中西翻译简史20111020问题整合
1．形合和意合
答：英语注重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语注重意合(parataxis)。
2．主题显示和主语显示
答：汉语句子逻辑性强，主题突出；英语句子结构严谨，主语突出。
3．The definition of Grammar
答：In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the term to refer to orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that call themselves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation.
The term "grammar" is often used by non-linguists with a very broad meaning indeed; as Jeremy Butterfield puts it: "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that people object to." However, linguists use it in a much more specific sense. Every speaker of a language has, in his or her head, a set of rules for using that language. This is a grammar, and—at least in the case of one's native language—the vast majority of the information in it is acquired not by conscious study or instruction, but by observing other speakers; much of this work is done during infancy. Language learning later in life, of course, may involve a greater degree of explicit instruction.
The term "grammar" can also be used to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behavior of a group of speakers. The term "English grammar", therefore, may have several meanings. It may refer to the whole of English grammar—that is, to the grammars of all the speakers of the language—in which case, the term encompasses a great deal of variation.Alternatively, it may refer only to what is common to the grammars of all, or of the vast majority of, English speakers (such as subject–verb–object word order in simple declarative sentences). Or it may refer to the rules of a particular, relatively well-defined variety of English (such as Standard English).
4．词汇语法化（lexical grammaticalization）
答：语法化主要研究词汇成分到语法成分的演变，涉及词义的虚化和语法作用的增强两个方面。词语的演变从意义上说是从实到虚，从功能上说是语法作用更加地突出。语法化理论为我们提供了理解语言演化的新视野，使我们能够对很多语法现象的来源作出简单、合理而且一致的解释。
5．The sources of idioms and the types of idioms
答：The idioms come from myth, everyday life, historical events, environment, religion, military events, literary works, allusion, etc.
谚语的分类:
(一)溯其由来可分为
1). 在长期的社会实践中总结出来的朴素道理、普遍常识或经验教训。
如：Well begun is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。
Pride goes before a fall.骄傲使人落后。
2). 从神话寓言、莎士比亚剧作、《圣经》故事等经典著作中流传下来的格言、名录。
如：The tree is known by its fruits.(Bible. Matthew)观其果而知其树，观其行而知其人。（《圣经﹒马太福音》）
Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow.(Shakespear‖Romeo and Julie‖)欲速则不达。（莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）
（二）根据谚语的思想内容又可分为：
1). 思想真理。
如：All that glisters is not gold.发亮的东西未必都是金子、
Every cloud has a silver lining.黑夜慢慢终有尽头。
2). 道德爱憎。
如：Handsome is that handsome does. 行为美才是真正美。
3). 友谊力量。
如：Unity is power. 团结就是力量
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真正朋友。
4). 实践经验。
如：Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
Rome is not build in a day. 冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
5). 时间节气。
如：Tide waits for no man.时光不等人。
The lose is never found again.光阴一去不复返。
6). 学习意志。
如：It is never too old to learn,活到老，学到老。
Jack of all trades is a master of none.行行都懂点，行行都不精通。
----张毓彪，―英语谚语的分类与翻译‖，《成都教育学院学报》，2005年6期，第76页。
6．严复翻译标准中的雅的意义？结合《天演论》，他采用的什么文体和翻译方法？
答：雅：指译文时选用的词语要得体,追求文章本身的古雅，简明优雅。
《天演论》是严复根据英国生物学家赫胥黎（Thomas Henry Huxley）1894年发表的《进化论与伦理学》（Evolution and Ethics）编译的。严复翻译时，并没有直译原文，而是在编译的基础上加入评论。
译文语言使用桐城派优美的骈文，译本读起来音节婉转，极富节奏美。
---摘自课本第150页~151页。
7．桐城派
答：桐城派，即桐城文派，又称：桐城古文派、桐城散文派。其主要代表人物戴名世、方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐均系清代安徽桐城人（今桐城文化圈包括桐城市、枞阳县和安庆市宜秀区等部分地区），故名。桐城文派是清代文坛最大散文流派，其作家多、播布地域广、绵延时间久，文学史所罕见。桐城派的文章，内容多是宣传儒家思想，尤其是程朱理学；语言则力求简明达意，条理清晰，―清真雅正‖。他们的许多散文都体现了这一特点。主张学习左传、史记，讲究义法，提倡义理，要求语言雅洁，反对俚俗。
8．归化和异化
答：Domestication and Foreignization.
