术语解释
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术语的名词解释
抽样调查:通过对部分人或物进行调查和测试,来推断出整体的情况和特征的方法。
标准差:用来衡量一个数据集合中数据间的离散程度。
标准差越大,数据间的差异就越大,反之,则差异较小。
回归分析:研究两个或多个变量之间相互依赖关系的一种统计方法。
通过回归分析,可以得出变量间的关系方程式,从而对未来的数据进行预测。
假设检验:通过对样本数据的分析,判断其是否符合某种特定的假设;并由此推断所针对的总体特征,是统计学中常用的一种方法。
样本容量:在统计学中,指用来代表总体的一部分数据数目。
样本容量需要足够大,才可以保证调查和实验的精确度和可靠度。
统计显著性:在假设检验中,当显著性水平小于0.05时,即表明统计结果具有显著性意义,结果不会因为偶然误差而发生变化。
置信区间:根据对样本数据的分析,可以得出一个区间,该区间内有一个特定的概率值表示真实的总体值在该区间内的可能性。
统计学中常用于对未知参数的估计。
常用法律术语及解释大全作为一名普通人,我们可能并不太了解法律术语。
但是,当我们需要处理一些法律问题时,了解一些常用的法律术语是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中,我们将为您介绍一些常用的法律术语及其解释,以帮助您更好地理解法律事务。
1.案件(Case)•解释:案件指的是一个法律程序中的具体事件或事项。
每个案件都有其独特的事实和法律问题,需要经过法院的审理和判决处理。
在一个案件中,通常会有原告和被告。
2.律师(Lawyer)•解释:律师是一种专业从事法律事务的人员。
他们代表客户处理法律事务,包括提供法律咨询、起草法律文件、参与法庭诉讼等。
律师需要经过法律教育和培训,并通过相关考试获得执业资格。
3.法官(Judge)•解释:法官是法庭中的最高权威人物,负责对案件进行审理和判决。
法官需要具备法律知识和执法能力,他们会根据法律和事实,以公正的态度对案件进行判断和决定。
4.原告(Plaintiff)•解释:原告是提起诉讼的一方。
原告通常是指认为自己的合法权益受到侵害,希望法院给予保护或追究侵权方责任的当事人。
5.被告(Defendant)•解释:被告是被控告的一方。
被告通常是指被原告指控侵犯了原告的权益或应承担某种法律责任的当事人。
6.诉讼(Litigation)•解释:诉讼是指通过法律程序解决争议的过程。
在诉讼中,当事人可以通过起诉、答辩、举证、辩论等程序,向法院寻求公正的判决。
7.合同(Contract)•解释:合同是双方或多方订立的具有法律约束力的协议。
合同明确了各方之间的权利和义务,当一方违反合同时,另一方可以要求法院进行追究。
8.诉讼程序(Legal Procedure)•解释:诉讼程序是指在法院中进行案件审理的一系列步骤。
诉讼程序通常包括开庭审理、举证、辩论、判决等。
9.证人(Witness)•解释:证人是在法庭上提供证词的人。
证人通常是对案件事实具有了解的人,他们的证词对案件的判决有重要的影响。
10.法律费用(Legal Fees)•解释:法律费用是律师处理案件所产生的费用。
专业术语与解释说明在各个领域的学术和专业领域中,专业术语是一种必不可少的语言工具。
它们提供了一种明确的方式来描述和解释特定概念、理论和实践。
本文将介绍一些常见的专业术语并给出它们的详细解释,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、术语一:SWOT分析SWOT分析是一种常用的战略管理工具,用于评估一个组织、项目或个人的优势、劣势、机会和威胁。
SWOT代表了Strengths(优势)、Weaknesses(劣势)、Opportunities(机会)和Threats(威胁)。
优势指的是组织或个人相对于竞争对手具有的独特的优势,可能包括技术专长、市场份额或资源优势等。
劣势则是指组织或个人相对于竞争对手的不足之处,可能包括缺乏关键技能、有限的资金或低知名度等。
机会指的是外部环境中可能有利于组织或个人的因素,如市场发展、新的合作伙伴或政策变化。
威胁则是指可能对组织或个人造成负面影响的外部因素,如竞争加剧、市场下滑或法规变更等。
通过SWOT分析,组织或个人可以更好地了解自身的优势和劣势,找到潜在的机会并应对潜在的威胁,从而制定更有效的战略和行动计划。
二、术语二:ROIROI是投资回报率的缩写,用于衡量投资的效果。
ROI是一个百分比,表示投资带来的收益与投资成本之间的比例关系。
ROI的计算公式是(投资收益-投资成本)/投资成本×100%。
其中,投资收益指的是投资项目或资产所产生的收入或价值增长,而投资成本则是投资项目或资产的购买成本或开支。
ROI可以帮助投资者评估他们的投资决策的盈利能力。
较高的ROI意味着投资带来的收益较高,投资回报较好。
反之,较低的ROI可能表明投资效果不佳。
三、术语三:市场份额市场份额是一个产品、品牌或公司在特定市场上所占的销售额或市场规模的比例。
市场份额是衡量一个组织在市场上的竞争力和地位的重要指标。
市场份额的计算公式是组织的销售额除以市场总销售额并乘以100%。
较高的市场份额意味着组织在市场上具有较大的市场占有率,拥有更多的销售额和更大的市场份额。
临床试验术语解释临床试验是指在医学领域中通过一系列科学研究方法和实践操作,对新药物、器械、医疗技术等进行人体试验的过程。
为了更好地理解和应用临床试验相关术语,以下对其中常见的术语进行解释。
一、临床试验设计术语解释1. 随机分组(Randomization):将参与试验的患者随机分为不同的组别,确保试验结果的可靠性和可比性。
2. 安慰剂(Placebo):一种无活性成分的药物或虚假的治疗,用于与实验药物进行对比,评估其疗效与安全性。
3. 盲法(Blinding):使临床试验参与者、医务人员或评估者在试验进行过程中不知道其所接受的治疗方案,以消除主观偏倚。
4. 单盲(Single-blind):试验参与者或医务人员其中一方不知道所接受的治疗方案,以减少主观影响。
5. 双盲(Double-blind):试验参与者和医务人员都不知道所接受的治疗方案,以排除主观影响。
6. 交叉设计(Crossover design):将试验参与者随机分配至不同治疗组,一段时间后交换治疗,以评估不同治疗对结果的影响。
7. 平行设计(Parallel design):试验参与者随机分配至不同治疗组,各组同时进行试验,以对比不同治疗的差异。
二、研究对象相关术语解释1. 参与者(Participant):在临床试验中自愿接受试验治疗、观察和记录的人或动物。
2. 病例(Case):指试验对象中的具体个体,可以是患者或实验动物。
3. 健康志愿者(Healthy volunteer):没有明显疾病的人,自愿参与临床试验以帮助研究新药物或治疗方法。
4. 纳入标准(Inclusion criteria):指作为参与者的必备条件,以确定符合试验对象的特征。
5. 排除标准(Exclusion criteria):指禁止某些特定条件或因素参与试验的规定。
6. 随访(Follow-up):对试验参与者在试验结束后进行一定时期的追踪观察,了解试验治疗的长期效果和安全性。
计算机专业术语名词解释
1. CPU (中央处理器) - 是一种计算机的核心组件,负责执行各种计算和逻辑操作。
2. RAM (随机存取存储器) - 是一种用于临时存储数据的内存设备,被计算机用于存储当前运行的程序和数据。
3. 硬盘驱动器 - 是计算机中用于永久存储数据的设备,通过磁盘存储技术将数据保存在可移动或固定的磁盘上。
4. 操作系统 - 是计算机上控制和管理硬件资源以及文件系统的软件。
常见的操作系统包括Windows、macOS和Linux。
5. 编程语言 - 是计算机和人类之间进行通信和指令的工具。
常见的编程语言有Java、Python和C++。
6. 数据库 - 是用于存储和管理结构化数据的软件系统。
数据库可以用于存储和检索大量的数据。
7. 网络 - 是计算机和其他设备之间进行通信和数据交换的连接体系。
常见的网络协议包括TCP/IP和HTTP。
8. 算法 - 是解决问题或执行特定任务的步骤序列。
算法是计算机程序设计的核心。
9. 数据结构 - 是用于组织和存储数据的方式和方法。
常见的数据结构有数组、链表和树。
10. GUI (图形用户界面) - 是一种通过图形和图像来显示和操
作计算机程序的用户界面。
与命令行界面相比,GUI更易于使用和理解。
11. API (应用程序编程接口) - 是一组定义了不同软件组件之间
交互规则的接口。
API允许不同的软件之间进行互操作性。
12. 管道(Pipe) - 是一种在操作系统中用于进程间通信的通道,用于把一个进程的输出传递给另一个进程的输入。
贸易术语解释1.Tariff 关税- a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into a country.2.Anti-dumping du t y反倾销税- a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes that the exporting country is selling a significant amountof goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.3.Consignee 收件人-A party (usually a buyer) n a m e d b y the consignor (usuallya seller) in transportation documents as the party to whose order a consignment will be delivered at the port of destination.4.Liner 班轮-Cargo and/or passenger carrying shipping line operating a scheduled service between fixed points (ports) on a trade route.5.Tramps 租船-Cargo carrying merchant vessel that offers its services independent of a conference at relative low freight rates.ytime 装卸时间-the t otal time a llowed t hroughan a gr e m e n t b etw e ntheship-owner and the charterer for loading and /or unloading the cargo.7.On board B/L 已装船提单 -A document that verifies goods have been placed upon a c argo vessel8.Order B/L 指示提单- a negotiable bill of lading in which the goods are consigned t o t he order of anamed p arty, usually the shipper.9.Clean B/L清洁提单- a B/L bearing an indication that the goods are received without damage, irregularities or short shipment.10.Master bill of lading 船东提单 -A schedule of costs for servicesrenderedissued by a ship's master or another carrier official, and which documents that certain products were received on board as cargo for shipment to a particularplace and to be delivered to the stated receiver. A master bill of lading might beused by a business that produces items overseas.11.Collection 托收 - is one term of payment in which the exporter (drawer) authorizes his bank (remitting bank) to arrange for the acceptance or payment of draft on overseas importer (drawee), and the bank will carry out his task as instruction through a corresponding bank (collecting bank).mercial draft 商业汇票-A draft drawn by a firm or an exporter.13.Bank draft 银行汇票-A draft drawn by one bank to another bank.14.Bearer 持票人-Holder of the draft15.Beneficiary受益人-The party in whose favor a credit is issued.16.Drawer / Principal 出票人-The seller, the creditor of the buyer.17.Drawee 受票人-the person or bank who is expected to pay a check or draft when it is presented for payment18.Honor 兑付-drawee accept or is able to pay a draft19.Dishonor 拒付-dishonor: sometimes the drawee refuses or is unable to payor accept a draft20.Acceptance 承兑-If a usance draft is presented, the drawee takes up the obligation of payment when the draft becomes due by putting the word "accepted" , his signature and the date of acceptance on the face of the draft.21.Presentation 呈现-The holder of the draft lets drawee sight the draft for payment or acceptance, depending on whether a sight draft or a time draft is presented.22.Sight/demand draft 即期汇票-A draft is payable on presentation.23.Principal 本人-The seller, the creditor of the seller.24.Applicant 申请人 - the party at whose request a bank is to issue acredit. Any requirement of the applicant should be satisfied by certain documents and clearly indicated when making credit application.25.Negotiation议付-the givingof value for drafts or d o c u m e n t s by the bank authorized to negotiate.26.Issuing/opening bank 开证行- he bank that opens the credit at the requestof the applicant.By issuing a credit, the issuing bank undertakes full responsibility for payment.27.Transferable L/C 可转让信用证-A L/C that can be transferred by the original beneficiary to another beneficiary.29. Advising bank 通知行- Exporter’s bank. Accurately transmit the terms of credit and check the apparent authenticity of the credit.术语翻译:Quota- 配额Technical standard- 技术标准Import license-进口许可证Customs formality/entry- 入境海关手续Customs declaration- 报关Customs clearance- 清关Credit information/standing- 资信Enquiry-询盘Sales confirmation/contract- 买卖合同Shipping agent/Freight forwarder- 货运代理Certificate of origin- 原产地证书Certificate of inspection / Inspection certificate- 检验证明书Shipping marks- 箱唛Shipping instruction- 装运指示Shipping advice- 装船通知Twenty-foot e quivalent unit- 标准集装箱General purpose- 通用Full container loading- 整柜Shipping space- 舱位Stowage- 仓储Date o f s h i p m e n t-装船期Port o f s hip m e nt-装运港Port of origin- 始发港Port of loading- 装货港Port of discharging- 卸货港Demurrage- 滞留费Neutral packing- 三无包装Partial ship me n t- 分批装运Transshipment- 转运Bill of lading- 提单Original B/L- 正本提单Telex release B/L, Surrendered B/L- 电放提单Ante-dated bill of lading- 到签提单On-deck B/L- 舱面提单House bill of lading- 货代提单Negotiable bill of lading- 可转让提单Stale B/L- 过期提单Incoterms- 国际贸易术语Freight- 运费Freight c ollect- 运费到付Freight prepaid- 运费预付FOB Shanghai- 离岸港上海Telegraphic transfer- 电汇Draft/bill of exchange- 汇票Recourse- 追索Endorse/endorsement- 背书Blank endorse- 空白背书Time/usance draft- 远期汇票Collectionorder- 托收委托书Documents against payment- 付款交单Documents against acceptance- 承兑交单Le t er of credit- 信用证Descriptions of goods- 货物描述A m e n d m e n t-改单Extend- 延期Maturity- 到期Tenor- 付款期限Expiry date-有效期限Validdate- 有效期Discount- 贴现Accepted- 已承兑Complying presentation- 相符提示Discrepancy- 不符Commercial invoice- 商业发票Proforma invoice- 形式发票Packinglist- 装箱单Insurance policy- 保险单Co r r e s p o n d e n t c orrespondingbank- 客户代理行Irrevocable L/C- 不可撤销信用证Confirmed L/C- 保兑信用证Negotiatingbank- 议付银行Confirmingbank- 保兑银行Revolving L/C- 循环信用证Standby L/C- 备用信用证。
11种贸易术语详细解释1. 自由贸易:自由贸易是指国家之间基于平等、互利的原则,不设限制和歧视,通过减少或取消关税、非关税壁垒、限制性规定等手段,促进货物、服务和资本的自由流动和交换的经济活动。
2. 关税:关税是指国家为了保护本国产业或调节进出口商品的贸易量,对进口或出口商品征收的税费。
关税可以按照一定的比例征收,也可以采取固定金额的形式。
3. 非关税壁垒:非关税壁垒是指除了关税以外的各种贸易限制措施,例如配额限制、出口补贴、反倾销措施、技术标准和认证要求等,用于限制进口商品的数量和市场准入。
4. 最惠国待遇:最惠国待遇是指一个国家给予其他国家的最优惠待遇。
根据世界贸易组织的规定,成员国应当将对一个成员国的某一商品或服务的关税和非关税壁垒优惠待遇扩展到其它所有成员国。
5. 国民待遇:国民待遇是指一个国家对本国商品和服务与对进口商品和服务一视同仁,即国内市场对本国和外国企业应当享有同样的待遇,不得对外国企业进行歧视。
6. 出口补贴:出口补贴是指政府为了支持本国企业出口商品而提供的经济援助或优惠政策。
出口补贴可以是直接给予现金补贴、减免税费或提供低成本的贷款等形式。
7. 反倾销措施:反倾销措施是指国家为了保护本国产业免受倾销(出口商品价格低于正常价值)的伤害而采取的措施。
这些措施包括对倾销国家的进口商品征收关税或实施配额限制等。
8. 关税配额:关税配额是指对某一特定商品的进口数量设定的限制。
在关税配额内的进口商品可以享受较低的关税,而超过配额的进口商品则需要支付较高的关税或面临其他限制。
9. 自由贸易区:自由贸易区是指一组国家或地区之间通过减少或取消关税和非关税壁垒来促进货物和服务的自由流动和交换的区域。
自由贸易区的成员国在区域内可以自由地进行贸易,但每个成员国仍然可以在与第三方国家的贸易中保留自己的关税政策。
10. 关税同盟:关税同盟是指一组国家或地区之间通过建立共同的关税政策和贸易规则来促进合作和贸易的区域。
国际贸易术语解释通则释义国际贸易术语解释通则释义1. EXW(Ex Works)工厂交货EXW是一种国际贸易术语,表示卖方将货物准备好供买方提取,买方负责运输和承担所有相关费用和风险。
2. FOB(Free on Board)船上交货FOB是一种国际贸易术语,表示卖方负责将货物交到指定的装船港口,买方负责承担运输费用和风险。
3. CIF(Cost, Insurance and Freight)成本、保险和运费CIF是一种国际贸易术语,表示卖方负责将货物运输到目的港口,并承担运输费用和货物保险费用,但不包括目的地的清关和税费。
4. DDP(Delivered Duty Pd)进口清关后交货DDP是一种国际贸易术语,表示卖方负责将货物运输到目的地,并承担清关、税费以及其他与交货相关的费用和风险。
5. Letter of Credit 信用证信用证是一种国际贸易支付方式,买方通过银行发出,承诺将在符合卖方要求的情况下付款给卖方。
6. Bill of Lading 提单提单是一种货物运输证明文件,详细记录了货物的数量、品种、质量等信息,并作为货物所有权的证明。
7. Incoterms 国际贸易术语解释通则Incoterms是国际商会制定的一套贸易术语,用于明确买卖双方在国际贸易中各自的责任和义务。
8. Tariff 关税关税是针对进口和出口货物征收的一种税费,用于保护本国产业、调节贸易平衡和增加国家收入。
9. WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织世界贸易组织是一个国际机构,致力于推动全球贸易自由化和贸易规则的制定与执行。
10. Free Trade Zone 自由贸易区自由贸易区是指一定区域内的国家或地区对贸易进行宽松管制和优惠待遇的地区。
以上是国际贸易中常见的一些术语解释,对于进行国际贸易的人士来说,熟悉这些术语是非常重要的。
希望以上信息对您有所帮助!。
翻译术语的名词解释在全球化的背景下,翻译成为不可或缺的沟通桥梁。
不论是商务、文化还是科技领域,翻译都起到了关键的作用。
然而,在翻译过程中,翻译术语也成为了翻译工作者必须熟练掌握的重要一环。
本文旨在解释一些常见的翻译术语,帮助读者更好地理解和使用它们。
1. 本地化(Localization)本地化是翻译中一个重要的概念,指的是根据目标语言和目标文化的特点进行适当的调整和修改以满足本地需求的过程。
它超越了简单的语言转换,还包括对文化、习俗和法规等方面的考虑。
本地化将产品、服务或内容定制到特定的地区,使其更符合当地的文化背景和习惯。
2. 跨文化交际(Intercultural Communication)跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和合作的能力。
翻译工作者常常需要具备跨文化交际的技巧和敏感度,以确保其翻译作品能够准确传达源语言的信息,并且能够被目标受众所接受和理解。
3. 词汇转移(Transfer)词汇转移是指在翻译过程中将某一特定词汇从源语言转移到目标语言中的过程。
熟练的翻译工作者需要根据上下文和目标语言的特点,灵活运用词汇转移技巧,确保所选词汇在目标语言中的准确度和一致性。
4. 同传和交传(Simultaneous Interpretation & Consecutive Interpretation)同传和交传是翻译领域中常见的两种口译技术。
同传是指在演讲或会议进行的同时,翻译人员通过耳机将源语言转换为目标语言,实时传达给听众。
而交传则是演讲者暂停时,翻译人员将其内容转换为目标语言,然后进行传达。
两种技术都需要翻译人员具备高度的语言能力和专注力。
5. 策略(Translation Strategy)翻译策略是指翻译工作者在面对不同的翻译问题时所采取的方法和决策。
由于每个翻译问题都具有其独特的特点,翻译策略的选择对于最终翻译作品的质量至关重要。
常见的翻译策略包括直译、意译、补充信息等。
名词术语解释1. 藏象:是藏于人体内的内脏(1分)及其表现于外的生理病理征象及与自然界相通应的事物和现象(1分)。
2.经络:是经脉和络脉的总称,是运行全身气血(1分)、联络脏腑形体官窍、沟通上下内外,传导感应信息的通路系统(1分)。
3.体质:是指人类个体在生命过程中,由遗传性和获得性因素所决定的(1分)在形体结构、生理功能和心理活动方面综合的相对稳定的特性(1分)。
4.辩症:是在认识疾病的过程中确立证侯的思维和实践过程,即将四诊(望闻问切)所搜集的有关疾病的所有质料,包括症状和体征,运用中医学理论进行分析综合,辨清疾病的原因性质部位及发展去向,然后概括判断为某种性质的证侯的过程。
5.气化:在古代哲学中,气化是指由气的运动产生宇宙各种变化的过程。
6.五行:是指木火土金水五种物质及其运动的变化,衍化为归纳宇宙万物并阐释其相互关系的五种基本属性。
7.七情:是指喜怒忧思悲恐惊七种正常的情志活动,是人体的生理和心理活动对外界环境变化产生的情志反应,属于人人皆有的情绪体验,一般不会导致或诱发疾病。
8.六淫:即风寒暑湿燥火(热)六种外感病邪的统称。
9.病机:即疾病发生发展与变化的机理。
10.疠气:之一类具有强烈致病性和传染性的外感病邪。
11.天癸:是肾精及肾气充盈到一定程度时体内出现的一种精微物质,具有促进人体生殖器官的发育成熟和维持人体生殖机能的作用。
12.整体观念:是中医学关于人体自身的完整性及人与自然社会环境的统一性的认识。
13.内生五邪:是指在疾病的发展过程中,由于脏腑经络及精气血津液的功能失常而产生的化风、化寒、化湿、化燥、化火的病理现象(1分),由于病生于内,故分别称为内风、内寒、内湿、内燥、内火,统称为“内生五邪”(1分)。
14.七冲门:是消化道的七道关隘,即唇为飞门,齿为户门,会厌为吸门,胃上为贲门,太仓下口为幽门,大肠小肠会为阑门,下极为魄门。
15.正治:是指采用与疾病的证侯性质相反的药物来治疗的一种治疗原则。
1. Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.2. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.3. Rhyme: It’s one of the three basic element s of traditional poetry. It is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem. If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme. If the rhyme occurs within a line, it is called internal rhyme.4. Heroic couplet: Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.5. Iambic抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.6. Free Verse: Free verse has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint (对照法) of stressed and unstressed syllables.7. Romanticism:it is a reaction against the Enlightenment and rationalism in 18th century, and a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified in classicism and neoclassicism. Authors in this period advocate return to nature and the innate goodness of humans(善良的本性). They emphasize the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary and the transcendental(超验).8. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.9. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from 1680s to 1789. It celebrates reason (rationality), equality, science. Everything should be put under scrutiny, to be measured by reason. This is the “eternal truth”, “eternal justice” and “natural equality”. It on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. They aim to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.10. Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.11. Stream of consciousness: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue” is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitatethe natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.12. Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and mora l principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature. 13. Transcendentalism:A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It appeared after1830s, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. The term was derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits. It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and nature. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”. It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual’s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation(复兴) and against the materialism of American society.14. Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. The Lost Generation writers were dissatisfied with the oppressive materialism and cultural narrowness of the American society, so they went abroad to search for a more congenial, artistic locale and produced a great number of the best works in the American literary history. They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated. They painted the post-war western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams. They had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.15. Naturalism: An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Naturalists are inevitably pessimistic in their view because firstly, t hey accept the negative implication of Darwin’s theory of evolution,and beli eve that society is a “jungle” where survival struggles go on. Secondly, they believe that man’s instinct, the environment and other social and economic forces play an overwhelming role and man’s fate is “determined” by such forces beyond his control.16. Black Humor (黑色幽默): It also known as Black Comedy, writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.17. Gothic novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century and was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period.。