高考英语 阅读理解课堂练学案(29)

2018高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（22）Passage Twenty-three (Women and Fashions)Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man whohasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.1. The main idea of this passage is[A]. New fashions in clothes reflect the qualities of women.. New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial exploitation of women.[C]. The top designers seem to have the right to creating new fashion.[D]. Men have the basic quality of reliability.2. Why do the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?[A]. Because they want their appearance in the fashion.. Because the top designers want them to follow the fashion.[C]. Because the top designers want them to make fashion.[D]. Because the top designers want them to lead the fashion.3. Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers?[A]. They love new fashion. . They love new clothes.[C]. They want to look beautiful. [D]. They are too vain.4. What are fashion designers interested in?[A]. Outward appearance. . Comfort.[C]. Beauty. [D]. Durability.V ocabulary1. dated 过时的2. decree 法令，命令3. dictatorial 专制的，惟我独尊的4. arbitrary 任意的，专横的5. take exception (at) 生气，发怒6. take exception to (against) 对……提出异议7. dictates (pl) 意旨，命令，指令8. squander 浪费9. hem 褶边，折缝，镶边10. flimsy 薄的，没有价值的11. dainty 雅致的，讲究的12. fickle 易变的，轻浮的13. bully 欺负14. lay down the law （制定法律）这里指服装设计师发号施令或定出条条框框难句译注1. lay down the law 制定法律。

高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（21）Passage Twenty-one (The Result of the Falling US Dollar)Like a ticking time bomb, the falling dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic polices the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsche mark, U.S. good becomes cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad—especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather faddish notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in interest rates, the stock market rally could stall.Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another’s competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments—especially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere. Inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes—and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. federal Reserve then might need to step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.Worried about these side effects, Federal Reserve chairman Paul V olcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect from U.S. TreasuryBonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Con gress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chance are relatively good that we will avoid an investor break or panic.”1. What is the main idea of this passage?[A]. The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.. The result of the U.S. falling dollar.[C]. The side effect of U.S. falling dollar.[D]. Japan and West Germany are worried about U.S. falling dollar.2. What does the word “rally” mean.[A]. prosperity. . decline. [C]. richness. [D]. import.3. Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?[A]. Because the falling dollar may cause inflation in their countries.. Because it may force them to sell a lot of U.S, stocks.[C]. Because it may do damage to their trade.[D]. Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.4. If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in , what would happen?[A]. The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.. The U.S. economy might face serious problems.[C]. Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.[D].Inflation could flare up.V ocabulary1. ticking 滴答作响的2. grab 抓住3. abate 减弱4. snap up 争购，抢购5. heavy buying 大量买进6. export-oriented 以出口为方向的7. in anticipation of 期待，预期8. faddish 一时流行的9. spree 无节制的疯狂行为10. buying spree 狂购乱买11. plummet 垂直落下，骤然跌落，暴跌12. stall 停滞13. verge 处于……边缘14. verging on recession 正处于衰退的边缘15. boost 振兴，吹捧16. bond market 债券市场17. flare up 突然闪耀，发火，爆发18. hike 提高，增加19. follow suit 照着做，跟出同花色的牌20. profit margin 利润幅度21. step in 介入22. rally 繁荣23. equilibrium 平衡，均势24. defect 逃跑，开小差25. break or panic 崩溃或大恐慌难句译注1. cries for trade protection 贸易保护的呼声2. the global free-trade system 全球自由贸易体系3. that is a rather faddish notion right now 只是一时流行的概念4. get out of hand 失控5. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. 什么是平衡水平？可能是接近现在水平或者稍低一些。

高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（4）Passage Nine(Holmes’ Knowledge)His ignorance was as remarkable as his knowledge. Of contemporary literature, philosophy and politics he appeared to know next to nothing. Upon my quoting Thomas Carlyle, he inquired in the naivest way who he might be and what he had done. My surprise reached a climax, however, when I found incidentally that he was ignorant of the Copernican Theory and of the composition of the Solar system.“You appear to be astonished, ” Holmes said, smiling at my expression. “Now that I do know it I shall do my best to forget it. You see, I consider that a man’s brain originally is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose: A fool takes in all the lumber of every sort that he comes across, so that the knowledge which might be useful to him gets crowded out, or at best jumbled up with a lot of other things, so that he has difficulty in laying his hand upon it. It is a mistake to think that the little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something that you know before. It is of the highest importance, therefore, not to have useless facts elbowingout the useful ones.”“But the Solar System! ” I protested.“What the deuce is it to me?” he interrupted impatiently.One morning, I picked up a magazine from the table and attempted to while away the time with it, while my companion munched silently at his toast. One of the articles had a pencil mark at the heading, and I naturally began to run my eye through it.Its somewhat ambitious title was “The Book of Life, ” and it attempted to show how much an observant man might learn by an accurate and systematic examination of all that came in his way. It struck me as being a remarkable mixture of shrewdness and of absurdity. The reasoning was close and intense, but the deduction appeared to me to be far-fetched and exaggerated. The writer claimed by a momentary expression, a twit ch of a muscle or a glance of an eye, to fathom a man’s inmost thought. Deceit, according to him, was impossibility in the case of one trained to observation and analysis. His conclusions were as infallible as so many propositions of Euclid. So startling would his results appear to the uninitiated that until they learned the processes by which he had arrived at them they might well consider him as a necromancer.“From a drop of water, ”said the writer, “a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlanti c. So all life is a great chain, the nature of which is known whenever we are shown a single link of it. Like all other arts, the science of Deduction and Analysis is one which can be acquired by long and patient study, nor is life long enough to allow any mortal to attain the highest possible perfection in it. ”This smartly written piece of theory I could not accept until a succession of evidences justified it.1.What is the author’s attitude toward Holmes?[A]Praising.Critical.[C]Ironical.[D]Distaste.2.What way did the author take to stick out Holmes’ uniqueness?[A]By deduction.By explanation.[C]By contrast.[D]By analysis.3.What was the Holmes’ idea about knowledge-learning?[A]Learning what every body learned.Learning what was useful to you.[C]Learning whatever you came across.[D]Learning what was different to you.4.What did the article mentioned in the passage talk about?[A]One may master the way of reasoning through observation.One may become rather critical through observation and analysis.[C]One may become rather sharp through observation and analysis.[D]One may become practical through observation and analysis.V ocabulary1.Thomas Carlyle 托马斯•卡莱尔1795-1881美国作家、历史家、哲学家2.jumble (up) 搞乱，使混乱y hand on (upon) sth. 抓住，找到4.at best 最好的情况下5.elbow out (off) 用胳膊肘挤出，推出6.deuce = devil what the deuce is it to me?这里表示福尔摩斯的厌恶心理。

2021高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案〔26〕Passage Twenty- nine (Men Are Carrying on a Sex-fight)This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldn’t think of if you could heat what the average man thinks of the average woman/ Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bitter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear so me men talk, you’d think that women belonged to a different species!Yet men go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women can’t don Top-level political negotiation between countries, business and banking are almost entirely controlled by men, who jealously guard their so-called ‘rights’. Even in otherwise enlightened places like Switzerland women haven’t even been given the cote. This situation is preposterous! The arguments that men put forward to exclude women from these fields are all too familiar. Women, they say, are unreliable and irrational. They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions. They are not even capable of thinking clearly. Yet when women prove their abilities, men refuse to acknowledge them and give them their due. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly!1. What does the first sentence imply?[A]. It is not really an enlightened age. . It is different from an enlightened age.[C]. It is the same as an enlightened age. [C]. It is like an enlightened age.2. Why do men carry on the sex war against women?[C]. Because of their claim to supremacy. [D]. Because they still look down upon women.3. The “fiction〞is closest in meaning to[A]. Novel. . Man-made idea. [C]. False idea. [D]. Story.4. What is the main argument men have raised against women?[A]. Women are lack of cold reasoning. . They depend on intuition too much.[C]. They are unreliable and irrational. [C]. They are too still look down upon women.V ocabulary1. conscientious 认真的，真心实意的2. maniac 疯狂的，疯子3. preposterous 反常的，荒唐的4. quibble 狡辩，摸棱两可难句译注2. So much for a man’s ability to think clearly! 这是对男人想清楚能力的挖苦，译文应根据上下文而定。

阅读理解课堂练学案（23）( A competitor sabotages)New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer technology. Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes…Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer grogram. An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. Buyers for stolen programs may range from a firm’s competitors to foreign nations.A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector. This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their recordkeeping and daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower price. Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized crime.Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on every continent. Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defence work suffered more than $2 million in damages as a result of a bombing.Computer vulnerability has been amply documented. One congressional study concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately protected against sabotage.Organized criminal syndicates have shown their willingness to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics. Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating political leaders…. Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories, and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centers. Cities and nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a now form. The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century.The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. Although criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not. Many still think in terms of traditional criminology.1. How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage?[A]. 7. . 8. [C]. 9. [D]. 102. What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a company’s computer?[A]. His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm’s operational ability.. His purpose is to weaken firm’s competitive capability and get it.[C]. His purpose is to buy the rival’s company at a relatively low price.[D]. His purpose is to steal important data.3. Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotage of a computer system?[A]. Sabotage of a university computer.. Sabotage of a hospital computer.[C]. Sabotage of computer at a secret training base.[D]. Sabotage of a factory computer.4. What does the author mean by “Homicide could take a new form”?[A]. There is no need to use a gun in killing a person.. Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer.[C]. The computer can replace any weapons.[D]. The function of a computer is just like a gun.V ocabulary1. bizarre 奇怪的2. vandalism 破坏，故意破坏文化，艺术的行为3. cripple 使瘫痪，削弱4. fence 贼市，脏品买卖处5. neutralize 使成为无效6. affluent 富裕的7. recordkeeping 记录存贮8. havoc 浩劫，大破坏9. resort to 求助于，借助于10. motivate 作为……的动机，激发11. extremist 过激分子，极端主义分子12. sprout 萌发迅速发展13. awesome 令人惊惧的，引起敬畏的14. vulnerability 易受攻击，脆弱15. devastation 劫持，破坏16. hospital life-support system 医院的生命维持系统17. hit man 职业凶手（杀手）18. pool 集中（资金）合办，入股19. criminology 犯罪学，刑事学难句译注1. Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes…[结构简析] 句子很长，都是简单句，中间有分号隔开，后面是举例。

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（22）Passage Twenty-three (Women and Fashions)Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you e to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, fort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of disfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t atsome time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.When paring men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.1. The main idea of this passage is[A]. New fashions in clothes reflect the qualities of women.. New fashions in clothing are created solely for mercial exploitation of women.[C]. The top designers seem to have the right to creating new fashion.[D]. Men have the basic quality of reliability.2. Why do the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?[A]. Because they want their appearance in the fashion.. Because the top designers want them to follow the fashion.[C]. Because the top designers want them to make fashion.[D]. Because the top designers want them to lead the fashion.3. Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers?[A]. They love new fashion. . They love new clothes.[C]. They want to look beautiful. [D]. They are too vain.4. What are fashion designers interested in?[A]. Outward appearance. . fort.[C]. Beauty. [D]. Durability.V ocabulary1. dated 过时的2. decree 法令，命令3. dictatorial 专制的，惟我独尊的4. arbitrary 任意的，专横的5. take exception (at) 生气，发怒6. take exception to (against) 对……提出异议7. dictates (pl) 意旨，命令，指令8. squander 浪费9. hem 褶边，折缝，镶边10. flimsy 薄的，没有价值的11. dainty 雅致的，讲究的12. fickle 易变的，轻浮的13. bully 欺负14. lay down the law （制定法律）这里指服装设计师发施令或定出条条框框难句译注1. lay down the law 制定法律。

高中英语2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案(20)教案2012 高考英语：阅读理解讲堂练教案（20）Passage Eighteen (The Military Is In)Things have really changed. Not only is the military standing tall again, it is staging aremarkable eback in the quantity and quality of the recruits it is attracting. Recruiters, oncedenounced by antiwar students as“ baby killers” and barred from campuses, are weled ever at elite universities. ROTC (Reserve Officer ’Trainings Corps) programs, that faltered during the VietNam era, when protesters were fire bombing their headquarters, are flourishing again. The militaryacademies are enjoying a steady increase in applications.Certainly, the depressed economy has increased the allure of the jobs, technical training andgenerous student loans offered by the military. Students know that if they go in and bee, say,nuclear weapons specialists, they can e out and demand a salary of$60,000 a year. Militarysalaries, while not always petitive with those paid for parable jobs in the private sector, are morethan respectable, especially considering the wide array of benefits that are available: free medicalservice, room and board, and PX (Post Exchange) privileges. Monthly pay for a recruit is$574;for a sergeant with four years services it is $906; for a major with ten years it is $2,305.’ serviceThe services’ slick $175 million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillmenthas helped win over the TV generation. Kids are walking down the school hallways chanting‘ Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines,’ just like cialsinthe. Andmer many military officials feel thatthe key difference is the enhanced patriotism among the nation’ s youth. There is a return to the view that the military is an honorable profession. The days of a judge telling a miscreant to jointhe Army or go to jail are over. Recruiting for all four services bined is running at 101%ofauthorized goals. And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing somere-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target.The military academics are also enjoying halcyon years, attracting more and better-qualifiedstudents. pared to private colleges, where tuition and expenses have been climbing sharply, theservice schools are a real bargain: not only is tuition free, but recruits get allowances of up to $500a mouth. It is reported 12,300 applicants are for the 1,450 positions in this year’ s fresh Military academies are now just as selective as any of the best universities in the country.Nationwide, ROTC enrollment exceeds 105,000,a 64% increase over the 1974 figure. In the mid70’ s, the ROTC students refused to wear their uniforms on campus because they suffered all sorts of ridicule, if they did. Now if they wear them to class no one looks at them twice. To them, Viet Nam is ancient history, something the old folks talk about.1.What is the main idea of this passage?[A]. The Military is in. The Military is up[C]. The Military is down[D]. The Military is on2. What was the attitude of the [A]. Approval. . Indifferent.students in 1970[C]. Distaste.’ s towards the military?[D]. Scolding.3.The phrase “ e out ” is closest in meaning to[A].“ beevisible” ..“ begin to grow”.[C]. “ be made public” .[D].“ gain a certain position”.4.Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason to attract students.[A]. Free tuition.. Spacious room.[C]. Considerate allowance.[D]. Technical training.Vocabulary1.stage a eback再度走红，卷土重来2.standing tall站得高3.babykiller杀婴犯人4.denounce斥责5.elite优秀的，名牌的6.ROTC=Reserve Office’ s Training Cope(美 )后备军官训练队7.falter摇动不定，迟疑不前8.flourish繁华兴盛9.allure迷惑10. e out进入交际界，扬名11.the wide array一大量，一大部分12.PX=Post Exchange陆军花费合作社13.sergeant中士14.major少校15.slick明的，特别好的，吸引人的16.hallway，道17.chant重复的（唱歌）18.miscreant无，棍19.retention rate服役率，服役期不退伍的比率20.real bargain好，十分划算句注1.The services slick’ $175 million -a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has helped win over the TV generation.[ 构析 ]句子的主是campaign. 里指大模的广告（ advertising campaign ）。

2012高考英语：阅读理解课堂练学案（30）Passage Thirty-four(The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience)By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essent ially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses.1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mentalexperience are related would most likely have been met with[A]. vexation. . irritability. [C]. discouragement [D]. neutrality2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the[A]. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.. similarities in the views of the scientists.[C]. similarity of sensations of human beings.[D]. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?[A]. Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of the brain stimulated.. Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.[C]. Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors they produce.[D]. Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?[A]. Nerve cells. . Nerve impulses.[C]. Cortical areas. [C]. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.Vocabulary1. mental experiences 精神感受2. discharge 释放3. negligible 微小的，可以忽略不计的4. manifold 多种多样的，多方面5. neuron 神经元/细胞6. neural （中枢）神经的（系统）7. qualitative diversity 质的多样性，量变的8. disprove 反驳，反证9. homogeneous 相似的10. sensory nerve 感觉神经11. cortical 外皮的，皮质的12. cerebral cortex 大脑皮层13. locus 地点，区域14. psychoneural 精神神经15. heterogeneous 异源的，异种的，异体的16. spatiotenporal 时空的难句译注1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.[结构分析] 句型为such…as 可as 具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中had been demonstrated 的主语。

2024年高考英语真题（新高考I卷）阅读理解解读分析学案A篇B篇C篇果上的不同。

【译文】不论一个人在屏幕上阅读文本还是阅读纸质上的文本，对文本的理解是一样的吗? 当涉及相同的材料时，听和在屏幕上看内容是否与阅读书面文字一样印象深刻? 这两个问题的答案通常都是否定的。

其原因与多种因素有关，包括注意力下降、娱乐心态以及在处理数字化内容时倾向于多任务处理。

当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，纸质阅读的学习通常比在屏幕上阅读的学习更成功。

大量的研究证实了这一发现。

当实验人员从提出简单的，如识别阅读文章中的主要思想的任务，转向需要抽象思维的，如从文本中得出推断结论的任务时，阅读印刷品的好处尤其明显。

印刷和数字阅读结果之间的差异部分上与纸张的物理特性有关。

在纸上，手真正的可以放置在上面，并且有不同页码的视觉上的地理位置。

人们通常会把他们对所读内容的记忆与页码在书里的位置或在书页上的具体位置联系起来。

但同样重要的是心理方面。

阅读研究人员提出了一种叫做“肤浅假设”的猜测。

根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本时有着与社交媒体相适应的心态，通常不那么严肃，而且比阅读纸质书时投入的脑力更少。

音频和视频比文本更吸引人，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术——比如，布置一场在线演讲的任务，而不是要求这个人提交一篇文章。

然而，心理学家已经证明，当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们记住的内容要多于听或看相同的新闻故事。

数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育上的作用，特别是在提供印刷版无法获得的资源时。

然而，为了最大限【30题详解】A.细节理解题。

第五段第一句就提出：音频和视频比文本更吸引人，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术——比如，布置一场在线演讲的任务，而不是要求这个人提交一篇文章。

所以，大学教师越来越多地使用音频和视频是因为它们能更吸引人。

故A项“They can hold students’ attention. 他们可以抓住学生的注意力。

”是正确选项。

高考英语阅读理解一轮复习暑期提前训练导学案(29) Topic：(说明文)Name ClassLearning objectives 1.利用所学知识理解文章中出现的长难句。

2.掌握“说明文”解题策略及猜词能力。

3.通过解题了解英语国家文化，开拓视野，增强考试信心。

保持良好的学习状态和做题的手感。

Learning important points 1.熟悉“说明文”选择题型的题型特点2.掌握“说明文”选择题型解题步骤和技巧3.保持良好的学习状态和做题的手感Learning difficultpoint能运用阅读理解解题技巧完成练习【Preview】1.独立阅读文章并完成题目。

（限时：10分钟内）2.理清文章体裁、结构、主旨。

【Experiencing】Researchers found that our bodies aren’t just programmed to be nice. They reward us for being kind.One of them, psychology professor Sonja Lyubomirsky from University of California, has put that concept to the test in many experiments over 20 years and has repeatedly found that people feel better when they are kind to others, even more than when they are kind to themselves. In one experiment, she asked subjects to do an extra three acts of kindness for other people a week and asked a different group to do three acts of self—kindness. They could be small, like opening a door for someone, or big. The same even occurred with spending money on themselves or others. She found that the people who were kind to others became 课堂笔记&错题分析：happier and felt more connected to the world than those who just did acts of self—kindness.Lyubomirsky thinks it is because people spend too much time thinking and worrying about themselves and when they think of others while doing acts of kindness, it redirects them away from their own problems.The other researchers have found that we prize kindness over any other value. When psychologists put values into ten categories and asked people what was more important, kindness comes out on top, beating physical pleasure, creativity, ambition, security, seeking social justice and power, said University of London psychologist Anat Bardi, who studies value systems.“Kindness, like religion, does seem to be universal,”said Oliver Curry, a researcher from University of Oxford. “I think reasoning is the secret. We’re kind because under the right circumstances we all benefit from kindness. That is why we donate blood when there are disasters.”1．Why can being kind to others make people feel happy according to Lyubomirsky?A．It takes their attention away from their own problems. B．The world becomes much better due to their kindness. C．Their problem seems less serious compared to others’. D．Their action gives them a sense of power and achievement.2．Which of the following do people value most accordingto paragraph 4?A．Making a lot of money.B．Volunteering and donating.C．Inventing a new machine.D．Finding a rare and delicious food.3．What does Oliver Curry stress in his explanation?A．Social values.B．Personal virtues.C．Religious beliefs.D．Potential rewards.4．What is the best title for the text?A．We Can Be Programmed to Be KindB．Researchers Find That Being Kind Pays OffC．Happier People Tend to Do Kind ActsD．Research Shows Random Kindness Helps the Needy课堂笔记：一、【Lead-in】文章体裁：文章结构：文章主题：主题句在文章或段落的位置：二、【Solution strategy】阅读每题的题干，标记题干中的关键词或实词，猜测文章的主题主旨,分析对比选项，确定答案。