The_General_Service_List

Reading in a Foreign Language April 2008, Volume 20, No. 1 ISSN 1539-0578 pp. 43–69 Comparing the vocabulary of different graded-reading schemesUdorn Wan-a-romMahasarakham UniversityThailandAbstractThis study compared graded-reader wordlists with the General Service List (GSL; West, 1953) and investigated the words in those lists and the words actually used in graded-reader books. The wordlists from the 2 major graded-reader series, the GSL, and thewords actually used in the graded readers were examined using the Range program. Thecomparisons showed that the lists are different from each other largely because of thedifferent sizes of the lists and because of the words they contain and do not contain. Inaddition, the words actually used in the books do not stick closely to the words in the lists on which they are based, especially at Level 1. Conclusions and implications are drawnfor practice in extensive reading programs.Keywords: graded levels, graded-reading schemes, graded readers, wordlists, extensive readingA graded-reader scheme usually has word and structure lists that are divided into levels to guide writers and editors in designing graded-reading books. The findings of Nation and Wang’s (1999) research show that most graded-reader schemes set up conditions that will enhance vocabulary learning. The limited vocabulary at each level will be repeated in books of the same level. Words from earlier levels will be repeated very often at subsequent levels, and this will provide learners with more opportunities to encounter the words. These repetitions are believed to be crucial for establishing word knowledge. According to Nation and Wang, about 10 repetitions are desirable, but the more the better.Nation and Wang (1999) also found that 84.7% of the words in the General Service List (GSL; West, 1953) appeared in the Oxford Bookworms’ (OBW) lists,1 showing that the classic list of the 2,000 GSL words is of practical use to writers of graded readers. A general-service vocabulary is essential for all learners, no matter the modes in which and purposes for which they are using English as a foreign or second language. This claim is supported by the finding that the GSL provides around 82% average coverage of various kinds of written texts (Hirsh & Nation, 1992; Hwang & Nation, 1989; Sutarsyah, Nation, & Kennedy, 1994),2 with higher coverage for more informal text. However, learners need vocabulary sizes that will cover at least 98% of the texts they read (Hu & Nation, 2000). According to Nation (2006), for unsimplified texts, this would require a vocabulary size of approximately 7,000–9,000 word families (i.e., headwords together with their other common forms). The notion of vocabulary size has been taken as a guideline for devising a scheme for graded readers. Ideally, graded-reading schemeswould take learners step by step with 98% coverage at each step until they can read unsimplified text with the same coverage. Unfortunately, as Nation and Wang (1999) showed, most schemes of graded readers are not well designed in terms of vocabulary size.Frequency counts of English substantially agree on the high-frequency words (Nation, 2004). Because the levels of graded readers make use of these high-frequency words, the various wordlists of graded readers are likely to be composed of substantially the same words. Designed as readable texts for second language learners, graded readers use a controlled vocabulary and structural features that are arranged in stages or levels of increasing difficulty. These stages or levels form graded-reading schemes. The primary purpose of the wordlists in these schemes is to provide guidelines for writers and editors of graded readers. Publishers usually set the different levels for graded readers according to the number of headwords, and writers can use a wide range of words in the lists, depending on the story or topic. Presumably, vocabulary is selected chiefly on the basis of frequency, but the wordlist may be modified for a particular title based on the requirements of the story. Different publishers cannot be guaranteed to make lists with the same words and with the same number of headwords at the same level.Because of this, no systematic comparison of the levels of the various schemes has been made beyond reviews every few years, which have dealt with content, features, and the number of headwords appearing in the catalogues to compare different schemes, as in Hill’s (1997, 2001) reviews of graded readers. However, these reviews did not examine the wordlists in detail in terms of the words in the wordlists and the actual words used in the books.Although many of the graded-reader series on the world market probably depend on West’s (1953) GSL as a basis for the choice of words used in the books, for commercial purposes, the publishers have produced wordlists of their own, which are likely to be confidential and unique. Various wordlists have resulted, and the words included and the number of levels vary with the grading scheme. Little is known about the similarities of the wordlists. One way to check this is to compare the wordlists of the series to determine the amount of overlap between the lists.The purpose of this study was to examine the wordlists of graded readers in detail. This should answer the question of whether the lists from the various series are similar enough to use as a basis for setting up reading schemes for an extensive reading program or reading across series, which pertains to language learning in general and vocabulary in particular.The study compared sets of wordlists of two major series: those of the OBW by the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge English Readers (CER) by the Cambridge University Press. It also looked at the amount of overlap between the words in the two series and the GSL words. The results of this study are discussed to answer three questions:1. How similar are the lists?2. How is the GSL related to the lists?3. Do the books at specific grade levels follow the lists designed for these levels?The Range program and manual methods were used to compare the lists.MethodThe Computer ProgramThe Range program is a Windows-based program developed by Paul Nation and Alex Heatley (2002) of the Victoria University of Wellington and is freely downloadable. It can be used with three distinct word lists, called baseword lists, on any text. The baseword lists contain word families. For example, the headword ABLE is grouped with its family members abler, ablest, and ably. Thus, the three family members are counted as the same word, ABLE (see Appendix A). The Range program can sort a text's vocabulary into three categories of word families from each list and a category of words outside all the three lists, making four categories altogether (see Appendix B). The program can do this either by range across several texts or by frequency within a text. It can also mark each word according to the category in which it falls. The baseword lists can be altered depending on specific requirements. The ones that come with the program are the first and second thousand words from the GSL and Averil Coxhead’s (2000) Academic Word List (AWL).3 The program has self-checking routines to ensure that a word form does not occur in more than one of the baseword lists. This program has been used with the text-based studies of Hirsh and Nation (1992), Laufer and Nation (1995), Coxhead (2000), Chung and Nation (2004), and Nation (2006).Graded-Reader SchemesAlthough Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press, Pearson Education, and Macmillan Education are four of the largest internationally recognized publishers of graded readers on the world market, this study only used the wordlists of the two series (i.e., OBW and CER) by the first two publishers because they were willing to provide the wordlists for the graded-reader schemes. For commercial reasons, the wordlists for the Penguin and Macmillan readers are not released to the public.ProcedureThe two series both contain six levels. Because the study involved comparing words in the wordlists, the six original wordlists from each series, which are in lemmas, had to contain the same kinds of word families. To obtain good matches between the word families in the lists of the two series, a standard set of word families had to be made.Step I: Investigation and modification of the words in the original lists. The words in the original publishers’ lists of the two series are marked with parts of speech, and each word is marked with a number to indicate the level where it occurs. For example, “1 slow (adj.)” means the word slow occurs at Level 1 as an adjective. The original publishers’ lists did not include numbers, days of the week, and months of the year. When the actual books were checked, these words were found to be used, and some letters of the alphabet and abbreviations were used as well. Nation and Wang (1999) also noted that such words were freely used in graded readers at all levels.Therefore, they were added to the original publishers’ wordlists. The numbers included both the cardinal and ordinal numbers, their plural forms (threes, thirds), and the abbreviations rd, st, and th of the ordinal numbers.Step II: Construction of the baseword lists. In this study, a word family is defined according to the idea put forward by Bauer and Nation (1993). A word family consists of a baseword and all the derived and inflected forms that can be understood by a learner without having to learn each form separately. Bauer and Nation used frequency, productivity, and regularity as the criteria for establishing the various levels of a word family. Level 3 of the Bauer and Nation scheme was used because this includes all the inflected forms and a small group of high-frequency, regular, and productive derived forms. This level seemed most suitable for the proficiency of the learners who would be reading the graded readers.The inflectional categories are plural, third person singular present tense, past tense, past participle, -ing, comparative, superlative, and possessive.The derivational affixes allowed at Level 3 are -able, -er, -ish, -less, -ly, -ness, -th, -y, non-, and un-, all with restricted uses. The following examples are of families at Level 3:ACTOR: ACTORSCLEAR: CLEARED, CLEARS, CLEARING, CLEARINGS, CLEARER, CLEAREST,CLEARLY, CLEARNESSBREAK: BREAKS, BROKE, BROKEN, BREAKABLE, UNBREAKABLE, UNBROKEN, BREAKINGNINETY: NINETY, NINETIETH, NINETIETHS, NINETIESAbbreviations such as the following are located under their word families.ROAD: RDSTREET: STMOUNTAIN: MTFEBRUARY: FEBVOLUME: VOLThe Oxford and Cambridge wordlists were modified according to the following criteria: (a) The same words in both lists must have the same family members; (b) a family member in one list cannot be a headword in another list; and (c) a compound word in both lists is treated in a similar manner, that is, a hyphen is taken out to let the basewords stand alone or the word is used without a space or a hyphen in both lists.A major weakness of the Range program is that it deals with word forms. Thus, it was not able to distinguish words' parts of speech and meanings, namely, words that had the same written forms but different meanings; for example, march (n.) and march (v.) were recognized as the same word by the program. This problem also occurred with most words that do not change their written forms to indicate tense such as put and shut. However, the latter problem does not matter much because whether such verbs are in present or past, they do not change meaning and are members of the same families. The same problems were found in both the wordlists compared.Step III: Comparison of the wordlists. Before the wordlists of the two series were compared, the baseword lists of the two series were carefully checked to make sure that all the words in the lists were included at the levels intended by the publisher and that they all had the same family members:1. The baseword lists of the two series were run against the publishers’ lists to checkaccurate matching of the headwords and the words in the publishers’ lists.2. The baseword lists of each series were then combined, and that combined list was usedto make sure that the same family members were included under the same headwords.This was to check that all family members under the same headwords in the two sets ofbaseword lists were the same.3. The six new baseword lists for each series were constructed from the combined lists.Reestablishing the six new baseword lists after rechecking all headwords and their family members in the combined lists avoided some errors that might happen with someheadwords in either lists.Figure 1. A flowchart of how the six comparable baseword lists for each series were constructed. The result was two sets of six levels of baseword lists (one set each for Oxford and Cambridge) that included all the words at the right levels with the same family members for each word family (see Appendix C). This procedure is shown in Figure 1. Then, the OBW and CER baseword lists were used to compare and check words both in the original wordlists and in books of the two series.ResultsComparing the Number of Levels and the Numbers of Words at Each LevelThree findings about the two lists are shown in Table 1: (a) the number of levels, (b) the number of word families at each level, and (c) the total number of word families used in the two series. Each series has six levels, and this makes the wordlists easier to compare. In total, the OBW list includes 2,257 word families, and the CER, 3,055. Thus, the CER list contains about 800 more word families than the OBW list. However, the numbers of new and total word families at the lower levels (1–3) are very similar between the two lists, with only small differences in the numbers of families. At Level 3, the difference is only six families. At Levels 4–6, the CER lists introduce many more families than the OBW lists, and the differences between the two lists are much larger.Table 1. Number of word families at each level and cumulative totals for the OBW and CER listsNew word families Cumulative word families LevelOBW CER OBW CER Difference in new word families (OBW-CER)1 496 477 496 477 192 328 320 824 797 273 306 339 1,130 1,136 -64 273 502 1,403 1,638 -2355 423 670 1,826 2,308 -4826 431 747 2,257 3,055 -798 Although the numbers of word families are very similar in Levels 1–3, the families at these lower levels may not in fact be the same in both lists. This question is addressed next. Comparing the Overlap Between the Two ListsThe data resulting from comparing the two sets of lists and the overlap between the OBW and CER lists as a whole is shown in Table 2. The data can be divided into three categories: (a) overlap at the same level, (b) overlap across the levels (with the preceding and succeeding levels), and (c) families that do not overlap, that is, those that occur in only one series. For example, the OBW Level 1 column shows that the 496 OBW word families at Level 1 occur at various levels of the CER lists. Sixteen OBW families at Level 1 do not overlap with the CER words at any level. The rows show the same kinds of data from a CER perspective. To provide a clearer picture of each kind of overlap, the data shown in Table 2 will be broken down into separate tables in the following sections. However, the reader will find it useful to keep referring back to Table 2 to see where the figures in the following tables came from.The data in Table 2 was used to calculate the overlap of the two lists as a whole. The two series share 2,122 word families. All except 135 of the 2,257 families in the OBW list are in the CER list. From the OBW perspective, this is a 94.01% overlap, which is very large (see Figure 2).Table 2. Overlap between the OBW and CER wordlists for the new word families at each level OBW level1 2 3 4 5 6 Not in any of the OBW levels TotalCER level1 377 67 13511 13 4772 80 144 4418147 13 3203 17 77 11041325 57 3394 4 19 831099256139 5025 1 2 3673171124263 6706 1 1 71982189448 747Not in any of the CER levels16 18 1383149 Total 496 328 306273423431From the CER perspective, the overlap is 69.46%. This smaller overlap results from the differing sizes of the two lists.Figure 2. Overlap of the total new word families between the two series from the OBWperspective.Comparing the Overlap of Total Word Families at Each LevelOverlap of word families at preceding levels plus current level families. The following analyses deal with the overlap of the actual word families occurring at each level of the OBW and CER schemes. First, the overlap of the families at each level is examined, for example, Level 1 of OBW with Level 1 of CER. This is one of the toughest tests of overlap: Level 2 includes the families at Level 1 plus those introduced at Level 2, Level 3 includes the families introduced at Level 3 plus all those of Levels 1 and 2, and so on. Next, the overlap between the families at each level of a series is looked at with the addition of the subsequent level. This is done because even if the overlap of families is not perfect at each level, the overlap may still be good because some of the overlapping families are at the next level of the series. Finally, the overlap of each level is compared with the current level and two subsequent levels.The data in Table 3 is based on the cumulative overlap at and across the levels of the data inTable 2. The figures were calculated in terms of total word families at the level. For example, the 668 families at Level 2 in Table 3 are the addition of the overlap at the preceding levels and overlap of Level 2 families. That is, 524 families (377 + 67 + 80) from the preceding levels (see Table 2) are added to 144 families as Level 2 overlap. This makes 668 families, which is the total overlap of OBW and CER at Level 2. The 929 families at Level 3 result from an addition of the overlap at the preceding levels (668 + 17 + 77 + 44 + 13 families) and the overlap at Level 3 (110 families), making a total of 929 families. The overlap of succeeding levels was calculated in the same way.Table 3. Overlap of families at preceding levels plus current level families from the OBW perspectiveOBWlevel1 2 3 4 5 6CERlevel1 2 3 4 5 6Number and percentage of families overlapping37776.00%66881.06%92982.21%1,20886.10%1,63089.27%2,12294.01%The percentage of the total number of word families shared by the two lists at each level from the OBW perspective is also shown in Table 3. To calculate the proportion, the total number of overlapping families at the level is divided by the total number of OBW families at that level. For example, 377 families are shared by OBW and CER at Level 1. From the OBW perspective, the 377 families are 76% of the 496 Level 1 OBW families (see Table 2) overlapping with Level 1 CER families. In a similar manner, from the OBW perspective, the 668 families at Level 2 are 81.06% of the Level 2 OBW families overlapping with Level 2 CER families. The 929 Level 3 OBW families are 82.21%, and so on.From the OBW perspective, the figures indicating overlap at each level consistently increase, from 76% at Level 1 to 94.01% at Level 6. These figures show a sizable, but by no means perfect, cumulative overlap at each level.Overlap of families at preceding levels plus current level families and families at the next level. The overlaps at the current level plus the next level are shown in Table 4, while the overlaps at the current level combined with the next two levels are shown in Table 5. To calculate these overlaps, the same steps of adding the overlapping families were taken as used for Table 3. Based on the data in Table 2, for example, the 457 families at Level 1 of Table 4 are the sum of 377 families (the previous overlap) and 80 families from the next level of CER. Then, 457 is divided by 496, which makes 92.14% at Level 1. The 1,320 families for Level 4 of Table 4 are the sum of 1,208 (the previous overlap) and 112 (1 + 2 + 36 + 73 as overlap at the next level of CER), which is then divided by 1,403, making 94.08% for Level 4. The proportions of the total overlap at the other levels were calculated in the same way. For Table 5, the overlap of the next two levels of CER was added to the total overlap at the level when proportions were calculated. In Tables 4 and 5, we can see that the proportions of total overlap at every level are very high—well over 90% and close to 95%. A comparison of Tables 3 and 4 shows that most overlapping families are at the same level or the one following.Table 4. Overlap of word families at the preceding levels plus those at the current level and the next level from the OBW perspectiveOBWlevel1 2 3 4 5 6CERlevel2 3 4 5 6 6Number and percentage of families overlapping45792.14%76292.48%1,03591.59%1,32094.08%1,74095.29%2,12294.01%Table 5. Overlap of families at the preceding levels plus those at the current level and the next two levels from the OBW perspectiveOBWlevel1 2 3 4 5 6CERlevel3 4 5 6 6 6Number and percentage of families overlapping47495.56%78595.27%1,07495.04%1,34896.08%1,74095.29%2,12294.01%The following tables contain the figures calculated from data in Table 2, but from the CER perspective. The same steps for calculating the number of families were applied to the CER lists. The results in terms of the overlap at the preceding levels and current level families are shown in Table 6, while more detail about the overlap at each level plus families at the next levels is given in Tables 7 and 8.Table 6. Overlap of word families at preceding levels plus current level families from the CERperspectiveCERlevel1 2 3 4 5 6OBWlevel1 2 3 4 5 6Number and percentage of families overlapping37779.03%66883.81%92981.78%1,20873.74%1,63070.62%2,12269.46%The overlap of families at the preceding levels plus the current level families from the CER perspective is considerable at the three lower levels of the CER series and is less at the three higher levels, as shown in Table 6. This is because of the greater numbers of word families at these levels compared with OBW. The overlap ranges from 69.46 to 83.81%. When added to the overlap at the next level, as seen in Table 7, the overlap at most levels increases, particularly at the three lower levels, to around 90%. The same pattern is seen in Table 8, where the current level plus the next two levels are considered.Particularly from an OBW perspective, but to a large degree also from the CER perspective, the two lists have a considerable degree of overlap. The differences are largely the results of differences in the sizes of the two lists, rather than in the actual families in the lists or the sequencing of these families into levels. This is reassuring for users of graded readers, indicating that the two series of readers have similarities in vocabulary grading.Table 7. Overlap of word families at the preceding levels plus those at the current level and at thenext level from the CER perspectiveCER level 1 2 3 4 5 6 OBW level2 3 4 5 6 6 Number and percentageof families overlapping 444 93.08% 725 90.97% 993 87.41% 1,347 82.23% 1,823 78.99% 2,122 69.46%Table 8. Overlap of word families at the preceding levels plus those at the current level and at thenext two levels from the CER perspectiveCER level 1 2 3 4 5 6 OBW level3 4 5 6 6 6 Number and percentageof families overlapping 457 95.80% 748 93.85% 1,040 91.55% 1,416 86.45% 1,823 78.99% 2,122 69.46%Overlap Between the GSL Words and the OBW and CER ListsThe most well-known general-service-vocabulary list is the GSL, and it has been the basis for many series of graded readers. How similar are the lists used in graded readers and the GSL?Table 9 shows that 360 word families of Level 1 in the OBW series are in the 1,000-word level of the GSL. Level 2 has 182 families in 1,000-word level. A total of 921 out of the 990 families in the 1,000-word level are in the OBW.Table 9. The 1,000- and 2,000-word levels of the GSL in the OBW lists OBW level 1 2 3 4 5 6 GSL families in the OBW lists GSL families not in the OBW listsTotal GSL families families1st 1,000 360 182 131 87 9071921 93.03%69 990 2nd 1,000 77 105 110 121 164164741 76.07%233 974 Total 437 287 241 208 2542351,662 84.62%302 1,964Sixty-nine word families are in the 1,000-word level of the GSL but not in the OBW lists. These include words like arise , affair , base , entire , and favour. The overlap with the second 1,000 of the GSL is not as good, and the total overlap of the GSL and OBW is 84.62%, with 302 families in the GSL but not in OBW. The overlap between the GSL and CER is higher than that between the GSL and OBW, but this is largely because the CER list contains over 1,000 more families than the GSL.As shown in Tables 9 and 10, the proportions of the first 1,000GSL families included in the two lists are high: 93.03% in the OBW list and 96.16% in the CER list. For the second 1,000 families, between the two series, the degree of overlap is lower: 741 families in the OBW list and 802 families in the CER list.Table 10. The 1,000- and 2,000-word levels of the GSL in the CER listsCER level1 2 3 4 5 6 GSL familiesin the CER lists GSL families notin the CER listsTotal GSLfamiliesfamilies1st1,000 324 191 146 116 1185795296.16%38 9902nd 1,000 94 84 89 149 18520180282.34%172 974Total 418 275 235 265 3032581,75489.31%210 1,964Tables 9 and 10 show that 69 of the first 1,000 GSL families are not in the OBW list and that 38 of the first 1,000 GSL families do not appear in the CER list. However, 20 of these families overlap, so 87 of the families from the 1,000-word level of the GSL are not in the two publishers’ lists. These 20 families were association, English, forth, form, hurrah, mass, mere, ounce, regard, scale, stock, base, difference, honour, native, production, poverty, standard, subject,and upon. The same pattern occurred with the second 1,000GSL families in the two lists. The total number of GSL families that are not in the OBW and the CER lists is shown in Figures 3 and 4.We can see in Figures 3 and 4 that the number of GSL families not occurring in the two lists is not large. For the first 1,000 GSL words, the total number is 87, which is 8.79% of 990 families, while for the second 1,000 GSL words, the total is 280, or 28.74% of 974 families. In total, 367 of the 1,964 families (18.85%) in the GSL do not occur in two series of readers. From the GSL perspective, the difference is not large between the two lists and the GSL. This perspective is preferable because the GSL (1,964 families) is smaller than the OBW lists (2,257 families) and the CER lists (3,055 families).lists.lists.The numbers of OBW and CER families not in the GSL are shown in Tables 11 and 12. This is a less preferable perspective to see the overlap of the OBW and CER lists. Because both lists are larger than the GSL, the number of families not occurring in the GSL is large. The number of families not in the GSL increases in both series from the lower to upper levels. The number of OBW and CER families not in the GSL is small at the three lower levels. That is, from 41 to 65 families not in the GSL are found in the four lower levels of the OBW, and the three lower levels of the CER range from 45 to 104 families not in the GSL. At the two upper levels of the OBW and the three upper levels of CER, the numbers of families in the two lists increase. Because the CER introduces more families in the lists (3,055 families), this results in a large number of families not in the GSL. In total, the CER includes 1,301 families not in the GSL, while the OBW (2,257 families) includes 595 families not in the GSL.Table 11. Number of OBW families not in the GSLGSLOBW level1st 1,000 2nd 1,000 Total OBW subtotalFamilies notin the GSL2 182 105 287 328 413 131 110 241 306 654 87 121 208 273 655 90 164 254 423 1696 71 164 235 431 196Total 921 7411,6622,257 595 Table 12. Number of CER families not in the GSLGSLCER level1st 1,000 2nd 1,000 Total CER subtotalFamilies not inthe GSL1 324 94 418 477 592 191 84 275 320 453 146 89 235 339 1044 116 149 265 502 2375 118 185 303 670 3676 57 201 258 747 489Total 952 802 1,7543,055 1,301 A comparison of the families not in the GSL in the two lists showed that 399 families occurred in。

TheGeneralServiceListTheGeneralServiceListis a listofthebasic vocabularyofEnglishinorderoffrequency.ItwasfirstcreatedbyWestin1953.Theversionusedherew asadaptedbyBaumannandCulliganin1995.Itcontainsalmost2,300words.Here,theGeneralServiceListisdividedintosmallersublists.Sublist1hasthefirst500words.Subl ist 2 thenext500wordsetc.Sublist 1 of the General Service ListThissublist containsthe most frequentwordsoftheGSL:001 - 500the beof andatoinhe have it that for they I with as take come these know see use get like then first any work now may such give tell write becomehereshowhousebothbetweenneedmeancalldevelopunderlastrightmovewordprogramproblemhoweverleadsystemsetordereyeplanrunkeepfacefactgroupplaynotoverthingstandonshethinkmostgeneralschoolincreaseearlyatevennevercoursebythisfinddaysameanotherchangehelpweyoualsoafterbeginwhilelinecitydowaynumberputbutfrommanymustpartturnclosecaseorlookrealforcewhichonebeforegreatleavemightmeetoncewouldbackwantwaterallwillthroughlongpointformuponwartherewhereoffbuildsaywhomuchshouldchildfewhearlightmakewellsmallunitewhencanpeopledownsinceagainstliveeverymoreownaskcountryifnojustbecauselatehomebringcentermanoutgoodeachinterestlargeletsideotherthosepersontrysowhatfeelseemendopenprovidecontinuetimehowpublicnameupgohightoofollowduringcertainpoweraboutplacepresentpaythanintolittleworldwithoutagainresultquestioncouldveryholdstudystateonlystillnationgovernaroundwomanmembernewhandpossibleuntilyearsomeoldlifeheadconsiderfarnightalwaysserviceawayreportsomethingcompanyweekchurchtowardstartsocialroomfigurenaturethoughyounglessenoughreasonactionreturnfootcaresimplewithinlovehumanalongappeardoctorbelievespeakactivestudentmonthdrive1 / 7determine level local sure receive thus moment spirit train college religion perhaps music growfree cause serveage organize halffirelose money stop actual already effortwaitdepartmentablepoliticallearnvoiceairtogethershallalmostconcernbookcoverreadbestboardcommonincludepresidentdoorhoperecentsoundsubjectdrawnothingyetexampleinformofficecutshortwifebetterbodysteptreatbigboyeverleastclasstruelimitroadcostprobablehistoryletterbusinessvalueunderstandreachpositionabovecolorbehindsecondeffectstrongproducewhycleardifferentideafriendnecessarysendtermexpectwholeaddtotalfamilycompletecontrolconditioncourtdealuniversityriseactfieldtaxcenturysensemindpassfallsupportpartysuccessminuteexperiencenotewhetherrememberartnextspecialtalkeitherlandpurposetestneardirectparticulartodaymaterialhappenfightwatchcarmeasureeducationsituationlawindustrywalkteachdeathagreesouthagoimportantlowarmdifferencegirlgodseveralmatterusualratherperoftenkindamongwhitehourtypecarryrateremainfullstreeteasyalthoughrecordsitmotheracrossquiteanythingtownpastviewsocietymanageanswerbreakstagefathertablerestbearentiremarketprepareexplainofferplant Sublist 2 of the General Service ListThis sublist contains the next most frequentwordsoftheGSL:501 - 1000piecesonequal serious sometimes existeastattack beauty northeventfloortrade suggest employ association fearstationdefensespringdemandeffectivelotwonderfoodsmilestocklistdeepriverlackacceptwideimprovehairjudgealonegamesciencepaintcharacterdetailrelationmileEnglishaccountprofessionsoonhappycentpatternresponsiblecriticsortquickallowunitreducemedicalsecretaryproductclubinfluenceheartrespectbuyoccasionuniondropattentionmachineslownorshipcompareislandfilldecisionhusbandentercoldwearbluedrinkrepresentinsideinternationalstorysuddenwinfairexperimentbasicsupposeespeciallystaykillrideindeedpaperfineoperateimaginespacetroublerealizesurpriseapplymarksaleaveragedecidesinglechooseofficialsharepressparktemperaturedesireheavysquaredifficultspendattemptvotesing2 / 7signorigin pricehit therefore standard district tree various everything deadracevisit committee foreign police supply moral window touch officer black beyond relative doubtred direction throw private badstrike quality immediate earth instead former wish accordtrialpull contain else practice chance feedmere catchproveraisedieopportunityarguedescriberemarklikelysettlereadybasisrecognizegrowthhorseexceptpermitdateheatsaveperformancecountproductionlistenmainpicksizecoolarmypatientcombinesummerhallslighthotbedelectricdreamdueseasonmannerfitleftprogressneitherstrengthnoticefinishopinionbillskillpostpopularradioanimalconsciouswortheatelectionfaithwavemurdermodelforgetextendedgecitizenmouthhillgreenpleasemotoragencyencouragegovernorworryaffairshoulderbrightmasssampleprettycommandwesterndistancerepeatenjoylengthtruthwrongmemoryrecommendrollpushpropertraveldivisiontripexpresshealthsuitbankstafflegcouncilclothechiefeveningexacthonordiscussionaddressparentforwardstorebrotherflysharplanguagedegreequietmarrydependentballstraightgaslaycornershakeweightcurrentgunhandledangerframeextremediscussfixdoghospitalengineerloadhotelstrangepoolpromisethickcomfortmasterwhateverseparatebloodlatterroundboatfailshootscenecampoilrapidlaughcleanliteraturediscoverfingerdressanyonearrivefilmexaminedifficultyspotproposegainbasetoothshoppainobjectfreedombarmiddlechoicebroadreplaceknowledgedependmaybehangreferenemyreplyextentrelatesufferpracticallockbelowdollarmanufacturefrequentmarriagebridgeemployeeaheadadvancerockdeclaresightshapearrangelossburnladycrossspreadwindpopulationsundailyapproveyessellaudienceessentialafternoonattenddestroynonementionglassdirectorpounddrycheckpreventpoembalancewashfameimportancepoetpoorcapitalreflectsleepjoininchsongspeedblockadvantagematchregularsoftunlesseveryonewagejusticedinnerwinerefusereasonablesomeoneholeexistencecirclesignaldutyhardlysolidyardbeatperformpageidealperfecttitleweaponwarmbottomtendfastmisscomposeexerciserepresentativeshelterbattlethinsearchsoldierexpensecoatpurearticlecattlebitescapecryflowmountaincrowdcaptainkitchenyouthstickfamiliardustbehaviortelephoneseatbottlenewspaperavoidguestadmitsecretgardenweak3 / 7ability favor excite sea news kingSublist 3 of the General Service List This sublist contains the next most frequentwordsoftheGSL:1001 - 1500tearwheel request dirttire solution appoint delight expression aimagenttrust exception gather dependence nobody applicatio ninvitebirdvalley belong moreover wildtoolrichfresh motion presence failure forest guesscook struggle winter neighbor railroadinstrumentboxseedministervarietybelieffashioncoffeenarrowordinaryloanbrushtheaterimpossiblecorrectbesidecollectionprintplaincollectraingraymailguidereviewtasteretireluckpreservelipoppositeprofitleadershipspeechpreferlordclayreferencesafeeverybodydaughterstainevilprisonfellowconnectiondoublecloudswingotherwisewoodslavethankstretchemptychairmanlibraryknifebabysoilfatvillageadvisedistinguishreserveblowcontentintroducetourmistakesporturgenicesweetliftblindwarnshoutliteraryariseringdividecuriousupperbitterguardtiecurvechairworseflatmembershipyesterdayexchangemessagekeyscientificrareneckentertainflowercommercialhatesoulneighborhoodfriendlypairstoneleanprotectadvertisemysterywelcomekneejumpsnakestreamavenuebrowndiseasehatpoliticspassagelawyerrootclimbmetalgradualhuntprotectionsatisfyroofbranchpleasurewitnessloosenosemineagricultureadmiregentledozenparticlepleasantbaycupcompetitionmoonterriblestripmechanicshockconversationangletallsuspectpathuncleaffordinstantsatisfactoryheighttrackconfidencegrasssuggestionfavoritebreakfastapartchestentrancemarchexcellentformalbandasideplentystarsinknorthernriskyellowironsnowsheettomorrowremindsickthoroughaliveillsomehowunityearfishabsolutesucceedbagdisturbskyshoresurroundnativeroughsmoothoperatorcivilizeprouddearbedroomviolentweatherbeingcardbeneathsteadythreatensilentscreenlakebreathpausetoughdepthbindafraidsubstanceopposedeliverearnpacksilenceontothreatcharmancientcolonyshoeabsenceprayadoptbesidesslipsomewherechain4 / 7factory spitebirth cousin slidemeal appearance universe scalerelief copy machinery universal accident busy explore wake highway hurry coaststembrain severe pocket sentence liberty forth smell musiciandefendbonehonestwisenoisefurnishbendfreezediscoveryfemalehidesomebodyshadowdictionarycalmtubeflashwiremixswimtwistproposaloughtsmokedescriptionicemalefencechildhoodvictoryfruitskinjoyquarterengineguiltyieldcrackrushsistersadcustomersensitivewetefficiencywastefoolsaltpalemeatcommercedisappeardefeatintendsweepjointextensiveintentiondeskcompletionthroatgifthostrentcomparisonpossessgracefleshliquidscientisteaseheavenmilkpourconfusiondamagekicksafetyburstnetworkresistancekisscropsailattractivehabitrelievewisdomsympathyscrewrankpriderestauranttillfrequencyhireangryverbshadepreachaccuseclerknecessityeverywhereknockanywayloudfanpermanentconnectrowegglovelyefficientconfusegraingoldcalculatefrightendragsolveoppositiongraveworshipsalaryarrestphotographdisciplineadvicestringabroadharborwoundcameravirtuemechanismdarecowqueengrandextrafunnyattractinsurancenumerousreductionpinkstrictgatelessonexpensivetightshutsandchickenplateforgivequalifyholyelsewherewoodenmadpromptinterferencecrimepupilsorryfoldrepublicroyalangervaluablevisitorwhisperpileanybodyviolencehurtsteelexcesswingquantitystairfunpartnermuddelayextensiongentlemanrecognitionSublist 4 of the General Service ListThis sublist contains the next most frequentwordsoftheGSL:1501 - 2000persuade certainty clotheager deserve sympathetic curetrappuzzle powderraw mankind gladblame wheneveranxietybustremblesacredfortunateglorygoldenneatweekendtreasuryovercomewhiptonguemillmerchantcoalruinintroductioncourageactorbeltstirpackagepunishreflectionbreatheanywhereamusedullfatenetfellowshipfaultfurniturebeampencilborderleafrubmedicinestrokebitelunglonelyadmissionstupidscratchcompositionbroadcastdrumresistneglectabsentpassengeradventurebegpipebeardboldmeanwhiledevilcheernutspareplowtelegraphbarrelstraightenscarcelunchslaverycreepsweatgaystiffbraveseizeconvenienthorizonmoderatecomplicatedigcurseweighpriestexcessivequarrelwidowmodestcatdisappointsplitdinesacrificecomplainflame5 / 7jokemeltswear politician customelectblesssugar educate roarsakecornshellburywipe salesman nailtemple temptfainttapself compete supper destruction creature tail eastern possession nursestuffdive anxious wealth earnest satisfactio nbehave stomach shine translate mercy peculiar repair cheapdish suspicionnoblescatterobjectionstormdistantinquirysilvertondesertgreetfloodjourneyhesitatetentsaddleallowanceexcuseextraordinarywrapservanthungerinsectoceanborrowowenestgrindconscienceceremonyfuneralspellbreadcrashdecreaseprizeambitionmixtureplasterarchtipharmslopeswellstrengthenproofinsureversecriminalseldomfriendshipbathgenerouspotmapbundlesirtonightsincerecottonspinpraisegratefulcrownboundarynowhereasleepclockboilaltogetherlendholidaypreciouswanderuglyfeverChristmasregretjawsoappronounceempirebowloutlineorganimitationelderbunchbellsteerflavorspitrobcreaminterruptpenbuttoninventremedybushthunderweakenpovertyscrapearrowtendercruelreputationticketpretenddismissdelicatedespaircautionmineraldisagreebladetricktreasureweaveorangerescuecrushhumblefancysoftenmousehayanyhowalikecircularawaketeaimmenseconveniencedecaypolitejuiceshelffalsedisapprovetribebakefortunecapdestructiveforkbleedcoinhatredcautiousthreadhastenoonownershipfondautumnbasketwreckbaretuneclassifywidthshirtbargainpolishpoisonomitloyalconfidentlogleathershameneedleheaprailbutterloyaltycottagelessencomplaintsuckladderdotastonishpadgapinquirewarmthshavefeathersteepskirtobeyhutdecisivesaucecurtainaxevesselpityliddebtcalculationlaughtertranslationcollarsteamfadesolemndeliverypinboundconfessclassificationgreaseinterferereproduceconfessioncompaniondescendexplodepantoerewardcapemildfastenflagprejudicevoyageforbidwherevercleverenveloperesignpostponetobaccosimplicitytowerinventionpatiencepastebathelodgesheepsplendidboastropecakeelephantswallowstampenvyribbonmultiplybowfloatbrickairplaneridharvestashamedkingdomriceshieldcavegaragepermissionbusinessmanbackwardveilkneelcustomarythiefpumpqualificationtraydamppreventionurgentartificialattractionexplosivebrasssewrustauntlamptaxiseparationzeroidlecurlshowerwaxduckwaiterpetstrawupsettowelrefreshessencefurambitiousdefendantdaylightdipsuspiciousimaginaryashcarriageeducatorsawstoverubberrugmisery6 / 7awkward rival roast deed preferenceexplosiontheatricalcultivatecollectormiserablewristrabbitaccustomtideinsultthumblumpannoytoyhealshallowrepetitionsoupwhistlescenery Sublist 5 of the General Service ListThis sublist contains the finalwordsoftheGSL:2001 - 2284apple nursery swordrayoffensepint messenger lazycorkfiercevainlimbripeimitate castle grammatical temper aloud elastic beastsoregaiety comb monkey pinch robberyrodjewel diamond tighten widen persuasion razor perfection sorrow obedience imaginative scorn inventor sockhookwhoevercliffvowelcoppertrunkumbrellahammerlandlordwoolinterruptioninninfluentialsailormerrychimneyrotcompetitorgallondissatisfactionhollowmoonlightconquestannoyanceenclosedeerheadacheornamenthardenbeantailorhonestywickedeverydaybucketoutwardstiffendrawerscentsharpensilkdisregardsignaturehandkerchiefuprightnowadayscartgreedselfishpatrioticdarkenheavenlystripetinsometimethirstpigpennyapplaudnieceinwardcageunderneathspillexcellencepardonhelloloafrakelatelypretensewheatpurpleoffenddescentwormhastencoarseconquersecrecyshortenspoilframeworkrudeapplausehorizontalconfidentialheightenachestingadoptionflattenapologyditchdisgustloosenknotlibrarianwaistcheesenephewmeantimemomentaryrivalrycushioncoughreceiptroyaltydrowndeafpearldiscontentcomplicationrejoiceberrysaucerfrightcheatlightenmaddenindoorcongratulatepigeonscoldflourdiscomforthinderweekdayactressenclosurebraveryrottencongratulationattentivebaggagedisrespectouncepawnounwidowerfryoverflowamongstdeafeneverlastingdissatisfygrammardonkeygoatmultiplicationcultivationbusinesslikeinkwhichevercompanionshipmotherhooddisappearancetidyrubbishsaddenreproductionbribemodestyhandshakethickenmendwoolencalculatoravoidancestockingdeepenheaddressspoonfeastpastryscissorsstrapnuisancecupboardtranslatordeceivethornquartpossessorlengthentamecanalshillingrevengeinclusivenotebookreddencorrectionhomemadedeceitmotherlydescendanthandwritingparcelwhosehesitationchalkbrightencultivatorspadesourmoderationwhombasinslipperypunctualhomeworkweedprocessionhurrahelectricianomissionripenlipstickoarold-fashionedjealousuppermostbriberybicyclejealousyfattensweetenbreadthliarconquerorsowphotographyhomecominghindrancepronunciationcowardbarbercowardicebeakmatwhitenobedientplural7 / 7。

V. Exercises
Directions: Underline the letter of the most specific item in each numbered group below. Consult your dictionary for the meanings of unfamiliar terms.
nice (person): kind , honest , just, generous, sympathetic, warmhearted, selfless, honorable
house or building: mansion , villa, cottage, cabin, hut, shed, barn, warehouse
l. Use the most specific word you can to describe something.
2. Verbs are among the most expressive words in language. Using a verb that most vividly describes an action can bring a sentence to life.
The superiority of specific words over
general terms
walk: stride, stroll, step, drag, stagger, totter, sway , limp, wander
good (food): tasty , nourishing, rich , wholesome , high-priced, fresh, substantial
Telling: We had fun at the beach.

2Chemical resistancePage General information regarding chemical resistance--Introduction4 --Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list4 List of chemical resistanceChemical resistance73Chemical resistanceGeneral information regarding chemical resistance IntroductionPlastic materials are now widely used in pipeline construction.Pipes made from plastics are used not only for drinking water,water for general use and waste water,but also for the conveyance of aggressive liquids and gases.Expensive pipe materials such as lined metal,ceramic or glass,have largely been replaced by plastic pipes.It is,however,important that the most suitable plastic material is selected for each application. The Chemical Resistance List in this section serves as a useful guide in this respect.The list is periodically revised to include the latest findings.It contains all the plastics and elastomers in the GF product range which can come into direct contact with the media.The information is based on experiments,immersion and, when available,on data from tests which include temperature and pressure as stress factors.The results achieved in immersion experiments cannot be applied without reservation to pipes under stress,i.e.internal pressure,as the factor stress corrosion cracking is often not taken into consideration.In certain cases it can be of advantage to test the suitability under the planned working conditions.The tests referred to have been carried out partly by GF and partly by the Internal Standardisation Organisation(ISO)or national standards organisations.Pure chemicals were used for the tests.If a mixture of chemicals is to be conveyed in practice,this may affect the chemical resistance of the plastic.It is possible in special cases to carry out appropriate tests with the specific mixture.Suitable test equipment is available at GF for this purpose,which we regard as part of our service to the customer.We are always willing to give individual advice at any time.In this connection it is worth mentioning that GF already possesses information concerning the behaviour towards plastics of a number of chemicals or mixtures of chemicals which are not yet included in this list.Instructions for the use of the chemical resistance list GeneralFollowing the assertions outlined in the introduction the attached list should be regarded as a valuable tool for finding the most suitable material for a given application. Note:The list has been compiled based on ideal and mostly simplified conditions of laboratory testing;real life and field applications are subjected to working conditions that might be defined by more complex factors. Consequently any statement quoted in our chemical resistance list should be regarded as a guiding value.In particular,we would like to emphasize that such a list-by nature- cannot supply the following information:ÏAll relevant details of the respective experiment thathas been the source for a given set of dataÏPossible influence of dynamic effectsÏLong-term effectsÏPossible influence due to the method of processing, the thermal history as well as the exact formulation of the respective samplesÏBehaviour of mixtures of different media or effects based on discontinuous serviceÏ(Detailed)characterisation of the corrosion phenomenon/deterioration observedÏDerivation of the max.applicable service pressure ÏConsideration of all chemicalsContacting your GF representative Thus,if it comes to material decisions and there is aneed for selecting the proper polymer(grade),please do not hesitate to contact GF;based on decades of practical experience with polymer piping systems applied in industry and chemical engineering,GF has acquired an outstanding knowledge in:ÏPractical field testing,case studiesÏTheoretical background(corrosion science,polymer formulations,possible influences of processing,etc.)ÏRelevant literature Apart from that,GF is a very active member in a global network for all aspects of corrosion regarding polymers; all this enables us to support the individual enquiries of our customers efficiently.However,we cannot exclude situations where the stock of available data will not completely answer a customer s enquiry.In such cases,a simple laboratory test installation under field test conditions is strongly recommended.4ClassificationThe customary classifications:Ïresistant Ïconditionallyresistant andÏnot recommended are depicted by the signs:+,0and -,which allowsimple presentation and application.These classifications aredefined as:Resistant:+Within the acceptable limits of pressure and temperature the material is unaffected or only insignificantly affected.Conditionally resistant:0The medium can attack the material or cause swelling.Restrictions must be made as regards pressure and/or temperature,taking the expected service life into account.The service life of the installation can be noticeably shortened.Further consultations with GF are recommended in any case.Not recommended:-The material cannot be used with the medium at all,or only under special conditions.Solvent cement joints with Tangit/DytexSolvent cementjointson ABS,PVC-U or PVC-C madewith Tangit cement are generally as resistant as thematerial of the piping system itself.The use of Dytex solvent cement isrecommended forcement jointing of PVC-U or PVC-C in connection with the following acids:Medium Upto%concentrationSulphuric acid e 70%H 2SO 4Chromic-sulphuric acid mixture e 70%H 2SO 4+5%K 2Cr 2O 7/Na 2Cr 2O 1Chromic acid d 10%CrO 3Hydrochloric acid e 25%HClNitric acid e 20%HNO 3Sodium hypochlorite (potassium hypochlorite)e 6%NaOCl Hydrogen peroxide e 5%H 2O 2Hydrofluoric acid e 0%HF For all the media mentioned above in lower concentrations,Tangit solvent cement should be used.Due to the effects of these acids on the pipe material,we recommend using pipes with a pressure rating PN 16.For the expected life time and compressive strength,please contact your GF representative.Attention !Usually the allowable pressure must be decreased by one pressure rating (thus PN16to PN10).When using Dytex in PVC-C piping construction with the above mentioned acids,the pressure and temperature requirements for PVC-U must be adhered to.Because Dytex is not gap-filling,a special cement jointing procedure is required and is described in the chapter on jointing technology.Fusion jointsIn the case of PE,PP and PVDF (SYGEF®)heat fusionjoints have practically the same chemical resistance asthe respective material.In conjunction with media which could cause stress cracking,the fused joints can besubjected to an increased risk due to residual stress from the jointing process.In such cases a professionally executed weldingis absolutely necessary.The sensitivity against tension fracture formation can be reduced substantially by a thermal retreatment (tempering).Sealing materialsDepending upon the working conditions and the stressinvolved,the life span of the sealing materials can differfrom that of thepipelinematerial.Seals in PTFE,which is not included in this list,are resistant to all the chemicals listed.The greater permeability of PTFEshould,however,be considered.Under certain working conditions,for example when conveying highly aggressive media such as hydrochloric acid,thismaterial characteristic must be taken into account.General summary and limits of applications 5The following table includes all the materials contained in the GF product range,and their abbreviations.The summary gives preliminary information regarding the general behaviour of the materials and the temperature limits.Abbreviation MaterialRemarks Maximum permissible temperature Constant Short term PTFEPolytetrafluoro-ethylene (e.g.Teflon®)Resistant to all chemicals in this list 250°C 300°C NBRNitrile Rubber Good resistance to oil and petrol.Unsuitable for oxidising media 90°C 120°C EPDM Ehtylene Propylene Rubber Good resistance to ozone and weather.Especially suitable for aggressive chemicals.Unsuitable for oils and fats 90°C 120°C CRChloroprene Rubber (e.g.Neoprene®)Chemical resistance very similar to that of PVC-U and between that of Nitrile and Butyl Rubber 80°C 110°C FPM FFKM Fluorine Rubber (e.g.Viton®,Kalrez®)Has best chemical resistance to solvents of all elastomers 150°C 200°C CSM Chlorine sulphonyl Polyethylene (e.g.Hypalon®)Chemical resistance similar to that of EPDM 100°C 140°CCompressible mediaWhen defining allowable operating conditions,special care is required in choosing chemically resistant piping and sealing materials when transporting compressible operating media (gases)or solutions of gases in fluids which have low boiling points (high vapour pressures)through plastic piping systems.Suitable materials for compressible media are those that under standard conditions and at low temperatures do not tend toward brittle fractures owing to their ductility.Such materials include polyethylene (PE)and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).All other raw materials such as polypropylene (PP-H),polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U/-C)or polyvinyliden fluoride (PVDF)are to be limited to d 0.1bar with respect to the operating pressure of gases.Higher pressures are possible if secondary containment piping systems are used (for environmental protection,brittle effects,gas shocks,intoxication)For low boiling point fluids,such as liquid gas or solutions of gases in liquids,for example,hydrochloric acid,the associated vapour pressure of the media has to be taken into account.Furthermore,outgassing (due to changes in the media composition)or vaporisation (due to an inadmissible,high pressure increase)are to be prevented by relevant limitation of the operating temperature or by preventing the vapour pressure from exceeding the operational pressure.It is important to point out that,in such cases of leakage,the sudden escape of large gas or vapour volumes is to be considered a dangerous condition.Relatively high flow velocities must be assumed when transporting humid gases (aerosols)or following pressure drops in plasticpiping systems carrying fluids having high vapour pressures.These can cause the development of high levels of electrostatic charge.Such a condition exhibits an additional source of danger if flammable media or mixtures which can explode when mixed with air are involved.NoteThe data are provided as is and there is no warranty or representation,neither express nor implied,that they are free from errors.We shall not be liable for any damages of any kind that may result from the use of this data.The successful operation of valves does not only depend on the chemical resistance of their materials and the seals,but a multiplicity of further factors are to be considered.Therefore it is not possible to transfer these data without restrictions also to the operation of valves made of same materials and/or material combinations.This document serves only to provide technical information.We refer to our General Sales Terms.Subject to change without notice.6List of chemical resistance Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C RC S M Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 40%,aqueous 20O --++-++-++solution 40-+O O +++60O O O O O O 80O O --O 100-120140Acetaldehyde CH 3-CHO 21technically pure 20---+O -+O --O 40O -O --60-80100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 50%,aqueous 20++-++++O -O O 40++++O 60O +++80O 100O 120140Acetic acid CH 3COOH 118technically pure,20O --++++--O O glacial 40-++O O 60O O -80-100120140Acetic acid (CH 3-CO)2O 139technically pure 20---++-O ---+anhydride 40O O 6080100120140Acetic acid CH 3COOC 2H 57720---++++O O O O ethylester 406080100120140Acetic acid (CH 2)2-CH-(CH 2)2-CO 2H 117technically pure 20---++++---+isobutyl ester 406080100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 3up to 10%,20--O ++O +O -+O aqueous 40++O +O O O 60++O +--O 80100120140Acetone CH 3-CO-CH 356technically pure 20---++-+---O 40+++O 60+++O801001201407Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Acetonitrile CH 3CN 82100%20---O O -O -O O O 406080100120140Acetophenone CH 3-CO-C 6H 5202100%20---O O -+---+406080100120140Acrylic acid CH 2=CHCOOCH 380technically pure 20---O -O O methyl ester 406080100120140Acrylicethyl CH 2=COOC 2H 5100technically pure 20---O -O O --O O 406080100120140Acrylonitrile CH 2=CH-CN 77technically pure 20---++-+O -+O 40+O +O +O 60+O -+-80100120140Adipic acid HOOC-(CH 2)4-COOH Fp.,saturated,20++-++++++++153aqueous 40++++++++++60-+++++++++80+++100120140Allyl alcohol H 2C=CH-CH 2-OH 9796%20O O -+++O +O +40-+++-+-+60+O O ++80-+-100120140Aluminium salts,AlCl 3,Al(NO 3)3,saturated 20++aqueous,Al(OH)3,Al(SO 4)340++inorganic 60++80+100120140Ammonia NH 3-33gaseous,20+--++++++++technically pure 40++++O 60++++80+100-1201408Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P EP P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Ammonium CH 3COONH 4aqueous,all 20++O ++++++++acetate 40+++++++O ++60O ++++++O 80+++O 100++120140Ammonium (NH 4)2S 2O 820+++O +++O ++persulphate 40+O +60O O +80O +100+120140Amonium salts,saturated 20++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++++inorganic 60++++++++++80+++100+120140Amyl acetate CH 3(CH 2)4-COOCH 3141technically pure 20---+O +O ----40+O O 60+-O 80100120140Amyl alcohol CH 3(CH 2)3-CH 2-OH 137technically pure 20+--++++O ++O 40+++++++60O ++++++80++100+120O 140Aniline C 6H 5NH 2182technically pure 20---++++O ---40O +O +O 60O -+O 80100120140Antimony SbCl 390%,aqueous 20++-+++++-++trichloride 40+++++60++++80100120140Aqua regia HNO 3+HCl mixing ratio 20++---O -O --O 40O 6080100120140Arsenic acid H 3AsO 480%,aqueous 20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++O ++100++120+1409Aggressive mediaChemical resistanceMediumFormula B o i l i n g p o i n t °C Concentration T e m p e r a t u r e °C P V C -U P V C -C A B S P E P P -H P V D F E P D M F P M N B R C R C S M Barium salts,saturated 20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100++120140Beer usual 20++++++++++commercial 406080100120140Benzaldehyde C 6H 5-CHO 180saturated,20---+++++O --aqueous 40+O O ++60O -O +80100120140Benzene C 6H 680technically pure 20---O O +-+O --40O -O 60-80100120140Benzene sulfonic C 6H 5SO 3H technically pure 20+++++++acid 40+++++60O O +O 80+100+120140Benzine C 5H 12to C 12H 2680-free of lead and 20++-+O +-++-O (Gasoline)130aromatic 40++++++-compounds 6080100120140Benzoic acid C 6H 5-COOH Fp.,aqueous,all 20+++++++++++12240++++++++60O +++++80O +++100++O 120+140Benzyl alcohol C 6H 5-CH 2-OH 206technically pure 20O --+++++-+O 40+++++60O O O O +80-100120140Beryllium salts,20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic 60+++++++80++++100+12014010Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M BoraxNa 2B 4O 7aqueous,all20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++O 80++++100++120140Boric acid H 3BO 3all,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60O ++++++++++80+++++100+++120+140Brine,containing NaCl-Cl 2depressurised 20++-+O+O +O OO chlorinewith GFK-40+++reinforcing up to 60++O95°C 80+100120140Bromine water Br-H 2Osaturated,20+O ---+-+---aqueous406080100120140Butadiene H 2C=CH-CH=CH 2-4technically pure 20++-O O +-+O --406080100120140Butane C 4H 100technically pure 20++++++-+O OO 406080100120140Butanediol HO-(CH 2)4-OH 230aqueous,10%20++-+++++O +40O ++++++-+60++++++80100120140Butanol C 4H 9OH 117technically pure 20+--++++++++40+++++O +++60O +O ++-+O+80-+100O 120140Butyl acetate CH 3COO(CH)3CH 2CH 2CH 3126technically pure 20---+O++O -O O 40O ----60-80100120140Medium FormulaB o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Butyl phenol,(CH 3)3C-C 6H 4-OH237technically pure20O O -O ++-O ---p-tertiary40--+60+80+100120140Butylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH=CH-CH 2-OH 235technically pure20+++++++-+O 40++++++++-60O +++++O+80+100120140Butylene liquid C 4H 851technically pure 20+--+O +++O 406080100120140Butyric acid CH 3-CH 2-CH 2-COOH 163technically pure 20++-+++O O -OO 406080100120140Cadmium salts,d saturated acid20++++++aqueous,40++++++inorganic60++++++80++100120140Caesium salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Calcium acetate (CH 5COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80++100120140Calcium Ca(OH)2100saturated,20+O++O +++++hydroxidaqueous40+++-+++++60+++++O ++80++++100++120140Calcium lactate (CH 3COO)2Ca saturated20++++++++++40+++++++60+++++80+++100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Calcium salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40++++++++inorganic60+++++++80++++100+120140Carbon dioxide CO 2technically pure,20++++++++++anhydrous40++++++++++60++++++++++80++++++100+120140CarbonCCl 477technically pure 20-----+-+---tetrachloride406080100120140Carbonic acid H 2CO 320++++++++++40+++++++60+++++++80+++++100120140Caro's acid H 2SO 520+O -+406080100120140Caustic potash KOH 13150%,aqueous20+O++-+-O O+solution 40++++-O (potassium 60O +O+O hydroxide)80O-100120140Caustic soda NaOH 50%,aqueous20+O ++-+-O -+solution40+-+++60++O+80100120140Chloric acid HClO 310%,aqueous20++-+-+++--+40+++++++60O ++++80100120140Chloric acid HClO 320%,aqueous20++-O -+O +--+40++O++60O ++80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M ChlorineCl 2moist,97%,20-+-----+--O gaseous40+60+80+100120140Chlorine Cl 2liquid,technically 20-----+-O ---pure,as double 40pipe system6080100120140Chlorine Cl 2anhydrous,20---O -+O +--O technically pure,40O +as double pipe 60-+system80+100O 120140Chlorine water Cl 2-H 2O saturated20++OO O OO +-O-40++O60O O 80-100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 50%,aqueous 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O 60O O -80100120140Chloroacetic ClCH 2COOH 188technically pure 20+--+++O ---O acid,mono40+++O60O O O80100120140Chlorobenzene C 6H 5Cl 132technically pure 20---O O+----O 40+60O 80-100120140Chloroethanol ClCH 2-CH 2OH 129technically pure 20---+++O ---O 40++O 60++O 80-100120140Chlorosulphonic ClSO 3H 158technically pure 20O ----O -----acid40-6080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Chromic acidCrO 3H 2Oall,aqueous20O O -O O++--O 40O ++O 60+OO 80O 100O 120140Chromic acid CrO 350g 20++---+O +--O +sulphuric acid H 2SO 415g 40+++O+O +water H 2O 35g 60O OO80100120140Chromium (II)-d Saturated acid20++salts,aqueous,40++inorganic60++80+100+120140Compressed air,20---+O+-++++containing oil40++60+80100120140Copper salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous 40+++++++++++inorganic60O ++++++O +O 80++++100+120140Cresol HO-C 6H 4-CH 3cold saturated,20O --+++O+O -O aqueous40+OO +O60OO 80O100120140Crotonic CH 3-CH=CH-CHO 102technically pure 20---++++++++aldehyde40O 60-80100120140Cyclohexane C 6H 1281technically pure 20---+++-++--40++60++80+100120140Cyclohexanol C 6H 12O 161technically pure20++-+++-+O ++40+++++60+++OO 80OO 100-120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M CyclohexanoneC 6H 10O155technically pure20---+++O ----40O O O 60O O -80100120140Dextrine (C 6H 10O 5)nusual20+++++++++++commercial40++++++++++60++++++++++80++100+120+140Di isobutyl [(CH 3)2CHCH 2]2CO 124technically pure 20---+++O ----ketone40O O OO6080100120140Dibrombenzene C 6H 5Br 2d Saturated acid 20---O O +O +---406080100120140Dibuthyl ether C 4H 9OC 4H 9142technically pure 20---O O +-++-O 406080100120140Dibutyl phthalate C 6H 4(COOC 4H 9)2340technically pure 20---+++O O ---40O O +60O O O80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 50%,aqueous 20+--++++O -+O acid40+++O+O 60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOH 194technically pure 20+--++++O --O acid40+++O+-60O O O+-80100120140Dichloroacetic Cl 2CHCOOCH 3143technically pure 20---++O+---+acid methyl 40++++ester60++OO80100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M DichlorobenzeneC 6H 4Cl 2180technically pure20---O O +O +O OO 406080100120140Dichloroethylene ClCH=CHCl 60technically pure 20-----+-O ---40+6080100120140Diesel oil20++-+O+-++OO 40+++++-6080100120140Diethyl ether H 5C 2-O-C 2H 53520-----------406080100120140Diethylamine (C 2H 5)2NH 56technically pure 20--+++O ----40O 60-80100120140Dimethyl (CH 3)2CHNO 153technically pure 20---++-O -O ++formamide40++60O +80100120140Dimethylamine (CH 3)2NH 7technically pure 20---+--O ----406080100120140Dioxane C 4H 8O 2101technically pure 20---+O -O -O --40+O 60+O 80-100120140Ethanolamine C 2H 7NO 20---++O +O O OO406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n ConcentrationT e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Ethyl alcohol CH 3-CH 2-OH78technically pure,20+O -+++++O ++(Ethnause)96%40+++O +O 60O ++-+O80+100120140Ethyl benzene C 6H 5-CH 2CH 3136technically pure 20---O O O -+---406080100120140Ethyl chloride C 2H 5Cl 12technically pure 20---O O O -O ---(G)406080100120140Ethyl ether CH 3CH 2-O-CH 2CH 335technically pure 20---+O +-----406080100120140Ethylene diamine H 2N-CH 2-CH 2-NH 2117technically pure 20O --++O +O ++O 40++O O O O O 60++-----80100120140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198<50%20+OO ++++++++40+O++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylene glycol HO-CH 2-CH 2-OH 198technically pure 20+O -++++++++40+++++++++60++++++O O+80+++OO 100+120+140Ethylenediamine-C 10H 16N 2O 820++++tetraacetic acid 40(EDTA)6080100120140Fluorine F 2technically pure20-----------406080100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Fluorosilicic acidH 2SiF 632%,aqueous20++++++OO O +40+++++--O 60+O +++-80+100+120140Formaldehyde HCHO 40%,aqueous20++++++++++40++++++++++60++++O OO 80+100120140Formamide HCONH 2210technically pure 20---+++O ++40++60++80100120140Formic acid HCOOH d 25%20++++++40++++++60++++++80++100120140Formic acid HCOOHup to 50%,20+-O+++++-++aqueous40++++++++60O +O+OO O+80+-O 100+120140Formic acid HCOOH 101technically pure 20+--+++++-++40O +O ++O +60-+-+O -+80+OO 100+120140Frigen 12(Freon CCl 2F 2-30technically pure 20+----OO O O +O 12)406080100120140Fuel oil20++-+O +-++OO 40++-+++-6080100120140Furfuryl alcohol C 5H 6O 2171technically pure20---+++O --OO40++60+OO 80-100120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Gelatinall,aqueous20+++++++++++40+++++++++++60+++++80+100120140Glucose C 6H 12O 6Fp.,all,aqueous 20++++++++++14840++++++++++60O +++++++++80++++++++100++120140Glycerol HO-CH 2-CH(OH)-CH 2OH 290technically pure20++++++++++40+++++O ++++60+++++OO +++80+++-O++100++O O 120+140Glycin NH 2-CH 2-COOHFp.,10%,aqueous 20++++++++++23340+++++++O+O 60++80+100120140Glycolic acid HO-CH 2-COOHFp.,37%,aqueous 20+-+++++++8040++60++80+100+120140Heptane C 7H 1698technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hexane C 6H 1469technically pure20++-+O+-++-O 40++++++-6080100120140Hydrazine H 2N-NH 2-H 2O 113aqueous 20+--++-+O --+hydrate40++60++80100120140Hydrochloric HClup to 30%,20+++++++--+acidaqueous40+++O +++O 60+++O +O O-80+-+100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M Hydrochloric HCl38%,aqueous20++-+O+++--+acid40++++O +60+++80O+100+120140Hydrocyanic HCN 26technically pure20++-+++++O O +acid40+++++O O --O 60O ++++80+100120140Hydrofluoric acid HF 40%20+--+++-+--+40O +++++60O O ++OO 80+100+120140Hydrogen H 2-25technically pure 20+++++++++++340+++++++++++60+++++++++++80+++++++100-+++120140Hydrogen HCl-85technically pure,20++-+++++O O O chloridegaseous40+++++++--O 60O ++++++-80O++100+120140Hydrogen H 2O 210530%,aqueous 20++-++OO +--+peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2O 213990%,aqueous 20+--O -O --O peroxide406080100120140Hydrogen H 2Ssaturated,20+++++++-++sulphideaqueous40+++++-+--+60O +++++O 80+O-100+120140Hydrogen H 2S technically pure20++++++++O +sulphide40+++++-+O -O 60++O ++O -O 80+--100+120140Medium Formula B o i l i n g p o i n Concentration T e m p e r a t u r P V C -UP V C -CA B SP EP P -HP V D FE P D MF P MN B RC RC S M HydroquinoneC 6H 4(OH)230%20+++++40++++60++80+100120140Iodine-potassium I-KI 20+--+++++OO iodide solution 40(Lugol's solution)6080100120140Iron salts,d Saturated acid20+++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++++100++120140Isooctane (CH 3)3-C-CH 2-CH-(CH 3)299technically pure 20++-++++++O 406080100120140Isopropyl alcohol (CH 3)2-CH-OH 82technically pure 20+-++++++++(ESC)40+++++60O O O+80O100120140Isopropyl ether (CH 3)2-CH-O-CH-(CH 3)268technically pure 20---O O +O ----406080100120140Lactic acid CH 3CHOHCOOH 10%,aqueous20++++++++--O 40O +O ++++O O 60-+-++O O O O 80++O -O100-120140Lead acetate Pb(CH 3COO)2aqueous,20+++++++++++saturated40+++++++++++60+++++++++++80++100+120140Lead salts,d Saturated acid20++++++++++aqueous,40+++++++inorganic60+++++++80+++100+120140。