纳米刻蚀技术等。

4. 应用●化学分析：用于检测极低浓度的化学物质，包括环境污染物、食品添加剂、药物成分等。

●生物医学：在细胞成像、疾病诊断、生物标记物检测等方面的应用。

●材料科学：用于研究纳米材料、催化剂、能源材料等。

5. 发展趋势和挑战●灵敏度和选择性的提高：研究人员致力于提高SERS的灵敏度，以检测更低浓度的样品。

●标准化和可重复性：由于SERS受到许多因素的影响，实验结果的可重复性是一个挑战。

●新材料和新技术：包括二维材料、异质结构的探索等。

6. 未来展望SERS作为一种高度灵敏的分析技术，有望在环境监测、疾病早期诊断、新材料开发等领域发挥更大作用。

随着纳米技术和光谱学的不断发展，SERS技术的应用范围和效率都有望进一步提升。

表面增强拉曼光谱的原理与应用概述：表面增强拉曼光谱（Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy，简称SERS）是一种利用金属纳米结构表面增强共振的拉曼散射信号的方法。

本文将详细介绍SERS的原理和其在化学、生物、材料等领域的应用。

一、SERS的原理SERS的基本原理源于两个关键因素：共振增强效应和电场增强效应。

1. 共振增强效应金属纳米结构的表面存在共振精细结构，当激光与共振精细结构相匹配时，可以实现高度增强的拉曼散射峰。

这种共振增强效应是通过表面等离子体共振（Surface Plasmon Resonance，简称SPR）实现的。

2. 电场增强效应金属纳米结构的表面存在极强的电场增强效应。

当分子与金属表面接触时，分子中的电荷会受到金属表面局域电场的强烈影响，从而导致拉曼散射信号的增强。

这种电场增强效应可以极大地提高拉曼散射信号的灵敏度。

二、SERS的应用领域SERS作为一种高灵敏度的分析技术，已经在多个领域得到了广泛应用。

以下是SERS在化学、生物和材料领域的应用。

1. 化学领域SERS可以用于分子结构鉴定、化学反应动力学研究和分子吸附等方面。

通过SERS技术，可以获得很高的分子识别能力，从而在化学反应的机理研究中发挥重要作用。

2. 生物领域SERS广泛应用于生物分子的检测、生物传感和生物成像等方面。

由于SERS技术对生物分子的高灵敏度，可以用于检测低浓度的蛋白质、DNA和药物等生物分子，有助于生物医学研究和临床诊断。

3. 材料领域在材料科学领域，SERS可以用于表面增强光催化、纳米材料的表征和表面等离子体共振等方面的研究。

SERS技术不仅可以提供材料的化学组成信息，还可以揭示材料的结构和光学性质，对材料的表征提供了有力的手段。

三、SERS的发展前景与挑战虽然SERS在分析领域具有广泛的应用前景，但仍然面临着一些挑战。

首先，SERS在实际应用中需要制备高度可重复和稳定的金属纳米结构，这对技术的推广应用提出了要求。

SERS 的物理类模型物理类模型致力于阐释金属表面局域场的增强，它的主要代表包括表面电磁增强模型和镜像场模型。

1、表面电磁增强模型（Electromagnetic Enhancemant Model ，简记为EM ）表面电磁增强模型[5~7]又可称为表面等离子体共振模型，它认为一个吸附在金属表面的分子的诱发偶极矩是通过金属椭球由入射场和散射场共同产生的。

对于椭球比光波波长小的情况，在频率与偶极表面等离子体共振时，散射场比入射场大，这可以看作是椭球外部空间的场密度的影响。

因此拉曼散射场会与金属颗粒的强散射场引起的金属颗粒表面的等离子体振荡发生共振，这种共振的结果使振荡分子产生了非常大的能量。

如图2－1所示，把一个可以看成经典电偶极子的分子放在球形金属颗粒外的r ' 处，以频率为ω0的平面波照射，分子偶极子会产生频率为ω的拉曼散射，其偶极矩为：),(),(00ωαωr E r P P ∙'=' (2-1)这里的α'是分子的拉曼极化率而P E 包括两部分：),(),(),(000ωωωr E r E r E LM i P '+'=' (2-2)其中i E 是入射场的场强，LM E 是用Lorenz-Mie 理论计算获得的散射场场强。

在观察点r 处与拉曼散射相关的电场由下式给出),(),(),(ωωωr E r E r E sc dip R +=(2-3)图2－1 纳米颗粒表面增强散射示意图其中，dip E 是球形颗粒不存在时振荡偶极子P 发射的场，sc E 是由球形颗粒产生的必须满足频率ω的边值问题的散射场。

拉曼散射的强度R I 是远场振幅R E 的平方：2/)ex p(),(lim r ikr r E I R kr R ω ∞→=，增强因子G 定义为0R R I I G =，其中0R I 是在金属球形颗粒不存在时的拉曼强度。

那么在小颗粒的限制下，增强因子可由下式给出：[]230333033303)(3)1/()1/()(3i n n r g a r i r g a g a r i i n n g a i G ⋅+'+'-'+'-⋅+= (2-4) 这里的i 指入射场在r '处的偏振态，也就是()i E r E i 00,='ω，r r n ''=/ ，g和g 0是表达式()()21+-εε在ω和ω0处的值，其中ε是胶体颗粒与周围物质的复合介电函数的比值。