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⏹ 1 The classical Greek civilization knew of seven metals: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin,lead and mercury.⏹在古希腊文明社会里，人们已经知道使用金银铜铁锡铅和水银七种金属。
⏹ 2 Now we have a better understanding of Einstein’s special theory of relativity afterattending a series of lectures on the topic.⏹参加了一系列相关讲座后，我们加深了对爱因斯坦狭义相对论的理解.⏹ 3 The holographic image (全息照片）must be viewed by looking directly through the film.Consequently，the size of the film limits the size of the audience that may view it at one time.⏹全息图像一定要直接透过底片才能观看。
因此，底片的尺寸使同时观看的人数受到限制。
⏹ 4 Sodium hydroxide （氢氧化钠）is a strong base.⏹氢氧化钠是一种强碱。
⏹ 5 The half-lives of certain radioactive substances are very long.⏹某些放射性物质的半衰期很长。
⏹ 6. Friction is usually the main cause of wear.⏹摩擦是造成磨损的主要原因。
⏹7.A body will expand when heated and contract when cooled.⏹物体热胀冷缩。
⏹8. They got a heavy fine due to the breach of the contract.⏹由于违反了合同，他们受到了巨额罚款。
Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元，这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。
原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子，带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。
质子和中子，它们具有几乎相同的质量，聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。
的电子，这在其他单位相比是微小的，围绕原子核高速移动。
具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。
科技英语阅读李健答案【篇一：科技英语阅读(李健版)翻译u3】物的适应性植物为了生存也必须像人类和动物一样适应周边的环境。
生存就意味着竞争，我们很难想象植物之间的竞争，但它往往又存在的。
首先，不同的植物之间会争夺阳光、空气、土壤和水。
其次，植物也会与那些吃它或者威胁到它生存环境的人类和动物竞争。
再次，植物所处的环境也可能也是有敌对性的或者不利于植物生长的。
怎样才能有足够的阳光、水分、空气和土壤？气温的冷热就是植物生长的主要因素吗？光对于植物来说是最基本的，尤其是对于绿色植物来说。
绿色植物在光下能制造养分——这是一种被称为光合作用的过程，而光也能影响水分蒸发的速率和花的形成。
温度也是必须考虑的因素。
对于大多数植物来说，所处的温度低于一度或者高于四十三度都将对其造成严重的损伤甚至死亡。
而温度也直接影响了种子的萌芽以及开花，当然温度也决定了它们的地理分布。
没有水植物也是无法生存的。
有些植物的生长过程需要大量的水分，因此潮湿的空气、大量的降水以及溪流湖泊和湿润的土壤对于植物都是重要的。
大多数植物需要有足够空气。
大气中所包含的一些必要的气体包括：氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气和氮气。
空气移动所产生的风对于植物也有很大影响。
风有助于传播花粉、孢子和种子从而将它们播种在各种地方，但强风也有可能折断或者损害植物，尤其是大树。
而大风吹走了一些有养分的土壤，也会加快水分的蒸发甚至使植物缺水。
土壤对于陆生植物来说是必不可少的。
大部分植物生长在自然土壤里：其中包含着它的湿度、酸度、矿物成分、含氧量。
植物生长也会受到其他竞争生物的影响。
它必须能适应寄生菌、饥饿的鸟类、牛羊等食用叶子的动物，但植物也需要动物帮助传播花粉以及播洒种子。
有树叶和枝干的树以及灌木向我们展示了它们的适应性，这也告诉了我们植物是怎样获得最大量的光和空气的。
和那些山毛榉树、榆树、橡树、苹果树和栗子树一样，它们有一些芽最初是垂直生长的然而另一些却变成了水平生长。
为了能得到最多的阳光，一些垂直生长的枝芽会螺旋缠绕生长以至于不会遮挡到自己下边的叶子。
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
专业词汇的构成1.词汇的分类专业英语文献中的专业词汇（或科技词汇）一般分为三类：技术词、半技术词和非技术词（或普通词）。
技术词（technical word）指科技术语，用以记录和表达科学技术专门领域的现象、过程、特性、关系、状态、数量等，意义单纯，只有一种专业含义，如bandwidth, flip-flop, microprocessor, rectification。
半技术词（semi-technical words）是指跨学科出现的频率很高的词，在不同的专业领域含有不同的精确含义，如power, carrier等。
非技术词是指在非专业英语中很少使用，却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇，如application, implementation, to yield 等。
非技术词和普通词（尤其是其中的功能词，如限定词、介词、连词等）词频最高，半技术词出现得最多，词汇覆盖面最大，而技术词词频最低，出现率最小。
２．词汇的构成科技英语词汇中有很大一部分符合构词法。
科技英语构词法主要包括：派生、复合、转化、拼缀、缩略等，下面分别予以介绍。
(1) 派生（derivation）法是通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或（和）后缀而构成新词。
前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意，后缀显示词性。
科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多，可以说俯拾皆是，如antiparticle （反粒子），antineutron （反中子），antibody （抗体）；autocorrelation （自相关）等。
需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词，有许多是指某一仪器而不指人，如semicorrelator （自相关器），conductor （导体），holder （支架/托）等，这一点译者应留意。
表2.1-2.4分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。
表2.1 常用前缀表2.2 表示数量关系的常用前缀表2.3 常用后缀表 2.4 常用词根(2) 复合(composition)法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列，以构成新词，其词性可以是形容词、名词、代词、动词、副词等。
科技英语阅读与翻译（李健）第二章设想一下:在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目=睹见证了这一切! 这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置, 以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。
但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的、尚不成规模的产业。
项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。
事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间- 或究竟是否有可能-它能取得关键性的规模发展。
但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。
当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。
当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重、昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。
知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。
当时英特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,雅达利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏“乒乓”。
而在国产计算机俱乐部里,爱好者急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。
但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。
想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。
这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。
电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、或是狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。
与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information,and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job.对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器。
The program,or part of it,which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem,are kept inside the computer in place called memory.计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull,routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了；但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
Unit1 mathematics名词解释绝对补集absolute complement / 代数algebra /代数式algebraic expression / 代数方程algebraic equation / 代数不等式algebraic inequality / 任意常数arbitrary constant / 数组array / 底数；基数base number / 连续函数continuous function / 函数function / 复合函数function of function / 函数记号functional notation / 集合aggregate / 子集subset /迭代函数iterative function/优先权之争priority battle/分形特征fractal properties/有意义make sense/以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales/混沌理论chaos theory/季刊a quarterly journal/数学界the mathematics community/波纹线crisp lines/会议公报proceedings of a conference翻译3. Translate the sentences into Chinese.1)他主要是因为用分形这个概念来描述（海岸线、雪花、山脉和树木）等不规则形状等现象而闻名于世，这些不规则形状在越来越小的规模上不断重复同一模式。
2)如果再仔细观察，就可以发现集的边界并没有呈波纹线，而是像火焰一样闪光。
3)但是，克朗兹在这场辩论中引入了一个新东西，他说曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特集发明的，而是早在“曼德布洛特集”这个术语出现几年以前就已经明确地在数学文献中出现了。
4)曼德布洛特同时也暗示即使布鲁克斯和马特尔斯基的论文先于他发表，但因为他们没有领会到其价值，仍然不能将他们看作是曼德布洛特集的发现者。
替代能源的前景据美国能源部预测，至2025年美国的家用耗电将增加百分之二十五，增加的电量中将有一小部分来源于再生能源（如风、阳光、水、地热），而且这部分还会不断增大。
据美国能源部统计，去年替代能源的供电比例占百分之六。
美国太阳能协会（该协会是一个位于科罗拉多州博德市的非盈利性组织）的主管布拉德•柯林斯说：“未来属于可再生能源。
尽管就世界石油和天然气可以持续多久，科学家和工业专家可能有不同观点，但是油气资源终将耗尽。
”尽管可再生能源通常比传统能源更昂贵，但是替代能源有助于减少污染、保护矿物燃料。
美国能源部国家再生能源实验室（位于科罗拉多州戈尔登市）的一位高级工程师保罗•陶塞列尼说：“有时人们考虑的只是节省成本的问题，但是这可能是一个价值观念的问题，一个我们把钱用于何处的问题。
”接下来我们一起了解关于可再生能源技术的新发展太阳能光电系统获取太阳光线的光能并将其转化成电。
现在这些太阳能设备可以为各种建筑供电，小到家庭大到办公楼。
技术进步使得光电设备更加划算。
20世纪80年代，光电系统供电的平均价格为每千瓦时95美分；而根据美国太阳能协会的统计，如今这一价格已降至每千瓦时20美分左右。
即使略微便宜的光电价格仍然高于全国电价的平均价格，据美国能源部发行的《能源周刊》统计，2003年每千瓦时的电价均价略高于8美分。
其他最新的发展包括薄膜光电技术，这种高科技的涂层能够将任何覆盖此类薄膜的表面转化成一种光电电源。
使用这种薄膜技术的轮船和娱乐用车目前已上市销售。
工程师们也研究出一种涂有发电薄膜的屋顶材料，这种屋顶材料耐严寒，而且在阳光明媚的时候可以利用太阳光发电。
与此同时，美国可再生能源实验室的研究人员正在研发更为高效、价格更低的光电系统。
目前市场上大多数传统光电设备可以将百分之十一至百分之十三的太阳光转化成能量，工程师们认为可以提高这一比例。
华盛顿地区的一位光电工程师杰夫•梅泽说现在的多数薄膜光电系统的效能等级为百分之七至百分之十一。
