Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．However，there ________(be) a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.(2022·全国Ⅱ，七选五)2．Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs(树枝) which ________(gradual) turned into chopsticks.(2022·全国Ⅲ，语法填空)3．Nome's town officials came up ________ a plan.They would have the medicine sent by rail from Anchorage to Nenana.(2022·北京，完形)4．In recent years，however，young upper middle-class people in London，have begun to adopt some regional ________ (accent)．5．The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and ________(productive) lives than those who had not.6．Experts say the way you design your home could play ________ part in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.7．Becoming fluent ________ a language will take years，but learning to get by takes a lot less. 8．You've introduced two ways to share books: wild release and controlled release.Of the two，________ latter wins my favor.9．English is a dynamic language that admits new words and ________(recognize) changes in meaning，spelling，and usage of familiar words.10．According to the ________(use)，the handkerchief is always ________(use) to wipe hands or sweat.答案 1.are 2.gradually 3.with 4.accents 5.more productive 6.a7.in8.the9.recognizes age；usedⅡ.单句改错(每句仅1处错误)1．Find out for yourself what a study really reported，and determine whether it was basing on good science.2．James Brindley is recognized one of the leading early canal engineers nowadays.3．If you work hard，and you will certainly pass the exam.4．It's no use stay up so late if you don't devote yourself to your study.5．You should have made good use of the time you spent together discuss the matter.6．Not only does she help us with our daily life，but she also plays a important part in our English learning.7．At the present I do not have information on the meeting you asked about.8．It's well-known that the panda is native from China.9．The city has been built up really fast; it's changed beyond the recognition.10．Last year the Chinese Internet users were required that they registered with their real names when getting online.答案 1.basing→based 2.recognized后加as 3.去掉and 4.stay→staying 5.discuss前加to 6.a→an 7．去掉present前的the8.from→to9.去掉recognition前的the10.registered→register Ⅲ.单元考点作文串记(一)依据提示翻译句子1．如今，英语变得越来越流行。
一1.Linguistics is generally defined as the __________ __________ of language.2.The three branches of phonetics are _____________, _____________ and ___________respectively.3.Chinese is a typical ________ language.4.The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called _____________.5.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of _____________.6.The same one word may have more than one meaning, this is what we call_____________.7._____________ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that comb ines elementsregarding regional, social, gender and age variation.8.The three types of antonymy are _____________, _____________ and ___________respectively.9.Hyponymy is a relation of ________ .10._____________ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.11._____________ refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.12.New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thoughtto be part of the old word. Such words are thus called _____________.13. A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose. This is called _____________.14.The two labiodental sounds (唇齿音) in English are __________ and _________.15.In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are regarded as members of social groups. The socialgroup that is singled out for any special study is called the _____________.16.The three nasals in English are _____, ______, _________.17._____________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.18.The three pairs of stops in English are _____, _______, and ________ .nguage is a system of ________, ________ symbols used for human communication.二．1.Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.3.Phonology is how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning incommunication.4.Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which wordsare formed.5.Syntax is the study of the rules to form grammatically permissible sentences.6.Semantics is the study of meaning.7.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context of language use.8.Sociolinguistics refers to the study of all the social aspects of language and its relationwith society.9.Synchronic study refers to the description of language at some point of time in history.10.Diachronic study refers to the description of a language as it changes through time.11.Open class words refer to the content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbsin a language.12.Closed class words refer to functional words such as conjunctions, prepositions, articlesand pronouns.13.Morpheme refers to the most basic element of meaning.14.Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the featuresof the linguistic form and it‟s abstract and de-contextualized.15.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals withthe relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.16.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.17.Antonymy is oppositeness of meaning.18.Polysemy—the same one word may have more than one meaning.19.Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.20.Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word anda more specific word.21.Context refers to the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.22.Speech community refers to the social group that is singled out for any special study.23.Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a groupof speakers.24.Sociolect refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.25.Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regardingregional, social, gender, and age variations.26.Register refers to the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type ofsituation.27.Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used bypeople who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.28.When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community and is acquiredby the children of that speech community as their native language, it is said to have become a Creole.29.Bilingualism refers to the phenomenon that in some speech communities, two languagesare used side by side with each having a different role to play and language switching occurs when the situation changes.30.Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism. But instead of twodifferent languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties of a language exist side by sidethroughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.三．1.Please list and explain the design features of human language.There are 5 design features : (1) arbitrariness---- there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) productivity---- language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (3) duality----language is a system which consists of two sets of structures: the sound structure and the meaning structure.(4) displacement---- language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.(5) cultural transmission ---- language is culturally transmitted, it is passed on from onegeneration to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.2.Please explain Austin’s speech act theory.Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50‟s of the 20th century.According to Austin‟s new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutinary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon andphonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker‟s intention;A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.3.Please state Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle.Paul Grice put forward the Cooperative Principle. His idea is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. There are four maxims under this general principle. The maxim of quality: Make your contribution as informative as required; Don‟t make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quantity: Don‟t say what you believe to be false; Don‟t say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relation: Be relevant.The maxim of manner: Avoid obscurity of expression; Avoid ambiguity; Be brief; Be orderly.4.Please list with examples the different ways for new words to come into being. (Twoexamples for each type.)The seven ways to form new words:Coinage---a new word can be coined to fit some purpose, e.g. walkman, Ford;Clipped words---the abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g. gym for gymnasium, expo for exposition;Blending---words formed by combining parts of other words, e.g. smog=smoke + fog, motel= motor + hotel;Acronyms--- words which are derived from the initials of several words, e.g. CBS= Columbia Broadcasting System, IT= information technology;Back-formation----new words may be coined from already existing words by …subtracting‟an affix thought to be part of the old word, e.g. to edit --- editor, to baby-sit--- baby-sitter; Functional shift--- Words may shift form one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g. N---V, to knee, to bug; V---N, a retreat, a hold;Borrowing--- When different cultures come into contact, words are often “borrowed”from one language to another. English has borrowed from Chinese “tea, kowtow”, from Greek “tragedy, physics”.5.Tell the changes in the meaning of words with two examples for each type.Changes in the meaning of wordsWidening of meaning: holiday, tailNarrowing of meaning: meat, cornMeaning shift: nice, silly6.Please give the causes for language change.The causes of language change:The rapid development of science and technology has led to the creation of many new words; Social and political changes and political needs have supplied the English vocabulary with great quantity of new words and expressions;More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created;The theory of least effort and economy of memory account for some linguistic changes.7.Please state some recent trends in the English language development.Some recent trendsMoving towards greater informalityThe influence of American EnglishThe influence of science and technology8.How many types does vocabulary change include and what are they?Vocabulary change can include:Addition of new wordsLoss of wordsChanges in the meaning of words.9.Give the major sense relations with two examples for each type.The major sense relations between words include:Synonymy: autumn-fall, lorry-truckAntonymy: warm-cool, husband-wifePolysemy: table, dateHomonymy: tear, fastHyponymy: flower-rose, furniture-table10.Tell the difference between “sense”and “reference”.Sense is the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form and it‟s abstract and de-contextualized.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 11.Please explain the semantic triangle.The three changes in the meaning of words:Widening of meaning: When the meaning of a word becomes broader, that word means everything it used to mean, and then more. Holiday ----holy day ----- any rest day; tail ---the tail of a horse---the tail of any animalNarrowing of meaning: Meat --- food---edible part of an animal; Corn --- grain--- a particular grainMeaning shift --- inn --- a small hotel or pub, usually an old one ---- a well-known nice hotel;silly--- happy ---- foolish12. Please tell the difference between a prescriptive study and a descriptive study. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive;If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.13.Please explain Chomsky’s distinction between “competence” and “performance”. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.14. Give the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics.Modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary not the written.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.15.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?The major branches of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.Phonology is how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. Morphology is the study for the internal structure for words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax is the study of the rules to form grammatically permissible sentences.Semantics is the study for meaning.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context of language use.16.What is antonymy and how many types does it include?The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning. Oppositeness can be found on different dimensions and different kinds of antonyms have been recognized.Gradable antonyms: some antonyms are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. old---young, hot---cold.Complementary antonyms are characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other. alive--- dead, male--- female.Relational opposites refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. husband--- wife, doctor--- patient.I．1. scientific 2.study 3.articulatory phonetics 4.auditory phonetics 5.acoustic phonetics6.tone7.morpheme8. meaning 9.polysemy 10. idiolect 11. gradable antonyms 12. complementaryantonyms 13. relational opposites14 inclusion 15sociolect 16Synonymy 17 back-formation 18 coinage 19 [f]20 [v] 21 speech community22[m] 23 [n] 24[n] 25 Homonymy 26 [p][b] 27[t][d] 28 [k][g] 29 arbitrary 3o vocal。
