国际交流学术英文写作

英文学术报告作文英文：As an academic researcher, I have had the opportunityto attend and present at various conferences and seminars. One of the most important aspects of these events is the ability to communicate effectively with others in the field. In my experience, there are two key elements to successful academic communication: language proficiency and cultural awareness.Firstly, language proficiency is crucial for effective academic communication. This means not only having a strong command of the English language, but also being able to communicate complex ideas in a clear and concise manner. As a non-native English speaker, I have found that practicing my language skills through daily reading, writing, and speaking has greatly improved my ability to communicate effectively with others in the academic community.Secondly, cultural awareness is also important in academic communication. Understanding the cultural normsand expectations of others in the field can help to avoid misunderstandings and promote positive interactions. For example, in some cultures, it may be considered rude to interrupt someone during a presentation, while in others it may be seen as a sign of engagement. Being aware of these cultural differences can help to ensure that communicationis respectful and effective.In summary, language proficiency and cultural awareness are two key elements to successful academic communication. By continually improving our language skills and beingaware of cultural differences, we can promote positive interactions and advance our research in the field.中文：作为一名学术研究人员，我有机会参加和发表各种会议和研讨会。

学术写作英文作文英文：Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher. It involves the ability to communicate complex ideas and research findings in a clear and concise manner.In this essay, I will discuss the importance of academic writing and provide some tips on how to improve your skills.Firstly, academic writing is important because itallows you to communicate your ideas to a wider audience. Whether you are writing a research paper or a thesis, your work will be read by other scholars in your field. Therefore, it is essential that you are able to expressyour ideas clearly and effectively.Secondly, academic writing is important because ithelps you to develop critical thinking skills. When you are writing an academic paper, you need to analyze and evaluate the evidence that you have gathered. This process requiresyou to think critically about the information that you have and to draw logical conclusions.To improve your academic writing skills, there are several things that you can do. Firstly, you should read widely in your field. This will help you to understand the conventions of academic writing and to develop your own style. Secondly, you should practice writing regularly. This will help you to develop your skills and to identify areas where you need to improve. Finally, you should seek feedback from others. This will help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses and to improve your writing accordingly.In conclusion, academic writing is an essential skill for anyone who wants to succeed in their studies or research. By following the tips outlined in this essay, you can improve your writing skills and become a more effective communicator.中文：学术写作是任何学生或研究人员的重要技能。

学术写作英文作文1. Academic writing can be a real pain sometimes. You have to follow all these rules and guidelines, and it feels like your creativity is being suffocated. But hey, that's just the way it is.2. When you're staring at a blank page, trying to come up with something brilliant to say, it can be pretty intimidating. The pressure is on to come up with something groundbreaking, something that will blow everyone's minds.3. And let's not forget about all the research you have to do. It can feel like you're drowning in a sea of information, trying to find that one golden nugget thatwill make your paper stand out from the rest.4. But despite all the challenges, there's something satisfying about academic writing. It's a way to share your ideas with the world, to contribute to the collective knowledge of humanity. And that's pretty cool, if you thinkabout it.5. So the next time you're struggling to put pen to paper, just remember that you're part of a long tradition of scholars and thinkers who have wrestled with the same demons. You're not alone in this, and you have what it takes to conquer the academic writing beast.。

英文学术论文写作技巧（常用句型）用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。

不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。

了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁通的作用。

对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。

用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。

关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。

此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。

一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。

在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。

也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。

因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。

学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。

学术英文写作范例以下是一篇学术英文的写作范例，供参考。

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental HealthAbstract: This study aims to explore the impact of social media on mental health, particularly anxiety and depression. A survey was conducted among a sample of young adults, and the results indicate a significant correlation between social media use and negative mental health outcomes.Keywords: social media, mental health, anxiety, depression, correlationIntroduction:Social media has become an integral part of modern life, connecting people across the globe and providing platforms for sharing thoughts, ideas, and experiences. However, the rise of social media has also been accompanied by concerns about its potential negative impact on mental health. This study aims to investigate this relationship and determine the impact of social media on anxiety and depression among young adults.Methodology:A survey was conducted among a sample of young adults aged 18-25 years old. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that included questions about their social media use, levels of anxiety and depression, and other relevant demographic information. The data were then analyzed using statistical software to identify any significant relationships between social media use and mental health outcomes.Results:The results of the survey indicate a significant correlation between social media use and negative mental health outcomes. Participants who spent more time on social media were more likely to report symptoms of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, certain types of social media use, such as comparing oneself to others or feeling pressure to maintain a certain lifestyle, were associated with even higher levels of anxiety and depression.Conclusion:The findings of this study suggest that social media use may have a negative impact on mental health, particularly among young adults. Therefore, it is important for individuals to be aware of their social media use and how it might be affecting their mental well-being. Future research should focus on identifying the mechanisms underlying the relationship between social media use and mental health outcomes, as well as developing interventions to help mitigate any potential negative impacts.。

英文科技论文写作是进行国际学术交流必需的技能。

一般而言，发表在专业英语期刊上的科技论文在文章结构和文字表达上都有其特定的格式和规定，只有严格遵循国际标准和相应刊物的规定，才能提高所投稿件的录用率。

撰写英文科技论文的第一步就是推敲结构。

最简单有效的方法即采用IMRaD形式(Introduction，Materials and Methods，Results，and Discussion)，这是英文科技论文最通用的一种结构方式。

IMRaD结构的逻辑体现在它能依次回答以下问题：Introduction（引言）：研究的是什么问题？Materials and Methods（材料和方法）：怎样研究这个问题？Results（结果）：发现了什么?Discussion（讨论）：这些发现意味着什么?按照这个结构整体规划论文，有一个方法值得借鉴，即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。

首先在一张大纸上（A3或A4纸，横放）写下文章题目（事先定好题目很重要），然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题，把他们写在不同的方框内。

你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容，诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等，把它们写在方框附近的圈内，并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。

画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段，在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。

哪些东西需要包括进文章？还需要做哪些工作，是找到某文献的原文，还是补画一张图表，或者需要再查找某个参考文献？当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。

如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整，那就用箭头标示新的顺序。

绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏，但其意义重大，它可以给你自由思考的空间，并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。

这便是写论文的第一步：从整体考虑文章结构，思考各种组织文章的方法，准备好所需的资料，随时记录出现的新想法。

采用这个方法，不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起，都能够能做到大局不乱。

中外文化交流英文作文英文：Cultural exchange between different countries is an important aspect of global communication. It helps people understand and appreciate different cultures, and promotes mutual respect and cooperation. As someone who has had the opportunity to participate in cultural exchange programs, I believe that it is a valuable experience that everyone should have.One of the benefits of cultural exchange is that it broadens your perspective. When you immerse yourself in a different culture, you gain a deeper understanding of their customs, traditions, and way of life. This can help you appreciate the diversity of the world and become more tolerant and open-minded.Another benefit is that it helps you develop communication skills. When you are in a foreign country,you have to communicate with people who may not speak your language fluently. This can be challenging, but it also forces you to be more creative and resourceful in your communication.Finally, cultural exchange can lead to lifelong friendships. When you meet people from different cultures, you realize that despite our differences, we all share common values and experiences. This can create a bond that lasts long after the exchange program is over.中文：不同国家之间的文化交流是全球交流的重要方面。

国际学术交流英语邀请信模板范文English:Dear Professor [Name],I am writing to cordially invite you to participate in our upcoming international academic exchange event on [date] at [location]. The theme of this event is [theme], and we believe that your expertise and experience in [specific field] would greatly enrich the discussions and insights shared during the conference. Your valuable contributions will not only benefit the participants but also help foster collaboration and mutual understanding among scholars from different countries. In addition to presenting your research, we hope you can also engage in panel discussions and networking activities to build connections with other academics in the field. We are confident that your presence will make a significant impact on the success of our event, and we sincerely hope that you will be able to join us. Thank you for considering our invitation, and we look forward to your positive response.Sincerely,[Your Name]中文翻译:尊敬的[姓名]教授，我写信邀请您参加我们即将在[日期]在[地点]举办的国际学术交流活动。

学术论文写作报告（英文版）Title: An Analysis of Expository Writing in Academic Research PapersAbstract:This report presents a comprehensive analysis of expository writing in academic research papers. The objective of this study is to identify the key components of effective academic writing and provide recommendations for researchers, especially novice writers, to enhance their writing skills. Various sources, including published academic papers and books on the topic, were reviewed and analyzed to support the findings. The report suggests that an organized structure, clear language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions are essential elements of successful academic writing.1. Introduction:Academic research papers serve as a means of communication among scholars in various disciplines. It is crucial for researchers to present their ideas and findings in a clear and concise manner to facilitate effective knowledge exchange. This report aims to explore the characteristics of expository writing in academic research papers and provide guidelines for researchers to improve their writing skills.2. Organization and Structure:Academic research papers should have a well-organized structure to convey ideas in a systematic manner. The introduction should provide background information and clearly state the research objectives. The body paragraphs should present the mainarguments in a logical and coherent way, supported by relevant evidence. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the findings and provide implications for further research.3. Clarity of Language:Clear and concise language is fundamental in academic writing. Researchers should aim to convey their ideas in a straightforward manner, avoiding jargon and unnecessary complexity. Using simple and precise language helps readers understand the content more easily and efficiently.4. Logical Reasoning:Academic research papers should exhibit a clear and logical flow of thoughts and arguments. Each paragraph should be logically connected to the previous and following ones, and the overall structure should guide readers through the research process. Using appropriate transitions and connecting phrases can improve the coherence and readability of the paper.5. Citation Practices:Proper citation practices are crucial in academic writing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism. Researchers should meticulously cite all the sources they have referred to using a recognized citation style, such as APA or MLA. Failure to properly cite sources can result in academic dishonesty and reputational damage.6. Adherence to Academic Writing Conventions:Academic writing follows specific conventions, such as using the third person, avoiding personal opinions, and maintaining a formaltone. Researchers should familiarize themselves with these conventions and ensure their papers adhere to them to maintain the integrity and credibility of their research.7. Conclusion:Effective academic writing requires attention to various elements, including the organization and structure of the paper, clarity of language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions. Novice researchers can benefit from understanding and implementing these key components, ultimately enhancing the quality and impact of their research papers. Continuous practice and seeking guidance from experienced researchers can further improve their writing skills. 8. Recommendations:To further improve academic writing skills, researchers should actively engage in peer-review processes, attend writing workshops and conferences, and seek feedback from their mentors and colleagues. Writing groups and online forums dedicated to academic writing can also provide valuable support and guidance. In conclusion, this report highlights the importance of expository writing in academic research papers and provides recommendations for researchers to enhance their writing skills. By adhering to the identified key components, novice researchers can produce high-quality academic papers that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.9. Key Components of Effective Academic Writing:9.1. Organization and Structure: A well-organized structure is a key component of effective academic writing. It helps readersnavigate through the research paper and understand the flow of ideas. Researchers should ensure that their papers have a clear and logical structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide the necessary background information and context for the research, as well as clearly state the research objectives. The body paragraphs should present the main arguments or findings supported by relevant evidence and analysis. Finally, the conclusion should summarize the key findings and provide implications for future research.9.2. Clarity of Language: Clarity of language is crucial in academic writing. Researchers should strive to communicate their ideas in a clear and concise manner to ensure that readers can easily understand the content. The use of jargon and unnecessary complexity should be avoided. Instead, researchers should use simple and precise language to convey their ideas effectively.9.3. Logical Reasoning: Logical reasoning is a fundamental component of academic writing. Researchers should present their arguments in a logical and coherent manner, providing evidence and analysis to support their claims. Each paragraph should flow logically from one idea to the next, and there should be a clear connection between different sections of the paper. The use of appropriate transition words and phrases can help improve the coherence and readability of the paper.9.4. Proper Citation Practices: Proper citation practices are essential in academic writing to acknowledge the contributions of other researchers and avoid plagiarism. Researchers should carefully and accurately cite all the sources they have referred to intheir papers. This includes both in-text citations and a comprehensive reference list at the end of the paper. Different citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, have specific guidelines that researchers should follow. Failure to properly cite sources can have serious consequences, including academic misconduct and damage to one's reputation.9.5. Adherence to Academic Writing Conventions: Academic writing follows certain conventions and standards that researchers need to adhere to. These conventions include using the third person, maintaining a formal tone, and avoiding personal opinions unless specifically requested in certain types of papers, such as opinion or reflection pieces. Researchers should familiarize themselves with the specific conventions of their field or discipline and ensure that their writing aligns with these expectations. Adhering to academic writing conventions helps maintain the integrity and credibility of the research.10. Recommendations for Enhancing Academic Writing Skills: 10.1. Seek Peer Review: Peer review is a valuable process for improving academic writing skills. Researchers should actively seek feedback from their peers and colleagues. They can join writing groups or engage in peer review exchanges to receive constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. Peer review provides an opportunity to identify areas of weakness or confusion in the writing and make necessary revisions.10.2. Attend Writing Workshops and Conferences: Writing workshops and conferences offer researchers the chance to learn from experts in the field and gain insights on effective academicwriting techniques. These events often provide practical tips, strategies, and resources for improving writing skills. Researchers should take advantage of these opportunities to enhance their writing abilities.10.3. Seek Feedback from Mentors and Colleagues: Seeking feedback from experienced mentors and colleagues can be incredibly helpful in improving academic writing skills. These individuals can provide valuable insights and guidance based on their own experiences. Researchers should actively seek their feedback on drafts and revisions to refine their writing.10.4. Practice Regularly: Like any skill, academic writing requires regular practice to improve. Researchers should set aside dedicated time for writing and make it a habit. Regular practice allows researchers to develop their own writing style, become more comfortable with academic writing conventions, and refine their ability to convey complex ideas clearly.10.5. Utilize Writing Resources: Various writing resources are available to researchers to enhance their writing skills. Academic writing books, online tutorials, and writing guides can provide guidance on grammar, style, and organization. Researchers should take advantage of these resources to expand their knowledge and improve their writing.10.6. Seek Guidance from Writing Centers: Many universities and institutions have writing centers or writing support services that offer individualized assistance to researchers. These centers provide guidance on various aspects of academic writing, such asstructure, language, and citation practices. Researchers should utilize these resources to receive specialized support and feedback on their writing.In conclusion, effective academic writing requires attention to various key components, including organization and structure, clarity of language, logical reasoning, proper citation practices, and adherence to academic writing conventions. Novice researchers can enhance their writing skills by implementing these components and by actively seeking feedback, participating in workshops, and practicing regularly. With time and effort, researchers can improve their ability to communicate their ideas effectively through well-crafted academic research papers.。

学术会议英文邀请函2篇邀请信是邀请亲朋好友或知名人士、专家等参加某项活动时所发的请约性书信。

它是现实生活中常用的一种日常应用写作文种。

在国际交往以及日常的各种社交活动中，这类书信使用广泛。

在应用写作中邀请函是非常重要的，而商务活动邀请函是邀请函的一个重要分支，.商务礼仪活动邀请函的主体内容符合邀请函的一般结构，由标题、称谓、正文、落款组成。

但要注意，简洁明了，看懂就行，不要太多文字。

下面是学术会议英文邀请函2篇，请参考！篇一：学术会议邀请函An invitation letter Dear Ms Wang:I have the great pleasure, on behalf of the International Conference on Medical Biometrics organization, of inviting you to contribute to the symposium on Medical device technologies, Medical data processing and management, Medical Pattern Recognition, Medical biometric systems and applications to be held in Shenzhen, between 30th May and 1th June 2014.We would like to invite you to submit a manuscript to the International Conference on Medical imaging devices, Medical information retrieval, Biometric technologies, Feature matching and classification, Computer-aided diagnosis and Other applications. The idea is to present originally contributed research, review, and short communication articles in the field of Medical Biometrics. Deadline for submissions would be April 3, 2014. Kindly submit your manuscripts as an E-mail attachment at luguangm@.I will be looking forward to your favorable reply.Sincerely yours,Guangming Lu20**-01-02篇二：国际学术交流英语邀请信Dear XX,On behalf of the XXXXX, I would be very pleased to invite you to attend a conference of the forthcoming 1st Opportunity and Challenge XXXXX to be held in XXXUniversity, China, from December 19 to December 30, 2011.As we all know, Google is one of the top corporations around the world in Computer Science, and the biggest Internet search service provider. At the same time, Google’s products are also famous and popular in Music, Society Network, and Smartphone Operating System et al. You are an internationally acclaimed scholar and businessman assuredly. Your research on distributed software service and parallel computation is widely used in Computer Science. Your participation will be among the highlights of the conference.We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation. As you know, this is the 1st held of OCCSG and we plan to make it a truly international meeting. We have accepted many papers from several disciplines.If you can come, please let us know as soon as possible, since wehave to prepare the final program soon. We are looking forward to your acceptance.Sincerely yours,XXXXXXXXXXX。

英语水平描述范文I. Introduction (Introduction)中文：我的英语能力在长期的学习和实践过程中不断提升，目前达到较高的水平。

通过广泛阅读英文原著、深度参与国际学术交流及日常生活中的实际应用，我对英语的理解和运用已相当熟练。

English: My proficiency in English has been continuously evolving through dedicated learning and practical application. Currently, I have reached an advanced level, having honed my skills through extensive reading of English literature, deep engagement in international academic exchanges, and daily life applications.II. Reading Comprehension (阅读理解能力)中文：在阅读方面，我能够快速并准确地理解各类专业及非专业性英文文献。

无论是复杂的科技报告、深奥的学术论文，还是通俗的新闻报道、引人入胜的小说，我都能迅速抓住文章主旨，并能解读文本中的细节信息。

English: In terms of reading comprehension, I am capable of swiftly and accurately understanding a wide array of professional and non-professional English texts.Whether it's intricate scientific reports, profound academic papers, or everyday news articles and captivating novels, I can promptly grasp the essence of the content and decipher detailed information within.III. Listening and Speaking Abilities (听力与口语能力)中文：听力方面，我能无障碍地理解各类英语音频和视频材料，包括讲座、电影、播客以及日常对话。

apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。

apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。

越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。

悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。

西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。

悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。

英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。

他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。

小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。

哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。

小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。

本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。

关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。

国际交流英语作文英文回答：International exchange is a transformative experience that provides students with invaluable opportunities for personal and academic growth. By immersing themselves in a new culture, students develop a deeper understanding of the world and gain a fresh perspective on their own.One of the most significant benefits of international exchange is the opportunity to improve language skills. By living and studying in a foreign country, students are exposed to the language on a daily basis and have the chance to practice their speaking, listening, reading, and writing abilities. This immersion experience not only enhances students' language proficiency but also helps them develop confidence in their communication skills.Another major advantage of international exchange is the opportunity to experience different perspectives andbroaden one's worldview. By interacting with people from different backgrounds and cultures, students learn about different ways of life and challenge their own assumptions. This exposure to diverse viewpoints fosters tolerance, empathy, and a greater appreciation for cultural diversity.Furthermore, international exchange offers students the chance to develop independence and self-reliance. By living away from home and navigating a new environment, students learn to manage their time, budget their finances, and solve problems effectively. These experiences help them become more responsible and adaptable, skills that are essential for success in both their personal and professional lives.In addition to these personal benefits, international exchange can also enhance students' academic and career prospects. By taking courses in a foreign university, students gain access to different educational systems and curricula, which can broaden their knowledge base and make them more competitive in the job market. Furthermore, the international experience demonstrates students' willingnessto step outside of their comfort zones and embrace new challenges, which is highly valued by employers.Overall, international exchange is an enriching and transformative experience that benefits students in numerous ways. By immersing themselves in a new culture, developing language skills, broadening their worldview, and fostering independence, international exchange students gain valuable life experiences and skills that will shape their future personal and professional lives.中文回答：国际交流的好处。

国际交流学术英文写作Unit 1 Writing a Summary1.Besides key points, the other element a summary should include is:the thesis statement2.The key points in the summary don’t have to be reported in the same order of logic as in the original text.（×）3.In summary writing, the thesis statement, which is the central idea of the original text, is always given as the first sentence, followed and supported by the key points.（√）4.Even if you give credit, copying many words or ideas from a source, which makes up the majority of your work, is plagiarism.（√）5.What are the three ways of in-text citation, mentioned in the lecture?①Quoting②Paraphrasing③Summarizing6. What are the THREE important features of a summary?①shorter than the source②reporting only the main messages③using different words7. Reporting verbs should be used when you refer to other research works or report on other research findings.（√）Unit 2 Writing a Book Review1.Which of the following can be used as hedging expressions?①that clauses②lexical verbs such as “seem”③ adverbs such as “possibly”④ modal verbs such as “may”2.A book review is a summary of the main idea of a book.（×）3.There are two types of book review: elementary ones and advanced ones.（×）4.The publication information and the summary of a book are necessary parts ofa book review.（√）5.Though a critique should point out both the strengths and weaknesses of a book, most critiques put emphasis on the weaknesses of a book by saying what the book should have said but failed to do.（√）6. One major difference between an elementary review and a comprehensive review is that the latter provides a more systematic critique of a book.（√）7. To write a critique, you need to cover both the strengths and the weaknesses of a book.（√）8. Hedging is important in academic writing because it can make you sound more cautious and acknowledge the degrees of uncertainty in your statements and claims.（√）Unit 3 Writing a Research Proposal1.Which component is not included in a research proposal? Discussion section2.What are the three main purposes of writing a research proposal?①Applyingfor a graduate school②Writing a thesis or a dissertation③Looking for funding 3.Which tense is not used frequently in research writing? Future tense4.Which component follows the research background component? Literature review5.When working on the literature paragraph, what should your paragraph startwith? A topic sentence6.Which component in a research proposal includes reviewing major schools of thoughts andfindings? Literature review7.What are the three methods of making a gap statement?①Inadequacy②An extension of thetopic③Unresolved conflict8.When citing a book on a reference page, what information should not be included?Pagenumbers9.Which tense is used when the focus of the information is on what has been done? Present perfect Unit 4 Writing a Lab Report10.In which section of a lab report may the purpose of the experiment be included?Introduction11.In which section of a lab report may the data of the experiment be presentedand analyzed? Results and Discussion12.Which of the following visual aids is the best to present numerical data andstandardized values for reference? Tables13.Which of the following visual aids is the best to present trend over time?Line Charts14.Which of the four choices may bring a more concise and stronger effect forthe following sentence?A time-frequency analysis method is proposed to _______ the magnetotelluricresponse function.Estimate15.Which of the following may be the essential components of a lab report? Title、Introduction、Materials and Methods、Results and Discussion16.Relatively, tables are better presenting numerical values while line charts are bettervisualizing changes and trend.（√）17.Verbs usually bring a more concise and stronger effect, so verbs instead of nouns aremore frequently used in writing a lab report.（√）Unit 5 Writing a Conference Proposal1.What is the main purpose of writing a conference proposal? To help conferencemembers judge your scholarly work.2.What are the two main elements used to analyze the conference members (theaudience of your conference proposal)?①The setting where the audience are reading your writing②The audience’s knowledge about the topic of your writing3.When analyzing the setting where the audience read your conference proposal,what information should you consider? What subject they belong to4.What are the ways to remove unnecessary words?①Change the sentence structure②Cut unnecessary words/phrases③Remove unnecessary repetition5.What are the common types of conference sessions this unit introduced?①Paper presentations②Poster presentations③Panel presentations6.In which component of a conference proposal should data collection and analysis be clearlyexplained? Method7.Which one is NOT the way to remove unnecessary words?Change the meaning of the sentence UNIT 6 Writing a Research Paper: Introduction, Literature Review & Method1.What are the two most important elements of the Method section?①materials②procedures2.Which of the following headings are commonly found under the Method section?①participants②procedures③research design④materials3.Only words or phrases can act as headings, and sentences or sentence fragmentscannot.（×）4.Headings should be in parallel form, which means that you need to make themconsistent within the same level.（√）5.The active voice is generally preferred in writing a research paper, but forthe Method section, the passive voice is widely used.（√）6.One needs to present his or her original perspective, instead of merely summarizingliterature, in a research paper.（√）7.Conventional headings are those that appear frequently in professional journals, whileunconventional headings are usually created by the writers themselves.（√）8.The action is emphasized in the active voice, while the doer is emphasized in the passivevoice.（×）UNIT 7 Writing a Research Paper: Results & Discussion1.Which one is correct when citing references in the text, following the APAformat? (Last name, Year)2.If the only way to cite a source is through a secondary source citation,which of the following citations is the correct formatting? (Last name 2, as cited in Last name 1, year)3.Which of the following ones are the basic elements of the Results section?①statements that comment on the results②a statement that locates the figures③statements that reports the most important findings4.Which of the following items are usually included in the Discussion section?①limitations of your study and recommendations for future research②a reviewof the most important findings③possible explanations for or speculations about the findings④a reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study5.When citing one or two authors in-text, never use et al.; instead, alwaysprovide the author(s') names.（√）6.The Results section usually consists of figures and the text.（√）7.When citing references in the text, what factors do you need to consider?number ofauthors、number of sources、type of sources8.What two transitional strategies will be introduced in this part? repetition of key words、use of transitional devicesUNIT 8 Writing a Research Paper: Abstract1.Which of the following elements are usually covered in an abstract of a research paper?①the main conclusion or implications or recommendations②the key results or findings③the research questions and methods④background information2.In an abstract, one should report only the important findings of his or her study.（√）3.When stating the conclusion in an abstract, one should present the important results orfindings.（×）4.The key to abstracting a research paper is to look for the 5 elements in your researchpaper, and write 1-2 sentences for each.（√）5.Parallelism usually happens at the word or phrase level, and is rarely used at the clauselevel.（×）6.There are basically two types of abstracts: the structured and the unstructured.（√）7.In writing an unstructured abstract, we usually write 1-2 sentences for each of the 5elements.（√）8.Parallel structures are generally adopted to indicate the same importance that two ormore ideas have.（√）。

国际交流英语作文International Communication in English。

In today's globalized world, international communication in English has become increasingly important. As the lingua franca of business, science, and diplomacy, English has become the most widely spoken language in the world, with over 1.5 billion people speaking it as either their first or second language. Therefore, it is essential for people to learn English in order to communicate effectively with others from different countries and cultures.There are many benefits to being able to communicate in English. For one, it opens up a world of opportunities for individuals who are able to speak it fluently. They can travel to different countries and communicate with people from all walks of life, whether for business or pleasure. Additionally, learning English can help individuals advance in their careers, as many multinational companies requireemployees to have a good command of the language.Furthermore, being able to communicate in English is crucial for international diplomacy. As the language of the United Nations, English is used to conduct important negotiations and discussions between countries. Diplomats and politicians who are able to speak English fluently are better equipped to represent their countries on the world stage and to negotiate effectively with other nations.However, learning English can be challenging,especially for non-native speakers. It requires a lot of time and effort to master the language, and there are many different dialects and accents to contend with. Nevertheless, with the right resources and support, anyone can learn to communicate effectively in English.In conclusion, international communication in Englishis essential in today's globalized world. It opens up opportunities for individuals and is crucial for diplomacy and international relations. While learning English can be challenging, it is worth the effort in order to communicateeffectively with people from different countries and cultures.。

学术交流英文作文英文：Academic communication is an essential part of my life as a student. It allows me to exchange ideas and knowledge with my peers and professors, and it helps me to develop my critical thinking skills. In my experience, there are two main types of academic communication: formal and informal.Formal academic communication typically takes place in a classroom or lecture hall setting. It involves presenting information in a structured and organized manner, using appropriate academic language and referencing sources correctly. For example, when I give a presentation on a research paper, I use formal academic language and cite my sources to support my arguments.Informal academic communication, on the other hand, is more casual and takes place outside of the classroom. It can happen during study groups, coffee breaks, or evenonline forums. This type of communication is more free-flowing and allows for more personal connections with my peers. For example, when I discuss a topic with my classmates during a study group, we may use informal language and share personal experiences to better understand the material.中文：学术交流是我作为学生生活中不可或缺的一部分。

如何与学者交流英文作文英文，。

When it comes to communicating with scholars in English writing, I think there are a few key things to keep in mind. First and foremost, it's important to be clear and concisein your writing. This means using simple language and avoiding overly complex sentences or vocabulary that might be difficult for the reader to understand.Another important aspect of communicating with scholars in English is to be familiar with the conventions of academic writing. This includes things like proper citation and referencing, as well as using the appropriate tone and style for the particular discipline you're writing in.One strategy that I find helpful when communicatingwith scholars in English is to use examples to illustratemy points. This can help to clarify my ideas and make them more concrete for the reader. Additionally, I think it'simportant to be open to feedback and willing to revise your writing based on the suggestions of others.Overall, I think the key to successfully communicating with scholars in English writing is to approach the task with a clear and open mind, and to be willing to put in the time and effort necessary to produce high-quality work.中文：谈及与学者交流英文作文，我认为有几个关键点需要注意。