高级英语视听说教程第二册听力文本精修订

Unit 1 College cultureInside viewConversation 1Janet ：So this is the Cherwell Boathouse –it’s lovely! And look at those people punting! It looks quite easy.Mark ：I’m not so sure about that! Janet, there’s something Kate and I wanted to discuss with you. Some people in college are organizing charity events thisterm. We’ve decided to get involved.Janet ：Raising money for charity? Right. In China, people raise money for charity but students don’t usually do that.Mark ：Students often do that here. Anyway, we’re thinking of doing sponsored punting.Janet ：Sponsored punting! What’s that?Kate ：Sponsoring is when people pay you to do something – like run a long distance.So people would be sponsoring students to punt.Janet ：What a great idea! I’d love to join you!Mark ：That’s why we’re telling you about it. So that’s decided then. Let’s make a list of things we need to do.Kate ：I’ll do that. One of the first things we should do is choose the charity.Mark ：Yes. And choose a day for the event. And we need to design the sponsorship form. I’ve got one here.Kate ：That looks fine, but we must change the wording. Who wants to do that? Mark ：I’ll do that. What have we got so far?Kate ：Choose a charity. Also a day for the event. Change the wording on the sponsorship form…Um … We have to decide where the punt will start from.Mark ：Cherwell Boathouse, no question! It's a very beautiful route from here, apparently.Kate ：I’m with you on that.Janet ：Me too …Conversation2Janet ：I’m not us ed to boats – Woah!Mark ：Whoops!Kate ：Watch out! You nearly hit me with that thing!Mark ：Sorry! I didn’t mean to. … OK, we’re off!Kate ：Maybe I should do the punting.Mark ：It’s fine. I’ve got the hang of it now – give me a chance.Kate ：Well, I’d like to have a go.Mark ：Supposing I do the first hour. Then you can take over for a while, if you want to.Kate ：Yes, great.Janet ：You’re really good at it, Mark! This is fantastic! It’s exactly how I imagined lifehere! Look over there –isn’t it lovely!Kate ：Yes, it is.…Janet ：Kate, everything’s organized, isn’t it, for collecting the sponsorship money? Kate ：Yes, I’ve arranged for people to get the money to me by next Friday – if they haven’t paid online. I’ll count it all up.Janet ：Good. We’d better have a meeting soon after that, don’t you think? How much have weraised?Kate ：About 600.Janet：Fantastic! I’m so enjoying this!Mark ：Hey guys, I’ve got a suggestion – how about moving over to the bank and we can have ourpicnic! Hey, look, there’s Louise and Sophie!Mark ：Whoo …Girls：Mark!Janet ：Are you all right?Mark ：Er … Of course I’m all right. Kate, I think it’s your turn to punt!Outside viewV/O （画外音）Harvard University in Cambridge is one of the best universities in the world. We spoke to Alex Jude, the university’s Head of Communications. He explained that Harvard looks for the best and most talented students from around the world.AlexHarvard actually seeks students from around the world, the best students that we can find, to study chemistry, or study literature, or study government, or business. Our business school is particularly well-known around the world, as is the medical school and law school, so, um, and, and the Kennedy School of government, for the John F. Kennedy School of Government, so, er, we do seek very, very talented students and we have open doors for them.V/O （画外音）We asked five students at Harvard to tell us what kind of social life they have. AshleyUm, well relaxing is a little hard to do around here, but basically, I mean, I still, I, I live nearby anyway, so I see a lot of my friends, and … Um, there’s a good social life here if you look for it. I go to the gym, run. So that’s what I do.AdamIt is whatever you want it to be. It’s go od. If you wanna go out party, do anything you can. If you wanna sit in your room and study all night like my friend over here, youcan also do that.BrianSocially, like you said, it’s, it’s a lot of what you make it. Um, we don’t have fraternities here, and so, you know, that’s, it’s obviously not as social. There’s not as many parties as there would be on another campus. Um, but on a Friday or Saturday night, there, there, there will be a party. Usually we end up studying until about 10 o’clock. And then we, and then we’ll go out and have fun maybe, or just watch a movie with friends, or, you know, whatever is going on for the night.JodieNot everyone would agree with me, obviously, but it’s, I think it’s a fun place to be. Interviewer: Have you made a lot of friends?Jodie : Oh, definitely.Interview. ：Mm.Jodie: Many.Interviewer: What, what do you do with your friends?Jodie: Um, well, I like to go to concerts. I’m in three music groups, so I have lots of rehearsals during the week for that. Um, just do, you know, some fun things, on the weekend.V/O （画外音）We asked the Harvard students if they use the Internet.Ashley: Um, I, I use it a fairly good amount. Um, our library system is online, so I use that a lot. And a lot of my classes, you know, have to do research papers.You can find a lot of information on there, so.Interviewer: So how often do you use it, a week, a day?Ashley: Um, I use it probably on more of a weekly basis. Maybe three or four times a week.Brian: Oh yes, definitely. We live through the Internet actually. Well, I do a lot of research through the Internet, follow my stocks on the Internet. Um, well,even though e-mail is not officially Internet, we, that’s how wecommunicate a lot at college, so, through the e-mail.John: Um, I use the internet mostly for, er, I’d say, sort of leisure purposes. I mean, I play, um, I use it for a lot of, I don’t, we don’t have TV in my room, so I use it, uh, uh, go to the CNN website, keep up on current events, things like that. Uh, I also, uh, you know, there’s some little games to play over the Internet. Um, just um, I go to to see what’s happening, follow the Boston Red Sox, things like that. Um, I think a lot of courses use it to post things, but I, I don’t usually use it t hat much for research, or things. I tend to use the libraries for such things, so.Listening inPassage 1V oice-overHi, I’m Nick Carter, and this is SUR, your university radio station. This morning we went around campus to ask freshers –now half-way through their first year – the question, “How are you finding uni?” Here are some of the answers we got.Speaker 1It’s cool. It’s everything I hoped it would be. I’m very ambitious, I want to be a journalist and I want to g et to the top of the profession. I’ve started writing for the university newspaper so I’ve got my foot on the ladder already.Speaker 2I’m working hard and the teaching is as good as I expected. And I’ve made some good friends. But I’m very homesick. I’m Nigerian and my family’s so far away. I went home at Christmas for a month –that really helped, but man, I miss my family so much.Speaker 3“How am I finding uni?” It’s great. It’s not perfect, nothing is, but, like, I’ve got a brilliant social life, just brilliant, and I’ve made lots of friends. For the first few months I just didn’t do, really enough work. But I – I talked about it with my parents and I’m working harder now and getting good grades.Speaker 4Actually, I’ve been quite lonely to be honest. I’m a bit shy … everyone else seemed to find it so easy to make friends straight away. But things have been better recently –yeah, they have. I’ve joined a couple of clubs and like, it really helps to get to know people when you have shared interests. So, yeah –I’m feeling a lot happier now. Speaker 5Uni’s great, I love it. My only problem –and it’s quite a big problem – is money. My parents are both unemployed so, you know, they can’t help me financially. My grant just isn’t –it’s just not enough for me to live on, so I’ve taken a part-time job as a waitress –a lot of people I know, like a lot, have had to do the same. I don’t want to have huge debts at the end.Speaker 6I love my subject, History, and I’m, I’m getting fantastic teaching here. I want to be a university lecturer and that means I have to get a first. I have a good social life but work definitely comes first for me.Passage 2Oxford and Cambridge – two universities so similar that they are often spoken of together as“Ox bridge”. They’re both in the UK, fairly near London, and both regularly come top in any ranking of the world’s best universities.The two universities began within a century of each other. Oxford University, now 900 years old, was founded towards the end of the 11th century. In 1209 there was a dispute between the university and the townspeople of Oxford. As a result, some of the Oxford teachers left and founded a university in the town of Cambridge, some 84 miles away. Ever since then, the two institutions have been very competitive.Unlike most modern universities, both Oxford and Cambridge consist of a large number of colleges. Oxford has 39 and Cambridge 31. Many of these colleges haveold and very beautiful architecture, and large numbers of tourists visit them.In all UK universities, you need good grades in the national exams taken at 18. But to get into Oxford and Cambridge, it’s not enough to get A grades in your exams. You also have to go for a long interview. In these interviews, students need to show that they are creative and capable of original thinking.Through the centuries, both universities have made huge contributions to British cultural life.They have produced great writers, world leaders and politicians. Cambridge, in particular, has produced scientists whose discoveries and inventions have changed our lives.Among the great university institutions is the world’s most famous debating society, the Oxford Union, where undergraduates get a chance to practise speaking in public. Cambridg e’s comedy clubFootlights has produced many first-class comedians, while some of the UK’s most famous actors and actresses began their careers at The Oxford University Dramatic Society, known as OUDS. Then there’s the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, whic h takes place every year in March or April, and is watched on television all over the UK.So with all this excellence in so many fields, it’s not surprising that the ambition of clever students all over the world is to attend either one of these great universities.Unit 2 Mixed feelingsInside viewConversation 1Kate ：Come in. Hey, Janet.Janet ：Hi Kate, are you busy?Kate ：Yes, I’m just doing an essay. But it’s great to see you. So what’s new?Janet ：Well, nothing much.Kate ：You look a bit fed up. What’s bugging you?Janet ：Well, I had a phone call from my parents and it made me feel homesick. It happens everytime they call, and it gets me down.Kate ：I’m sorry to hear that. I know how you feel. I love speaking to my mum and dad, but Ialways feel miserable after the call.Janet ：My dad doesn’t say much, and I want to speak to him, but I wish I knew what to say.Kate ：Don’t let it get to you. My dad doesn’t say much on the phone either. I call, he answersthe phone, and says, “Hi, I’ll pass you to your mother.” It’s really irritating. Janet ：But I miss him and my mother a lot, and I like to hear his voice.Kate ：Just tell him what you’re up to.Janet ：Sometimes I feel as if I made a mistake leaving home and coming to Oxford.Sometimes I feel like a moody teenager.Kate ：Try not to worry about it, Janet. It’s normal to feel like that. I understand how you feel, butI bet everything will be fine next term. You’ll get used to it. Hey, why don’t you do what Ido?Janet ：What’s that?Kate ：When my dad calls, I ask him for more money! He usually says no, but at least I getto hear his voice!Janet ：Maybe. I’m sorry to take up your time, Kate, but I must go now. Bye!Kate ：Wait a minute …!Conversation 2Kate ：I think I may have upset Janet last night.Mark : What happened?Kate ：She came to see me. I was busy doing an essay but I was really pleased to see her. She’dhad a call from home, and said she was feeling homesick.Mark : Poor kid! It must be tough on you guys, living so far away from home.Kate ：I tried to make her laugh, told her not to worry about it, and that it was normal to feel miserable. Suddenly she looked miserable, and then she got up andsaid, “I must go now” and left my room. It was really sudden. I felt as if I’dsaid something wrong.Mark ：Maybe she was just being polite. It was probably because she realized you were working and didn’t want to disturb you.Kate ：I just wonder if she found it difficult to talk about her feelings with me. Maybe I shouldn’thave tried to make her laugh? Perhaps she thought I wasn’t taking her seriously.Mark ：I wouldn’t worry about it. Put yourself in her shoes. How would you feel if you were a student at college in China?Kate ：I know. That’s why I feel bad. If only she had stayed longer! I wish I could have helped her more.Janet ：Hey, everyone!Mark ：Hi Janet, you look cheerful!Janet ：Yes, I’ve just got my essay back. I got an alpha minus!Kate ：What an amazing grade! Well done.Mark ：I’m really happy for you, Janet.Janet ：I feel on top of the world!Outside viewSebastienHi. I’m Sebastien. I’m from Germany. Um, the idea of IQ of a measure of your brain power has been around for a while, but recently there’s been this new idea of the EQ –your emotional quotient. And by now, it’s actually almost being regarded as more important. If you look at it, businesses will … Well, they will prefer employing people with great EQ. Well, of course, IQ cannot be disregarded, but um, EQ does have its importance as well. Uh, I believe that, um, … I mean, people, most people will have, um, their basic means of communicating with other people. Most people are somewhat socially adept, and just like most people have, you know, a basic general knowledge. But then, what I think really is the difference betweenIQ and EQ, I mean, you can have a “brainiac”, and they will be great at most things they do, but if you just can’t get along with him, if you just can’t communicate with him, I mean, you know, he’s not really that useful.KimHi. This is Kim. I’m originally from Korea, and I was raised in Cali fornia. And today, we are going to talk about the differences between IQ and EQ – IQ meaning your intelligence, EQ meaning your emotions. Now, in … When I was, when I was a little, little boy in Korea, I had to take … I think I’d taken like two or three IQ tests before the age of ten, which is when I moved to California. So, I guess we stress a lot of importance on intelligence, on having great IQ scores. But after I moved to the States, I learnt how to associate with people, and along the lines that this word EQ came up, you know, emotional, caring about … It’s basically how you deal with people, howyou make people feel, and how people make you feel. I think they’re equally as, as important, but it seems that in the Eastern world they kind of stress on that a lot more back in the days. But I think again, you know, now that with Internet and people are communicating so much faster, there’s a better mixture of the two I think. There’s a stress on EQ in Korea as well, and a stress on IQ in the States. Thank you.TedHello. My name is Ted, and I’m from the United States of America. Today, I’m going to talk a little bit about IQ or EQ – which is most important, or which is more important. Now, for a long time when I was growing up, people said, “IQ. What’s yo ur IQ? Take an IQ test.” But then EQ, your emotions, how you interact with people, that became very important. And I think they’re … that people might be onto something with that, because your EQ – how you deal with people, how you interact with people – is important. Now, a big part of this, in my opinion, is listening. I know I’m talking a lot right now, but if you want to get along well with people, you have to listen to them, so just take a minute, maybe shut your mouth for a minute, and listen to others, and then you can understand and communicate with them in a better way. So, part of EQ, I think, is listening – listening to others – and it can be more importantthan IQ.Listening inPassage 1Presenter: We’re fortunate to have as our guest today Dr Jenna Hudson, who has just written a book about how colours affect us in our surroundings, especially in the world of advertising. It’s called Market Colours. Dr Hudson, which are the most common colours in advertising and marketing?Dr Hudson :Well, of course, it depends what image the marketing team wish to project with their products. So for example, we often think of blue as a cold colour, but it also makes you feel peaceful, quiet, and it doesn’t suggest strong emotions. So it’s a favourite for ban ks and insurance companies, who wish to suggest the image that they are trustworthy. And for selling products, it’s often used to suggest something is pure and fresh.Presenter: What about red?Dr Hudson: You can sell almost anything with red. It’s a hot colour, which suggests a feeling of energy and even passion. It grabs your attention, and can make people buy almost anything. You often see red on magazine covers. But if you use it too much, it looks cheap and may make people tired. And orange has a sim ilar effect to red, it’s upbeat and happy, it suggests pleasant feelings and images. Most people react well to orange, and it’s especially popular in advertising and on packaging for baked food. Presenter: What about yellow, for instance?Dr Hudson: Yell ow is the colour of sunshine and it’s a positive, happy colour, so it’s used a lot in advertising. But it’s also often used for warning signs, direction signs, and so on, where you have to read the message quickly and at a distance. Presenter: What about less popular colours for advertising?Dr Hudson: Surprisingly, green isn’t used much in advertising except for garden products. It’s friendly and restful. It can be cool and soothing, the colour of apples and mint, but it can also be quite strong and many people associate it with unpleasant ideas of decay or slimy creatures. But most colours are not primary colours, they’re a combination. Absolutely. So yellow-orange is common, and often used to give animpression of style and class, it looks like gold. But it’s not often used in letters because it’s not very strong. And yellow-green reminds people of feeling sick.Blue-green works well as a cool colour, suggesting freshness, and is sometimes used for toothpaste products, bathroom products, food and household cleaning products. It has many of the advantages of blue without the disadvantages of green. Presenter: Fascinating！Thank you very much, Dr Hudson. Market Colours by Dr Jenna Hudson is on sale from next week, priced ￡15.99 …Passage 2Presenter ：What makes you embarrassed, Sally?Sally ：Oh, I’m easily embarrassed. If anybody notices me or looks at me, I get very embarrassed. When people sing me Happy Birthday on my birthday, I getvery embarrassed.Presenter ：And what makes you upset?Sally ：When people are selfish, people who think only of themselves. And cruelty –I can’t bear people who are cruel, especially to animals or children. Presenter ：Jake, what makes you depressed?Jake ：I hate it when it rains, and I don’t like people who look down on me, who think they’re superior to me without any reason.Presenter ：And what makes you angry?Jake ：When people don’t behave properly in public, bad behaviour like dropping litter or people pushing each other on the bus or the train.Presenter ：Andrew, what makes you cheerful?Andrew ：I like to see everyone around me being happy and having a positive attitude towards the future, optimistic people.Presenter ：And what makes you jealous?Andrew ：Well, to be honest, I just never feel jealous. I can’t see the point of it. Presenter ：Monica, what makes you proud?Monica ：I’m proud when I’m successful, especially in my work. Being recognized by my boss for what I can do makes me feel really proud. Oh, and myfamily. I’m very proud of them.Presenter ：And what makes you nervous?Monica ：Every time I teach a new class. The night before I’m very nervous. You don’t know wh at the kids are going to be like and how they might behave,or if they’re going to like you.Presenter ：Anything else?Monica ：Doing interviews like this.Unit 3 Crime watchInside viewConversation 1Kate ：So, what did you think of the movie?Mark ：It was good but I thought it was too long.Kate ：Yes, me too.Kate ：Hey, where’s my bike? I don’t believe it! It’s gone!Mark ：It was next to mine, you chained it up!Kate ：Someone’s stolen it! Oh, how could they!Mark: Oh, Kate!Kate ：How could someone have done this! The creep!Mark ：It’s a really mean thing to do, steal a bike.Kate ：It was a mountain bike and it cost a fortune –I don’t have the money to buy another one.Mark ：Listen, I’ll go down the street and see if I can see anyone with it. Why don’tyou go intothat shop and see if they’ve seen anything suspicious? I’ll be back in a minute.Kate ：OK.…Kate ：Well?Mark ：No luck. What did they say in the shop?Kate ：I asked the shopkeeper if she’d seen anything –Mark ：And?Kate ：She said she hadn’t. I guess it was a long shot. She advised me to report it to the police.But according to her, bikes get stolen all the time around here.Mark ：Listen, let’s get back so you can report it.Kate ：I’ve got no bike. I’m just so upset!Mark ：It’s not far to college. Come on!Conversation 2Mark ：So did you ring the police?Kate ：Yes. I went to the police station to report it.Mark ：What did they say?Kate ：No one’s found it. This woman said that Oxford has the fifth highest rate of bike theftin the country!Mark ：You’re joking!Kate ：That’s what she said.Mark ：What else did she say?Kate ：She told me that sometimes you do get bikes back – the thieves use them and then abandon them, apparently, and then people find them and report them. Mark ：So you might get it back.Kate ：I hope so, Mark, I really do. It’s just too much you know? But … um … what else? She told me to go to this sale they have of abandoned bikes. She thinks I might find it there. But it’s only every two months, I can’t wait till then!Honestly, Mark, I’m really furious!Mark ：You can always buy a cheap bike on eBay.Kate ：Hello … Speaking … You found it! Where was it? Is it …? Oh, that’s fantastic news!There was a lamp and a basket on it … Right … OK, thank you, I’ll be intomorrow morning to pick it up. Unbelievable! This guy found it!Mark ：Brilliant! Was that the police?Kate ：Yes. What they said was, someone dumped it outside this guy’s backyard. Mark ：That’s so strange!Kate ：The lamp’s been stolen and the basket.Mark ：Forget about it! You’re lucky to get it back!Outside viewPart 1Presenter: Dodgy deals aren’t the only problems associated with doorstep sellers. Your doorstep presents these unannounced visitors with a real opportunity to undertake distraction burglary where they often pose as bogus officials to gain access to your home.I’m joined now by Ian Holt, from Thames Valley Police. Ian, just outline for me what does distraction burglary actually entail?Ian Holt: Well basically what happens is, somebody uses a story to get inside somebody’s house and then they steal items, usually cash or small items of jewellery. Presenter: And what are the different techniques that are commonly used?Ian Holt: Well basically the er … the people that commit this crime move from area to area, er … they will look at an area, they will try and pick a particular target and they can find that by looking at property, it may beer, an uncut garden, it may be repairs that need doing to the property. Somet hing that indicates that there’s, there’s a vulnerable person in there. It … usually, it’s an elderly person that lives there. Presenter: Is this quite a common problem now?Ian Holt: It is becoming more common. To get it in perspective, of the 14,000 burglaries that were in Thames Valley last year, we had reported 800 crimes of distraction burglary. But, it … there’s a slight increase this year over last year’s figures.Presenter: OK, you mentioned some of the victims being elderly. What other people are targeted?Ian Holt: Well, unfortunately, with this type of offence, it is the vulnerable in society and the elderly. The, the national average, if there’s such a thing as a, a victim for this type of crime, is a white female aged 81 years.Part 2Presenter: And what about things that people can do to prevent it happening, basically?Ian Holt: Well the things they can do are very, very simple. The difficulty comes, is that some of these people, er … it’s very difficult for them to remember what to do. But the three things we, we always say is: stop, chain and check. And that’s stop before you open the door to make sure who’s on the other side. Always apply a chain. If you haven’t got a chain, fit a chain to the door, or a door bar if you’ve got diffic ulty in handling a chain with arthritic fingers.But also when you answer the door, check the identity of the person there. Generally the offenders say they are from the Water Board or from utilities. They may say they’re from a charity or even from local authority. But generally, a utility will be in uniform.Ask for their identification. A genuine person will not mind you doing that and will wait until you can check them out. If you do need to check them, phone the number on, on your last bill. What won’t happen is that if it is a bogus caller, they will becomeunnerved by this reaction and they will leave.Presenter: OK and there’s also a couple of gadgets new on the market that also can help as well. Just talk us through that.Ian Holt:Certainly, yes. The … a spy er … viewer is fairly standard. But for elderly who may have poor eyesight there’s a spyscope which actually makes it a lot easier for them to see who’s outside. As I mentioned before about the door bar, again, it can be easier to apply than the chain. Very reasonable priced er, and something that is fairly new … as I mentioned before it’s very difficult for some of these people to remember what they have to do when they go to the door and that’s why they become victims. And this item is called a Memo Minder and actually you can record a message on there and it’s nice to have a grand-daughter or somebody to record a message, but every time the person approaches the door it reminds them with a voice to say “Putyour chain on.”Listening inPassage 1Patrick ：I read a funny story today in the paper – true story.Steve：Go on, then.Patrick ：OK. This 72-year old guy stole a pair of trousers from a department store in Paris. Asecurity man saw him and alerted the police and they were waiting for himwhen he came out of the shop. The shoplifter started running, but thepoliceman soon caught up with him. The man then bit the policeman on hisarm several times.Steve ：He bit the policeman?Patrick：Yes – you have to remember, he was 72.Steve ：I’d forgotten that.Patrick ：Problem was, it didn’t hurt the policeman at all, ’cause the guy had forgotten to put his false teeth in before he left home.Steve ：Very funny!Patrick ：And the moral of the story is –Steve：Always remember to wear your false teeth if you’re going to bite someone. Patrick ：That’s good. I read a funny crime story the other day. Let’s see … yeah … this guy …this guy robbed a supermarket somewhere in America –I can’t remember where exactly –anyway, he got away with about 4,000 dollars. The next week the local newspaper reported the story but said he’d stolen 6,000 dollars. The thief rang the newspaper office to complain. He said, “Look, I only took 4,000 dollars. I’m wondering if the supermarket manager took another 2,000 and said I’d taken it. I did not take 6,000, I promise you.”Steve ：He was probably telling the truth.Patrick ：He probably was. Anyway, the newspaper managed to keep the guy talking while they。

Chapter 9 Lecture: Public Education: Philosophy and FundingMost young people in the United States, like most young people around the world, attend public school. Indeed, young people in the U.S. have to attend school because education is compulsory, in most states to the age of sixteen or until the students reach ninth grade.A small percentage of American youth attend private schools, wither religious or secular schools, but the vast majority attend public schools. One distinguishing feature of U.S. public education that surprises many foreigners is that although there are some standardized examinations, there is no nationwide curriculum set by the government ministry of education determines the curriculum that all students study and the examinations that all the students take at a set time. Of course, U.S. students follow a curriculum, and they take examinations as all students do. Although the federal government does influence public education by providing funds to schools for special programs such as education for the handicapped and for bilingual education, the federal government does not determine the curriculum or the examinations. Today I’d like to talk about the three levels of control within each state and then spend some time discussing where the money for education comes from and three issues related to funding.Control of education in the United States is mainly exercised locally at three levels. Let’s begin with the state department of education. The department of education of each of the fifty states has two basic functions. First, each state department of education sets basic curriculum requirements for all the schools in its state. For example, a high school might require four years of English, three years of math, two years of social science, and so forth. The state also sets the number of credits a student must complete in order to graduate from a high school. This total number of credits includes both required courses and electives. So much for the state part in education.The second level of control is the school district. The number of school districts a state has depends on the size of its population and the size of the state. A large metropolitan area would have several school districts. A smaller community might have only one district. Each school district is run by a school board that is elected by the citizens of the district. The school district is responsible for the specific content of courses taught in its schools. In other words, the school district determines what the students will study in each of their, let’s say, four years of high school English. The school district also decides what electives will be available for students. Besides determining course content, the school district is responsible for the operation of the schools in its district, for example, the hiring if teachers and administrators. The third level of control is the individual school itself, where teachers have primary responsibility for deciding how to teach the content of each course and for preparing and giving examinations to the students.Local control of schools may seem very strange to some of you, but it will seem less strange if you consider how public schools in the United States are funded- that is, where money to run the schools comes from. Only about 7 percent of the money comes from the federal government. The rest of the money comes from state and local taxes. The percentages supplied by the state and by the local districts fluctuate over tome and from state to state. Currently appropriately 49 percentage of school funding comes from the states and about 44 percent comes from the local communities, that is, the school districts.Finally, I’d like to discuss three issues related to the funding of schools that have been receiving a lot of attention recently in the United States. The first issue deals with theinequality of educational opportunity that students face. Because public schools are funded to a great degree by local taxes, this means that schools in poorer communities or poorer parts of large cities do not have the same amount of money as schools located in richer communities. This, in turn, means that children from poorer areas are less likely to receive a good education than children from wealthier areas. The second issue, one that has been controversial since the beginning of public education, is the issue of funding for private schools, which are generally run by religious organizations. As you already know, the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution mandates separation of church and state. A little background on the history and development of public education will be useful here.During colonial times, education was largely a religious concern and most schools were supported by religious organizations. However, during the nineteenth century, there was widespread support and acceptance of public education paid for by taxes as the best way to provide equal educational opportunity for all children. Nevertheless, some parents have always chosen to send their children to either private religious schools or private schools devoted to academic excellence. Because private schools are not funded by the government, parents have had to pay tuition to send their children to private schools. People who have wanted to send their children to private schools have long questioned why they should have to pay taxes for public schools at the same time as they pay private tuition for their children’s education.Although this issue is not new, during the last twenty years or so, more parents have become unhappy about what they perceive to be the increasingly secular nature of public education and prefer to send their children to schools where they will receive an education more in line with their religious beliefs. Other parents are concerned about the questionable quality of education in public schools. These concerns have led to efforts by the school system, and the government, to offer alternative educational opportunities, that is, educational choices. Two of the most important responses to these concerns have been charter schools and school vouchers. Both of these alternatives to regular public education are based on the idea that competition in the educational market is a good thing, but otherwise, they differ quite a bit. Charter schools are nonsectarian public schools that compete with regular public for students. Charter schools operate under contract to a sponsor, usually a state or local school board. Charter schools are accountable to their sponsors, the parents who choose to send their children to them, and the public that funds them through their tax money. In turn, charter schools generally have greater autonomy, that is, independence, over selection of teachers, curriculum, resources, and so on, than regular public schools. The first charter schools came into existence toward the end if the 1980s. By 2003, there were 2,695 charter schools with almost 685,000 students enrolled. This was a 15 percent increase over the year 2003, which shows how fast these schools are growing. There are many issues surrounding charter schools, but a study published in 2003 found that charter school students did a little better than their public school counterparts on a standardized exams.The school voucher concept is a much more controversial one than charter schools. The idea behind school vouchers is that the government provides students with a certain amount of money each year that they can use to attend whatever school they choose, public or private. The idea again is that competition will improve the education students receive. Voucher schools in reality are largely private schools, and most often religiously based schools. They are quite different from charter schools, which as public schools are first of all, nonsectarian, that is, not religious. Second, charter schools cannot apply restrictive admission standards, as publicschools do. To date, voucher programs funded by taxpayers are operating in only three U.S. cities, and there are many court battles over the voucher system. Supporters of the voucher system feel very strongly that private schools offer better education than public schools. Those opposed to the voucher system claim that vouchers rob public schools of needed funding and that voucher schools do not truly provide school choice because of restrictive admissions standards, which can include academic performance, religion, sex, and other factors. Opponents of vouchers also strongly believe that using taxpayer funds for private religious schools violates the separation of church and state built into the U.S. Constitution.The third and final issue I’d like to touch on today is also very controversial. I mentioned earlier that United States does not have a nationwide curriculum nor nationwide exams set by the government. However, in the past fifteen or twenty years, there has been an increased emphasis in various states on raising standards and on giving students standardized exams to monitor their progress. The federal government in 2002 passed a sweeping education bill that requires states that wish to receive certain federal funding to develop and put in place extensive testing programs and other systems to ensure adequate yearly progress of students. Although the percentage of funding for schools from the federal government is relatively small, it still represents a lot of money that schools do not want to lose. Some people support this movement toward standardization and accountability in the educational system, while others see it as a dangerous step away from local control of schools.No one can predict the future of public education in the United States, but it appears that emphasis on educational choice and on accountability of educational system for student results will be with us for a long time.Chapter 10 Postsecondary Education: AdmissionsIn this lecture, I’m going to talk to you about postsecondary education in the United States. Today I’ll give you some facts and figures about colleges and universities in the United States and some general information about admission policies. I will also make a few remarks about community colleges and finish up by giving you an idea of what kinds of students make up the student body on a typical U.S. campus.Let’s begin with some facts and figures. The most recent figures I have reveal there are 4,182 public and private four-year and two-year colleges in the United States. These range from full universities with diverse programs to smaller four-year colleges to two-year community colleges. Most of them are accredited, which means the schools meet certain standards set by institutional and private evaluators. When applying to a school, you would probably want to make sure it was accredited. Even though there are more private colleges than public ones, over three-quarters of students, precisely 78 percent, are enrolled at public colleges and universities. Some of the small private schools may have fewer than 100 students, whereas some of the large state university systems may have 50,000 or more students. Most of these schools are coeducational although some of them are primarily for women and others are primarily for men. Some schools may offer only one program of study and others have a great variety of programs. The total cost for attending one of these schools may be less than $5,000 a year or as much as 30 or 40 thousand dollars a year for one of the prestigious private schools. These schools are located all over—in industrial areas, agricultural areas, large cities, and small towns in a wide variety of climates.With such a wide variety of sizes, kinds, and locations of schools, it probably won’t surpriseyou to find out that admissions requirements at these colleges and universities vary greatly also. Some are relatively easy to be admitted to whereas others are highly competitive. However, most schools will ask undergraduate applicants to submit their high school transcripts with a record of their grades and test results from one of the standardized tests regularly offered to high school students. The most common of these standardized exams is the Scholastic Aptitude Test, commonly known as the SAT. Students who are applying to graduate school are usually asked to take other, more specific standardized exams depending on which college they are applying to. For example, some students are required to take the Graduate Record Exam, or the GRE. Students applying to a business college will probably have to take the GMAT, and students applying to law college will have to take the LSAT. You probably know about the TOEFL exam, which most foreign students have to take before being admitted to American colleges or universities. These exams, including the TOEFL, are all prepared by a company that is independent of the school system. These exams have come under a lot of criticism lately, but they are still widely used as one way to determine who will be admitted to various schools. However, most schools try to look at the whole student and consider factors other than simply grades and test scores. Some of these factors may be extracurricular activities in school, ethnic background, work experience, and so on. Some schools will have personal interviews with students they are considering for admission. Many schools, private as well as public, try very hard to have a student population with a wide variety of backgrounds and ages. Even the most prestigious and most highly competitive colleges and universities will not take only those students with the highest grades and standardized test scores but will consider these other factors. Nevertheless, schools of this type, such as Stanford and Harvard, have so many more people applying than they can possibly accept that students who want to get into such schools take grades and SAT exams very seriously. In general, medical and law colleges, both private and public, are very difficult to get into, and, once again, test scores on standardized exams can be extremely important to those applying to these schools.However, for students who want to attend a state college or university in their own state, it may be enough to graduate from high school in the upper third or even upper half of their high school class. This may surprise those of you who come from an educational system that is highly competitive, a system in which only a small percentage of students who pass a very difficult nationwide standardized high school examination can enter a university. You may be even more surprised by what I have to tell you about community colleges.An interesting feature of education in the United States is the two-year community college. Community colleges that are publicly supported offer somewhat different educational opportunities than those offered by a senior college or a university. First, admissions requirements at public community colleges are usually much more lenient than those at a four-year college or university. It’s usually enough to have graduated from an American high school to be admitted. Second, it is also cheaper to attend a community college. The tuition and fees are usually quite a bit lower. Students often live at home because this type of school does not have dormitories. For these two reasons, many people who are unable to go to a four-year college or university can have an opportunity to take classes for college credit. Finally, community colleges offer two-year programs that can lead to an Associate of Arts degree. Many of these programs, but not all of them, are vocational in nature. People attend community colleges for many different purposes. Some people may be taking on a course or two in some field that particularly interests them and may not be planning on getting a degree. Other people may be going to community collegefull-time and planning to transfer to a four-year college or university upon successful completion of two years at a community college. Well, so much for community colleges.I promised to tell you a little about the actual student body on a typical U.S. campus. Let’s start with some statistics, and then we’ll discuss two items that surprise many foreign students. Among the 2.8 million high school graduates in 2002, 65.2 percent were enrolled in college the following October. More than 90 percent of those attended full time. Young men represented half of the high school graduates, but more women than men went on to college. The exact statistics are:68.4 percent of female high school graduates and 62.1 percent of male high school graduates. If we break down the statistics racially, we find that white students enrolled in college in greater proportions than black or Hispanic students. The figures are 66.7 percent for white graduates, 58.7 percent of black graduates, and 53.5 percent of Hispanic students. My next statistic may be surprising. 42.6 percent of full-time students in 2002 were either employed or looking for work. That number jumps to 75.7 percent for part-time students. That last statistic makes more sense when we consider that besides the students who are from eighteen to twenty-two years old that one expects to find on a college campus, there are also many older married students. They may be people who attend part-time to upgrade their skills, people who are changing careers, or retired people who still have a desire to learn. Also, foreign students are often surprised at how poorly prepare American students are when they enter a university. Actually, at very select schools the students are usually very well prepared, but at less selective schools, they may not be as well prepared as students in your country are. If you will remember the educational philosophy we discussed in the last lecture, you will understand why. Schools in the States simply admit a lot more students than is usual in most other countries. Also, most young American university students have not traveled in other countries and are not very well versed in international matters and do not know a lot about people from other countries. Foreign students usually find them friendly but not very well informed about their countries or cultures.In brief, you can see that educational opportunities and admissions standards vary greatly in the United States. While it may be quite difficult to gain admission to some colleges and universities because of the very large number of applicants, probably any student graduating from high school with reasonable grades can find some accredited university or college to attend. Those students hoping to enter graduate school will often face very stiff competition, whether at private or public schools. Many students who start at a college or university will not finish in four years. Some will drop out to work or travel and may never finish. Others will return to school a few months or a few years later. Some will go to school full-time and others part-time. Some will not work while going to school, but most will work at some time or other during their school years.We’re out of time, I see. In my next lecture, I’ll talk to you about a relatively new development in education, distance learning. It should be of interest to those of you who want to attend college but can’t because of living far from a college, busy schedules, or for other reasons.Chapter 11 Lecture: Distance educationOne of the most exciting changes in education in the United States today is the incredible growth of distance education at the post-secondary level. Let me begin the lecture by asking you a couple of questions. First, can you imagine getting a college, or university, degree, without ever once setting foot on a college campus? Second, would you believe me if I told you thereare a few higher education institutions that grant degrees that don’t even have a campus? Some of these schools even grant graduate degrees, that is, a master’s degree or even a Ph.D.What is distance education? A publication called Distance Education: A Consumer’s Guide defines distance education this way:” Distance education is instruction that occurs when the instructor and student are separated by distance or time, or both,” That sounds a little strange, but it’s not really new.As early as 1840, it was possible to take a correspondence course in shorthand; that is, a student could learn shorthand by mail. And the University of Wisconsin offered the first correspondence catalog in 1892. This meant that a student could take university courses by mail over 100 years ago. So distance education is not really new; however, modern technology, such as audio, video, and computer technology, has changed distance education a great deal. Today almost all distance education programs are online or have an online learning component to take advantage of the technology.As I mentioned, distance education is now growing at an incredible rate, Peterson’s 1994 Guide to Distance Learning listed 93 accredited distance education programs available at community colleges and universities across the United States and Canada, whereas its 1997 guide listed more than 700 programs. In 2003, almost 1,100 programs were listed. According to the U.S. college and universities with 10.000 students or more offer distance education programs with new ones coming online continuously.Distance education is quite a complex subject with many aspects to look at. Today let’s look at the reasons why distance education is growing so rapidly, how distance education works, that is, what the modes of delivery are, and some things people considering distance education need to be aware of.To start with, why is distance education growing at such an incredible rate?First, rapidly changing economic conditions require many professional people to upgrade their knowledge or skills on an almost continuous basis. For example, a person who graduates with a degree in engineering or computer science may find it necessary to take courses to upgrade his or her skills every few year. Or a person who begins his or her career with a B.A. or B.S. degree may find it desirable to pursue an M.A. after some time, or even a Ph.D. Busy working people often find it difficult or even impossible to take courses they need or to pursue degrees on campus. Thus, there are a lot of people wanting post-secondary education who don’t find it convenient to study in the traditional on-campus setting.At the same time that demand for postsecondary education is growing, many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; many U.S. colleges and universities are facing budget crunches; that is , they just don’t have as much money as they had in the past, but at the same time they have more students. They have to find ways to deliver instruction in the most economical way possible.The final reason is modern technology, which is the key to making the desired postsecondary education available to the millions of people who have access to audio, video, and computer technology. Many institutions offer distance education courses, certificate programs, and degree programs. How does distance education work at the postsecondary level? What are the usual modes of delivery?The modes of instruction can vary greatly and different courses in a program may use different modes. And any given course may use several different modes. Some of the modes include video,audio, CD-ROM, Internet, bulletin boards, chat rooms, and e-mail. Let’s consider some of the possibilities among these technologies. Video, for example, can be as simple as videotape the student plays on his or her VCR. Or it could involve video conferencing where the student is able to see and interact with the instructor and other students. Audio works similarly. A student may have a set of audiotapes to play on a cassette player or may be connected to an audio conference where he or she interacts with other students and the instructor. When students study on their own, at a time convenient to them to them, from a video-or audiotape, it is asynchronous learning, asynchronous meaning not at the same time. Video and audio conferencing, on the other hand, are called synchronous learning; that is, the instructor and the students are engaged in the teaching and learning process at the same time. Let’s look at two other popular modes used in distance learning: bulletin board anytime of the day and night, read what other students have written, and respond, by either adding his or her ideas or asking a question. Chat rooms, on the other hand, offer a discussion forum where students can interact in real time, that is, synchronously. CD-ROMs may come to the student via mail or the student may download materials from the Internet. E-mail provides a very convenient way for students to submit assignments or to ask the instructor questions. There are many more modes of instruction, but this should give you an idea of the possibilities.Students interested in pursuing distance education degrees need to consider the following six points:Number 1. Many distance education programs have a residency requirement. The students may be required to take two courses on campus, that is, six hours of credit, or students may be required to spend several days on campus several times during the program.Number 2. Distance education courses generally have time limits. Courses and programs must be completed within a certain time limit. Assignments must be submitted on time.Number 3. Admissions requirements are the same as those of an on-campus education.Number 4. Distance education can save students money in terms of not having to travel to campus for classes, and the like, but the academic fees about the same as for traditional education. Fulfilling the residency requirements may be quite costly in terms of travel and lodging for students who live far from the campus.Number 5. Online study requires students to have access to a computer that meets minimum requirements such as the latest version of Windows, a microphone, sound card and speakers, adequate hard drive and RAM, a modern, browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape), and Internet connection. Connection speed is very important and many schools recommend having high-speed Internet access like a cable modern or DSL.And finally Number 6. Distance learning requires that students be disciplined and independent learners. Distance education is not easier than traditional education. Not everyone is temperamentally suited for distance education. The dropout rate from distance education courses and programs is higher than for traditional courses and programs.Before I close today, let me just say that many people are still suspicious of distance education believing that it cannot possibly be equivalent to a traditional classroom education, although there are studies that indicate that distance education can be as effective as traditional education and some times even more effective. However, some suspicions are well founded. There are many unscrupulous and disreputable universities advertising on the Internet with very alluring Web sites. Therefore, it is important for everyone wishing to take a courseor pursue a degree to check out the credentials of the school they are considering very carefully.We have an expression: Let the buyer beware. That means that anyone who wishes to buy something should be very careful! And that includes online or distance eductation.。

新标准大学英语视听说教程2 听力原文Unit 1 College cultureInside viewConversation 1Janet ：So this is the Cherwell Boathouse –it’s lovely! And look at those people punting! It looksquite easy.Mark ：I’m not so sure about that! Janet, there’s something Kate and I wanted to discuss with you.Some people in college are organizing charity events this term. We’ve decided to get involved. Janet ：Raising money for charity? Right. In China, people raise money for charity but students don’t usually do that.Mark ：Students often do that here. Anyway, we’re thinking of doing sponsored punting. Janet ：Sponsored punting! What’s that?Kate ：Sponsoring is when people pay you to do something –like run a long distance. So peoplewould be sponsoring students to punt.Janet ：What a great idea! I’d love to join you!Mark ：That’s why we’re telling you about it. So that’s decided then. Let’s make a list of things we need to do.Kate ：I’ll do that. One of the first things we should do is choose the charity.Mark ：Yes. And choose a day for the event. And we need to design the sponsorship form. I’ve gotone here.Kate ：That looks fine, but we must change the wording. Who wants to do that?Mark ：I’ll do that. What have we got so far?Kate ：Choose a charity. Also a day for the event. Change the wording on the sponsorship form …Um …We have to decide where the punt will start from.Mark ：Cherwell Boathouse, no question! It's a very beautiful route from here, apparently. Kate ：I’m with you on that.Janet ：Me too …Conversation2Janet ：I’m not used to boats –Woah!Mark ：Whoops!Kate ：Watch out! You nearly hit me with that thing!Mark ：Sorry! I didn’t mean to. …OK, we’re off!Kate ：Maybe I should do the punting.Mark ：It’s fine. I’ve got the hang of it now –give me a chance.Kate ：Well, I’d like to have a go.Mark ：Supposing I do the first hour. Then you can take over for a while, if you want to. Kate ：Yes, great.Janet ：You’re really good at it, Mark! This is fantastic! It’s exactly how I imagined lifehere! Look over there –isn’t it lovely!Kate ：Yes, it is.…Janet ：Kate, everything’s organized, isn’t it, for collecting the sponsorship money?Kate ：Yes, I’ve arranged for people to get the money to me by next Friday –if they haven’t paidonline. I’ll count it all up.Janet ：Good. We’d better have a meeting soon after that, don’t you think? How much have we raised?Kate ：About 600.Janet：Fantastic! I’m so enjoying this!Mark ：Hey guys, I’ve got a suggestion –how about moving over to the bank and we can have ourpicnic! Hey, look, there’s Louise and Sophie!Mark ：Whoo …Girls：Mark!Janet ：Are you all right?Mark ：Er …Of course I’m all right. Kate, I think it’s your turn to punt!Outside viewV/O （画外音）Harvard University in Cambridge is one of the best universities in the world. We spoke to Alex Jude, the university’s Head of Communications. He explained that Harvard looks for the best and most talented students from around the world.AlexHarvard actually seeks students from around the world, the best students that we can find, to study chemistry, or study literature, or study government, or business. Our business school is particularly well-known around the world, as is the medical school and law school, so, um, and, and the Kennedy School of government, for the John F. Kennedy School of Government, so, er, we do seek very, very talented students and we have open doors for them.V/O （画外音）We asked five students at Harvard to tell us what kind of social life they have.AshleyUm, well relaxing is a little hard to do around here, but basically, I mean, I still, I, I live nearby anyway, so I see a lot of my friends, and …Um, there’s a good social life here if you look for it. I go to the gym, run. So that’s what I do.AdamIt is whatever you want it to be. It’s good. If you wanna go out party, do anything you can. If you wanna sit in your room and study all night like my friend over here, you can also do that. Brian Socially, like you said, it’s, it’s a lot of what you make it. Um, we don’t have fraternities here, and so, you know, that’s, it’s obviously not as social. There’s not as many parties as there would be on another campus. Um, but on a Friday or Saturday night, there, there, there will be a party. Usually we end up studying until about 10 o’clock. And then we, and then we’ll go out and have fun maybe, or just watch a movie with friends, or, you know, whatever is going on for the night. JodieNot everyone would agree with me, obviously, but it’s, I think it’s a fun place to be. Interviewer: Have you made a lot of friends?Jodie : Oh, definitely.Interview. ：Mm.Jodie: Many.Interviewer: What, what do you do with your friends?Jodie: Um, well, I like to go to concerts. I’m in three music groups, so I have lots of rehearsals during the week for that. Um, just do, you know, some fun things, on the weekend.V/O （画外音）We asked the Harvard students if they use the Internet.Ashley: Um, I, I use it a fairly good amount. Um, our library system is online, so I use that a lot. And a lot of my classes, you know, have to do research papers. You can find a lot of information on there, so.Interviewer: So how often do you use it, a week, a day?Ashley: Um, I use it probably on more of a weekly basis. Maybe three or four times a week. Brian: Oh yes, definitely. We live through the Internet actually. Well, I do a lot of research through the Internet, follow my stocks on the Internet. Um, well, even though e-mail is not officially Internet, we, that’s how we communicate a lot at college, so, through the e-mail. John: Um, I use the internet mostly for, er, I’d say, sort of leisure purposes. I mean, I play, um, I use it for a lot of, I don’t, we don’t have TV in my room, so I use it, uh, uh, go to the CNN website, keep up on current events, things like that. Uh, I also, uh, you know, there’s some little games to play over the Internet. Um, just um, I go to to see what’s happening, follow the Boston Red Sox, things like that. Um, I think a lot of courses use it to post things, but I, I don’t usually use it that much for research, or things. I tend to use the libraries for such things, so.Listening inPassage 1Voice-overHi, I’m Nick Carter, and this is SUR, your university radio station. This morning we went around campus to ask freshers –now half-way through their first year –the question, ―How are you finding uni?‖Here are some of the answers we got.Speaker 1It’s cool. It’s everything I hoped it would be. I’m very ambitious, I want to be a journalist and I want to get to the top of the profession. I’ve started writing for the university newspaper so I’ve got my foot on the ladder already.Speaker 2I’m working hard and the teaching is as good as I expected. And I’ve made some good friends. But I’m very homesick. I’m Nigerian and my family’s so far away. I went home at Christmas for a month –that really helped, but man, I miss my family so much.Speaker 3“How am I finding uni?‖It’s great. It’s not perfect, nothing is, but, like, I’ve got a brilliant social life, just brilliant, and I’ve made lots of friends. For the first few months I just didn’t do, really enough work. But I –I talked about it with my parents and I’m working harder now and getting good grades.Speaker 4Actually, I’ve been quite lonely to be honest. I’m a bit shy …everyone else seemed to find it so easy to make friends straight away. But things have been better recently –yeah, they have. I’ve joined a couple of clubs and like, it really helps to get to know people when you have shared interests. So, yeah –I’m feeling a lot happier now.Speaker 5Uni’s great, I love it. My only problem –and it’s quite a big problem –is money. My parents are both unemployed so, you know, they can’t help me financially. My grant just isn’t –it’s just not enough for me to live on, so I’ve taken a part-time job as a waitress –a lot of people I know, like a lot, have had to do the same. I don’t want to have huge debts at the end. Speaker 6I love my subject, History, and I’m, I’m getting fantastic teaching here. I want to be a university lecturer and that means I have to get a first. I have a good social life but work definitely comes first for me.Passage 2Oxford and Cambridge –two universities so similar that they are often spoken of together as “Oxbridge‖. They’re both in the UK, fairly near London, and both regularly come top in any ranking of the world’s best universities.The two universities began within a century of each other. Oxford University, now 900 years old, was founded towards the end of the 11th century. In 1209 there was a dispute between the university and the townspeople of Oxford. As a result, some of the Oxford teachers left and founded a university in the town of Cambridge, some 84 miles away. Ever since then, the two institutions have been very competitive.Unlike most modern universities, both Oxford and Cambridge consist of a large number of colleges. Oxford has 39 and Cambridge 31. Many of these colleges have old and very beautiful architecture, and large numbers of tourists visit them.In all UK universities, you need good grades in the national exams taken at 18. But to get into Oxford and Cambridge, it’s not enough to get A grades in your exams. You also have to go for a long interview. In these interviews, students need to show that they are creative and capable of original thinking.Through the centuries, both universities have made huge contributions to British cultural life. They have produced great writers, world leaders and politicians. Cambridge, in particular, has produced scientists whose discoveries and inventions have changed our lives.Among the great university institutions is the world’s most famous debating society, the Oxford Union, where undergraduates get a chance to practise speaking in public. Cambridge’s comedy clubFootlights has produced many first-class comedians, while some of the UK’s most famous actors and actresses began their careers at The Oxford University Dramatic Society, known as OUDS. Then there’s the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which takes place every year in March or April, and is watched on television all over the UK.So with all this excellence in so many fields, it’s not surprising that the ambition of clever students all over the world is to attend either one of these great universities.Unit 2 Mixed feelingsInside viewConversation 1Kate ：Come in. Hey, Janet.Janet ：Hi Kate, are you busy?Kate ：Yes, I’m just doing an essay. But it’s great to see you. So what’s new?Janet ：Well, nothing much.Kate ：You look a bit fed up. What’s bugging you?Janet ：Well, I had a phone call from my parents and it made me feel homesick. It happens every time they call, and it gets me down.Kate ：I’m sorry to hear that. I know how you feel. I love speaking to my mum and dad, but I always feel miserable after the call.Janet ：My dad doesn’t say much, and I want to speak to him, but I wish I knew what to say. Kate ：Don’t let it get to you. My dad doesn’t say much on the phone either. I call, he answers the phone, and says, ―Hi, I’ll pass you to your mother.‖It’s really irritating.Janet ：But I miss him and my mother a lot, and I like to hear his voice.Kate ：Just tell him what you’re up to.Janet ：Sometimes I feel as if I made a mistake leaving home and coming to Oxford. Sometimes I feel like a moody teenager.Kate ：Try not to worry about it, Janet. It’s normal to feel like that. I understand how you feel, butI bet everything will be fine next term. You’ll get used to it. Hey, why don’t you do what I do? Janet ：What’s that?Kate ：When my dad calls, I ask him for more money! He usually says no, but at least I getto hear his voice!Janet ：Maybe. I’m sorry to take up your time, Kate, but I must go now. Bye!Kate ：Wait a minute …!Conversation 2Kate ：I think I may have upset Janet last night.Mark : What happened?Kate ：She came to see me. I was busy doing an essay but I was really pleased to see her. She’d had a call from home, and said she was feeling homesick.Mark : Poor kid! It must be tough on you guys, living so far away from home.Kate ：I tried to make her laugh, told her not to worry about it, and that it was normal to feel miserable. Suddenly she looked miserable, and then she got up and said, ―I must go now‖and left my room. It was really sudden. I felt as if I’d said something wrong.Mark ：Maybe she was just being polite. It was probably because she realized you were workingand didn’t want to disturb you.Kate ：I just wonder if she found it difficult to talk about her feelings with me. Maybe I shouldn’thave tried to make her laugh? Perhaps she thought I wasn’t taking her seriously.Mark ：I wouldn’t worry about it. Put yourself in her shoes. How would you feel if you were a student at college in China?Kate ：I know. That’s why I feel bad. If only she had stayed longer! I wish I could have helped her more.Janet ：Hey, everyone!Mark ：Hi Janet, you look cheerful!Janet ：Yes, I’ve just got my essay back. I got an alpha minus!Kate ：What an amazing grade! Well done.Mark ：I’m really happy for you, Janet.Janet ：I feel on top of the world!Outside viewSebastienHi. I’m Sebastien. I’m from Germany. Um, the idea of IQ of a measure of your brain power has been around for a while, but recently there’s been this new idea of the EQ –your emotional quotient. And by now, it’s actually almost being regarded as more important. If you look at it, businesses will ...Well, they will prefer employing people with great EQ. Well, of course, IQ cannot be disregarded, but um, EQ does have its importance as well. Uh, I believe that, um, (I)mean, people, most people will have, um, their basic means of communicating with other people. Most people are somewhat socially adept, and just like most people have, you know, a basic general knowledge. But then, what I think really is the difference betweenIQ and EQ, I mean, you can have a ―brainiac‖, and they will be great at most things they do, but if you just can’t get along with him, if you just can’t communicate with him, I mean, you know, he’s not really that useful.KimHi. This is Kim. I’m originally from Korea, and I was raised in California. And today, we are going to talk about the differences between IQ and EQ –IQ meaning your intelligence, EQ meaning your emotions. Now, in ...When I was, when I was a little, little boy in Korea, I had to take (I)think I’d taken like two or three IQ tests before the age of ten, which is when I moved to California. So, I guess we stress a lot of importance on intelligence, on having great IQ scores. But after I moved to the States, I learnt how to associate with people, and along the lines that this word EQ came up, you know, emotional, caring about …It’s basically how you deal with people, how you make people feel, and how people make you feel. I think they’re equally as, as important, but it seems that in the Eastern world they kind of stress on that a lot more back in the days. But I think again, you know, now that with Internet and people are communicating so much faster, there’s a better mixture of the two I think. There’s a stress on EQ in Korea as well, and a stress on IQ in the States. Thank you.TedHello. My name is Ted, and I’m from the United States of America. Today, I’m going to talk a little bit about IQ or EQ –which is most important, or which is more important. Now, for a long time when I was growing up, people said, ―IQ. What’s your IQ? Take an IQ test.‖But then EQ, your emotions, how you interact with people, that became very important. And I think they’re …that people might be onto something with that, because your EQ –how you deal with people, how you interact with people –is important. Now, a big part of this, in my opinion, is listening. I know I’m talking a lot right now, but if you want to get along well with people, you have to listen to them, so just take a minute, maybe shut your mouth for a minute, and listen to others, and then you can understand and communicate with them in a better way. So, part of EQ, I think, is listening –listening to others –and it can be more important than IQ.Listening inPassage 1Presenter: We’re fortunate to have as our guest today Dr Jenna Hudson, who has just written a book about how colours affect us in our surroundings, especially in the world of advertising. It’s called Market Colours. Dr Hudson, which are the most common colours in advertising andmarketing?Dr Hudson :Well, of course, it depends what image the marketing team wish to project with their products. So for example, we often think of blue as a cold colour, but it also makes you feel peaceful, quiet, and it doesn’t suggest strong emotions. So it’s a favourite for banks and insurance companies, who wish to suggest the image that they are trustworthy. And for selling products, it’s often used to suggest something is pure and fresh.Presenter: What about red?Dr Hudson: You can sell almost anything with red. It’s a hot colour, which suggests a feeling of energy and even passion. It grabs your attention, and can make people buy almost anything. You often see red on magazine covers. But if you use it too much, it looks cheap and may make people tired. And orange has a similar effect to red, it’s upbeat and happy, it suggests pleasant feelings and images. Most people react well to orange, and it’s especially popular in advertising and on packaging for baked food.Presenter: What about yellow, for instance?Dr Hudson: Yellow is the colour of sunshine and it’s a positive, happy colour, so it’s used a lot in advertising. But it’s also often used for warning signs, direction signs, and so on, where you have to read the message quickly and at a distance.Presenter: What about less popular colours for advertising?Dr Hudson: Surprisingly, green isn’t used much in advertising except for garden products. It’s friendly and restful. It can be cool and soothing, the colour of apples and mint, but it can also be quite strong and many people associate it with unpleasant ideas of decay or slimy creatures. But most colours are not primary colours, they’re a combination. Absolutely. So yellow-orange is common, and often used to give animpression of style and class, it looks like gold. But it’s not often used in letters because it’s not very strong. And yellow-green reminds people of feeling sick. Blue-green works well as a cool colour, suggesting freshness, and is sometimes used for toothpaste products, bathroom products, food and household cleaning products. It has many of the advantages of blue without the disadvantages of green.Presenter: Fascinating！Thank you very much, Dr Hudson. Market Colours by Dr Jenna Hudson is on sale from next week, priced ￡15.99 …Passage 2Presenter ：What makes you embarrassed, Sally?Sally ：Oh, I’m easily embarrassed. If anybody notices me or looks at me, I get very embarrassed. When people sing me Happy Birthday on my birthday, I get very embarrassed.Presenter ：And what makes you upset?Sally ：When people are selfish, people who think only of themselves. And cruelty –I can’t bear people who are cruel, especially to animals or children.Presenter ：Jake, what makes you depressed?Jake ：I hate it when it rains, and I don’t like people who look down on me, who think they’re superior to me without any reason.Presenter ：And what makes you angry?Jake ：When people don’t behave properly in public, bad behaviour like dropping litter or people pushing each other on the bus or the train.Presenter ：Andrew, what makes you cheerful?Andrew ：I like to see everyone around me being happy and having a positive attitude towardsthefuture, optimistic people.Presenter ：And what makes you jealous?Andrew ：Well, to be honest, I just never feel jealous. I can’t see the point of it.Presenter ：Monica, what makes you proud?Monica ：I’m proud when I’m successful, especially in my work. Being recognized by my boss for what I can do makes me feel really proud. Oh, and my family. I’m very proud of them. Presenter ：And what makes you nervous?Monica ：Every time I teach a new class. The night before I’m very nervous. You don’t know what the kids are going to be like and how they might behave, or if they’re going to like you. Presenter ：Anything else?Monica ：Doing interviews like this.Unit 3 Crime watchInside viewConversation 1Kate ：So, what did you think of the movie?Mark ：It was good but I thought it was too long.Kate ：Yes, me too.Kate ：Hey, where’s my bike? I don’t believe it! It’s gone!Mark ：It was next to mine, you chained it up!Kate ：Someone’s stolen it! Oh, how could they!Mark: Oh, Kate!Kate ：How could someone have done this! The creep!Mark ：It’s a really mean thing to do, steal a bike.Kate ：It was a mountain bike and it cost a fortune –I don’t have the money to buy another one. Mark ：Listen, I’ll go down the street and see if I can see anyone with it. Why don’t you go intothat shop and see if they’ve seen anything suspicious? I’ll be back in a minute.Kate ：OK.…Kate ：Well?Mark ：No luck. What did they say in the shop?Kate ：I asked the shopkeeper if she’d seen anything –Mark ：And?Kate ：She said she hadn’t. I guess it was a long shot. She advised me to report it to the police. But according to her, bikes get stolen all the time around here.Mark ：Listen, let’s get back so you can report it.Kate ：I’ve got no bike. I’m just so upset!Mark ：It’s not far to college. Come on!Conversation 2Mark ：So did you ring the police?Kate ：Yes. I went to the police station to report it.Mark ：What did they say?Kate ：No one’s found it. This woman said that Oxford has the fifth highest rate of bike theftin the country!Mark ：You’re joking!Kate ：That’s what she said.Mark ：What else did she say?Kate ：She told me that sometimes you do get bikes back –the thieves use them and then abandonthem, apparently, and then people find them and report them.Mark ：So you might get it back.Kate ：I hope so, Mark, I really do. It’s just too much you know? But …um …what else? She told me to go to this sale they have of abandoned bikes. She thinks I might find it there. But it’s only every two months, I can’t wait till then! Honestly, Mark, I’m really furious! Mark ：You can always buy a cheap bike on eBay.Kate ：Hello …Speaking …You found it! Where was it? Is it …? Oh, that’s fantastic news! There was a lamp and a basket on it …Right …OK, thank you, I’ll be in tomorrow morning to pick it up. Unbelievable! This guy found it!Mark ：Brilliant! Was that the police?Kate ：Yes. What they said was, someone dumped it outside this guy’s backyard.Mark ：That’s so strange!Kate ：The lamp’s been stolen and the basket.Mark ：Forget about it! You’re lucky to get it back!Outside viewPart 1Presenter: Dodgy deals aren’t the only problems associated with doorstep sellers. Your doorstep presents these unannounced visitors with a real opportunity to undertake distraction burglary where they often pose as bogus officials to gain access to your home.I’m joined now by Ian Holt, from Thames Valley Police. Ian, just outline for me what does distraction burglary actually entail?Ian Holt: Well basically what happens is, somebody uses a story to get inside somebody’s house and then they steal items, usually cash or small items of jewellery.Presenter: And what are the different techniques that are commonly used?Ian Holt: Well basically the er …the people that commit this crime move from area to area, er …they will look at an area, they will try and pick a particular target and they can find that by looking at property, it may beer, an uncut garden, it may be repairs that need doing to the property. Something that indicates that there’s, there’s a vulnerable person in there. It …usually, it’s an elderly person that lives there.Presenter: Is this quite a common problem now?Ian Holt: It is becoming more common. To get it in perspective, of the 14,000 burglaries that were in Thames Valley last year, we had reported 800 crimes of distraction burglary. But, it …there’s a slight increase this year over last year’s figures.Presenter: OK, you mentioned some of the victims being elderly. What other people are targeted? Ian Holt: Well, unfortunately, with this type of offence, it is the vulnerable in society and the elderly. The, the national average, if there’s such a thing as a, a victim for this type of crime, is a white female aged 81 years.Part 2Presenter: And what about things that people can do to prevent it happening, basically?Ian Holt: Well the things they can do are very, very simple. The difficulty comes, is that some of these people, er …it’s very difficult for them to remember what to do. But the three things we, we always say is: stop, chain and check. And that’s stop before you open the door to make sure who’s on the other side. Always apply a chain. If you haven’t got a chain, fit a chain to the door, or a door bar if you’ve got difficulty in handling a chain with arthritic fingers.But also when you answer the door, check the identity of the person there. Generally the offenders say they are from the Water Board or from utilities. They may say they’re from a charity or even from local authority. But generally, a utility will be in uniform.Ask for their identification. A genuine person will not mind you doing that and will wait until you can check them out. If you do need to check them, phone the number on, on your last bill. What won’t happen is that if it is a bogus caller, they will become unnerved by this reaction and they will leave.Presenter: OK and there’s also a couple of gadgets new on the market that also can help as well. Just talk us through that.Ian Holt:Certainly, yes. The …a spy er …viewer is fairly standard. But for elderly who may have poor eyesight there’s a spyscope which actually makes it a lot easier for them to see who’s outside. As I mentioned before about the door bar, again, it can be easier to apply than the chain. Very reasonable priced er, and something that is fairly new …as I mentioned before it’s very difficult for some of these people to remember what they have to do when they go to the door and that’s why they become victims. And this item is called a Memo Minder and actually you can record a message on there and it’s nice to have a grand-daughter or somebody to record a message, but every time the person approaches the door it reminds them with a voice to say ―Put your chain on.‖Listening inPassage 1Patrick ：I read a funny story today in the paper –true story.Steve ：Go on, then.Patrick ：OK. This 72-year old guy stole a pair of trousers from a department store in Paris. A security man saw him and alerted the police and they were waiting for him when hecame out of the shop. The shoplifter started running, but the policeman soon caughtup with him. The man then bit the policeman on his arm several times.Steve ：He bit the policeman?Patrick ：Yes –you have to remember, he was 72.Steve ：I’d forgotten that.Patrick ：Problem was, it didn’t hurt the policeman at all, ’cause the guy had forgotten to put hisfalse teeth in before he left home.Steve ：Very funny!Patrick ：And the moral of the story is –Steve ：Always remember to wear your false teeth if you’re going to bite someone.Patrick ：That’s good. I read a funny crime story the other day. Let’s see …yeah …this guy …this guy robbed a supermarket somewhere in America –I can’t remember where exactly –anyway, he got away with about 4,000 dollars. The next week the local newspaper。

Unit 3-Conversation 1Kate: Are you on your way to the boathouse?Janet: No. What's happening?Kate: There's a practice race to help choose who will row on the college team. Mark really wants a place on the team, so he has to row well today. And I'm going to watch. Janet: Well, I'd like to, but I have an essay to finish. Kate: That's too bad! I know how you feel.Janet: Maybe I can come later?Kate: Sure. I'm thinking of having lunch in the boathouse bar, and then watching the rowing all afternoon.Janet: How do I get to the boathouse?Kate: It's easy. Can you see where we are on the map? Here, look!Janet: OK, which way round are we standing? ... Yes, got it! Kate: OK, go down Catte Street, and turn right into the High Street. Go along the High Street and turn left into St Aldates. Walk along St Aldates, past Christ Church College until you get to Folly Bridge.Janet: I see.Kate: Then when you get to the bridge, cross over the river ... turn left and walk along the river bank. Keep going along the river ... And you're there! The boathouses are on the right, and the Hertford College Boathouse is the last one along. You can't miss it.Janet: Thanks. I'm looking forward to seeing the rowing. Kate: No problem. We shouldn't miss the rowing —it's a great university tradition!Janet: I know, Mark was telling me.Kate: Like the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities every year.Janet: Of course! The great rivals!Kate: The Boat Race has been going for years, maybe nearly 200 years.Janet: And Oxford won it this year!Kate: Yes, but Cambridge was very close behind. Anyway see you later, down by the river.Janet: Bye.Unit 3-Conversation 2Kate: So the rules are ... the boats follow each other and the one behind has to bump the one in front ... just like that one has done.Janet: Is that Mark's boat?Kate: Yes! Look, his boat is about to bump the one in front! Well done!Mark: Hi you guys!Kate: Fantastic, Mark. You were amazing!Mark: Well,we won the practice race, but I'm worried about getting a place on the team.The problem is that there are at least three other people on the team who have rowed before.And I can't help thinking that they were better than me.Janet: Don't worry, Mark. Everything will be OK. Mark: And then I hurt my knee getting into the boat. Janet: Oh, I'm so sorry!Kate: Too bad, but it's only a scratch. Listen up, Janet is right. No need to get nervous, Mark. You were the strongest looking guy in the boat today. Chill out!Mark: Hey, they're putting the team list on the door. Janet: Let's go over and see.Mark: No, you go! I can't bear to look!Kate: OK.Kate: Hey, Mark, great news! You got a place on the college team!Janet: Congratulations!Kate: That's great, Mark, you deserve it. You trained so hard. Mark: I can't believe it!Unit 3-Outside viewPart 1Narrator: A historic moment, and yet he made it so easy.Usain Bolt became the first man to successfullydefend both the 100- and 200-meter Olympic sprinttitles, and he went on to anchor Jamaica’s winningrun in the four by 100 hundred meters relay inworld record time. At the end of that race, Bolt gavea nod to another track star with a “Mobot” gesture,signature of Mo Farah, who became only theseventh person ever to win the 5000 and 10000double, in front of an ecstatic home crowd.Mo Farah: I t’s not going to affect me, I’m the same to old Mo, nothing’s going to change. It just means you’vegot two good medals and…but something you’veworked so hard for, I’m ju st going to enjoy it. Narrator:Also a legend in the making, Kenyan David Rudisha, who smashed the 800 meters record whichhad stood since 1976.Swimmer Michael Phelps broke anotherlong-standing record. He became the world’s mostsuccessful Olympian with 22 medals, 18 of themgold, breaking the record set in 1968. His lastpodium before retiring was an emotional moment. Phelps: Yeah, as soon as I stepped up, ah, onto the podium, I…I could feel the tears starts coming. And, youknow, I said to Natha n, I said, “Uh-oh, here theycome. This could be…this could be pretty brutal uphere.” And they just started coming. And I tried tofight it but then I just…I just decided just to let itgo.Part 2Narrator:Tears too for cyclist Chris Hoy, who became Bri tain’s most successful Olympian, with six golds.And then there were also moment of anguish andfrustration. China’s star hurdler Liu Xiang crash outof his second consecutive Olympics, and Brazil’sfootballers once again failed to lift gold.These games were also marked by women.Teenagers Ye Shiwen, Katie Ledecky and MissyFranklin set record times in the pool. Saudi Arabia,Brunei and Qatar sent female athletes foe the firsttime. Women’s boxing became an Olympic sport.And British poster girl Jessica Ennis gave the homenation a defining moment when she took heptathlongold. She was at the forefront of the team GB’sbiggest medals haul of modern times, coming thirdin the medal table. The United States regained theirplace at the top, with China coming second. Forsome though, it wasn’t about the medals. But it’sthe taking part that counts.Unit 3-Listening inNews reportThere’s a new fitness trend in Australia called “crunning”. It’s a new sport that combines crawling and running that involves using your hands and feet on the ground. The idea was started by Melbourne resident Shaun McCarthy, and he hopes it will spread to other countries.McCarthy can’t prove that crunning is more beneficial than traditional running. However, he believes that it is a better way to exercise because it involves using your upper body as well as your lower body. Therefore it provides a complete body workout. He also said that crunning burns more calories than running.Experts aren’t sure if crunning is actually a s afe exercise for people. Unlike animals, humans are not built to move on all four limbs. People’s wrists are not as strong as their ankles, and crunning can place a large amount of pressure on the wrists as well as their elbows and shoulders. It could result in an injury to the lower back, shoulders, elbows or wrists.1 What do we learn about the new sport?2 What do experts think about the new sport?Passage 1Speaker 1And David Seaman is in goal for the England team down to our right... it's difficult to get used to the change of team colours here ... I'm looking at the white shorts and thinking they're English players, but they're not. For this match it's the Germans who are wearing white. I hope the English players don't have the same problem, we don't want them to pass the ball to the Germans. Now Gascoigne for England passes to McManaman for the first time ... McManaman is immediately surrounded by three German defenders ... he brings the ball to the near side of the pitch ... still McManaman for England, crosses the ball to Pearce ... Pearce takes a shot! ... saved by the German Ziegler, and picked up by Ince only 25 yards away from the German goal... good effort by Ince, aims at the goal! ... and Kopke, the German goalkeeper pushes the ball over the top of the goal. So a comer kick for England. Speaker2 A great shot by Ince, I'm sure he knows that Pearce set that up for him, but Kopke put the shot out of danger.Speaker 1 He does like to punch the ball, that Kopke in the German goal... England's first corner of this semi-final... Gascoigne will take it... Here comes the comer kick from Gascoigne ... and Shearer's there and Alan Shearer scores for England ... England have scored after only two minutes' play ... with a comer kick by Gascoigne ... aimed at the near post, and Alan Shearer heads the ball into the German goal ,.. It's an absolute dream start for the semi-final ... Shearer has got his fifth goal of the tournament... Would you believe it? It's England one, Germany nil!Passage 2Matt Now it's time for Critic's Choice,with news and reviews about the latest films. Good evening, Jack, seen anything good at the cinema this week?Jack Good evening Matt, yes, I've seen one of the best sports films of recent years.Matt Sports films? That's not usually a type of film which appeals to you.Jack You're right, but this time it's different. I've been to see a film about mountain climbing, it's not really your typical sports film. It's more man against the mountain.Matt Tell us more.Jack I've been to see Touching the Void, which is the story of a pair of mountain climbers in the Peruvian Andes.Matt Is it a true story?Jack Yes, it is. In 1985, Joe Simpson and Simon Yates set out to climb the 7,000-metre Siula Grande mountain in the Peruvian Andes. Simpson and Yates were young, fit and confident they would succeed.Matt So what happens?Jack Simpson and Yates' style of climbing involved moving quickly up a mountain with very few supplies and no base camps, which is risky. You can't make any mistakes. Matt I think I can guess what happens next.Jack And sure enough after climbing well for three and a half days, disaster strikes. Simpson falls and breaks his right leg. With no food or water, the climbers know they have to get off the mountain - fast. Yates is determined to find a way to get his friend home, and he has to lower Simpson down the mountain. Simpson is in agony, but Yates has no choice except to ignore his partner's cries of pain because otherwise he'll die.Well, for a while, things go well. But suddenly Simpson, at the end of the rope, fails to respond to Yates' signal. Yates is unable to move any further and has no idea why Simpson is not responding. So Yates holds on with all of his strength, all too aware that eventually his strength would give out and both would fall.But what Yates doesn't know is that he has lowered Simpson over the edge of a crevasse. Simpson is hanging in mid-air from the vertical face of the mountain. He's unable toclimb back up the rope and he's got frostbitten fingers and can't communicate with Yates above him.Matt So what happens?Jack Well, I don't want to spoil the ending for anyone who hasn't seen it yet.Matt But...Jack But Yates hangs onto the rope for an hour, getting weaker. For any climber, cutting the rope that binds him to his partner is unthinkable.Matt Sounds very exciting. So what about the direction and the filming?Jack The director is Kevin Macdonald, and he tells the story by cutting from interviews to shots of the climb itself. But it's the message of the film which interests me. You see, in the end, the impression left by the film is astonishment that a human being could do what Joe did, which is to survive. Matt Thanks Jack, this week's Critic's Choice is Touching the Void, on general release in all cinemas from next Week.。

performance. Darling, you were to die for! Unit 5-Conversation 1Mark: OK, OK, don't exaggerate. I wasn't that good!Anyway, I've got some great news! Have you got your tickets for the play? Mark:Janet Kate: What play? : Tell us!Mark: We've started talking about next term's OUDS play. Mark: The play which OUDS are producing. You know, theplay I'm in at the Oxford Playhouse. Kate: What's it going to be?Mark: Kate: Oh, that play! Well, er ... Hamlet, by William Shakespeare!Janet: Great! And who's going to play Hamlet? Mark: What about you, Janet?Kate: What's the play called? Don't tell me, let me guess! Janet:MarkBeckett. Mark: Waiting for Godot, by Samuel You are : To be or not to be, that is the question! Janet: coming, aren't you? I don't believe it. You're going to play Hamlet?Kate: Come on, Beckett? Kate: let's celebrate ... from Beckett toShakespeare. Today Oxford, tomorrow, Hollywood!Janet: Why not?Well, um, I'm sure you'll be totally brilliant, Mark ... : Katebut I wish I could understand the play. It doesn't make sense. Unit 5-Outside viewa Kate. Beckett's If Mark: only you were more patient,fascinating writer. You'll come though, won't you, Janet? You Part 1Viewer 1ought during So, what do you guys want to watch? this to see something like at least once reallyVieweryour stay in Oxford. 2 Uh, I don't know. What's on?Viewer : Janet Well, I'm not sure. 3 How about a documentary on the HistoryChannel? I like watching history programmes.Mark: Oh, come on! Please!Viewer 2 I don't really like watching the History Channel. the if But Kate doesn't understand play, there's no Janet:Viewer 1 way I'll be able to follow it. How about a baseball game? From 1973 ?Viewer 3 Kate: Do you want to go? No thanks! How about a cooking show?Viewer 1 Well, I love going to the theatre, and I'd really like to Yeah, I love watching cooking shows. : JanetViewer 2 see Mark acting. And actually, yes, I think I should see a play What? Viewer 1 by Samuel Beckett. I do!Viewerrk: Ma Good! So 2 Uh, I don't like cooking shows. Uh, let's watch wish you're coming, Janet. I you'd come,some music videos.too, Kate. It's a really good performance.Viewer 1 Well, OK, but I'm only doing it because you're in it. : Kate This is awful!Viewer 3 When is it on? Can you see what's on another channel?Viewer 1Next Tuesday to Saturday. : Mark Yeah, sure. What channel?Viewer 3 Uh, anything but this.Janet: How about going Friday night?V oice-over These television viewers are trying to decide on That's great. But you'd better get your tickets soon, : Marka programme to watch, by clicking because we're expecting a full house.on channels, and seeingwhat's on. This practice is known as channel surfing. In the Unit 5-Conversation 2 past, it was not difficult to decide what to watch on TV. ThereKate: Well, what did you think? were only three channels to choose from. Cable television has Janet: It was ... very interesting. changed all that. There are so many channels, and so many Kate: Ididn't have a clue what was going on. Absolutely different kinds of programmes to watch, many viewers find itnothing happened! I don't know why I bothered coming to see when they are to decide what to watch, even difficultitdoesn't themselves. This business traveller like watching byJanet: I thought Mark was brilliant. anything. Many people like a particular type of programme. Kate: Yes, I did too, of course ... Speaker 1 TV programmes I like watching are cooking Janet: shows, um, comedy shows. But I wish I had read the play before I saw it. If onlyI had known the story, it might have been easier to follow it. watch I usually dramas, murder mystery Speaker 2How long do you think Mark will be? programmes, quizzes, comedies.Janet: I guess he needs Speaker 3 I like watching talk shows. to get changed first. He said he'd join us as soon as possible. Speaker 4I guess of all my favourite TV shows I'd likeKate: Here he is. Hi Mark! news programmes.Mark: Hi, what did you think? How was I? I like to watch soap operas and news. Speaker 5 Janet: I like to watch comedy shows. Speaker 6 It was ... very challenging.Kate: lot a I drama, good I Well, 7 Speaker like like It was so-so. of theJanetcop shows, um ... I like a lot of the science fiction shows : But you were brilliant! Well done. Kateand good history. : You were awesome, Mark. Everyone adored your1Speaker 8 TV programmes I like to watch are likesports, automotive. Discovery, that type of thing. In some of cafes, customers pay an hourly rate to play tabletop games; in others a flat fee allows them to play for anunlimited time. On top of the fee, the cafes also require Part 2V oice-over Cartoons have always been popular. customers to purchase food and drinks.This brother and sister are watching their favourite DVD.Mum Turn that down! Most cafes offer hundreds of games, varying from classicslike “Monopoly”and “Battleship”to European strategy OK, Mum. BoyV oice-over He, he turns it down. Now the volume is too games like “Settlers of Catan”and “Agricola”. They alsolow. For couples, deciding what to watch can require some have staff members to teach customers the rules of the gamevery careful negotiation. if necessary. This means that players are more comfortableWoman Oh, look! Pretty Woman is on! I love watching exploring games that they haven't playedbefore.that movie.Joe Pretty Woman! Oh, no, not Pretty Woman! People enjoy going to these cafes because they can try out theWoman Joe, you know it's my favourite movie. It's on in games. It is cheaper than buying the games and then decidingfive minutes. I'll be right back. I'm just going to get some they don't like them. Also, it's like having a party with yourcoffee. friends—but not at your own house!Joe I don't like watching that kind of movie. Plus Idon't like Julia Roberts. Actually, I really hate that movie. 1.What do we learn about board game cafes from the newsV oice-over Joe realizes that there's a basketball game on report?tomorrow night. He wants to ask his friends over to watch it. 2.Why do people enjoy going to board game cafes?know I with me. so sweet to watch this Woman You'reyou probably don't want to see it again. Passage 1 Joe Oh, sure. I don't mind. There's nothing else onAnnouncer1：Thanks for the news update. And it's Thursdayanyway. Not tonight, evening, time to start planning the weekend,Viewer 1 Hey, look. Swordfish is on. John Travolta andand time to hear from Jenny with our weeklyHalle Berry? update, What's On in Town. Viewer 2 No, I've already seen that twice. Announcer2：Thanks, Mark.Viewer 3 I hate that movie.Announcer1：What's it going to be Jenny? A weekend in frontViewer 1 OK. How about The Matrix?of the television, or out on the town?Viewer 3 That's OK. But I've seen it too many times.Announcer2：Definitely out on the town, Mark. It's aViewer 2 Yeah, me too. But I love that movie. fun-filled weekend, with something forViewer 3 You guys, there's nothing on. everyone. For anyone who likes classicalViewer 2 Yeah, you're right. music, there's Beethoven's Ninth Symphony inViewer 1 Hey, how about we go out and get some pizza?the Westgate Concert Hall on Friday evening.Viewer 3 That's a good idea. Turn that off. Announcer1：That's the one with that catchy tuneMum I told you to turn it down. Now I'm going to turnAnnouncer2：I don't think the Southbank Choir will let youit off. join in with a voice like that! Tickets are￡10,Woman Oh, it's over. I just love that movie! Thanks forwith concessions for students and seniorputting up with it again. I know it's not your favourite. citizens, and it starts at 8 pm.Joe That's OK. But tomorrow's my turn. I'm askingAnnouncer1：OK, and what's on at the cinema? the guys over to watch the basketball game. Announcer2：I've got a couple of suggestions. For those ofWoman Oh, that's fine. I won't be here anyway remember?you who like Chinese movies, there's aI' m going to visit my sister? retrospective on Zhang Yimou's filmsJoe Oh, yeah. That's right. beginning with The House of the FlyingV oice-over The business traveller seems to have found whatDaggers at the Arthouse Cinema in Northhe was looking for, a programme that puts him to sleep. AndStreet. If you haven't seen, it's amazing. It's onthat's all for tonight, folks! Be sure to tune in tomorrow!at 7 pm on Saturday night. And other filmsshowing next week include Hero, and RaiseUnit 5-Listening inthe 12, with Lantern. Red Tickets are ￡theusual concessions. News Report Announcer1：How about a Hollywood blockbuster? A new craze is sweeping the city of Toronto, Canada. More Announcer2：Not sure Td call it a blockbuster, but the next and more board game cafes are opening in different part of Lord of the Rings is showing at Globe neighborhoods. Cinema. It's on Friday and Saturday at 7.30 pm,2tickets ￡8.very popular in the States?Speaker 1 We all like going to concerts, I think. Er, a lot series.the Rings, that's a great Announcer1：OK, Lord ofof people now are joining book clubs. Now, how about something more cultural?Interviewer Book clubs?Smiththe Announcer2：There's a fabulous exhibition atSpeaker 1The Museum called, “Art of Venice”, with a To be a member of a book club, do something ...Interviewercollection of paintings from all over the world. So just local groups ... with friends? Speaker 1It's open from 10 am to 6 pm on Saturday and Yes, local groups.Interviewer Sunday and entrance is free.And you discuss books?Speaker 1 Yes, you take a book each, each week or each musicabout the And Announcer1：OK, sounds good. whatmonth. You read it and then you go back and discuss it. That's scene?very popular now.Friday night is open mic night at the George Inn.Announcer2：InterviewerIt you want to hear some great music, it starts And how about weekend and holiday activities?Speaker 1 if But you want to Some people like hunting. I'm not one of those at 8.30 pm Friday night.at all. I don't like that. But that's very popular in, in the rural find out what it's like to perform in front of aareas. Then, of course there's camping and hiking, also. A lot live audience, book a slot with the organizersof and they 11 sing, play, dance, whatever ... Nice Americans volunteer for a wide range of causes —fromraising funds to helping people who friendly atmosphere, but make sure you've got are less fortunate, tutoring students, or a five or ten minute act before you offer to try leading Scout troops or doing youth sports, that sort of thing. ll need it out onstage. No entrance fee, but you'Interviewerto buy a round or two of drinks.Right, yeah.Anything else?：Announcer1Speaker 2Saturdayon at Yes, it's jazz the Jam Factory ：Announcer2Interviewer Trio Tell me about leisure activities and sports in Steve 10 night from pm, with the ReidRussia. What do you like doing?playing Afro- Cuban jazz. With tickets at ￡20 ISpeaker 2 be going to the Well, football is the favourite sport. But, er, we Factory guess the Jam is like also ice hockey in the winter. Winter sports.coolest place in town. So I advise you to bookInterviewer in advance.And what about indoor sports? Or indooractivities other than ...?Sounds like a great weekend, thanks Jenny.Announcer1：Speaker 2 We like very much playing chess. And we arevery good at playing chess. Also, television is very commonand, in the cities - Moscow and St Petersburg –we like toclub, go dancing.Interviewer Oh, right. Yeah. OK. Yeah. And whatabout outdoor activities?Passage 2Speaker 2 Well, believe it or not, collecting mushrooms. Inthe autumn, we like it very much. And also the skiing. Again, 1Speaker the ice hockey in the winter. Very popular.States. leisure me Tell about activities the in Interviewer Interviewer And I believe cultural activities are very What kind of spectator and participation sports are there? important to you? What kind of things do you like doing? are Speaker 1 OK, most popular ones four well, the Speaker 2 In particular, the ballet. ice football basketball, baseball, American of and course, Interviewer Yeah. hockey.Speaker 2 And of course, the opera as well. Even the activities, indoor –em - what Yeah, Interviewer and about small towns have theatres and a cinema. We like the country rather than sports.The kind of things that you do inside?people, the rural people, they like to watch films. They call it arts. could could Well, 1Speaker you say, martial say a Palace of culture.thing. -that Do Kwon popular. That's very Tae sort of Interviewer Right. Yeah. Bowling. And movies. Speaker 2 Yes.Yeah.Interviewer Interviewer And what kind of weekend and holiday Speaker 1Watching television, of course. The averageactivities do you enjoy?American, I think, watches television about two and a half Speaker 2 Well, you find the rich Russians, they very hours a day.often have a dacha, which is a cottage. Interviewer And, apart from sports, what other outdoor Interviewer Right.activities are there?Speaker 2 In the country. of golf, Cycling, 1Speaker tennis, jogging and walking Interviewer Right.course and now, more and more people are playing soccer. You go there for a holiday and maybe for Speaker 2 Right. And what kind of cultural activities areInterviewer3the weekend.Interviewer Right. Thank you.Speaker 3Interviewer Tell me about leisure activities in Australia.What kind of sports do you enjoy?Speaker 3 Well, Australian rules football is our mainspectator sport. Of course, we also love our rugby and ourcricket. You know, our national teams are definitely nowamong the best in the world.Interviewer Yeah.Speaker 3 What else? We have association football. Andalso very popular now is horse racing.Interviewer Right. And what kind of indoor activities, otherthan sports, do you like doing?Speaker 3 We're very much an outdoor nation but whenwe're inside I think we like to watch TV and, you know, go tothe movies.Interviewer So, what kind of outdoor activities are there?Speaker 3 Well, for this we like our cycling. Somepeople play golf and some play tennis. And some play lawnbowls.Interviewer Right, yeah.Speaker 3 Of course, you know, most Australians do live near the coast and we love to do sailing and surfing; very, very keen on our swimming and I know a lot of people do fishing as well.Interviewer Right. And what about culture? Do you do any cultural activities?Speaker 3 Oh yes, no, no, Australia does have its culture. We've got our aboriginal music and our dancing and a lot of art. And of course, we've got our very, very famous Sydney Opera House - you know, best in the world.Interviewer Yes. And what about weekend and holiday activities? What do you like doing then?Speaker 3 I think people like to be very social. We do a lot of barbies - you know -barbecues in the back garden and some people like to go bushwalking as well.Interviewer Great. Thank you.Speaker 3You're welcome.4。

新标准大学英语视听说教程2 听力原文Unit 1 College cultureInside viewConversation 1Janet ：So this is the Cherwell Boathouse – it’s lovely! And look at those people punting! It looksquite easy.Mark ：I’m not so sure about that! Janet, there’s something Kate and I wanted to discuss with you.Some people in college are organizing charity events this term. We’ve decided to get involved.Janet ：Raising money for charity? Right. In China, people raise money for charity but studentsdon’t usually do that.Mark ：Students often do that here. Anyway, we’re thinking of doing sponsored punting. Janet ：Sponsored punting! What’s that?Kate ：Sponsoring is when people pay you to do something – like run a long distance. So peoplewould be sponsoring students to punt.Janet ：What a great idea! I’d love to join you!Mark ：That’s why we’re telling you about it. So that’s decided then. Let’s make a list of thingswe need to do.Kate ：I’ll do that. One of the first things we should do is choose the charity. Mark ：Yes. And choose a day for the event. And we need to design the sponsorship form. I’ve gotone here.Kate ：That looks fine, but we must change the wording. Who wants to do that? Mark ：I’ll do that. What have we got so far?Kate ：Choose a charity. Also a day for the event. Change the wording on the sponsorship form… Um … We have to decide where the punt will start from.Mark ：Cherwell Boathouse, no question! It's a very beautiful route from here, apparently. Kate ：I’m with you on that.Janet ：Me too …Conversation2Janet ：I’m not used to boats – Woah!Mark ：Whoops!Kate ：Watch out! You nearly hit me with that thing!Mark ：Sorry! I didn’t mean to. … OK, we’re off!Kate ：Maybe I should do the punting.Mark ：It’s fine. I’ve got the hang of it now – give me a chance.Kate ：Well, I’d like to have a go.Mark ：Supposing I do the first hour. Then you can take over for a while, if youwant to. Kate ：Yes, great.Janet ：You’re really good at it, Mark! This is fantastic! It’s exactly how I imagined lifehere! Look over there – isn’t it lovely!Kate ：Yes, it is.…Janet ：Kate, everything’s organized, isn’t it, for collecting the sponsorship money?Kate ：Yes, I’ve arranged for people to get the money to me by next Friday – if they haven’t paidonline. I’ll count it all up.Janet ：Good. We’d better have a meeting soon after that, don’t you think? How much have weraised?Kate ：About 600.Janet：Fantastic! I’m so enjoying this!Mark ：Hey guys, I’ve got a suggestion – how about moving over to the bank and we can have ourpicnic! Hey, look, there’s Louise and Sophie!Mark ：Whoo …Girls： Mark!Janet ：Are you all right?Mark ：Er … Of course I’m all right. Kate, I think it’s your turn to punt! Outside viewV/O （画外音）Harvard University in Cambridge is one of the best universities in the world. We spoke to Alex Jude, the university’s Head of Communications. He explained that Harvard looks for the best and most talented students from around the world. AlexHarvard actually seeks students from around the world, the best students that we can find, to study chemistry, or study literature, or study government, or business. Our business school is particularly well-known around the world, as is the medical school and law school, so, um, and, and the Kennedy School of government, for the John F. Kennedy School of Government, so, er, we do seek very, very talented students and we have open doors for them.V/O （画外音）We asked five students at Harvard to tell us what kind of social life they have. AshleyUm, well relaxing is a little hard to do around here, but basically, I mean, I still, I, I live nearby anyway, so I see a lot of my friends, and … Um, there’s a good social life here if you look for it. I go to the gym, run. So that’s what I do. AdamIt is whatever you want it to be. It’s good. If you wanna go out party, do anything you can. If you wanna sit in your room and study all night like my friend over here,you can also do that. BrianSocially, like you said, it’s, it’s a lot of what you make it. Um, we don’t have fraternities here, and so, you know, that’s, it’s obviously not as social. There’s not as many parties as there would be on another campus. Um, but on a Friday or Saturday night, there, there, there will be a party. Usually we end up studying until about 10 o’clock. And then we, and then we’ll go out and have fun maybe, or just watch a movie with friends, or, you know, whatever is going on for the night. Jodie Not everyone would agree with me, obviously, but it’s, I think it’s a fun place to be.Interviewer: Have you made a lot of friends?Jodie : Oh, definitely.Interview. ：Mm.Jodie: Many.Interviewer: What, what do you do with your friends?Jodie: Um, well, I like to go to concerts. I’m in three music groups, so I have lots of rehearsalsduring the week for that. Um, just do, you know, some fun things, on the weekend. V/O （画外音）We asked the Harvard students if they use the Internet.Ashley: Um, I, I use it a fairly good amount. Um, our library system is online, so I use that a lot.And a lot of my classes, you know, have to do research papers. You can find a lot of information on there, so.Interviewer: So how often do you use it, a week, a day?Ashley: Um, I use it probably on more of a weekly basis. Maybe three or four times a week.Brian: Oh yes, definitely. We live through the Internet actually. Well, I do a lot of researchthrough the Internet, follow my stocks on the Internet. Um, well, even though is not officially Internet, we, that’s how we communicate a lot at college, so, through the .John: Um, I use the internet mostly for, er, I’d say, sort of leisure purposes.I mean, I play, um, I use it for a lot of, I don’t, we don’t have TV in my room, so I use it, uh, uh, go to the CNN website, keep up on current events, things like that. Uh, I also, uh, you know, there’s some little games to play over the Internet. Um, just um, I go to espn. to see what’s happening, follow the Boston Red Sox, things like that. Um, I think a lot of courses use it to post things, but I, I don’t usually use it that much for research, or things. I tend to use the libraries for such things, so.Listening inPassage 1Voice-overHi, I’m Nick Carter, and this is SUR, your university radio station. This morning we went around campus to ask freshers – now half-way through their first year –the question, ―How are you finding uni?‖ Here are some of the answers we got. Speaker 1It’s cool. It’s everything I hoped it would be. I’m very ambitious, I want to be a journalist and I want to get to the top of the profession. I’ve started writing for the university newspaper so I’ve got my foot on the ladder already. Speaker 2I’m working hard and the teaching is as good as I expected. And I’ve made some good friends. But I’m very homesick. I’m Nigerian and my family’s so far away.I went home at Christmas for a month – that really helped, but man, I miss my family so much.Speaker 3“How am I finding uni?‖ It’s great. It’s not perfect, nothing is, but, like, I’ve got a brilliant social life, just brilliant, and I’ve made lots of friends. For the first few months I just didn’t do, really enough work. But I – I talked about it with my parents and I’m working harder now and getting good grades. Speaker 4Actually, I’ve been quite lonely to be honest. I’m a bit shy … everyone else seemed to find it so easy to make friends straight away. But things have been better recently – yeah, they have. I’ve joined a couple of clubs and like, it really helps to get to know people when you have shared interests. So, yeah – I’m feeling a lot happier now.Speaker 5Uni’s great, I love it. My only problem – and it’s quite a big problem – is money. My parents are both unemployed so, you know, they can’t help me financially. My grant just isn’t – it’s just not enough for me to live on, so I’ve taken a part-time job as a waitress – a lot of people I know, like a lot, have had to do the same.I don’t want to have huge debts at the end.Speaker 6I love my subject, History, and I’m, I’m getting fantastic teaching here. I want to be a university lecturer and that means I have to get a first. I have a good social life but work definitely comes first for me.Passage 2Oxford and Cambridge – two universities so similar that they are often spoken of together as “Oxbridge‖. They’re both in the UK, fairly near London, and both regularly come top in any ranking of the world’s best universities.The two universities began within a century of each other. Oxford University, now 900 years old, was founded towards the end of the 11th century. In 1209 there was a dispute between the university and the townspeople of Oxford. As a result, some of the Oxford teachers left and founded a university in the town of Cambridge, some 84 miles away. Ever since then, the two institutions have been very competitive. Unlike most modern universities, both Oxford and Cambridge consist of a large number of colleges. Oxford has 39 and Cambridge 31. Many of these colleges have old and very beautiful architecture, and large numbers of tourists visit them.In all UK universities, you need good grades in the national exams taken at 18. Butto get into Oxford and Cambridge, it’s not enough to get A grades in your exams. You also have to go for a long interview. In these interviews, students need to show that they are creative and capable of original thinking.Through the centuries, both universities have made huge contributions to British cultural life. They have produced great writers, world leaders and politicians. Cambridge, in particular, has produced scientists whose discoveries and inventions have changed our lives.Among the great university institutions is the world’s most famous debating society, the Oxford Union, where undergraduates get a chance to practise speaking in public. Cambridge’s comedy clubFootlights has produced many first-class comedians, while some of the UK’s most famous actors and actresses began their careers at The Oxford University Dramatic Society, known as OUDS. Then there’s the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which takes place every year in March or April, and is watched on television all over the UK. So with all this excellence in so many fields, it’s not surprising that the ambition of clever students all over the world is to attend either one of these great universities.Unit 2 Mixed feelingsInside viewConversation 1Kate ：Come in. Hey, Janet.Janet ：Hi Kate, are you busy?Kate ：Yes, I’m just doing an essay. But it’s great to see you. So what’s new? Janet ：Well, nothing much.Kate ：You look a bit fed up. What’s bugging you?Janet ：Well, I had a phone call from my parents and it made me feel homesick. It happens everytime they call, and it gets me down.Kate ：I’m sorry to hear that. I know how you feel. I love speaking to my mum and dad, but Ialways feel miserable after the call.Janet ：My dad doesn’t say much, and I want to speak to him, but I wish I knew what to say. Kate ：Don’t let it get to you. My dad doesn’t say much on the phone either.I call, he answersthe phone, and says, ―Hi, I’ll pass you to your mother.‖ It’s really irritating. Janet ：But I miss him and my mother a lot, and I like to hear his voice.Kate ：Just tell him what you’re up to.Janet ：Sometimes I feel as if I made a mistake leaving home and coming to Oxford. Sometimes I feel like a moody teenager.Kate ：Try not to worry about it, Janet. It’s normal to feel like that. I understand how you feel, butI bet everything will be fine next term. You’ll get used to it. Hey, why don’t you do what I do?Janet ：What’s that?Kate ：When my dad calls, I ask him for more money! He usually says no, but at least I getto hear his voice!Janet ：Maybe. I’m sorry to take up your time, Kate, but I must go now. Bye! Kate ：Wait a minute …!Conversation 2Kate ：I think I may have upset Janet last night.Mark : What happened?Kate ：She came to see me. I was busy doing an essay but I was really pleased to see her. She’dhad a call from home, and said she was feeling homesick.Mark : Poor kid! It must be tough on you guys, living so far away from home. Kate ：I tried to make her laugh, told her not to worry about it, and that it was normal to feelmiserable. Suddenly she looked miserable, and then she got up and said, ―I must go now‖ and left my room. It was really sudden. I felt as if I’d said something wrong.Mark ：Maybe she was just being polite. It was probably because she realized you were workingand didn’t want to disturb you.Kate ：I just wonder if she found it difficult to talk about her feelings with me. Maybe I shouldn’thave tried to make her laugh? Perhaps she thought I wasn’t taking her seriously. Mark ：I wouldn’t worry about it. Put yourself in her shoes. How would you feel if you were astudent at college in China?Kate ：I know. That’s why I feel bad. If only she had stayed longer! I wish I could have helped her more.Janet ：Hey, everyone!Mark ：Hi Janet, you look cheerful!Janet ：Yes, I’ve just got my essay back. I got an alpha minus!Kate ：What an amazing grade! Well done.Mark ：I’m really happy for you, Janet.Janet ：I feel on top of the world!Outside viewSebastienHi. I’m Sebastien. I’m from Germany. Um, the idea of IQ of a measure of your brain power has been around for a while, but recently there’s been this new idea of the EQ – your emotional quotient. And by now, it’s actually almost being regarded as more important. If you look at it, businesses will … Well, they will prefer employing people with great EQ. Well, of course, IQ cannot be disregarded, but um, EQ does have its importance as well. Uh, I believe that, um, … I mean, people, most people will have, um, their basic means of communicating with other people. Most people are somewhat socially adept, and just like most people have, you know, a basic general knowledge. But then, what I think really is the difference betweenIQ and EQ, I mean, you can have a ―brainiac‖, and they will be great at most things they do, but if you just can’t get along with him, if you just can’t communicate with him, I mean, you know, he’s not really that useful.KimHi. This is Kim. I’m originally from Korea, and I was raised in California. And today, we are going to talk about the differences between IQ and EQ – IQ meaning your intelligence, EQ meaning your emotions. Now, in … When I was, when I was a little, little boy in Korea, I had to take … I think I’d taken like two or three IQ tests before the age of ten, which is when I moved to California. So, I guess we stress a lot of importance on intelligence, on having great IQ scores. But after I moved to the States, I learnt how to associate with people, and along the lines that this word EQ came up, you know, emotional, caring about … It’s basically how you deal with people, how you make people feel, and how people make you feel. I think they’re equally as, as important, but it seems that in the Eastern world they kind of stress on that a lot more back in the days. But I think again, you know, now that with Internet and people are communicating so much faster, there’s a better mixture of the two I think. There’s a stress on EQ in Korea as well, and a stress on IQ in the States. Thank you.TedHello. My name is Ted, and I’m from the United States of America. Today, I’m going to talk a little bit about IQ or EQ – which is most important, or which is more important. Now, for a long time when I was growing up, people said, ―IQ. What’s your IQ? Take an IQ test.‖ But then EQ, your emotions, how you interact with people, that became very important. And I think they’re … that people might be onto something with that, because your EQ – how you deal with people, how you interact with people – is important. Now, a big part of this, in my opinion, is listening.I know I’m talking a lot right now, but if you want to get along well with people, you have to listen to them, so just take a minute, maybe shut your mouth for a minute, and listen to others, and then you can understand and communicate with them in a better way. So, part of EQ, I think, is listening – listening to others – and it can be more important than IQ.Listening inPassage 1Presenter: We’re fortunate to have as our guest today Dr Jenna Hudson, who has just written a book about how colours affect us in our surroundings, especially in the world of advertising. It’s called Market Colours. Dr Hudson, which are the most common colours in advertising and marketing?Dr Hudson :Well, of course, it depends what image the marketing team wish to project with their products. So for example, we often think of blue as a cold colour, but it also makes you feel peaceful, quiet, and it doesn’t suggest strong emotions. So it’s a favourite for banks and insurance companies, who wish to suggest the image that they are trustworthy. And for selling products, it’s often used to suggest something is pure and fresh.Presenter: What about red?Dr Hudson: You can sell almost anything with red. It’s a hot colour, which suggests a feeling of energy and even passion. It grabs your attention, and can make people buy almost anything. You often see red on magazine covers. But if you use it too much, it looks cheap and may make people tired. And orange has a similar effect to red, it’s upbeat and happy, it suggests pleasant feelings and images. Most people react well to orange, and it’s especially popular in advertising and on packaging for baked food.Presenter: What about yellow, for instance?Dr Hudson: Yellow is the colour of sunshine and it’s a positive, happy colour, so it’s used a lot in advertising. But it’s also often used for warning signs, direction signs, and so on, where you have to read the message quickly and at a distance. Presenter: What about less popular colours for advertising?Dr Hudson: Surprisingly, green isn’t used much in advertising except for garden products. It’s friendly and restful. It can be cool and soothing, the colour of apples and mint, but it can also be quite strong and many people associate it with unpleasant ideas of decay or slimy creatures. But most colours are not primary colours, they’re a combination. Absolutely. So yellow-orange is common, and often used to give animpression of style and class, it looks like gold. But it’s not often used in letters because it’s not very strong. And yellow-green reminds people of feeling sick. Blue-green works well as a cool colour, suggesting freshness, and is sometimes used for toothpaste products, bathroom products, food and household cleaning products. It has many of the advantages of blue without the disadvantages of green.Presenter: Fascinating！Thank you very much, Dr Hudson. Market Colours by Dr Jenna Hudson is on sale from next week, priced ￡15.99 …Passage 2Presenter ：What makes you embarrassed, Sally?Sally ：Oh, I’m easily embarrassed. If anybody notices me or looks at me, I get very embarrassed.When people sing me Happy Birthday on my birthday, I get very embarrassed. Presenter ：And what makes you upset?Sally ：When people are selfish, people who think only of themselves. And cruelty – I can’tbear people who are cruel, especially to animals or children.Presenter ：Jake, what makes you depressed?Jake ：I hate it when it rains, and I don’t like people who look down on me, who think they’resuperior to me without any reason.Presenter ：And what makes you angry?Jake ：When people don’t behave properly in public, bad behaviour like dropping litter or peoplepushing each other on the bus or the train.Presenter ：Andrew, what makes you cheerful?Andrew ：I like to see everyone around me being happy and having a positive attitudetowards thefuture, optimistic people.Presenter ：And what makes you jealous?Andrew ：Well, to be honest, I just never feel jealous. I can’t see the point of it.Presenter ：Monica, what makes you proud?Monica ：I’m proud when I’m successful, especially in my work. Being recognized by my bossfor what I can do makes me feel really proud. Oh, and my family. I’m very proud of them.Presenter ：And what makes you nervous?Monica ：Every time I teach a new class. The night before I’m very nervous. You don’t knowwhat the kids are going to be like and how they might behave, or if they’re going to like you.Presenter ：Anything else?Monica ：Doing interviews like this.Unit 3 Crime watchInside viewConversation 1Kate ：So, what did you think of the movie?Mark ：It was good but I thought it was too long.Kate ：Yes, me too.Kate ：Hey, where’s my bike? I don’t believe it! It’s gone!Mark ：It was next to mine, you chained it up!Kate ：Someone’s stolen it! Oh, how could they!Mark: Oh, Kate!Kate ：How could someone have done this! The creep!Mark ：It’s a really mean thing to do, steal a bike.Kate ：It was a mountain bike and it cost a fortune – I don’t have the money to buy another one. Mark ：Listen, I’ll go down the street and see if I can see anyone with it. Why don’t you go intothat shop and see if they’ve seen anything suspicious? I’ll be back in a minute. Kate ：OK.…Kate ：Well?Mark ：No luck. What did they say in the shop?Kate ：I asked the shopkeeper if she’d seen anything –Mark ：And?Kate ：She said she hadn’t. I guess it was a long shot. She advised me to report it to the police.But according to her, bikes get stolen all the time around here.Mark ：Listen, let’s get back so you can report it.Kate ：I’ve got no bike. I’m just so upset!Mark ：It’s not far to college. Come on!Conversation 2Mark ：So did you ring the police?Kate ：Yes. I went to the police station to report it.Mark ：What did they say?Kate ：No one’s found it. This woman said that Oxford has the fifth highest rate of bike theftin the country!Mark ：You’re joking!Kate ：That’s what she said.Mark ：What else did she say?Kate ：She told me that sometimes you do get bikes back – the thieves use them and then abandonthem, apparently, and then people find them and report them.Mark ：So you might get it back.Kate ：I hope so, Mark, I really do. It’s just too much you know? But … um … what else? Shetold me to go to this sale they have of abandoned bikes. She thinks I might find it there. But it’s only every two months, I can’t wait till then! Honestly, Mark, I’m really furious! Mark ：You can always buy a cheap bike on eBay.Kate ：Hello … Speaking … You found it! Where was it? Is it …? Oh, that’s fantastic news!There was a lamp and a basket on it … Right … OK, thank you, I’ll be in tomorrow morning to pick it up. Unbelievable! This guy found it!Mark ：Brilliant! Was that the police?Kate ：Yes. What they said was, someone dumped it outside this guy’s backyard. Mark ：That’s so strange!Kate ：The lamp’s been stolen and the basket.Mark ：Forget about it! You’re lucky to get it back!Outside viewPart 1Presenter: Dodgy deals aren’t the only problems associated with doorstep sellers. Your doorstep presents these unannounced visitors with a real opportunity to undertake distraction burglary where they often pose as bogus officials to gain access to your home.I’m joined now by Ian Holt, from Thames Valley Police. Ian, just outline for me what does distraction burglary actually entail?Ian Holt: Well basically what happens is, somebody uses a story to get inside somebody’s house and then they steal items, usually cash or small items of jewellery. Presenter: And what are the different techniques that are commonly used?Ian Holt: Well basically the er … the people that commit this crime move from area to area, er … they will look at an area, they will try and pick a particular target and they can find that by looking at property, it may beer, an uncut garden, it may be repairs that need doing to the property. Something that indicates that there’s, there’s a vulnerable person in there. It … usually, it’s an elderly person that lives there.Presenter: Is this quite a common problem now?Ian Holt: It is becoming more common. To get it in perspective, of the 14,000 burglaries that were in Thames Valley last year, we had reported 800 crimes of distraction burglary. But, it … there’s a slight increase this year over last year’s figures.Presenter: OK, you mentioned some of the victims being elderly. What other people are targeted? Ian Holt: Well, unfortunately, with this type of offence, it is the vulnerable in society and the elderly. The, the national average, if there’s such a thing as a, a victim for this type of crime, is a white female aged 81 years. Part 2Presenter: And what about things that people can do to prevent it happening, basically?Ian Holt: Well the things they can do are very, very simple. The difficulty comes, is that some of these people, er … it’s very difficult for them to remember what to do. But the three things we, we always say is: stop, chain and check. And that’s stop before you open the door to make sure who’s on the other side. Always apply a chain. If you haven’t got a chain, fit a chain to the door, or a door bar if you’ve got difficulty in handling a chain with arthritic fingers.But also when you answer the door, check the identity of the person there. Generally the offenders say they are from the Water Board or from utilities. They may say they’re from a charity or even from local authority. But generally, a utility will be in uniform.Ask for their identification. A genuine person will not mind you doing that and will wait until you can check them out. If you do need to check them, phone the number on, on your last bill. What won’t happen is that if it is a bogus caller, they will become unnerved by this reaction and they will leave.Presenter: OK and there’s also a couple of gadgets new on the market that also can help as well.Just talk us through that.Ian Holt:Certainly, yes. The … a spy er … viewer is fairly standard. But for elderly who may have poor eyesight there’s a spyscope which actually makes it a lot easier for them to see who’s outside. As I mentioned before about the door bar, again, it can be easier to apply than the chain. Very reasonable priced er, and something that is fairly new … as I mentioned before it’s very difficult for some of these people to remember what they have to do when they go to the door and that’s why they become victims. And this item is called a Memo Minder and actually you can record a message on there and it’s nice to have a grand-daughter or somebody to record a message, but every time the person approaches the door it reminds them with a voice to say ―Put your chain on.‖Listening inPassage 1Patrick ：I read a funny story today in the paper – true story.Steve ：Go on, then.Patrick ：OK. This 72-year old guy stole a pair of trousers from a department store in Paris. Asecurity man saw him and alerted the police and they were waiting for him when he came out of the shop. The shoplifter started running, but the policeman soon caught up with him. The man then bit the policeman on his arm several times.Steve ：He bit the policeman?Patrick ：Yes – you have to remember, he was 72.Steve ：I’d forgotten that.Patrick ：Problem was, it didn’t hurt the policeman at all, ’cause the guy had forgotten to put hisfalse teeth in before he left home.Steve ：Very funny!Patrick ：And the moral of the story is –Steve ：Always remember to wear your false teeth if you’re going to bite someone. Patrick ：That’s good. I read a funny crime story the other day. Let’s see … yeah …this guy … this guy robbed a supermarket somewhere in America – I can’t remember where exactly – anyway, he got away with about 4,000 dollars. The next week the local newspaper reported the story but said he’d stolen 6,000 dollars. The thief rang the newspaper office to complain. He said, ―Look, I only took 4,000 dollars. I’m wondering if the supermarket manager took another 2,000 and said I’d taken it. I did not take 6,000, I promise you.‖Steve ：He was probably telling the truth.Patrick ：He probably was. Anyway, the newspaper managed to keep the guy talking while theyrang the police. And the police traced the call – the guy was ringing from a phone booth – and they arrested him while he was still talking to the newspaper. Steve ：That’s good. Stupid guy! I’ve got another true story … This – this –old guy was in courtfor some crime – and he fell asleep. His case began and his lawyer stood up and said, ―My client pleads not guilty.‖ The man suddenly woke up, but wasn’t sure what was happening. He jumped up and shouted, ―I plead guilty! I plead guilty!‖Patrick ：So what happened?Steve ：The judge allowed him to plead not guilty.Patrick ：That’s the best, I think.Passage 2Presenter ：You’re listening to Kevin Fallon and my topic for today is street crime. Beingmugged is something that can happen to anyone – and it’s a very frightening experience. So it’s positive when you hear of someone who was attacked by amugger and defeated them – especially when that person is a woman. Anna Blackwas attacked by a mugger. She’s here to tell us about it. How long ago did this happen, Anna?Anna: Just over a week ago. The day it happened, I was coming home from work a bit。

Unit 1-Conversation 1**〔1〕Janet:So this is the Cherwell Boathouse — it's lovely! And look at those people punting! It looks quite easy.Mark:I'm not so sure about that! Janet, there's something Kate and I wanted to discuss with you. Some people in college are organizing charity events this term. We've decided to get involved.Janet:Raising money for charity? Right. In China, people raise money for charity but students don't usually do that. Mark:Students often do that here. Anyway, we're thinking of doing sponsored punting.Janet:Sponsored punting! What's that?Kate:Sponsoring is when people pay you to do something —like run a long distance. So people would be sponsoring students to punt.Janet: What a great idea! I'd love to join you!Mark:That's why we're telling you about it. So that's decided then. Let's make a list of things we need to do. Kate: I'll do that. One of the first things we should do is choose the charity.Mark: Yes. And choose a day for the event. And we need to design the sponsorship form. I've got one here.Kate:That looks fine, but we must change the wording. Who wants to do that?Mark: I'll do that. What have we got so far?Kate: Choose a charity. Also a day for the event. Change the wording on the sponsorship form... Um ... We have to decide where the punt will start from.Mark: Cherwell Boathouse, no question! It's a very beautiful route from here, apparently.Kate: I'm with you on that.Janet: Me tooJanet: I'm not used to boats — Woah!Mark: Whoops!Kate: Watch out! You nearly hit me with that thing! Mark: Sorry! I didn't mean to. ... OK, we're off!Kate: Maybe I should do the punting.Mark:It's fine.I've got the hang of it now —give me a chance. Kate: Well, I'd like to have a go.Mark: Supposing I do the first hour. Then you can take over for a while, if you want to.Kate: Yes, great.Janet: You're really good at it, Mark! This is fantastic! It's exactly how I imagined life here! Look over there —isn't it lovely!Kate: Yes, it is.Unit 1-Conversation 2Janet: Kate, everything's organized, isn't it, for collecting the sponsorship money?Kate: Yes, I've arranged for people to get the money to me by next Friday — if they haven't paid online. I'll count it all up. Janet: Good. We'd better have a meeting soon after that, don't you think? How much have we raised? Kate: About 600.Janet: Fantastic! I'm so enjoying this!Mark: Hey guys, I've got a suggestion —how about moving over to the bank and we can have our picnic! Hey, look, there's Louise and Sophie!Mark: Whoo ...Girls: Mark!Janet: Are you all right?Mark: Er .Of course I'm all right. Kate, I think it's your turn to punt!Unit 1-Outside ViewVoice-over Harvard University in Cambridge is one of the best universities in the world. We spoke to Alex Jude, the university's Head of Communications. He explained that Harvard looks for the best and most talented students from around the world.Alex Harvard actually seeks students from around the world, the best students that we can find, to study chemistry, or study literature, or study government, or business. Our business school is particularly well-known around the world, as is the medical school and law school, so, um, and, and the Kennedy School of Government, or the John F Kennedy School of Government, so, er, we do seek very, very talented students and we have open doors for them.Voice-over We asked five students at Harvard to tell us what kind of social life they have.Ashley Um, well relaxing is a little hard to do around here, but basically, I mean, I still, I, I live nearby anyway, so I see a lot of my friends, and ... Um, there's a good social life here if you look for it. I go to the gym, run. So that's what I do.Adam It's, it's whatever you want it to be. It's good. If you wanna go out party, do anything you can. If you wanna sit in your room and study all night like my friend over here, you can also do that.Brian Socially, like you said, it's, it's a lot of what you make it. Um, we don't have fraternities here, and so, you know, that's, it's obviously not as social. There's not as many parties as there would be on another campus. Um, but on a Friday or Saturday night, there, there, there will be a party. Usually we end up studying until about 10 o'clock. And then we, and then we'll go out and have fun maybe, or just watch a movie with friends, or, you know, whatever is going on for the night.Jodie Not everyone would agree with me, obviously, but it's, I think it's a fun place to be.Interviewer Have you made a lot of friends?Jodie Oh, definitely.Interviewer Mm.Jodie Many.Interviewer What, what do you do with your friends?Jodie Um, well, I like to go to concerts. I'm in three music groups, so I have lots of rehearsals during the week forthat. Um, just do, you know, some fun things, onthe weekend.Voice-over We asked the Harvard students if they use the Internet.Ashley Um, I, I use it a fairly good amount. Um, our library system is online, so I use that a lot. And a lot of my classes, you know, have to do research papers. You can find a lot of information on there, so.Interviewer So how often do you use it, a week, a day? Ashley Um, I use it probably on more of a weekly basis. Maybe three or four times a week.Brian Oh yes, definitely. We live through the Internet actually. Well, I do a lot of research through the Internet, follow my stocks on the Internet. Um, well, even thoughe-mail is not officially Internet, we, that's how we communicate a lot at college, so, through the e-mail.John Um, I use the internet mostly for, er, I'd say, sort of leisure purposes. I mean, I play, um, I use it for a lot of, I don't, we don't have TV in my room, so I use it, uh, uh, go to the CNN website, keep up on current events, things like that. Uh, I also, uh, you know, there's some little games to play over the Internet. Um, just um, I go to espn to see what's happening, follow the Boston Red Sox, things like that. Um, I think a lot of courses use it to post things, but I, I don't usually use it that much for research, or things. I tend to use the libraries for such things, so.Unit 1-Listening inNews reportStanford University has recently changed its financial aid policy for students to make the university more affordable and accessible. Students who don’t have financial aid pay about $46,000 a year just for tuition. It’s not unusual for students to be forced to decline an offer because they can’t afford to go to their dream school. The new policy means that for students whose families earn less than $125,000, tuition is fully covered by scholarship and grant aid. Those with a family income below $65,000 are not expected to pay for either tuition, or room and board. This is great news for talented students who are concerned about fees.However, Stanford is not the only top university in the United States that makes tuition affordable for students. Ivy League schools, such as Harvard, Princeton and Yale, also offer free tuition plans to students from low-income and middle-class families.Stanford and Ivy League schools can offer generous financial aid packages because they are very wealthy. They receive large annual donations that can be used for specific purposes, such as financial aid.1 What has Stanford University done recently?2 How much is the tuition a year at Stanford if students don’t receive financial aid?3 Why is Stanford University so wealthy? Passage 1Voice-over Hi, I'm Nick Carter, and this is SUR, your university radio station. This morning we went around campus to ask freshers -now half-way through their first year -the question, "How are you finding uni?" Here are some of the answers we got.Speaker 1It's cool. It's everything I hoped it would be. I'm very ambitious, I want to be a journalist and I want to get to the top of the profession. I've started writing for the university newspaper so I've got my foot on the ladder already. Speaker 2I'm working hard and the teaching is as good as I expected. And I've made some good friends. But I'm very homesick. I'm Nigerian and my family's so far away. I went home at Christmas for a month -that really helped, but man, I miss my family so much.Speaker 3"How am I finding uni?" It's great. It's not perfect, nothing is, but, like, I've got a brilliant social life, just brilliant, and I've made lots of friends. For the first few months I just didn't do, really enough work. But I -1 talked about it with my parents and I'm working harder now and getting good grades.Speaker 4Actually, I've been quite lonely to be honest. I'm a bit shy ... everyone else seemed to find it so easy to make friends straight away. But things have been better recently - yeah, they have. I've joined a couple of clubs and like, it really helps to get to know people when you have shared interests. So, yeah - I'm feeling a lot happier now.Speaker 5 Uni's great, I love it. My only problem -and it's quite a big problem - is money. My parents are both unemployed so, you know, they can't help me financially. My grant just isn't - it's just not enough for me to live on, so I've taken a part-time job as a waitress — a lot of people I know, like a lot, have had to do the same. I don't want to have huge debts at the end.Speaker 6I love my subject. History, and I'm, I'm getting fantastic teaching here. I want to be a university lecturer and that means I have to get a first. I have a good social life but work definitely comes first for me.Passage 2Oxford and Cambridge - two universities so similar that they are often spoken of together as "Oxbridge". They're both in the UK, fairly near London, and both regularly come top in any ranking of the world's best universities.The two universities began within a century of each other. Oxford University, now 900 years old, was founded towards the end of the 11th century. In 1209 there was a dispute between the university and the townspeople of Oxford. As a result, some of the Oxford teachers left and founded a university in the town of Cambridge, some 84 miles away. Ever since then, the two institutions have been very competitive.Unlike most modem universities, both Oxford and Cambridge consist of a large number of colleges. Oxford has 39 and Cambridge 31. Many of these colleges have old andvery beautiful architecture, and large numbers of tourists visit them.In all UK universities, you need good grades in the national exams taken at 18. But to get into Oxford and Cambridge, it's not enough to get A grades in your exams. You also have to go for a long interview. In these interviews, students need to show that they are creative and capable of original thinking.Through the centuries, both universities have made huge contributions to British cultural life. They have produced great writers, world leaders and politicians. Cambridge, in particular, has produced scientists whose discoveries and inventions have changed our lives.Among the great university institutions is the world's most famous debating society, the Oxford Union, where undergraduates get a chance to practise speaking in public. Cambridge's comedy club Footlights has produced many first-class comedians, while some of the UK's most famous actors and actresses began their careers at The Oxford University Dramatic Society, known as OUDS. Then there's the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which takes place every year in March or April, and is watched on television all over the UK.So with all this excellence in so many fields, it's not surprising that the ambition of clever students all over the world is to attend either one of these great universities.。

Unit 3-Conversation 1Kate: Are you on your way to the boathouseJanet: No. What's happeningKate: There's a practice race to help choose who will row on the college team. Mark really wants a place on the team, so he has to row well today. And I'm going to watch.Janet: Well, I'd like to, but I have an essay to finish.Kate: That's too bad! I know how you feel.Janet: Maybe I can come laterKate: Sure. I'm thinking of having lunch in the boathouse bar, and then watching the rowing all afternoon. Janet: How do I get to the boathouse Kate: It's easy. Can you see where we are on the map Here, look!Janet: OK, which way round are we standing ... Yes, got it! Kate: OK, go down Catte Street, and turn right into the High Street. Go along the High Street and turn left into St Aldates. Walk along St Aldates, past Christ Church College until you get to Folly Bridge.Janet: I see.Kate: Then when you get to the bridge, cross over the river ... turn left and walk along the river bank. Keep going along the river ... And you're there! The boathouses are on the right, and the Hertford College Boathouse is the last one along. You can't miss it.Janet: Thanks. I'm looking forward to seeing the rowing.Kate: No problem. We shouldn't miss the rowing —it's a great university tradition!Janet: I know, Mark was telling me. Kate: Like the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities every year.Janet: Of course! The great rivals!Kate: The Boat Race has been going for years, maybe nearly 200 years.Janet: And Oxford won it this year! Kate: Yes, but Cambridge was very close behind. Anyway see you later, down by the river.Janet: Bye.Unit 3-Conversation 2Kate: So the rules are ... the boats follow each other and the one behind has to bump the one in front ... just like that one has done.Janet: Is that Mark's boatKate: Yes! Look, his boat is about to bump the one in front! Well done! Mark: Hi you guys!Kate: Fantastic, Mark. You were amazing!Mark: Well,we won the practice race, but I'm worried about getting a place on the problem is that there are at least three other people on the team who have rowed I can't help thinking that they were better than me.Janet: Don't worry, Mark. Everything will be OK.Mark: And then I hurt my knee getting into the boat.Janet: Oh, I'm so sorry!Kate: Too bad, but it's only a scratch. Listen up, Janet is right. No need to get nervous, Mark. You were the strongest looking guy in the boat today. Chill out!Mark: Hey, they're putting the team list on the door.Janet: Let's go over and see.Mark: No, you go! I can't bear to look! Kate: OK.Kate: Hey, Mark, great news! You got a place on the college team!Janet: Congratulations!Kate: That's great, Mark, you deserve it. You trained so hard.Mark: I can't believe it!Unit 3-Outside viewPart 1Narrator: A historic moment, and yet he made it so easy. Usain Boltbecame the first man tosuccessfully defend both the100- and 200-meter Olympicsprint titles, and he went on toanchor Jamaica’s winning runin the four by 100 hundredmeters relay in world recordtime. At the end of that race,Bolt gave a nod to another trackstar with a “Mobot” gesture,signature of Mo Farah, whobecame only the seventh personever to win the 5000 and 10000double, in front of an ecstatichome crowd.Mo Farah:I t’s not going to affect me, I’m the same to old Mo,nothing’s going to change. Itjust means you’ve got two goodmedals and…but somethingyou’ve worked so hard for,I’m just going to enjoy it. Narrator: Also a legend in the making, Kenyan David Rudisha, whosmashed the 800 meters recordwhich had stood since 1976.Swimmer Michael Phelps broke another long-standing record.He became the world’s mostsuccessful Olympian with 22medals, 18 of them gold,breaking the record set in 1968.His last podium before retiringwas an emotional moment. Phelps: Yeah, as soon as I stepped up, ah, onto the podium, I…I couldfeel the tears starts coming.And, you know, I said to Nathan,I said, “Uh-oh, here they come.This could be…this could bepretty brutal up here.” Andthey just started coming. And Itried to fight it but then Ijust…I just decided just tolet it go.Part 2Narrator: Tears too for cyclist Chris Hoy, who became Britain’s mostsuccessful Olympian, with sixgolds. And then there were alsomoment of anguish andfrustration. China’s starhurdler Liu Xiang crash out ofhis second consecutiveOlympics, and Brazil’sfootballers once again failedto lift gold.These games were also marked by women. Teenagers Ye Shiwen,Katie Ledecky and MissyFranklin set record times inthe pool. Saudi Arabia, Bruneiand Qatar sent female athletesfoe the first time. Women’sboxing became an Olympic sport.And British poster girl JessicaEnnis gave the home nation adefining moment when she tookheptathlon gold. She was at theforefront of the team GB’sbiggest medals haul of moderntimes, coming third in themedal table. The United Statesregained their place at the top,with China coming second. Forsome t hough, it wasn’t aboutthe medals. But it’s thetaking part that counts.Unit 3-Listening inNews reportThere’s a new fitness trend in Australia called “crunning”. It’s a new sport that combines crawling and running that involves using your hands and feet on the ground. The idea was started by Melbourne resident Shaun McCarthy, and he hopes it will spread to other countries.McCarthy can’t prove that crunning is more beneficial than traditional running. However, he believes that it is a better way to exercise because it involves using your upper body as well as your lower body. Therefore it provides a complete body workout. He also said that crunning burns more calories than running.Experts aren’t sure if crunning is actually a safe exercise for people. Unlike animals, humans are not built to move on all four limbs. People’s wrists are not as strong as their ankles, and crunning can place a large amount of pressure on the wrists as well as their elbows and shoulders. It could result in an injury to the lower back, shoulders, elbows or wrists.1 What do we learn about the new sport2 What do experts think about the new sportPassage 1Speaker 1 And David Seaman is in goal for the Englandteam down to our right... it's difficult to get used to the changeof team colours here ... I'm looking at the white shorts andthinking they're English players, but they're not. For this match it's the Germans who are wearing white. I hope theEnglish players don't have the same problem, we don't wantthem to pass the ball to the Germans. Now Gascoigne forEngland passes to McManaman for the first time ...McManaman is immediately surrounded by three Germandefenders ... he brings the ball to the near side of the pitch ... still McManaman for England, crosses the ball to Pearce ... Pearce takes a shot! ... saved by the German Ziegler, andpicked up by Ince only 25 yards away from the Germangoal... good effort by Ince, aims at the goal! ... and Kopke, the German goalkeeper pushes the ball over the top of the goal.So a comer kick for England.Speaker2 A great shot by Ince, I'm sure he knows that Pearce set that up for him, but Kopke put the shot out of danger. Speaker 1He does like to punch the ball, that Kopke in the German goal... England's first corner of this semi-final... Gascoigne will take it... Here comes the comer kick from Gascoigne ... and Shearer's there and Alan Shearer scores for England ... England have scored after only two minutes' play ... with a comer kick by Gascoigne ... aimed at the near post, and Alan Shearer heads the ball into the German goal ,.. It's an absolute dream start for the semi-final ... Shearer has got his fifth goal of the tournament... Would you believe it It's England one, Germany nil!Passage 2Matt Now it's time for Critic's Choice,with news and reviews about the latest films. Good evening, Jack, seen anything good at the cinema this week Jack Good evening Matt, yes, I've seen one of the best sports films of recent years.Matt Sports films That's not usually a type of film which appeals to you.Jack You're right, but this time it's different. I've been to see a film about mountain climbing, it's not really your typical sports film. It's more man against the mountain.Matt Tell us more.Jack I've been to see Touching the Void, which is the story of a pair of mountain climbers in the Peruvian Andes.Matt Is it a true storyJack Yes, it is. In 1985, Joe Simpson and Simon Yates set out to climb the 7,000-metre Siula Grande mountain in the Peruvian Andes. Simpson and Yates were young, fit and confident they would succeed.Matt So what happensJack Simpson and Yates' style ofclimbing involved moving quickly up a mountain with very few supplies and no base camps, which is risky. You can't make any mistakes.Matt I think I can guess what happens next.Jack And sure enough after climbing well for three and a half days, disaster strikes. Simpson falls and breaks his right leg. With no food or water, the climbers know they have to get off the mountain - fast. Yates is determined to find a way to get his friend home, and he has to lower Simpson down the mountain. Simpson is in agony, but Yates has no choice except to ignore his partner's cries of pain because otherwise he'll die.Well, for a while, things go well. But suddenly Simpson, at the end of the rope, fails to respond to Yates' signal. Yates is unable to move any further and has no idea why Simpson is not responding. So Yates holds on with all of his strength, all too aware that eventually his strength would give out and both would fall.But what Yates doesn't know is that he has lowered Simpson over the edge of a crevasse. Simpson is hanging in mid-air from the vertical face of the mountain. He's unable to climb back up the rope and he's got frostbitten fingers and can't communicate with Yates above him.Matt So what happensJack Well, I don't want to spoil the ending for anyone whohasn't seen it yet.Matt But...Jack But Yates hangs onto the rope for an hour, gettingweaker. For any climber, cutting the rope that binds him to his partner is unthinkable.Matt Sounds very exciting. So what about the directionand the filmingJack The director is Kevin Macdonald, and he tells thestory by cutting from interviews to shots of the climb itself.But it's the message of the film which interests me. You see,in the end, the impression left by the film is astonishment thata human being could do what Joe did,which is to survive.Matt Thanks Jack, this week's Critic's Choice isTouching the Void,on general release in all cinemas from nextWeek.。

视听说第二册听力原文Unit1II. Listening Skills1.M: Why don‟t we go to the concert today?W: I‟ll go get the keys.Q: What does the woman imply?2.W: I can‟t find my purse anywhere. The opera tickets are in it.M: Have you checked in the car?Q: What does the man imply?3.M: Are you going to buy that pirated CD?W: Do I look like a thief?Q: What does the woman imply?4.M: Do you think the singer is pretty?W: Let‟s just say that I wouldn‟t/t vote for her in the local beauty contest.Q: What does the woman imply about the singer?5.M: Have you seen Tom? I can‟t find him anywhere.W: The light in his dorm was on just a few minutes ago.Q: What does the woman mean?1. B2.B3.D4.C5.AIII. Listening InTask 1: Encore!As soon as the singer completed the song, the aud ience cried, “Encore! Encore!” The singer was delighted and sang the song again. She couldn‟t believe it when the audience shouted for her to sing it again. The cycle of shouts and songs was repeated ten more times. The singer was overjoyed with the response from the audience. She talked them and asked them why they were so much audience in hearing the same song again and again. One of the people in the audience replied, “We wanted you to improve it; now it is much better.”1. F2.T3.F4.T5.FTask 2: The CarpentersW: They play “Yesterday Once More” all the time on the campus radio. Do you like it?M: I do. I never get tired of it. I like the Carpenters. Their voices are so beautiful and clear. I guess that‟s why they‟re so popular.W: I like the way their voices blend. There were just two of them, brother and sister, right?M: Yes, Richard and Karen I think they were. She died I think.W: Yes, anorexia. It is hard to believe that someone so beautiful would starve herself to death. M: It‟s a problem everywhere in the world, including China, I‟m afraid. Women worry too much about their appearances, and are so crazy about losing weight.W: Well, let‟s go for lunch before we go to the concert.1. beautiful and clear2. blend well3. sister4. worry too much5. more important Task 3: MozartMozart was a fascinating musician and composer whose fame continues to grow more than two centuries after his death. He was born in Salzburg, Austria, in 1756. Before the age of four, he hadshown great musical talent. His father then decided to let him start taking harpsichord lessons. The boy‟s reputation as a musical talent grew fast. At five, he was composing music. Form that time on, Mozart was performing n concerts and writing music. By his early teens, he had mastered the piano, violin and harpsichord, and was writing symphonies and operas. His first major opera was performed in Milan in 1770, when he was only fourteen. At fifteen, Mozart became the conductor for an orchestra in Salzburg. In 1781, he left for Vienna, where he was in great demand as both a performer and a composition teacher. His first opera was a success. But life was not easy because he was a poor businessman, and his finances were always in a bad state. His music from the next decade was not very popular, and he eventually fell back on his teaching jobs for a living. In 1788 he stopped performing in public, preferring only to compose. He died in 1791 at the age of thirty-five. Although he lived only a short life, he composed over 600 works.1. Which of the following is true of Mozart? D2. How long has Mozart‟s fame lasted? A3. Which of the following is true of the four-year-old Mozart? B4. What could Mozart do at the age of six? C5. Which of the following is not ment ioned as one of Mozart‟s accomplishments while he was in his early teens? CUnit2II. Listening Skills1. W: From what I can remember, the director asked us to rehearse this a hundred times.M: One hundred times? Is the director out of his mind?Q: What does the man imply?2. M: Do you think we have made enough food for the party?W: The refrigerator is about to explode.Q: What does the woman imply?3. W: She said she might become a famous movie star.M: Yes, and pigs might fly.Q: What does the man mean?4. M: Although the man often plays a bad guy in movies, in real life he has a heart of gold.W: So does a hard-boiled egg.Q: What does the woman mean?5. W: What a beautiful sunset!M: Don‟t blink. You might just miss it.Q: What does the man mean?1. A2.D3.B4.C5.BIII. Listening InTask 1: Waiting for the New Harry Potter MovieAmy: I‟m so excited about finally seeing this movie!Peter: Me too. I‟m crazy about Harry Potter. Have you heard that J.K. R owling has added another book to the series?Amy: She‟s already written Book Seven? I‟m still waiting for Book Five…Peter: I know. Who isn‟t? At least we have the movies to watch in the meantime.Amy: By the way, have you seen the trailer yet?Peter: Yeah. It was great! I think the movie itself will be really scary.Amy: It surely will! All that writing on the wall in blood… It scares me to death just to think about it!Both the girl and the boy are excited / crazy about the movie and the hero Harry Potter. The boy heard that the writer J.K. Rowling has written the latest book, which is Book Seven, though the girl is still waiting for Book Five. The boy has been the trailer and believes the film will be scary. The girl shares that view because of the writing on the wall in blood.Task 2: A Great ActorThere was once a great actor who could no longer remember his lines. After several years of searching, he finally found a theater that was willing to give him a try. The director said, “This is the most important part, and it has only one line. At the opening you walk onto stage carrying a rose. You hold the rose to your nose with just one finger and thumb, smell it deeply and then say the line on praise of the rose: …Ah, the sweet smell of my love.‟” The actor was excited. All day long before the play he practiced his line over and over again. Finally, the time came. The curtain went up, the actor walked onto the stage, looked at the audience, and with great emotion said the line, “Ah, the sweet smell of my love.” The audience exploded in laughter. Only the director was furious! “Ahhhhhh! You damned fool!” he cried. “You‟ve ruined my play! You‟ve ruined me!” The actor was puzzled, “What happened? Did I forget my line?” “No!” shouted the director. “You forget the rose!”1. D2.C3.D4.A5.BUnit3II. Listening Skills1.M: Will you love and keep him in sickness and in health, as long as you both shall live?W: I will.Q: Who is the woman?2.W: Mike, wake up1 It is time to go to school. Hurry up or you‟re going t o be late!M: Don‟t worry. I can sleep all day long. Did you forget today is Martin Luther King‟s birthday?Q: Who is the woman most likely to be?3. M: Could I see your driver‟s license and registration, please?W: What‟s the matter, officer?Q: Who is the man?4. M: I‟d like to ask you about the research paper you assigned that we have to do by the end ofthe semester.W: ok. What would you like to know?Q: Who is the woman most likely to be?5. W: I‟ve cleaned the windows, mopped the f loors, and folded the laundry. Is there anythingelse that you would like me to do before I cal lit a day?M: Did you do the living room yet?Q: Who is the woman most likely to be?1. B2.C3.D4.A5.AIII. Listening InTask 1: Don’t be a c hicken!Gilbert: Hey, Henry, is Sarah coming with us?Henry: Yes. Why?Gilbert: Nothing. I‟m just asking.Henry: Just asking? But why is your face flaming red? Ah-huh, someone has a crush on Sarah, doesn‟t he?Gilbert: Who has a crush?!Henry: Come on, Gil bert, don‟t be such a chicken. If you like her, just go and tell her. Maybe she likes you.Gilbert: But I don‟t have the guts to ask her out.Henry: What are you so afraid of?Gilbert: I‟d totally die if she turned me down.Henry: But that‟s better than keeping everything to yourself. You‟ve got to let her know. Come on!You‟ve got to take a chance!Gilbert: I don‟t know… Well, maybe you‟re right, but how am I going to tell her I like her?1. go out2. flaming red3. has a crush on4. a chicken5. likes6. the guts7. turn him down 8. know 9. keeping everything to himself 10. how to tell herTask 2: Wedding VowsBefore the wedding, the groom went up the minister with an unusual offer. “Look, I‟ll give you $100 if you‟ll change the wedding vows. When you get to the part where I‟m expected to promise to …love, respect and obey her,‟ …giving up all others,‟ and …be true to her forever,‟ I‟d be happy if you‟d just leave that part out.” He gave the minister the cash and walked away with a lig ht heart. The wedding day arrived, and the bride and groom reached that part of the ceremony where they would make vows to each other. When it was time for the groom‟s vows, the minister looked the young man in the eye and said, “Will you promise to kneel before her, obey her every command and wish, serve her breakfast in bed every morning of your life and make a vow before God and your lovely wife that you will never even look at another woman, as long as you both shall live?” The groom was shocked, but in spite of himself, he said in a low voice, “Yes, I will.” Then the groom whispered to the minister, “I thought we had a deal.” The minister put the $100 into his hand and whispered back, “She made me a much better offer.”1. F2.F3.T4.T5.FTask 3: an American weddingAmerican weddings are not always the same. I‟d like to show you pictures of my wedding. When we got engaged, an announcement was published in the newspaper. The announcement typically includes the names of the bride, the bridegroom and their parents and the wedding is expected to be held. About a month before the wedding, we sent out wedding invitations to relatives and friends. This is the church where we had the wedding. My father gave me to my future husband. Then the minister started the wedding ceremony. He greeted the guests, and talked about the meaning of marriage. Next, we exchanged vows and gave each other rings. This is the main part of the wedding. After the vows, the minister prayed for us. Then the minister declared us husband and wife, and we kissed each other. Here is my sister, who was a bridesmaid. This is the bouquet I carried. Traditionally, the unmarried women gather after the wedding, and the bride throws her bouquet to them. The one who catches it will, according to tradition, be the next one to get married. At the reception, we cut the wedding cake and fed each other bites of the cake. Then we toasted each other with champagne. Finally the reception was over, and the minister signed themarriage certificate and we were legally married.1. A2.B3.C4.D 1-3-7-5-4-2-6Unit4II. Listening Skills1-i 2-a 3-f 4-b 5-c 6-d 7-h 8-g 9-eIII. Listening InTask 1: The Influence of AdvertisingRichard: Dad, I need a pair of new shoes for an important basketball game. My old ones look kind of funny.Father: Funny! We just bought those last spring. There‟s a lot of life left in them.Richard: But look at this ad with Yao Ming. He says these shoes give him extra spring. Father: Yao Ming is so tall th at he doesn‟t need extra spring. Anyway, he makes money than I do. And they probably give him millions of dollars to wear those shoes.Richard: But if you bought me the shoes, I‟d wear them for nothing. And I‟d have that extra spring.Father: Do you think Yao Ming reached the top just because of the shoes he wears? Or was it something else?Richard: You mean like hard work, dedication, that sort of thing?Father: Exactly. Just focus on your studies and forget the shoes.1. shoes2. look kind of funny3. there is still a lot of life left4. ad5. give him extra spring6.as much money7. need extra spring8. millions of dollars9.wearing the shoes 10. wear 11. for nothing 12. reach the top 13. because of 14. something lese 15. hard work and dedication 16. focus/concentrate on his studies 17. forgetTask 2: I’ll get a camera.One day just before closing time, John rushed into a TV store to buy a color TV set with the money he had saved for three months. The friendly shop assistant was waiti ng for the day‟s last and 100th customer to reach his sales target for his bonus, so he warmly greeted John and showed him the various models on display. He asked John to see how sharp and colorful the imagine on the screen was. At that moment, a new commercial came onto the screen, introducing a popular brand of camera as well as some beautiful pictures it had taken. The camera and pictures attracted John. He suddenly changed his mind and told the shop assistant: “Thank you for the TV commercial. Now I hav e to hurry to the camera store to get that camera.”1. T2. F3.F4.T5.FTask 3: Don’t even think about it!“Don‟t even think about it!” is a phrase commonly used in the United States when a person emphatically denies or refuse something.In 1995, Shaquille O‟ Neal, a popular basketball player, made a Pepsi commercial in which this phrase was used. The commercial begins with Shaq playing basketball, and a little kid is watching him. Then the boy cries out the name of this basketball star. Shaq turns to see the kid with a Pepsi n his hand. He walks over to the boy and says, “Hey, can I have it?” He bends over, supposing that his admirer will give him the Pepsi. But then the kid says, “Don‟t even think about it!” This commercial was rather popular, and it had been shown on TV for about three years. The commercial seems to have a more dramatic effect than that produced by the Coca-Cola Companyin the 1970s. In the Coke ad a young boy meets football star “Mean” Joe Green as he is leaving the field a game. The boy gives his hero a bottle of Coke, and in exchange for the drink, the football player throws to the boy, who excitedly catches the souvenir.The phrase “Don‟t even think about it!” is used on many other occasions. Visitors to New York City are ofte n amused to see a road sign with these words: “Don‟t even think about parking here.” This road sign means that people are strictly prohibited from parking there.1. A2.D3.B4.C5.CUnit5II. Listening Skills1. M: The police gave a few tickets out last week along Highway 15.W: In fact, quite a few tickets were given on that road.Q: What does the woman mean?2. M: Who do you think is the smartest student in the class?W: Mary is second to none.Q: What does the woman say about Mary?3. W: What are you so happy about?M:Instead of being given an even dozen, we‟ve been given a baker‟s dozen.Q: Why is the man so happy?4. M: We have had a lot of rain over the last few years.W: But nothing like this.Q: What does the woman mean?5. M: What effect has the booming economy had on interest rates for loans?W: The interest rates have skyrocketed!Q: What does the woman mean?1. A2. B3.B4.D5.CIII. Listening InTask 1: Dogs aren’t allowed here!Manager: I‟m sorry. Miss, but dogs aren‟t allowed in this theater.Mary:But I have a ticket for him.Manager:I‟m very sorry, but animals aren‟t permitted.Mary:You don‟t understand. This is a special case. My dog is so well trained and so intelligent that he‟s almost human.Manager: I see that you have an exceptional animal, but…Mary:I promise you that if there is any problem we‟ll leave the theater immediately. I promise you that this dog isn‟t like any other dog you‟ve ever seen.Manager:Well…all right. I‟ll let you go in, since the theater is almost empty tonight. But your dog will have to behave himself, or you will have to leave.Mary:Thank you very much.1. allowed movie theater2. a ticket3. well trained intelligent human4.any problem leave the theater any other dog seen5. almost emptyTask 2: Put the cat out!A couple was going out for the evening to celebrate the wife‟s birthday. While they were getting ready, the husband put the cat out. The taxi arrived, and as the couple walked out of their home,the cat ran back into the house. Not wanting their car to have free run of the house while they were out, the husband went back upstairs to chase the cat out. The wife, not waiting it known that the house would be empty, explained to the taxi driver, “He‟s just going upstairs to say goodbye to my mother.” A few minutes later, the husband got into the car, and said, “Sorry it took it so long. The stupid old thing was hiding under the bed, and I had to poke her with a stick to get her to come out!”4-1-3-5-2-6 D) She was ill-treated at home.Task 3: A Sudden Change in the Parrot’s AttitudeA young man named John received a parrot as a gift. The parrot had a bad attitude and an even worse vocabulary. Every word out of this bird‟s mouth was rude. John tried every method to change the bird‟s attitude by constantly saying polite words, playing soft music, and anything he could think of to set a good example. Nothing worked. Finally, John got fed up and he yelled at the parrot. And the bird yelled back. John shook the parrot, and the bird got angrier and ruder. Finally, in a moment of desperation, John put the bird in the refrigerator freezer. For a few minutes, John heard the bird scream and kick. Then suddenly there was silence. Not a sound for over a mi nute. Fearing that he‟s hurt the bird, John quickly opened the door to the freezer. The parrot calmly stepped out and said, “I believe I may have offended you with my rude language and actions. I am truly sorry, and I will do everything I can to correct my poor behavior.”John was greatly surprised at the bird‟s change of attitude. As he was about to ask the parrot what had caused such a sudden change in his behavior, the bird continued, “May Ii ask why you put the chickens there and what they did wrong?”1. C2.D3.B4.C5.AUnit6II. Listening SkillsDialog 1Girl 1: What do you think of this miniskirt, Amy? Pretty hot stuff, eh?Girl 2:Wow…it‟s pretty short. My mom would never let me wear something like that.Girl 1: My mom‟s cool. She lets me make my own decisions about clothes.Girl 2:Not my mom. She‟d be mad if I came home in a skirt like that.Girl 1:Let‟s both got one; then maybe your mom wouldn‟t be so upset if we both wore the same skirt.Girl 2:Well…maybe.1.D2. The first girl(The girl who suggests wearing the short skirt.)Dialog 2Mother: Lily, where did you get that skirt? You can‟t wear that. It‟s much too short! What will others think?Lily: You don‟t understand fashion. It‟s what everyone is wearing. I think it looks very attractive.Mother: Nonsense, it‟s only suitable for a supermodel on the catwalk. It‟s not meant for ordinary people like us. Your dad is sure to say the skirt is far too revealing!Lily: But it‟s really in high fashion; everyone is wearing clothes like th is.Mother: Not everyone. Your friend Amy would never wear a skirt like that![Amy comes in, wearing the same style of short skirt!]Lily: Look, Amy has come. She‟s wearing the same skirt!Mother: My God, I give up.1. B2. No, she hasn‟t.III. Listening InTask 1: A Woman’s Funny DressLily: Mom, look at that woman. Her dress looks funny.Mother: I wouldn‟t say that, Lily. It looks fine to me.Lily: Are you kidding? She‟s out of fashion. That‟s last year‟s style.Mother: Oh, come one, as long as it looks good on her.Lily: Wow, you‟re really as out-dated as she is.Mother: You‟re right. I‟m out of date. So what? What‟s the point of following the fashion?Lily: No wonder you never buy me new dresses.1.looks funny2. looks fine to her3. is behind the times4. went out5. went out6. looks good on her7. looks good on her8. out-dated9. keeping herself in style10. no wonderTask 2: How is fashion decided?Fashion designers design and make fashionable clothes for men and women. They deign trends and create new styles. Paris has been the traditional center of world fashion, though recently British designers have had great influence in setting new styles, and so have certain designers in the United States and Italy. French designers guard the secrets of their new designs until their collections are shown to the public. Then pictures of the styles are published in newspapers and magazines all over the world. People from many countries travel to Paris to buy the clothes and copy the newest ideas. In January they go to see the spring clothes; and in July, to see the autumn designs. Many dress manufacturers from other countries buy the original clothes of the famous French designers. They then take them back to their own sewing rooms, where the clothes are copied and made up in great numbers. That‟s why you may be able to buy in your town the clothing that is in the latest style without paying a very high price for it. Other manufacturers use the Paris styles simply as a starting point for their own ideas. Still others may adapt only a part of the French design into their own styles.1. F2.F3.T4.T5.FFashion designers design fashionable clothes,begin trends and new styles,and their work is copied all over the world.Paris is the center of the world fashion, where the secrets of the newdesigns are guarded until they are shown to the public People and manufacturers come to Paris to buy and copy new clothes, in January andJuly. Then the clothes are copied and made up in largenumbers, for which one does not have to pay a high price.Other manufacturers use Paris styles simply as a starting pointfor their own ideas.Still others adapt only a part of the French designTask 3: Dreaming of Being a Fashion ModelTop fashion models travel all over the world, earn huge salaries and live exciting lives. If you want to be a model, you should know the basic rules. Girls are usually picked to be models whenthey are between 15 and 22 years old. Ideally, they are tall, long-legged, and thin. The minimum height is about 5‟8”, and the average weight is 108-125 pounds. A few other important things for a fashion model are clear skin, healthy hair, straight teeth, and a well-shaped body. You‟ll also need ambition, intelligence, confidence, independence, and will-power.If you‟ve got the right looks but are worried over not being tall enough or fit enough, Ki mi is the answer. Kimi is the magic key to developing your fashion model potential. Kimi is a computer-designed stimulator. It massages your feet to stimulate a part of your brain that produces more growth hormones. This will give you the fashion model kind of height. You should also go in for some sports like running or basketball. These increase the benefits of using Kimi.Make an important decision today. Order Kimi right now! Don‟t you think having the hegith and shape of a fashion model would be wonderful? Yes, Kimi helps you realize your dream.1.D2.B3.A4.B5.CTop fashion models…..earning large salariesFuture models…..being at least 5‟8” tallKimi…………..massaging one‟s feetA part of the brain……producing growth hormones directlyCustomers…….buying KimiUnit7II. Listening Skills1. W: How much money is the rent for an apartment in this neighborhood?M: Your rent should be about a quarter of that.Q: How much should be the woman‟s rent be?2. M: I paid $3,500 for this digital camera. It was on sale at a 30$ discount.W: It‟s a real bargain.Q: How much did the camera cost originally?3. M: What‟s the rate for an economy car?W: The daily rate is $32, unlimited mileage.Q: How much will the man pay if he rents the car for a week?4. M: I‟ll take these sweaters. How much do they cost?W: They are $180 each and four makes a total of $720. But today we are offering a 20% discount.Q: How much does the man have to pay?5. W: What an old car you‟ve got!M: Well, it had run 12,000 miles when I bought it second hand. And it‟s covered 3,080 miles since then.Q: How many miles has the car run?1.B2.A3.A4.D5.BIII. Listening InTask 1: It’s time to buy.Mike: Hey, Robert, where are you off to?Robert: I‟m going to talk to a banker about a loan.Mike: You are short of money? I thought you were the saving type.Robert: There‟s a time to save and a time to spend.Mike: I know all about spending. What‟s the loan for? I have a few bucks I could…Robert: I‟m considering getting a mortgage to buy some property.Mike: Do you think property is a good investment? I mean, it‟s a lot of money.Robert:Well, Mike, as you know, property values have been going through the roof. If I had bought an apartment two years ago, its value would have gone up by 30 percent today. Mike: And from what I know, interest rates are low now.Robert: Exactly. Sounds like a good time to buy.1. a banker a loan2.saving save spend3. a mortgage property4.Property values5.risen/gone up/increased by 30 percentTask 2: Can I have my change please?Tom was down on his luck and felt he needed a few drinks. Hw went to a bar and had several drinks. When he was done, he stood up and walked toward the door. The barman shouted after him, “Hey mister, are you going to pay for those drinks?”Tom turned around and replied, “I have already paid you,” and then walked out of the bar. Almost immediately he saw one of his friends Richard and told him about the barman, “Just go in there and drink all you want, then get up and leave. When the barman asks you to pay the bill, just tell him you have already paid.”This sounded easy enough, so Richard went in and has several drinks. The barman went to him and said, “Before you came in, another man was here. When I asked him to pa y his bill, he told me he‟d paid, but I don‟t remember him paying me.”Richard said, “I would love to stay and hear your story, but I don‟t have time. Can I havemy change please?”1. A2.B3.D4.C5.CTask 3: Why not just print money?What‟s the so lution to a recession, a time of little economic activity? Just print money! Sounds reasonable, doesn‟t it? Let‟s see if this will work by using an example.Let‟s pretend that all the students in your class make up the ENTER population of the country, and the teacher represents the government. Let‟s also pretend each student has exactly $1.00.Since we are in a recession, let‟s have the teacher, who represents the government, print money. He prints $1.00 more for everyone. Now everyone has $1.00 more to spend. More money to spend sounds like a great way to get us out of recession, since more money to spend means demand for goods and services.Then if that works, why don‟t we give MORE money away? How about $100? Now we have lots of money to spend. So no more recession, right?Not really, because we have only looked at one side of the problem. As more and more people receive more and more money, what‟ll happen?Since everyone has more money, the students all go shopping to spend that extra money. This causes the demand for goods and services to rise, and people who sell goods and services raise price. For example, if you could buy a new music CD at $10 in the past, now the price could be $1,000! This is called inflation.So, the original reason for printing all this money was to help get us of recession, but we have。

Unit 6-Conversation 1Janet: What are you reading, Kate?Kate:Alice in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll. Do you know it?Janet: I've heard of it, yes, but I've never read it. It's a 19th century children's story, isn't it?K a te: That's right. It's very famous. It's set in Oxford. It starts with this young girl sitting on a river bank. The interesting thing is, the author, Lewis Carroll, he was an Oxford professor and he used to have tea with the girl's family on this river bank.Ja net: Oh, that's fascinating! I'll put it into my diary. Kate: Is that what you're writing? I know you've been keeping a diary all the year.Janet: It's been a great year. I've had such a good time — so lucky to have Mark and Kate as friends. Feel I've been doing well with work. Much happier about asking questions in tutorials.Janet: My screen's gone dark.Mark: You're using the battery, remember. It's run out, obviously.Janet: It can't be the battery. It's still charged. Oh no it's still black. Oh dear, I hope it's nothing serious. I haven't backed anything up recently.Kate: That's not like you, Janet.Janet:I know, but I lost my memory stick. I really should have backed things up. How stupid of me not to do that! Supposing I've lost everything!Mark: Let me take a look. The power is still on. And also the operating system still seems to be working ... I think it has to be the graphics card ... But maybe that's not the problem ... Janet: If only I'd backed things up!Kate: Relax, Janet! We'll take it to the computer shop this afternoon. I'm sure it'll be OK.Janet: I hope so.Unit 6-Conversation 2Janet: Tell me about Alice in Wonderland.Kate: I tell you what, I'll read it to you.Kate: Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank and having nothing to do: Once or twice, she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, "and what is the use of a book," thought Alice, "without pictures or conversation?" So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid) ... Janet: Kate, Mark, where are you going? You've got my laptop!Kate: It's all right, Janet, we're taking it to the computer shop. We'll be back soon.Mark: It's not like Janet to forget to back up her work. Kate: She should have been more careful.Janet: It was stupid of me, I know! Stupid, stupid! Janet: Oh! It was a dream! What a relief!Kate: You were talking in your sleep.Janet: What was I saying? Kate: "Stupid, stupid."M ark:I've sorted out your computer.Janet: Have you? Oh, thank goodness! What was the problem?Mark:It was the graphics card, as I predicted ...Janet: Is that what it was! I'm so relieved! Thanks, Mark. Kate: He's great, isn't he?Janet: Yes. So are you, Kate.Kate: You're such a good friend.Unit 6-Outside viewComputers are a very important part of our lives. They tell us about delays to transport. They drive trains, analyze evidence and control buildings. Did you know that 60 per cent of homes in Britain have got a PC (a personal computer)? For many young people, playing computer games is their favorite way of spending spare time. Computers are a very important part of most areas of life in Britain-libraries, the police and in school. But they are becoming more important in our homes as well. They’ll even control the way we live-in “smart homes”or computer-controlled houses. The smart home is now a real possibility. It will become very common. A central computer will adjust the temperature, act as a burglar alarm and switch on lights, ready for you to come back home. And of course you will be able to give new instructions to the computer from your mobile phone. So if your plans change, your home will react to match. Many homes have got lots of televisions and several computers. The smart home will provide TV and Internet sockets in every room, so you’ll be able to do what you want whenever you want. If the temperature outside changes, the smart home will adjust the temperature levels inside. The computer will also close the blinds when it gets dark or to stop so much sun from entering a room. And if you want to eat when you get home, the computer will turn the oven on for you! Are computers taking over our lives? In a survey, 44 per cent of young people between 11 and 16 said their PC was a trusted friend. Twenty per cent said they were happier at their computer than spending time with family or friends. Another survey found that people in Britain spend so much time on the phone, texting and reading emails that they no longer have time for conversation. What do you think about that?Unit 6-Listening inNews ReportUS Scientists have announced the discovery of gravitational waves, which are tiny waves produced by massive objects moving very quickly. Two black holes produced the waves when they crashed into each other about 1.3 billion years ago.A black hole is a place in space where the gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. This announcement of the discovery comes a century after Albert Einstein first predicted gravitational waves would exist.The discovery was made possible by using a highly sensitive instrument designed to detect signals of gravitational waves and identify their sources. This discovery proves that there are gravitational waves, and strongly confirms the existence ofblack holes.With this discovery, scientists are given a new tool to study and understand the universe. The waves could help scientists learn more about what happened immediately after the universe began and how the universe expanded. Scientists hope that they may be able to observe parts of the universe that were previously undetectable.1.What discovery have US scientists made?2.What features do black holes have according to the newsreport?3.Why is the discovery important?Passage 1When you have a biscuit with your cup of tea, do you dunk it? And if so, what’s the perfect way to do it? That’s the subject of today’s Science in Action report. It may be hard to believe but scientists at the University of Bristol have been analyzing this question. And after a two-month study they devised a mathematical formula for dunking biscuits. So no more melting chocolate, or biscuit crumbs in the bottom of your cup, which is the fate of one in four biscuits that are dunked in tea, according to research by a biscuit manufacturer. Doughnut dunkers don’t face the same problems because doughnuts are held together with an elastic net of protein, gluten. This substance allows the doughnut to absorb liquid without breaking down its structure. The structure of a biscuit, however, is held together by sugar which melts when placed in hot tea or coffee.So what is the answer? The researcher, let by Dr. Len Fisher, discovered that holding the biscuit in a horizontal position – or “flat-on”– has a significant effect on the amount of time that a biscuit can stay in hot liquid before falling apart. In fact this horizontal dunking results in a dunking time up to four times longer than traditional vertical dunking.What’s the reason for this? It seems that the answer is related to diffusion, in other words, the length of time it takes for the liquid to penetrate the structure of the biscuit. Basically, it takes longer for the liquid to travel through the channels of a biscuit when it is laid flat on the surface of the liquid. Also the fact that when a biscuit is dunked horizontally, with the biscuit submerged in the liquid, and the chocolate coating staying out of the liquid, the chocolate helps hold the biscuit together. Another factor influencing the equation is the temperature of the tea – the hotter the tea, the faster the sugar melts.Researchers also found that by dunking a biscuit into tea or coffee, up to ten times more flavor is release than it the biscuit is eaten dry. So it’s worth experimenting yourself. If you are wondering how you can perfect the horizontal dunk, the researchers have come up with an idea for a biscuit-holding device to make dunking biscuits easier. They are even mow working on producing a table giving guidelines on dunking times for different types of biscuit. On that note, I think it’s time to go off to the canteen for a tea break! Passage 2Peter: Hey Louise, look at this book about crop circles - some of the photos are absolutely unbelievable. Louise: You don t believe in all that stuff, do you Peter? Peter: I'm not saying I believe in UFOs and things, but some of the formations are fascinating. They’remade up of lots of interconnected circles andgeometrical shapes. You know, in the past few years,there have been more reports of them. The circlesare getting larger and the designs are getting moreintricate... I'm sure that they can't all be man-made.Think about it - they're so complicated, and theyappear at night in the middle of fields of wheatbarley or corn. It’s definitely pretty weird! Louise: I know, but l saw a TV documentary about it, and they showed how a group of hoaxers made anelaborate crop circle in a field at night usingwooden plank, ropes, plastic tubes and a gardenroller. They even fooled some of the people whobelieve in the paranormal-aliens coming down inUFOs and aliens coming down in UFOs andcreating them, and so on.Peter: I'm sure lots of them are created by people just to get publicity but look here-it says, “The firstrecords of crop circles go back as far as the 17thcentury. Since the 1970s there have been over12,000 reports from countries all around the worldincluding Italy, America, South Africa, Australiaand Brazil.” Most reports are from here in Englandthough.Louise: But surely that’s just because they get so muchmedia coverage these days, so more people aremaking them.Peter: Perhaps, but how do you explain the fact that the actual chemical composition of the grains of corpsinside the circles changes? Scientific tests havefound they have a higher protein level. The stems ofthe grains have often been exposed to hightemperatures. And they found that the soil withinthe circles contains more iron than the soil outside.So far, the hoaxers haven't been able to copy allthese features.Louise: Well, I'm not a scientist but I'm pretty sceptical about all these so-called paranormal explanations. Iremember in the programme I watched, theresearchers found signs of human interference, suchas holes in the earth and footprints!Peter: Come on… you must admit, that still leaves a lot which is unexplained!Louise: There's lots of things that are hard to explain but this really...。

Book 2Chapter 1 The PopulationToday we’re going to talk about population in the United States. According to the most recent government census, the population is 281,421,906 people. Now this represents an increase of almost 33 million people since the 1990 census. A population of over 281 million makes the United States the third most populous country in the whole world. As you probably know, the People’s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world. But do you know which is the second most populous? Well, if you thought India, you were right. The fourth, fifth, and sixth most populous countries are Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. Now let’s get back to the United States. Let’s look at the total U. S. population figure of 281 million in three different ways. The first way is by race and origin; the second is by geographical distribution, or by where people live; and the third way is by the age and sex of the population.First of all, let’s take a look at the population by race and origin. Th e latest U. S. census reports that 75.1 percent of the population is white, whereas 12.3 percent is black. Three percent are of Asian origin, and 1 percent is Native American. 2.4 percent of the population is a mixture of two or more races, and 5.5 percent report themselves as “of some other race”. Let’s make sure your figures are right: OK, white, 75.1 percent; black, 12.3 percent; Asian, 3 percent; Native American, 1 percent; a mixture of two or more races, 2.4 percent; and of some other race, 5.5 percent. Hispanics, whose origins lie in Spanish-speaking countries, comprise whites, blacks, and Native Americans, so they are already included in the above figures. It is important to note that Hispanics make up 12.5 percent of the present U.S. population, however. Finally, the census tells us that 31 million people in the United States were born in another country. Of the 31 million foreign born, the largest part, 27.6 percent are from Mexico. The next largest group, from the Philippines, number 4.3 percent.Another way of looking at the population is by geographical distribution. Do you have any idea which states are the five most populous in the United States? Well, I’ll help you out there. The five most populous states, with population figures, are California, with almost 34 million; New York, with 21 million; Texas, with 19 million; and Florida, with 16 million; and Illinois with 12.5 million people. Did you get all those figures down? Well, if not, I’ll give you a chance later to check your figures. Well, then, let’s move on. All told, over half, or some 58 percent of the population, lives in the South and in the West of the United States. This figure, 58 percent, is surprising to many people. It is surprising because the East is more densely populated. Nevertheless, there are more people all together in the South and West. To understand this seeming contradiction, one need only consider the relatively larger size of many southern and western states, so although there are more people, they are distributed over a larger area. To finish up this section on geographical distribution, consider that more than three-quarters of the people live in metropolitan areas like Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Houston. That means that only 20 percent, or 2 out of 10 people, live in rural areas. An interesting side note is that some 3,800,000 U.S. citizens live abroad, that is, in foreign countries.Before we finish today, I want to discuss the distribution of the U.S. population in terms of age and sex. Just for interest, would you say there are more men or more women in the United States? Well, according to the 2000 census, there are more women. In fact, there are more than five million more women than men in the U.S. population. If we consider that more males than females are born each year, how can this difference be explained? Well, for a variety of complicated reasons that we can’t go into here, there is a progressively higher death rate for males as they get older. This is seen in 2003 life expectancy figures: the life expectancy for women is 80.4 years whereas for men it is only 74.5 years. I don’t know how these life expectancy figures compare to those in your countries, but statistically women generally live longer than men worldwide. Now, to finish up, let’s look at the average age of the whole population. Overall, the average age of the population is increasing: from 33.1 years in 1990 to 35.3 years in 2000. The average age has been slowly, but steadily, increasing over the past several decades. This trend toward a higher average age can be explained by a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy for the population as a whole. Well, I’d like to investigate these two subjects further, but I see our timeis up, so we’ll have to call it quits for today. You may want to pursue the topic of the aging U.S. population further, so there are some suggestions at the end of the lesson to help you do so. Thank you.Chapter Two Immigration: Past and PresentThe act of immigrating, or coming to a new country to live, is certainly nothing new. Throughout history, people have immigrated, or moved to new countries, for many different reasons. Sometimes these reasons were economic or political. Other people moved because of natural disasters such as droughts or famines. And some people moved to escape religious or political persecution. No matter what the reason, most people do not want to leave their native land and do so only under great pressure of some sort, but a few people seem quite adventuresome and restless by nature and like to move a lot. It seems both kinds of people came to America to live. The subject of immigration is quite fascinating to most Americans, as they view themselves as a nation of immigrants. However, the early Britons who came to what is today the United States considered themselves “settlers” or “colonists,” rather than immigrants. These people did not exactly think they were moving to a new country but were merely settling new land for the “mother country.” There were also large numbers of Dutch,French, German, and Scotch-Irish settlers, as well as large numbers of blacks brought from Africa as slaves. At the time of independence from Britain in 1776, about 40 percent of people living in what is now the United States were non-British. The majority of people, however, spoke English, and the traditions that formed the basis of life were mainly British traditions. This period we have just been discussing is usually referred to as the Colonial Period. Today, we’re a little more interested in actual immigration after this period. Let’s first look at what is often called the Great Immigration, which began about 1830 and ended in 1930. Then let’s consider the reasons for this so-called Great Immigration and the reasons it ended. Finally, let’s talk about the immigration situation in the United States today,As I said, we’ll begin our discussion today with the period of history called the Great Immigration, which lasted from approximately 1830 to 1930. It will be easier if we look at the Great Immigration in terms of three major stages, or time periods. The first stage was from approximate1y 1830 to 1860. Now, before this time, the number of immigrants coming to the United States was comparatively small, only about 10,000 a year. However, the rate began to climb in the 1830s when about 600,000 immigrants arrived. The rate continued to climb during the 1840s with a tota1 of 1,700,000 people arriving in that decade. The rate continued to climb, and during the 1850s 2,600,000 immigrants arrived. During this first stage of the Great Immigration, that is, between the years 1830 and 1860, the majority of immigrants came from Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. Now let’s consider the second stage of the Great Immigration. The second stage was from l860 to 1890, during which time another 10,000,000 people arrived. Between l860 and 1890 the majority of immigrants continued to be from Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain. However, during the second stage, a smaller but significant number of immigrants came from the Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The third stage of the Great Immigration, which lasted from 1890 to 1930, was the era of heaviest immigration. Between the years l890 and l930, almost 22 million immigrants arrived in the United States. Most of these new arrivals came from the Southern European countries of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain and the Eastern European countries of Poland and Russia.Now that we know something about the numbers and origins of immigrants who came to the States during the Great Immigration, let’s consider the reasons why most of these people immigrated to the United States. Why did such large numbers of Europeans leave their homes for life in an unknown country? It would be impossible to discuss all the complex political and economic reasons in any depth today, but we can touch on a few interesting facts that might help to clarify the situation for you. First of all, one of the most important reasons was that the population of Europe doubled between the years 1750 and 1850. At the same time that the population was growing so rapidly, the Industrial Revolution in Europe was causing widespread unemployment. The combination of increased population and the demand for land by industry also meant that farmland was becoming increasingly scarce in Europe. The scarcity of farmland in Europe meant that the abundance of available land in the growingcountry of the United States was a great attraction. During these years, the United States was an expanding country and it seemed that there was no end to land. In fact, in 1862, the government offered public land free to citizens and to immigrants who were planning to become citizens. In addition to available farmland, there were also plentiful jobs during these years of great economic growth. Other attractions were freedom from religious or political persecution. Some other groups also came to the United States as the direct results of natural disasters that left them in desperate situations. For example, the frequent failure of the potato crop in Ireland between the years 1845 and 1849 led to widespread starvation in that country, and people were driven to immigrate. Another factor that affected the number of immigrants coming to the United States was improved ocean transport beginning in the 1840s. At that time, ships large enough to carry large numbers of people began to make regular trips across the ocean. Now let’s summarize the reasons for the high rate of immigration to the United States during the years we discussed: first, the doubling of the population in Europe between 1750 and 1850; second, the unemployment caused by the Industrial Revolution; and third, the land scarcity in Europe, followed by religious and political persecution and natural disaster. These reasons combined with improved transportation probably account for the largest number of immigrants.I would now like to talk briefly about the period of time following the Great Immigration and the reasons for the decline in the rate of immigration. Although immigration continues today, immigration numbers have never again reached the levels that we discussed previously. There are several reasons for this decline. This decline was in part due to various laws whose aim was to limit the number of immigrants coming from different parts of the world to the United States. The first such law that limited the number of immigrants coming from a certain part of the world was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This law was followed by many other laws that also tried to limit the numbers of people immigrating from various countries or parts of the world. In addition to such laws, certainly economic and geopolitical events as important as the Great Depression starting in 1929 and World War II also contributed to the decline in immigration.Let’s conclude our talk by discussing the current situation with respect to immigration, which is quite different from that in the past. To understand some of the changes, it’s important to note that in 1965 strict quotas based on nationality were elimin ated. Let’s see how different things are today from the past. As I noted, the greatest number of immigrants to the United States have historically been European. According to U.S. Census figures, in 1860, the percentage of immigrants that were European was 92 percent. But by 1960, the percentage of European immigrants had dropped to 74.5 percent, and by the year 2002, it had dropped to 14 percent! In 2002, 52.2 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, that is, from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Mexico is ordinarily considered part of North America, but the U.S. Census Bureau considers Mexico as a Central American country in terms of immigration statistics, and estimates that more than one-third of the total of all immigrants to the United States in 2002 came from Mexico or another Central American country. The next largest percentage, 25.5 percent, of immigrants came from Asia, mainly from the Philippines, China, and India. Although immigration dropped sharply when the United States entered World War I and remained low throughout the Depression and World War II years, at the end of the l940s, immigration began to increase again and has, in general, risen steadily since then. It might surprise you to know that the actual number of immigrants coming yearly to the States in recent years is about the same as the numbers coming yearly between 1900 and 1910. Keep in mind, though, that the population of the United States is much larger now than at the turn of the century, so that while the yearly numbers may be similar, the percentage of the population that is foreign-born is considerably smaller today than it was a century ago.It might be interesting to speculate on immigration in the future. Will the trend continue for non-Europeans to immigrate to the United States? The answer is probably yes for the foreseeable future. Do these non-European people come to the United States for the same reasons that Europeans came? Well, land is no longer plentiful and cheap. Industry no longer requires large numbers of unskilled workers. In fact, the government usually tries to restrict immigration to those people who already have the skills to be successful in U.S. society. Still, people comefor politica1 and economic reasons and probably will continue to do so.Chapter 3 Americans at WorkWhether you love it or hate it, work is a major part of most people’s lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about “blue Monday,” when they have to go back to work after th e weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a new person, they almost always ask each other, “What do you do?” They are asking, what is your job or profession. Today, however, we won’t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we’re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we’ll take a historical look at work in America. We’ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we’ll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.As we look at the changes over the last century, we’re going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today’s lecture. First, let’s consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture; that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing, and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up. As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products. A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, health care, and legal services. I’m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999.Let’s recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture; 31 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 31 percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture; 19 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.The labor force changed in other important ways. For example, child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were 1, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the labor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed; in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.Let’s see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers I will give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4,200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4,200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33, 700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefits than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900. The last area that I’d like to give you a few statis tics about is workplace safety. Most of us who go to work every day don’t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren’t many statistics available, but the U.S. government does have statis tics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost 1,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents; in 1999,the number was 35. 2,555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999.People often te nd to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days,” but I think it’s fair to say that by the end of the twentieth century, U.S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly.No w let’s turn our attention to the current situation for U.S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U.S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I’m going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.First let’s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U.S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than European workers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U.S. workers.At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U.S. productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974, productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book, the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs’ salaries, the stock market, and the corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers’ wages don’t.What are the reasons why U.S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacation days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate as productivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention: The first is that labor unions in the United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.I see our time is up. So, I’ll see you next time.Chapter 4 Family in the United StatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kind of comments about the American family that one hears today --- in short, that the American family is disintegrating. Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth century included three points: the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic role. It’s a little surprising to me that the same claim about the family is being made today --- that it is disintegrating. And often the same points are mentioned as proof: declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to imply that cultural, demographic, and economic conditions are the same now as they were 100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically in the last 50 years, not to mention the last 100 years. But I don’t think the average person’s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot of people have on fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays home to care for the children and Father works.But this idea is challenged by what we see every day in U.S. society. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer for what is happening in the society, the culture, and the economy of the United States. To make this point clearer, we’ll take a look at how the American family has changed in the last 50 years by looking at three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s; the mid-60s to the mid-80s; and finally the present. Sociologist Barbara Dafoe Whitehead labels these three periods: the period of traditional familism, the period of individualism, and the period of the new familism. I will try for each period to show how economic, demographic, and cultural elements interact and, in turn, affect the family.Well, let’s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We’re talking here of the twenty years from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. This was the period after World War II, a period characterized by a very strong economy. This gave the United States a rising standard of living and a growing middle class. Demographically, the predominant configuration of the family from these years was the traditional one: a married couple with children. Some women worked, but divorce rates were low, and birth rates were high. I guess you could say that the country idealized the family in these years. And what I mean is, there was a commitment to the family from its members and a reverence for it from society. TV programs of the era depicted the family in the classical configuration: working father, housewife, and children. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to social norms, greater male domination of the family than in the later periods, and clear-cut gender roles, that is, clear and separate roles for men and women at home and at work. Well, things changed quite a bit after this period.Let’s move on to the second period, the period of individualism. This period is from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Now, because individualism is so often mentioned in our discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before we discuss it. Individualism brings to mind two other words: independence and self-reliance. Individualism conveys the idea that one should think and act for himself or herself, according to what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused with egotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much more. Individualism implies that one has the freedom to decide what is best rather than allowing that decision to be made by a group such as the community or society. Individualism does, of course, conflict with the concept of community, which implies that the group shares in making decisions. And this conflict between the individual and the community is one that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the United States. All right, let’s get back to our discussion about the family.The second period, the period of individualism, saw three important social and political movements. Do you have any idea which movements I might be talking about? Keep in mind that these decades were characterized by a lack of conformity to social norms. Well, the movements have in mind are the sexual revolution, in which sex was clearly no longer reserved for marriage; the women’s liberation movement; and the m ovement against the war in Vietnam. All three movements---the sexual revolution, woman’s liberation, and the antiwar movement --- were typical of the nonconforming nature of these decades. Now, culturally, it is in this period where we see two important de velopments: one the idealization of one’s career and work and, two, the drive for self-expression and self-fulfillment. In this period, the feminist movement challenged traditional gender roles and male domination of society. Women began to enter professions previously closed to them like medicine, law, and management. Men, for their part, began at least to consider a more active role in raising their children.These cultural changes occurred during a time of economic changes, too. This was a time of rapidly rising cost of living. Together, these forces changed the demographics of the family. The former picture of the family had only one configuration: a married couple with children where Mother stayed home. The new picture of the family had to include new configurations, like families in which the husband and wife both worked, families of single parents with children, and families of cohabiting couples with or without children. With more women pursuing careers and making money, there was less economic pressure for them to stay in an unsuitable marriage. Therefore, divorce rates doubled in a decade. Rising divorce rates and more financial independence for women made marriage a less attractive arrangement for many women. Consequently, the number of single-parent households。

Chapter 4 Family in the United StatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kinds of comments about the American family that one hears today – in short, that the American family is disintegrating. Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth century included three points: the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic role. It’s a little surprising to me that the same claim about the family is being made today – that it is disintegrating. And often the same points are mentioned as proof: declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to imply that cultural, demographic, and economic conditions are the same now as they were 100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically in the last 50 years, not to mention the last 100 years. But I don’t think the average person’s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot of people have one fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays home to care for the children and Father works. But this idea is challenged by what we see every day in the U.S. society. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer for what is happening in the society, the culture, and the economy of the United States. To make this point clearer, we’ll take a look at how the American family has changed in the last 50 years by looking at three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s; themid-60 to the mid-80s; and finally the present. Sociologist Barbara Dafoe Whitehead labels theses three periods the period of traditional familism, the period of individualism, and the period of the new familism.I will try for each period to show how economic, demographic, and cultural elements interact and, in turn, affect the family.一百年前,一听到关于美国家庭的意见相同种类的人听到今天–总之,美国家庭的解体。

1 A Courtesy CampaignBob Edwards, host: Nearly half of all American adults have wireless telephones. People are buying them at a rate of 46,000 a day. The rise of portable phones has been accompanied by a rise in complaints about mobile phone manners.A few cities have passed laws restricting their use. But San Diego‘s trying a different approach, appealing to cell phone users with a courtesy campaign.From member station KPBS, Scott Horsley reports.Scott Horsley Reporting: It seems to be happening more and more, in restaurants, movie theaters, even in church. Soundbite of Cell Phone Ringing Horsley: When it comes to the shrill interruption of a ringing cell phone, no place it seems is sacred.Reverend Wendy Craig-Purcell: Well, if we‘re in the middle of prayer and meditation, I usually just ignore it. And I may make a comment afterwards, something like, ―Well, you know, maybe the spirit of God is truly calling us and wanting our attention.‖\\Horsley: Not everyone is as forgiving as Reverend Wendy Craig-Purcell of San Diego‘s Church of Today. And not everyone views the cell phone as an instrument of divine intervention. When San Diego Mayor Susan Golding conducted an Internet survey last year, thousands of people responded calling for restrictions on cell phone use, especially in movie theatres.Mayor Susan Golding: I know that I‘ve been in the movies. And it‘s at the quiet time when everyone‘s on the edge of their seat and the phone rings next to you and the person starts to talk in a very loud voice.Horsley: But rather than proposing regulation, Mayor Golding has launched a voluntary courtesy campaign, urging wireless phone users to mind their mobile manners. The campaign includes stickers that business can display, reminding customers they‘re in a quite zone. The mayor herself posted a sticker outside one movie theatre as Doug Cohen looked on in approval. Cohen is a real estate broker whose own cell phone gets plenty of use, but he agrees there ought to be limits.Doug Cohen: I have a very good friends that I won‘t eat lunch with. They just can‘t get away from it. So it‘s … there‘s an etiquette. It‘s just like driving or anything else, you know. Some people will subscribe to a certain politeness and some people won‘t. But it‘s nice that there‘s an issue raised here. \\Horsley: San Diego might seem like an unlikely place to raise the issue of rude cell phone use since the cell phone industry is one of the city‘s biggest employers, with companies like Qualcomm and Nokia. But Nokia is actually sponsoring the mayor‘s courtesy campaign. Vice President Larry Paulson says customers should set phone is vibrate rather than ring in certain settings, and sometimes even turn their phones off.Larry Paulson: Certainly, I think everyone agrees with this. In certain public areas such as movie theaters, plays, churches, museums, and libraries, talking can be very disruptive and, essentially, it‘s a violation of basic courtesy. Horsley: Cell phone companies realize a public backlash isn‘t good for their business. And with communities in Ohio and New Jersey already banning cell phone use behind the wheel, the industry may see a courtesy campaign as a way to head off further government regulation, like the beer companies urging their customers to drink responsibly. \\ Instead of a strict enforcer, Mayor Golding hopes to play a gentle Miss Manners. The real Miss Manners, newspaper columnist Judith Martin, thinks that might work better, anyway.Judith Martin: If you use the heavy hand of the law for everyday trivial things, you create this state where everybody is angry at everybody else, where the courts are clogged up.This is a very simple thing we‘re talking about: don‘t disturb people, you know. Don‘t talk at eh movies. Don‘t talk on the phone in the movies. Don‘t talk to the person next to you in the movies.Horsley: Martin says it‘s not unusual when new technologies develop for people to believe they‘re in an etiquette-free zone. But gradually, a consensus develops about how the tools should be used. With cell phones, she says, we‘re halfway there. \\People agree that others shouldn‘t annoy them with their phones, but they don‘t necessarily apply the same rules with themselves. That will be the challenge, as Mayor Golding demonstrated during a news conference kicking off her courtesy campaign.Mayor Golding: I think we will influence a great number of people to stop and think.Soundbite of Cell Phone RingingMayor Golding: For example, my phone is ringing right now. But I think we will influence a lot of people to turn off their cell phones or to put them or vibrate.Clearly, there are places…and this doesn‘t even hang up well. But because I want to be courteous and not answer it during this press conference.Horsley: The mayor later explained that hers was a new phone, and she hadn‘t figured out all the settings. She got a quick lesson from the Nokia vie president in how to turn of the ringer. For NPR News, I‘m Scott Horsley in San Diego.1.Reverend Wendy Craig-Purcell: Well, if we‘re in the middle of prayer and meditation, I usually just ignore it. AndI may make a comment afterwards, something like, ―Well, you know, maybe the spirit of God is truly calling usand wanting our attention.‖2. Mayor Susan Golding: I know that I‘ve been in the movies. And it‘s at the quiettime when everyone‘s on the edge of their seat and the phone rings next to you and the person starts to talk in a very loud voice.3.Doug Cohen: I have a very good friends that I won‘t eat lunch with. They just can‘t get away from it. So it‘s …there‘s an etiquette. It‘s just like driving or anything else, you know. Some people will subscribe to a certain politeness and some people won‘t. But it‘s nice that there‘s an issue raised here.4. Larry Paulson: Certainly, I think everyone agrees with this. In certain public areas such as movie theaters, plays,churches, museums, and libraries, talking can be very disruptive and, essentially, it‘s a violation of basic courtesy.5. Judith Martin: If you use the heavy hand of the law for everyday trivial things, you create this state whereeverybody is angry at everybody else, where the courts are clogged up. This is a very simple thing we‘re talking about: don‘t disturb people, you know. Don‘t talk at eh movies. Don‘t talk on the phone in the movies. Don‘t talk to the person next to you in the movies.2 Give me my place to smokeMy name is Michael, and I‘ve been smoking for fifteen years.My name is Peggy, and I‘ve been smoking for probably thirty and thirty-five years.Peggy and Michael sit in a smoky neighborhood bar in Washington D.C., a cigarette perched in each other‘s hands. They say there are fewer and fewer places like this, where they feel completely comfortable lighting up, and they expect the EPA report on secondhand smoke to contribute to further restrictions on smoking in public places. They both say they are keenly aware of the reception they get when they smoke, and how that has changed over the years. Thirty-five years ago you really didn‘t give a lot of thought to smoking. Now you do. And of course you‘re finding that it‘s much less acceptable, much less popular, shall we say, to be smoker. And I don‘t know how much of that is basically political, and how much is apolitical. I don‘t like the atmosphere today, not only for smoking, but I find that that‘s true in many other areas of freedom. //How do you experience it? How do you get that feeling from other people?Well, fifteen years ago you didn‘t think about it. Y ou walked in to someone‘s house and they would offer you an ashtray. Y ou don‘t do that anymore. I don‘t even ask anymore. ―Is it OK if we smoke?‖ because for a while there it was. ―Well, I really wish you wouldn‘t.‖And that was awkward?No, it wasn‘t awkward; it‘s just that you learn not to ask anymore, and just assume that it‘s not right.I found it awkward.Y ou go to parties now. Y ou know, where it used to be that everybody was standing around with a cocktail in one hand and a cigarette in the other and blabbing, and now you see the smokers, kind of …if it‘s an apartment, furtively standing around an open window, or if it‘s a house, standing outside in groups. It‘s pretty common. //Has it changed your smoking habits in any way?That‘s hard to say. I will say this: I know that I‘m much more cognizant of my surroundings. For example, if I walk into someone else‘s office any more, I would never think to take a cigarette. And like he said, in someone‘s home, you wouldn‘t automatically sit down and have a cigarette. So in that regard, yes.Y eah. I mean, I‘ve develop a whole body language about smoking in groups and in places where it is permissible tosmoke.Oh, yes.It‘s … take a drag.As you are doing right now.Right, blow it straight up in the air so that it doesn‘t get in anybody‘s face, then try to hold your cigarette so that the wind catches, whatever wind there is catches it so that it goes away from the group. So after a while, you look like a factory. Y ou‘re blowing smoke straight up, and you‘ve got this cigarette flying out in the air there, //it‘s whole body language.And you do look a bit strange, you‘re right, now that you say that. Do you feel any defiance?I don‘t think I do. I‘ve never felt a desire to inflict my habit on anybody else.I guess I don‘t mean inflict your habit. I think when I mean defiance, what I mean by that is, if you are in an area where it is totally acceptable to smoke, that…but you know that there is someone there who doesn‘t really want you to smoke.Y es, yes. Actually, one afternoon I was coming home from work. I was walking up Connections Avenue and I had my Walkman on. It had been kind of a rough day, and I was puffing away on a cigarette and walking up the street, and someone came around in front of me and pointed behind me. So I took my Walkman off, and turned around, and there was this man standing there, and he was going, ―Excuse me, your cigarette is in my eyes.‖And you were outside.I was outside, on the sidewalk. And I looked at him, and I said, ―Well, then walk in front of me.‖ And I just felt like he was his own private smoking patrol. It had nothing to do with any kind of physical discomfort I was causing him. And did you wonder if, the next day, he was part of the fur patrol? That‘s what I think I mean about defiance. I find that in myself, that when they make a judgment, and that‘s basically what they‘re doing, they‘re making a judgment on my behavior. //Do you understand at all, though, this strong feeling that people have about smoking, that if they‘re not a smoker, they don‘t want to be around it, they don‘t want to inhale the smoke?Y es, I can understand it. Sure. I mean, I‘ve really knuckled under… I have changed my habits to respect the rights of people who don‘t want smoke around them, and I‘m much more cognizant of how my smoking might be affecting the general area. If I'm in a smoking section, I feel that I‘m entitled to smoke. If they take away that smoking section, I won‘t smoke in there anymore.I wouldn‘t go there anymore, If it‘s a matter of spending my money in a restaurant, for example, I wouldn‘t spend my money there. But in regard to that, yes, I understand it, but I also feel, again, back to equity. Give me my place to smoke. That‘s all I ask.Peggy and Michael both live in Washington, D.C. //3 Kids and the mediaThe excesses of the media came under scrutiny this month over how young people are used as sources in news stories. ABC News has been under fire for airing an interview with six-year-old Elian Gonzalez, as many other networks for airing a home videotape of the child. Last year, CNN was criticized when it broadcast phone calls from students at Columbine High School as the shootings there were taking place. NPR‘s Rick Karr reports on the choices journalists make in dealing with children in the news. When ABC‘s Diane Sawyer introduced her interview with Elian Gonzalez, she referred to one of the bedrock rules of the craft of journalism: Get the story straight from the source.And even though the media has had him under twenty-hour-a-day surveillance and written, by our calculation, 11,984 articles about the politics of all this, not one of us has sat down and looked in to his eyes.Just looking into his eyes would have been fine, according to Bob Steel. E‘s a journalistic ethicist at the Poynter Institute in St. Petersburg, Florida.The problem is when he was interviewed. For Diane Sawyer or any other journalist to ask him questions of the weight that were asked of him about his mother and the loss of his mother, about whether he wants to stay in Florida, in the United States, or return to Cuba- these are questions that are beyond the grasp of a six-year-old in terms of taking witha journalist in a meaningful way. //Steel says journalists need, first and foremost, to consider whether or not a child is mature enough to actually shed light on a story. An immature child may not know fact from fantasy and while that‘s no big deal if the story is on, say, Chicagoans‘ hopes for this year‘s White Sox, where a six-year-old might have as much to say as any other pundit, it‘s much more pressing a concern when international relations or criminal allegations are at stake. It‘s not solely a matter of chronological age, Steel says; trauma can make even adults regress to childhood. Steele says journalists need to step back and fight the urge to get it done right this second.Slow down enough that you can assess the situation and assess the individuals who may be the witnesses and may be the interview sources in a particular story, and to ascertain the best we can at hat moment what kind of vulnerability they may have. //Sometimes witnesses to a crime can be vulnerable in terms of the perpetrator going after those witnesses.Bob, is it outside the school right now or are they still inside, can you tell?They‘re inside….they‘re inside the building. I haven‘t seen…CNN and a local Denver television station were criticized last year when they broadcast this tape and others like it: cell phone calls from students hiding in and around Columbine High School, which Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris could, in theory, have used to pinpoint the locations of their intended victims.They‘re OK. One of my friends is still in the school, though.Really?I guess his mother paged hi. He called her back, said that he‘s … I guess he‘s in the choir room.Suzanne McCarroll was on the scene at Columbine High School that day. She‘s a reporter with KCNC, Denver‘s CBS station. She says in breaking news situations, judging right from wrong is a matter of gut instinct.A lot of time I look at the those kid s‘faces I think, ―Oh, my God, this could be one of my kids and am I doing something that‘s OK if this were my child, if somebody came up and started interviewing my child about whatever given topic or grilling my child with those questions?‖McCarroll says when she‘s interviewing kids, parental consent doesn‘t mean much. Sometimes parents are more confused than kids and sometimes they give their consent for the wrong reasons. Suzanne McCarroll won praise from media critics for her sensitive handling of Columbine. But journalism is a deeply competitive field and sometimes the urge to scoop the competition trumps the gut check. So had she been in Diane Sawyer‘s shoes, would she have interviewed Elian?I don‘t know…I…you know, I would hat to…I don‘t know. I…truthfully, I uses, I don‘t think I would‘ve, but I‘m not in her position.Suzanne McCarroll says the bottom line of practicing ethical journalism where children are concerned is context. What‘s going on around the kid in question? How has the reporter couched the interview?Bob Steel of the Poynter Institute says it would be hard to confuse the tape of Elian Gonzalez, provided to the media on Thursday by his Miami relatives, with journalism. The question is: When it showed up on the evening news,how was it presented?Steel says the listeners, readers, and viewers need to keep questions like that in mind. Rick Karr, NPR News.4 Is it a sculpture，or is it foodIn the near future, you might be able to buy a tomato in the supermarket that has been genetically designed and engineered, a tomato that would stay ripe much longer, strawberries that are not so fragile in freezing temperatures, vegetable oil that‘s lower in fat. Already on the market: a gene-spliced product that‘s used in cheese making. There are impressive claims being made for genetic manipulation of food, including production increases that could help alleviate world hunger. But there‘s also concern, and indeed some fear, about the use of gene-splicing techniques; and last week more than 1,000 chefs from restaurants all around the country made a pledge they will mot serve such foods, and they‘ll work to see that genetically engineered foods are labeled as such. It was announced back in May that no special labeling would be required. Joyce Goldstein has joined the boycott. She‘s the owner of Square One Restaurant in San Francisco. //When I first heard about it, I thought, well, they‘re not even talking about flavor. The only thing they‘re talking aboutis how long they can keep the damn thing in the shelf.Y ou are talking about tomato, basically.Basically the tomato. Y ou know, you worry how long they want to keep it. Is it a sculpture or is it food? And I just kept thinking, I hope that we will get to find out more about this, and that they‘ll do some testing. For example, if they‘re using these trout genes in other products, and we have customers with fish allergies, are they going to get sick? There‘s the idea that they would use a fish gene to make tomatoes more frost-resistant.Right, well I mean, will people with fish allergies have responses to this, or will that be so sublimed that they won‘t have any effect? I guess the thing is, when a new product comes on the market like this, number one, you‘d like to be aware that it‘s being sold to you, and number two, you‘d like to know that they have checked out all of these ramifications before they put it on the shelf. //It sounds like your concerns are more practical than others‘. Other people are talking about science fiction food; and I‘ve heard it referred to as ―Franken food‖ in the past.Well, you know, it‘s very easy to poke fun at—and I want to put this in quotes—―progress.‖ I mean, those of us that were attached to typewriters, I think, poked fun at people using computers until we started using them. So I don‘t want to sound like I‘m some old fogey saying, ―In the old days we didn‘t do it that way.‖If they would come up with a wonderful product through genetic—I mean, they‘ve done wonderful roses with genetic breeding that are perfectly beautiful and still have some scent- If they could do this and prove it was safe to the public, I‘m not going to say it‘s a bad thing. All I‘m saying is, right now we have a lot of nonknowledge about this stuff, and until things are tested and until we know what they taste like and how they are, we don‘t want to put them on the menu.There‘s an argument that‘s being made that this could be, I‘ve seen one quotation, ―the biggest boon to corporate profits since frozen food.‖ that this could be that big a breakthrough in the food area.Well, they‘re always worrying about corporate profit. What if the stuff turns out not to be good?I got a letter from a lady the other day, who said she‘s the wife of a scientist, and she would prefer to serve genetically engineered food to her children, and I shouldn‘t worry because it‘s under the wonderful eye of the Food and Drug Administration, and she will boycott my restaurant as long as I boycott these foods. And I started thinking, God, with an attitude like that I certainly don‘t want her eating in my restaurant anyway.But also, I mean the Food and Drug Administration has not been foolproof. I think we just need to see a little bit more data on this, and I think it‘s too soon to tell. //Now you‘re very concerned, I‘m sure, about pesticide residue in the foods that would reduce the dependence on pesticides in the field.I think that‘s a good thing. I‘m just concerned when they start crossing trout with tomatoes as to what happens. I‘m concerned. I will be delighted if they can make something taste wonderful and not have chemicals and pesticides. When you read that the first person that it‘s good for is agribusiness, and that they will put these things at the market or try to sell it to use without letting us know, I thin we are the right to know. I think when we have the choice to say I‘m going to buy it, or I‘m not going to.Joyce Goldstein, the owner and head chef of Square One Restaurant in San Francisco.5 What‘s happening to Home?Hey, come on in.My work came home last week. It‘s not that I‘ve never worked at home, but this was different. This job means out daughter‘s bedroom has been turned into a mini-studio and our house suddenly seems like the Bethesda bureau of NPR. During my recent vacation to get ready to come over to this show, an interview was arranged with Maggie Jackson. Her new book is called What’s happening to home? Balancing Work, life, and refuge in the Information Age. She came into NPR‘s New Work studio while my engineer came to me.The fusion of work and home is not a new phenomenon. In earlier centuries, many families lived above the store. But Maggie Jackson says that while there are similarities, there are also major differences.//Because of technology, we are able to have our bodies at home, but our minds in a different place. When you‘re on the laptop, you mind is in somewhere else, usually. Y our body might be home. So you have a different relationship withthe people at home. Y ou are doing work that separates you mentally from the home.Y our book actually began with your own exploration, right? I mean, as I writer an interviewer…Y es.…and raising two small children, your won lines began to blur at home. Y ou wrote about, for example, trying to hurry your kids to bed so you could get back to work.Y es, that was, although I can‘t say it only happened just once, that was a sort of eureka moment. For me, I was writing about the world of the workplace, the work/ life balance, and noticing that the lines were blurring and also, at the same time at home, I was gaining the technology to be more flexible in my work. O could come home for dinner, put the kids to bed, finish a story or interview people in California- and I‘m on the East Coast- and I had a lot of flexibility. At the same time, I felt as though my work was seeping and leaking and bleeding into the rest of my house. //Let me tell you my situation here. I love the fact that I‘m sitting at home right now. I‘ve had a cup of coffee, I‘m sitting in a very comfortable armchair. I have a beautiful view. Now that being said, I do have a home office now and I feel as if, if I close the door, the officer is going to be… there. How else can one set psychological boundaries in the home to keep work from interfering, aside from a physical boundary?Well, I think that boundary is the perfect word to use because I am certainly not saying that all technology automatically means the work takes over your life or that, in this day and age, all the changes that are going on are bad, I think that the—you know, are making is important, and I think that in this age we don‘t make enough boundaries. // I‘m looking at page 123 of your book, and you quote Olivier Marc, ―Home allows us to create an area of peace, calm and security, for once we have crossed the threshold and shut the door behind us, we can be at one with ourselves, and we‘re not necessarily talking about architecture and physical doors.Exactly. And I just found so many pieces of the picture al around me that show that that kind of experience of home is being lost if we continue down the road. Not everyone lives in futuristic households. I wrote about an apartment in New Y ork City where a currency trader has video monitors all around the apartment, including in the arm of a sofa, so he can watch the markets. Now this is the kind, again, of sort of scifi apartment that few of us will ever have. But at the same time, I think that we are marching down that road in little daily decisions that we make.Are all Americans facing these sorts of issues? What about those who are not in these maybe high-tech, high-creative, high-paying jobs? Are they facing these same issues?I think in many ways they are, and many more people will be facing these issues as technology, computers, etc., gadgets become smaller and less expensive. I interviewed secretaries all around the country and just in the last few years they have gotten cell phones and they‘re checking their voice mail and e-mail on vacations, on sick days. They really felt often as if their home wasn‘t a refuge as a result, and I think that we are going to find more and more people are going to be facing the kinds of problems and dilemmas I describe.Maggie Jackson, thanks a lot.Y ou‘re welcome. Thank you.Maggie Jackson is the author of What’s happening to home? Balancing Work, life, and refuge in the Information Age.6 Create Controversy to Generate publicityBenetton has produced a set of controversial ads which, even in these hard times for advertising revenues, magazines are turning down. The three controversial ads depict a very young nun kissing a priest, a newborn baby only seconds old, and a little blonde white girl next to a little black boy whose hair is fashioned into something that looks a little bit like horns. Our own bob Garfield, in his other life, is the advertising critic for Advertising Age magazine, and since he has opinions about practically everything, and professionally he has opinions about advertising, we called in. //Bob, what about these ads? What do nuns and priests and newborns and little toddlers blonde and black have to do with selling T-shirt?Well, they have everything to do with us doing this interview right now. An important element of this whole campaign is to create controversy and to generate publicity, which not only has an immediate value all of its won, it also enhances every consumer exposure to Benettom ads in their natural habitat, so that when you‘re paging through some magazine and run across a picture of this newborn baby covered with the blood and the vernix and with the umbilicus still attached, instead of casually passing it, being aware of the controversy, you‘re apt to look at it more seriously andto react one way or another-probably with anger or disgust, is my guess. //I think that if you were paging through a magazine and saw this picture, you wound stop could, eve n if you‘d never heard of the ad or Benetton…because it is such an arresting picture, this baby, you could stop cold, even if you‘d never heard of the ad or Benetton…Because it is such an arresting picture, this baby.Well, it is that,…uh, arresting, some would say disgusting. And I suppose the Benetton people would say that it‘s magnificent and natural. Uh I think a large intestine is natural and kind of magnificent in its way, but I sure don‘t want too see it in the middle of a fashion magazine, though I suppose that‘s next. //Essence and Child magazines did not take the ad with the two children. Self, which published the baby, refused the nun. Cosmo decided it did not see itself with a newborn baby in its pages. Now, were you surprised? I mean. I‘m surprised by that. This is a double page ad, and magazines are awfully skinny; it seems to me they‘re being awfully touchy about it.Oh, I don‘t know if awfully touchy is right. I mean, I frankly don‘t think Benetton really expected these ads to be accepted by anyone. I‘m little surprised that the newborn one was in the pages of Self, which published the baby in its pages. The ads were created for the express purpose of ticking people off, for creating controversy, for inflaming consumer outrage, and so forth and so on, an it‘s really very cunning advertising, Linda, for a lot of reasons. Not only is there the publicity benefit, they also are a great example of what I call distraction marketing. And it‘s distracting, because, rather than focus on trying to come up with some sort of rational benefit for buying a $49 cotton T-shirt, which Benetton knows is not a rational kind of consumer behavior, they‘re kind of playing a little three-card monte in creating a distraction over here so you won‘t pay attention to the facts of the matter over on the other side, the facts of the matter being that a $119 cardigan sweater is not a particularly good buy.Thanks very much.My pleasure.Bob Garfield, when he is not appearing on national Public Radio, is the advertising critic for Advertising Age. //7 A Contribution to Make the World a Better PlaceApril is tax time, so Morning Edition will spend Tuesdays this month talking about money and what it means to rich people, the poor, and those in between. NPR‘s special correspondent Susan Stemberg starts her series with one of the world‘s wealthiest men, financier and philanthropist George Soros.Retired now, Grorge Soros ran a hedge fund, buying and selling stocks and bonds and speculating in currencies and became a multibillionaire. //Y ou said that the responsibility of handling money makes you acutely anxious?Naturally, because if you manage other people‘s money, you take risks. And that means that you can lose. So there‘s a tremendous tension. It gives you sleepless nights, psychosomatic diseases. I used to have backaches. And, in fact, the backaches used to be very useful to me in telling me that there‘s something wrong in my portfolio. My back seemed to know it before my brain did.Imagine if Wall Street had known that. They‘d have sent him for daily X-rays. This is a man who‘s given backaches, too. His currency may have contributed to Asia‘s financial crisis, a charge he denies. The story of George Soros and money began in Buddapest where he was born seventy years ago. His father was a lawyer who liked living well. Then the Nazis invaded Hungary and young George started his economics education. // When I was fourteen, being Jewish, we assumed false identities and we lived sort of underground. And my father used me to trade in currency because a fourteen-year-old boy is not suspected to be carrying currency. So he thought it was less dangerous for a kid to do it.Especially when the kid had blue eyes and blonde hair. While the father helped Jungarian Jews ge t false papers, his teenager got lessons in trading. Someone had a gold bracelet he wanted to sell. ―It‘s worth a lot of money,‖he told young George, who ran it to black marketers and got a lesson: Sellers‘ estimates are not always reliable.I learned that fast.So when you went sell it, they said, ―Oh, but look at this thing. It‘s full of dents. It‘s awful. It‘s not worth anything.‖That‘s all right, that‘s all right.。

最新新标准大学英语视听说教程（2）听力原文_Unit+3New资料Unit 3-Conversation 1Kate: Are you on your way to the boathouse?Janet: No. What's happening?Kate: There's a practice race to help choose who will row on the college team. Mark really wants a place on the team, so he has to row well today. And I'm going to watch. Janet: Well, I'd like to, but I have an essay to finish. Kate: That's too bad! I know how you feel.Janet: Maybe I can come later?Kate: Sure. I'm thinking of having lunch in the boathouse bar, and then watching the rowing all afternoon.Janet: How do I get to the boathouse?Kate: It's easy. Can you see where we are on the map? Here, look!Janet: OK, which way round are we standing? ... Yes, got it! Kate: OK, go down Catte Street, and turn right into the High Street. Go along the High Street and turn left into St Aldates. Walk along St Aldates, past Christ Church College until you get to Folly Bridge.Janet: I see.Kate: Then when you get to the bridge, cross over the river ... turn left and walk along the river bank. Keep going along the river ... And you're there! The boathouses are on the right, and the Hertford College Boathouse is the last one along. You can't miss it.Janet: Thanks. I'm looking forward to seeing the rowing. Kate: No problem. We shouldn't miss the rowing —it's a greatuniversity tradition!Janet: I know, Mark was telling me.Kate: Like the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge universities every year.Janet: Of course! The great rivals!Kate: The Boat Race has been going for years, maybe nearly 200 years.Janet: And Oxford won it this year!Kate: Yes, but Cambridge was very close behind. Anyway see you later, down by the river.Janet: Bye.Unit 3-Conversation 2Kate: So the rules are ... the boats follow each other and the one behind has to bump the one in front ... just like that one has done.Janet: Is that Mark's boat?Kate: Yes! Look, his boat is about to bump the one in front! Well done!Mark: Hi you guys!Kate: Fantastic, Mark. You were amazing!Mark: Well,we won the practice race, but I'm worried about getting a place on the team.The problem is that there are at least three other people on the team who have rowed before.And I can't help thinking that they were better than me.Janet: Don't worry, Mark. Everything will be OK. Mark: And then I hurt my knee getting into the boat. Janet: Oh, I'm so sorry!Kate: Too bad, but it's only a scratch. Listen up, Janet is right. No need to get nervous, Mark. You were the strongest looking guy in the boat today. Chill out!Mark: Hey, they're putting the team list on the door. Janet:Let's go over and see.Mark: No, you go! I can't bear to look!Kate: OK.Kate: Hey, Mark, great news! You got a place on the college team!Janet: Congratulations!Kate: That's great, Mark, you deserve it. You trained so hard. Mark: I can't believe it!Unit 3-Outside viewPart 1Narrator: A historic moment, and yet he made it so easy.Usain Bolt became the first man to successfullydefend both the 100- and 200-meter Olympic sprinttitles, and he went on to anchor Jamaica’s winningrun in the four by 100 hundred meters relay inworld record time. At the end of that race, Bolt gavea nod to another track star with a “Mobot” gesture,signature of Mo Farah, who became only theseventh person ever to win the 5000 and 10000double, in front of an ecstatic home crowd.Mo Farah: I t’s not going to affect me, I’m the same to old Mo, nothing’s going to change. It just means you’ve got two good medals and…but something you’veworked so hard for, I’m ju st going to enjoy it. Narrator:Also a legend in the making, Kenyan David Rudisha, who smashed the 800 meters record whichhad stood since 1976.Swimmer Michael Phelps broke anotherlong-standing record. He became the world’s mostsuccessful Olympian with 22 medals, 18 of themgold, breaking the record set in 1968. His lastpodium before retiring was an emotional moment. Phelps: Yeah, as soon as I stepped up, ah, onto the podium, I…I could feel the tears starts coming. And, youknow, I said to Natha n, I said, “Uh-oh, here theycome. This could be…this could be pretty brutal uphere.” And they just started coming. And I tried tofight it but then I just…I just decided just to let itgo.Part 2Narrator:Tears too for cyclist Chris Hoy, who became Bri tain’s most successful Olympian, with six golds.And then there were also moment of anguish andfrustration. China’s star hurdler Liu Xiang crash outof his second consecutive Olympics, and Brazil’sfootballers once again failed to lift gold.精品文档These games were also marked by women.Teenagers Ye Shiwen, Katie Ledecky and MissyFranklin set record times in the pool. Saudi Arabia,Brunei and Qatar sent female athletes foe the firsttime. Women’s boxing became an Olympic sport.And British poster girl Jessica Ennis gave the homenation a defining moment when she took heptathlongold. She was at the forefront of the team GB’sbiggest medals haul of modern times, coming thirdin the medal table. The United States regained theirplace at the top, with China coming second. Forsome though, it wasn’t about the medals. But it’sthe taking part that counts.Unit 3-Listening inNews reportThere’s a new fitness trend in Australia called “crunning”. It’s a new sport that combines crawling and running that involves using your hands and feet on the ground. The idea was started by Melbourne resident Shaun McCarthy, and he hopes it will spread to other countries.McCarthy can’t prove that crunning is more beneficial than traditional running. However, he believes that it is a better way to exercise because it involves using your upper body as well as your lower body. Therefore it provides a complete body workout. He also said that crunning burns more calories than running.Experts aren’t sure if crun ning is actually a s afe exercise for people. Unlike animals, humans are not built to move on all four limbs. People’s wrists are not as strong as their ankles, and crunning can place a large amount of pressure on the wrists as well as their elbows and shoulders. It could result in an injury to the lower back, shoulders, elbows or wrists.1 What do we learn about the new sport?2 What do experts think about the new sport?Passage 1Speaker 1And David Seaman is in goal for the England team down to our right... it's difficult to get used to the change of team colours here ... I'm looking at the white shorts and thinking they're English players, but they're not. For this match it's the Germans who are wearing white. I hope the English players don't have the same problem, we don't want them to pass the ball to the Germans. Now Gascoigne for England passes to McManaman for the first time ... McManaman is immediately surrounded by three German defenders ... he brings the ball to the near side ofthe pitch ... still McManaman for England, crosses the ball to Pearce ... Pearce takes a shot! ... saved by the German Ziegler, and picked up by Ince only 25 yards away from the German goal... good effort by Ince, aims at the goal! ... and Kopke, the German goalkeeper pushes the ball over the top of the goal. So a comer kick for England.Speaker2 A great shot by Ince, I'm sure he knows that Pearce set that up for him, but Kopke put the shot out of danger.Speaker 1 He does like to punch the ball, that Kopke in the German goal... England's first corner of this semi-final... Gascoigne will take it... Here comes the comer kick from Gascoigne ... and Shearer's there and Alan Shearer scores for England ... England have scored after only two minutes' play ... with a comer kick by Gascoigne ... aimed at the near post, and Alan Shearer heads the ball into the German goal ,.. It's an absolute dream start for the semi-final ... Shearer has got his fifth goal of the tournament... Would you believe it? It's England one, Germany nil!Passage 2Matt Now it's time for Critic's Choice,with news and reviews about the latest films. Good evening, Jack, seen anything good at the cinema this week?Jack Good evening Matt, yes, I've seen one of the best sports films of recent years.Matt Sports films? That's not usually a type of film which appeals to you.Jack You're right, but this time it's different. I've been to see a film about mountain climbing, it's not really your typical sports film. It's more man against the mountain.Matt Tell us more.Jack I've been to see Touching the Void, which is the story of a pair of mountain climbers in the Peruvian Andes.Matt Is it a true story?Jack Yes, it is. In 1985, Joe Simpson and Simon Yates set out to climb the 7,000-metre Siula Grande mountain in the Peruvian Andes. Simpson and Yates were young, fit and confident they would succeed.Matt So what happens?Jack Simpson and Yates' style of climbing involved moving quickly up a mountain with very few supplies and no base camps, which is risky. You can't make any mistakes.Matt I think I can guess what happens next.Jack And sure enough after climbing well for three and a half days, disaster strikes. Simpson falls and breaks his right leg. With no food or water, the climbers know they have to get off the mountain - fast. Yates is determined to find a way to get his friend home, and he has to lower Simpson down the mountain. Simpson is in agony, but Yates has no choice except to ignore his partner's cries of pain because otherwise he'll die.Well, for a while, things go well. But suddenly Simpson, at the end of the rope, fails to respond to Yates' signal. Yates is unable to move any further and has no idea why Simpson is not responding. So Yates holds on with all of his strength, all too aware that eventually his strength would give out and both would fall.But what Yates doesn't know is that he has lowered精品文档Simpson over the edge of a crevasse. Simpson is hanging in mid-air from the vertical face of the mountain. He's unable to climb back up the rope and he's got frostbitten fingers and can'tcommunicate with Yates above him.Matt So what happens?Jack Well, I don't want to spoil the ending for anyone who hasn't seen it yet.Matt But...Jack But Yates hangs onto the rope for an hour, gettingweaker. For any climber, cutting the rope that binds him to his partner is unthinkable.Matt Sounds very exciting. So what about the directionand the filming?Jack The director is Kevin Macdonald, and he tells the story by cutting from interviews to shots of the climb itself.But it's the message of the film which interests me. You see, in the end, the impression left by the film is astonishment thata human being could do what Joe did, which is to survive. Matt Thanks Jack, this week's Critic's Choice isTouching the Void, on general release in all cinemas from next Week.精品文档。

Book 2 Chapter 1 The PopulationToday we’re going to talk about population in the United States. According to the most recent government census, the population is 281,421,906 people. Now this represents an increase of almost 33 million people since the 1990 census. A population of over 281 million makes the United States the third most populous country in the whole world. As you probably know, the People’s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world. But do you know which is the second most populous? Well, if you thought India, you were right. The fourth, fifth, and sixth most populous countries are Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. Now let’s get back to the United States. Let’s look at the total U. S. population figure of 281 million in three different ways. The first way is by race and origin; the second is by geographical distribution, or by where people live; and the third way is by the age and sex of the population.First of all, let’s take a look at the population by race and origin. The latest U. S. census reports that 75.1 percent of the population is white, whereas 12.3 percent is black. Three percent are of Asian origin, and 1 percent is Native American. 2.4 percent of the population is a mixture of two or more races, and 5.5 percent report themselves as “of some other race”. Let’s make sure your figures are right: OK, white, 75.1 percent; black, 12.3 percent; Asian, 3 percent; Native American, 1 percent; a mixture of two or more races, 2.4 percent; and of some other race, 5.5 percent. Hispanics, whose origins lie in Spanish-speaking countries, comprise whites, blacks, and Native Americans, so they are already included in the above figures. It is important to note that Hispanics make up 12.5 percent of the present U.S. population, however. Finally, the census tells us that 31 million people in the United States were born in another country. Of the 31 million foreign born, the largest part, 27.6 percent are from Mexico. The next largest group, from the Philippines, number 4.3 percent.Another way of looking at the population is by geographical distribution. Do you have any idea which states are the five most populous in the United States? Well, I’ll help you out there. The five most populous states, with population figures, are California, with almost 34 million; New York, with 21 million; Texas, with 19 million; and Florida, with 16 million; and Illinois with 12.5 million people. Did you get all those figures down? Well, if not, I’ll give you a chance later to check your figures. Well, then, let’s move on. All told, over half, or some 58 percent of the population, lives in the South and in the West of the United States. This figure, 58 percent, is surprising to many people. It is surprising because the East is more densely populated. Nevertheless, there are more people alltogether in the South and West. To understand this seeming contradiction, one need only consider the relatively larger size of many southern and western states, so although there are more people, they are distributed over a larger area. To finish up this section on geographical distribution, consider that more than three-quarters of the people live in metropolitan areas like Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Houston. That means that only 20 percent, or 2 out of 10 people, live in rural areas. An interesting side note is that some 3,800,000 U.S. citizens live abroad, that is, in foreign countries.Before we finish today, I want to discuss the distribution of the U.S. population in terms of age and sex. Just for interest, would you say there are more men or more women in the United States? Well, according to the 2000 census, there are more women. In fact, there are more than five million more women than men in the U.S. population. If we consider that more males than females are born each year, how can this difference be explained? Well, for a variety of complicated reasons that we can’t go into here, there is a progressively higher death rate for males as they get older. This is seen in 2003 life expectancy figures: the life expectancy for women is 80.4 years whereas for men it is only 74.5 years. I don’t know how these life expectancy figures compare to those in your countries, but statistically women generally live longer than men worldwide. Now, to finish up, let’s look at the average age of the whole population. Overall, the average age of the population is increasing: from 33.1 years in 1990 to 35.3 years in 2000. The average age has been slowly, but steadily, increasing over the past several decades. This trend toward a higher average age can be explained by a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy for the population as a whole. Well, I’d like to investigate these two subjects further, but I see our time is up, so we’ll have to call it quits for today. You may want to pursue the topic of the aging U.S. population further, so there are some suggestions at the end of the lesson to help you do so. Thank you.Chapter Two Immigration: Past and PresentThe act of immigrating, or coming to a new country to live, is certainly nothing new. Throughout history, people have immigrated, or moved to new countries, for many different reasons. Sometimes these reasons were economic or political. Other people moved because of natural disasters such as droughts or famines. And some people moved to escape religious or political persecution. No matter what the reason, most people do not want to leave their native land and do so only under great pressure of some sort, but a few people seem quite adventuresome and restless by nature and like to move a lot. It seems both kinds of people came to America to live. The subject ofimmigration is quite fascinating to most Americans, as they view themselves as a nation of immigrants. However, the early Britons who came to what is today the United States considered themselves “settlers” or “colonists,” rather than immigrants. These people did not exactly think they were moving to a new country but were merely settling new land for the “mother country.” There were also large numbers of Dutch, French, German, and Scotch-Irish settlers, as well as large numbers of blacks brought from Africa as slaves. At the time of independence from Britain in 1776, about 40 percent of people living in what is now the United States were non-British. The majority of people, however, spoke English, and the traditions that formed the basis of life were mainly British traditions. This period we have just been discussing is usually referred to as the Colonial Period. Today, we’re a little more interested in actual immigration after this period. Let’s first look at what is often called the Great Immigration, which began about 1830 and ended in 1930. Then let’s consider the reasons for this so-called Great Immigration and the reasons it ended. Finally, let’s talk about the immigration situation in the United States today, As I said, we’ll begin our discussion today with the period of history called the Great Immigration, which lasted from approximately 1830 to 1930. It will be easier if we look at the Great Immigration in terms of three major stages, or time periods. The first stage was from approximate1y 1830 to 1860. Now, before this time, the number of immigrants coming to the United States was comparatively small, only about 10,000 a year. However, the rate began to climb in the 1830s when about 600,000 immigrants arrived. The rate continued to climb during the 1840s with a tota1 of 1,700,000 people arriving in that decade. The rate continued to climb, and during the 1850s 2,600,000 immigrants arrived. During this first stage of the Great Immigration, that is, between the years 1830 and 1860, the majority of immigrants came from Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. Now let’s consider the second stage of the Great Immigration. The second stage was from l860 to 1890, during which time another 10,000,000 people arrived. Between l860 and 1890 the majority of immigrants continued to be from Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain. However, during the second stage, a smaller but significant number of immigrants came from the Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The third stage of the Great Immigration, which lasted from 1890 to 1930, was the era of heaviest immigration. Between the years l890 and l930, almost 22 million immigrants arrived in the United States. Most of these new arrivals came from the Southern European countries of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain and the Eastern European countries of Poland and Russia.Now that we know something about the numbers and origins ofimmigrants who came to the States during the Great Immigration, let’s consider the reasons why most of these people immigrated to the United States. Why did such large numbers of Europeans leave their homes for life in an unknown country? It would be impossible to discuss all the complex political and economic reasons in any depth today, but we can touch on a few interesting facts that might help to clarify the situation for you. First of all, one of the most important reasons was that the population of Europe doubled between the years 1750 and 1850. At the same time that the population was growing so rapidly, the Industrial Revolution in Europe was causing widespread unemployment. The combination of increased population and the demand for land by industry also meant that farmland was becoming increasingly scarce in Europe. The scarcity of farmland in Europe meant that the abundance of available land in the growing country of the United States was a great attraction. During these years, the United States was an expanding country and it seemed that there was no end to land. In fact, in 1862, the government offered public land free to citizens and to immigrants who were planning to become citizens. In addition to available farmland, there were also plentiful jobs during these years of great economic growth. Other attractions were freedom from religious or political persecution. Some other groups also came to the United States as the direct results of natural disasters that left them in desperate situations. For example, the frequent failure of the potato crop in Ireland between the years 1845 and 1849 led to widespread starvation in that country, and people were driven to immigrate. Another factor that affected the number of immigrants coming to the United States was improved ocean transport beginning in the 1840s. At that time, ships large enough to carry large numbers of people began to make regular trips across the ocean. Now let’s summarize the reasons for the high rate of immigration to the United States during the years we discussed: first, the doubling of the population in Europe between 1750 and 1850; second, the unemployment caused by the Industrial Revolution; and third, the land scarcity in Europe, followed by religious and political persecution and natural disaster. These reasons combined with improved transportation probably account for the largest number of immigrants.I would now like to talk briefly about the period of time following the Great Immigration and the reasons for the decline in the rate of immigration. Although immigration continues today, immigration numbers have never again reached the levels that we discussed previously. There are several reasons for this decline. This decline was in part due to various laws whose aim was to limit the number of immigrants coming from different parts of the world to the UnitedStates. The first such law that limited the number of immigrants coming from a certain part of the world was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This law was followed by many other laws that also tried to limit the numbers of people immigrating from various countries or parts of the world. In addition to such laws, certainly economic and geopolitical events as important as the Great Depression starting in 1929 and World War II also contributed to the decline in immigration.Let’s conclude our talk by discussing the current situation with respect to immigration, which is quite different from that in the past. To understand some of the changes, it’s important to note that in 1965 strict quotas based on nationality were eliminated. Let’s see how different things are today from the past. As I noted, the greatest number of immigrants to the United States have historically been European. According to U.S. Census figures, in 1860, the percentage of immigrants that were European was 92 percent. But by 1960, the percentage of European immigrants had dropped to 74.5 percent, and by the year 2002, it had dropped to 14 percent! In 2002, 52.2 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, that is, from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Mexico is ordinarily considered part of North America, but the U.S. Census Bureau considers Mexico as a Central American country in terms of immigration statistics, and estimates that more than one-third of the total of all immigrants to the United States in 2002 came from Mexico or another Central American country. The next largest percentage, 25.5 percent, of immigrants came from Asia, mainly from the Philippines, China, and India.Although immigration dropped sharply when the United States entered World War I and remained low throughout the Depression and World War II years, at the end of the l940s, immigration began to increase again and has, in general, risen steadily since then. It might surprise you to know that the actual number of immigrants coming yearly to the States in recent years is about the same as the numbers coming yearly between 1900 and 1910. Keep in mind, though, that the population of the United States is much larger now than at the turn of the century, so that while the yearly numbers may be similar, the percentage of the population that is foreign-born is considerably smaller today than it was a century ago.It might be interesting to speculate on immigration in the future. Will the trend continue for non-Europeans to immigrate to the United States? The answer is probably yes for the foreseeable future. Do these non-European people come to the United States for the same reasons that Europeans came? Well, land is no longer plentiful and cheap. Industry no longer requires large numbers of unskilled workers. In fact, the government usually tries to restrict immigration to those people who already have the skills to be successful in U.S. society.Still, people come for politica1 and economic reasons and probably will continue to do so.Chapter 3 Americans at WorkWhether you love it or hate it, work is a major part of most people’s lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about “blue Monday,” when they have to go back to work after the weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a new person, they almost always ask each other, “What do you do?” They are asking, what is your job or profession. Today, however, we won’t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we’re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we’ll take a historical look at work in America. We’ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we’ll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.As we look at the changes over the last century, we’re going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today’s lecture. First, let’s consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture; that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing, and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up. As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products. A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, health care, and legal services. I’m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999.Let’s recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture; 31 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 31 percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture; 19 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.The labor force changed in other important ways. For example,child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were 1, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the labor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed; in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.Let’s see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers I will give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4,200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4,200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33, 700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefits than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900.The last area that I’d like to give you a few statistics about is workplace safety. Most of us who go to work every day don’t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren’t many statistics available, but the U.S. government does have statistics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost 1,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents; in 1999, the number was 35. 2,555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999.People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days,” but I think it’s fair to say that by the end of the twentieth century, U.S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly.Now let’s turn our attention to the current situation for U.S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U.S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I’m going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.First let’s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U.S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than Europeanworkers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U.S. workers.At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U.S. productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974, productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book, the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs’ salaries, the stock market, and the corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers’ wages don’t.What are the reasons why U.S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacation days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate as productivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention: The first is that labor unions in the United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.I see our time is up. So, I’ll see you next time.Chapter 4 Family in the United StatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kind of comments about the American family that one hears today --- in short, that the American family is disintegrating. Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth century included three points: the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic role. It’s a little surprisingto me that the same claim about the family is being made today --- that it is disintegrating. And often the same points are mentioned as proof: declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to imply that cultural, demographic, and economic conditions are the same now as they were 100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically in the last 50 years, not to mention the last 100 years. But I don’t think the average person’s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot of people have on fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays home to care for the children and Father works. But this idea is challenged by what we see every day in U.S. society. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer for what is happening in the society, the culture, and the economy of the United States. To make this point clearer, we’ll take a look at how the American family has changed in the last 50 years by looking at three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s; the mid-60s to the mid-80s; and finally the present. Sociologist Barbara Dafoe Whitehead labels these three periods: the period of traditional familism, the period of individualism, and the period of the new familism. I will try for each period to show how economic, demographic, and cultural elements interact and, in turn, affect the family.Well, let’s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We’re talking here of the twenty years from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. This was the period after World War II, a period characterized by a very strong economy. This gave the United States a rising standard of living and a growing middle class. Demographically, the predominant configuration of the family from these years was the traditional one: a married couple with children. Some women worked, but divorce rates were low, and birth rates were high. I guess you could say that the country idealized the family in these years. And what I mean is, there was a commitment to the family from its members and a reverence for it from society. TV programs of the era depicted the family in the classical configuration: working father, housewife, and children. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to social norms, greater male domination of the family than in the later periods, and clear-cut gender roles, that is, clear and separate roles for men and women at home and at work. Well, things changed quite a bit after this period.Let’s move on to the second period, the period of individualism. This period is from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Now, because individualism is so often mentioned in our discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before we discuss it. Individualism brings to mind two other words: independence andself-reliance. Individualism conveys the idea that one should think and act for himself or herself, according to what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused with egotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much more. Individualism implies that one has the freedom to decide what is best rather than allowing that decision to be made by a group such as the community or society. Individualism does, of course, conflict with the concept of community, which implies that the group shares in making decisions. And this conflict between the individual and the community is one that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the United States. All right, let’s get back to our discussion about the family.The second period, the period of individualism, saw three important social and political movements. Do you have any idea which movements I might be talking about? Keep in mind that these decades were characterized by a lack of conformity to social norms. Well, the movements have in mind are the sexual revolution, in which sex was clearly no longer reserved for marriage; the women’s liberation movement; and the movement against the war in Vietnam. All three movements---the sexual revolution, woman’s liberation, and the antiwar movement --- were typical of the nonconforming nature of these decades. Now, culturally, it is in this period where we see two important developments: one the idealization of one’s career and work and, two, the drive for self-expression and self-fulfillment. In this period, the feminist movement challenged traditional gender roles and male domination of society. Women began to enter professions previously closed to them like medicine, law, and management. Men, for their part, began at least to consider a more active role in raising their children.These cultural changes occurred during a time of economic changes, too. This was a time of rapidly rising cost of living. Together, these forces changed the demographics of the family. The former picture of the family had only one configuration: a married couple with children where Mother stayed home. The new picture of the family had to include new configurations, like families in which the husband and wife both worked, families of single parents with children, and families of cohabiting couples with or without children. With more women pursuing careers and making money, there was less economic pressure for them to stay in an unsuitable marriage. Therefore, divorce rates doubled in a decade. Rising divorce rates and more financial independence for women made marriage a less attractive arrangement for many women. Consequently, the number of single-parent households tripled. Less conformity to social norms paved the way for cohabitation. So the number of unmarried couples living together in this period quadrupled. Can you see how economic, cultural, and demographic aspects of the。

—－可编辑修改，可打印——别找了你想要的都有！精品教育资料——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务——全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式Book 2 Chapter 1 The PopulationToday we’re going to talk about population in the United States. According to the most recent government census, the population is 281,421,906 people. Now this represents an increase of almost 33 million people since the 1990 census. A population of over 281 million makes the United States the third most populous country in the whole world. As you probably know, the People’s Republic of China is the most populous country in the world. But do you know which is the second most populous? Well, if you thought India, you were right. The fourth, fifth, and sixth most populous countries are Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan. Now let’s get back to the United States. Let’s look at the total U. S. population figure of 281 million in three different ways. The first way is by race and origin; the second is by geographical distribution, or by where people live; and the third way is by the age and sex of the population.First of all, let’s take a look at the population by race and origin. The latest U. S. census reports that 75.1 percent of the population is white, whereas 12.3 percent is black. Three percent are of Asian origin, and 1 percent is Native American. 2.4 percent of the population is a mixture of two or more races, and 5.5 percent report themselves as “of some other race”. Let’s make sure your figures are right: OK, white, 75.1 percent; black, 12.3 percent; Asian, 3 percent; Native American, 1 percent; a mixture of two or more races, 2.4 percent; and of some other race, 5.5 percent. Hispanics, whose origins lie in Spanish-speaking countries, comprise whites, blacks, and Native Americans, so they are already included in the above figures. It is important to note that Hispanics make up 12.5 percent of the present U.S. population, however. Finally, the census tells us that 31 million people in the United States were born in another country. Of the 31 million foreign born, the largest part, 27.6percent are from Mexico. The next largest group, from the Philippines, number 4.3 percent.Another way of looking at the population is by geographical distribution. Do you have any idea which states are the five most populous in the United States? Well, I’ll help you out there. The five most populous states, with population figures, are California, with almost 34 million; New York, with 21 million; Texas, with 19 million; and Florida, with 16 million; and Illinois with 12.5 million people. Did you get all those figures down? Well, if not, I’ll give you a chance later to check your figures. Well, then, let’s move on. All told, over half, or some 58 percent of the population, lives in the South and in the West of the United States. This figure, 58 percent, is surprising to many people. It is surprising because the East is more densely populated. Nevertheless, there are more people all together in the South and West. To understand this seeming contradiction, one need only consider the relatively larger size of many southern and western states, so although there are more people, they are distributed over a larger area. To finish up this section on geographical distribution, consider that more than three-quarters of the people live in metropolitan areas like Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Houston. That means that only 20 percent, or 2 out of 10 people, live in rural areas. An interesting side note is that some 3,800,000 U.S. citizens live abroad, that is, in foreign countries.Before we finish today, I want to discuss the distribution of the U.S. population in terms of age and sex. Just for interest, would you say there are more men or more women in the United States? Well, according to the 2000 census, there are more women. In fact, there are more than five million more women than men in the U.S. population. If we consider that more males than females are born each year, how can this difference be explained? Well, for a variety of complicated reasons that we can’t go into here, there is a progressively higher death rate for males as they get older. This is seen in 2003 life expectancy figures: the life expectancy for women is 80.4 years whereas for men it is only 74.5 years. I don’t know how these life expectancy figures compare to those in your countries, but statistically women generally live longer than men worldwide. Now, to finish up, let’s look at the average age of the whole population. Overall, the average age of the population is increasing: from 33.1 years in 1990 to 35.3 years in 2000. The average age has been slowly, but steadily, increasing over the past several decades. This trend toward a higher average age can be explained by a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancy for the population as a whole. Well, I’d like to investigate these two subjects further, but I see our time is up, so we’ll have to call it quits for today. You maywant to pursue the topic of the aging U.S. population further, so there are some suggestions at the end of the lesson to help you do so. Thank you.Chapter Two Immigration: Past and PresentThe act of immigrating, or coming to a new country to live, is certainly nothing new. Throughout history, people have immigrated, or moved to new countries, for many different reasons. Sometimes these reasons were economic or political. Other people moved because of natural disasters such as droughts or famines. And some people moved to escape religious or political persecution. No matter what the reason, most people do not want to leave their native land and do so only under great pressure of some sort, but a few people seem quite adventuresome and restless by nature and like to move a lot. It seems both kinds of people came to America to live. The subject of immigration is quite fascinating to most Americans, as they view themselves as a nation of immigrants. However, the early Britons who came to what is today the United States considered themselves “settlers” or “colonists,” rather than immigrants. These people did not exactly think they were moving to a new country but were merely settling new land for the “mother country.” There were also large numbers of Dutch, French, German, and Scotch-Irish settlers, as well as large numbers of blacks brought from Africa as slaves. At the time of independence from Britain in 1776, about 40 percent of people living in what is now the United States were non-British. The majority of people, however, spoke English, and the traditions that formed the basis of life were mainly British traditions. This period we have just been discussing is usually referred to as the Colonial Period. Today, we’re a little more interested in actual immigration after this period. Let’s first look at what is often called the Great Immigration, which began about 1830 and ended in 1930. Then let’s consider the reasons for this so-called Great Immigration and the reasons it ended. Finally, let’s talk about the immigration situation in the United States today, As I said, we’ll begin our discussion today with the period of history called the Great Immigration, which lasted from approximately 1830 to 1930. It will be easier if we look at the Great Immigration in terms of three major stages, or time periods. The first stage was from approximate1y 1830 to 1860. Now, before this time, the number of immigrants coming to the United States was comparatively small, only about 10,000 a year. However, the rate began to climb in the 1830s when about 600,000 immigrants arrived. The rate continued to climb during the 1840s with a tota1 of 1,700,000 people arriving in that decade. The rate continued to climb, and during the 1850s 2,600,000 immigrants arrived. During this first stage of the Great Immigration, that is, between the years 1830 and 1860, the majority of immigrantscame from Germany, Great Britain, and Ireland. Now let’s consider the second stage of the Great Immigration. The second stage was from l860 to 1890, during which time another 10,000,000 people arrived. Between l860 and 1890 the majority of immigrants continued to be from Germany, Ireland, and Great Britain. However, during the second stage, a smaller but significant number of immigrants came from the Scandinavian nations of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The third stage of the Great Immigration, which lasted from 1890 to 1930, was the era of heaviest immigration. Between the years l890 and l930, almost 22 million immigrants arrived in the United States. Most of these new arrivals came from the Southern European countries of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain and the Eastern European countries of Poland and Russia.Now that we know something about the numbers and origins of immigrants who came to the States during the Great Immigration, let’s consider the reasons why most of these people immigrated to the United States. Why did such large numbers of Europeans leave their homes for life in an unknown country? It would be impossible to discuss all the complex political and economic reasons in any depth today, but we can touch on a few interesting facts that might help to clarify the situation for you. First of all, one of the most important reasons was that the population of Europe doubled between the years 1750 and 1850. At the same time that the population was growing so rapidly, the Industrial Revolution in Europe was causing widespread unemployment. The combination of increased population and the demand for land by industry also meant that farmland was becoming increasingly scarce in Europe. The scarcity of farmland in Europe meant that the abundance of available land in the growing country of the United States was a great attraction. During these years, the United States was an expanding country and it seemed that there was no end to land. In fact, in 1862, the government offered public land free to citizens and to immigrants who were planning to become citizens. In addition to available farmland, there were also plentiful jobs during these years of great economic growth. Other attractions were freedom from religious or political persecution. Some other groups also came to the United States as the direct results of natural disasters that left them in desperate situations. For example, the frequent failure of the potato crop in Ireland between the years 1845 and 1849 led to widespread starvation in that country, and people were driven to immigrate. Another factor that affected the number of immigrants coming to the United States was improved ocean transport beginning in the 1840s. At that time, ships large enough to carry large numbers of people began to make regular trips across the ocean. Now let’s summarize the reasons for the high rate ofimmigration to the United States during the years we discussed: first, the doubling of the population in Europe between 1750 and 1850; second, the unemployment caused by the Industrial Revolution; and third, the land scarcity in Europe, followed by religious and political persecution and natural disaster. These reasons combined with improved transportation probably account for the largest number of immigrants.I would now like to talk briefly about the period of time following the Great Immigration and the reasons for the decline in the rate of immigration. Although immigration continues today, immigration numbers have never again reached the levels that we discussed previously. There are several reasons for this decline. This decline was in part due to various laws whose aim was to limit the number of immigrants coming from different parts of the world to the United States. The first such law that limited the number of immigrants coming from a certain part of the world was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This law was followed by many other laws that also tried to limit the numbers of people immigrating from various countries or parts of the world. In addition to such laws, certainly economic and geopolitical events as important as the Great Depression starting in 1929 and World War II also contributed to the decline in immigration.Let’s conclude our talk by discussing the current situation with respect to immigration, which is quite different from that in the past. To understand some of the changes, it’s important to note that in 1965 strict quotas based on nationality were eliminated. Let’s see how different things are today from the past. As I noted, the greatest number of immigrants to the United States have historically been European. According to U.S. Census figures, in 1860, the percentage of immigrants that were European was 92 percent. But by 1960, the percentage of European immigrants had dropped to 74.5 percent, and by the year 2002, it had dropped to 14 percent! In 2002, 52.2 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, that is, from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. Mexico is ordinarily considered part of North America, but the U.S. Census Bureau considers Mexico as a Central American country in terms of immigration statistics, and estimates that more than one-third of the total of all immigrants to the United States in 2002 came from Mexico or another Central American country. The next largest percentage, 25.5 percent, of immigrants came from Asia, mainly from the Philippines, China, and India.Although immigration dropped sharply when the United States entered World War I and remained low throughout the Depression and World War II years, at the end of the l940s, immigration began to increase again and has, in general, risen steadily since then. It might surprise you to know that the actual number of immigrants comingyearly to the States in recent years is about the same as the numbers coming yearly between 1900 and 1910. Keep in mind, though, that the population of the United States is much larger now than at the turn of the century, so that while the yearly numbers may be similar, the percentage of the population that is foreign-born is considerably smaller today than it was a century ago.It might be interesting to speculate on immigration in the future. Will the trend continue for non-Europeans to immigrate to the United States? The answer is probably yes for the foreseeable future. Do these non-European people come to the United States for the same reasons that Europeans came? Well, land is no longer plentiful and cheap. Industry no longer requires large numbers of unskilled workers. In fact, the government usually tries to restrict immigration to those people who already have the skills to be successful in U.S. society. Still, people come for politica1 and economic reasons and probably will continue to do so.Chapter 3 Americans at WorkWhether you love it or hate it, work is a major part of most people’s lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about “blue Monday,” when they have to go back to work after the weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a new person, they almost always ask each other, “What do you do?” They are asking, what is your job or profession. Today, however, we won’t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we’re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we’ll take a historical look at work in America. We’ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we’ll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.As we look at the changes over the last century, we’re going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today’s lecture. First, let’s consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture; that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing, and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.While the number of people in these goods producing industrieswent down, the number of people in the service industries went up. As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products. A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, health care, and legal services. I’m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999.Let’s recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture; 31 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 31 percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture; 19 percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.The labor force changed in other important ways. For example, child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were 1, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the labor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed; in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.Let’s see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers I will give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4,200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4,200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33, 700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefits than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900.The last area that I’d like to give you a few statistics about is workplace safety. Most of us who go to work every day don’t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren’t many statistics available, but the U.S. government does have statistics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost 1,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents; in 1999, the number was 35. 2,555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999.People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days,” but I think it’s fair to say that by the end of the twentieth century, U.S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly.Now let’s turn our attention to the current situation for U.S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U.S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I’m going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.First let’s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U.S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than European workers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U.S. workers.At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U.S. productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974, productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book, the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs’ salaries, the stock market, and the corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers’ wages don’t.What are the reasons why U.S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacation days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate asproductivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention: The first is that labor unions in the United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.I see our time is up. So, I’ll see you next time.Chapter 4 Family in the United StatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kind of comments about the American family that one hears today --- in short, that the American family is disintegrating. Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth century included three points: the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were not completely content with their domestic role. It’s a little surprising to me that the same claim about the family is being made today --- that it is disintegrating. And often the same points are mentioned as proof: declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to imply that cultural, demographic, and economic conditions are the same now as they were 100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drastically in the last 50 years, not to mention the last 100 years. But I don’t think the average person’s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot of people have on fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays home to care for the children and Father works. But this idea is challenged by what we see every day in U.S. society. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer for what is happening in the society, the culture, and the economy of the United States. To make this point clearer, we’ll take a look at how the American family has changed in the last 50 years by looking at three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s; the mid-60s to the mid-80s; and finally the present. Sociologist Barbara Dafoe Whitehead labels these three periods: the period of traditional familism, the period of individualism, and the period of the new familism. I will try for each period to show how economic, demographic, and cultural elements interact and, in turn, affect the family.Well, let’s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We’re talking here of the twenty years from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s. This was the period after World War II, a period characterized by a very strong economy. This gave the United States a rising standard of living and a growing middle class. Demographically, the predominant configuration of the family from these years was the traditional one: a married couple with children. Some women worked, but divorce rates were low, and birth rates werehigh. I guess you could say that the country idealized the family in these years. And what I mean is, there was a commitment to the family from its members and a reverence for it from society. TV programs of the era depicted the family in the classical configuration: working father, housewife, and children. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to social norms, greater male domination of the family than in the later periods, and clear-cut gender roles, that is, clear and separate roles for men and women at home and at work. Well, things changed quite a bit after this period.Let’s move on to the second period, the period of individualism. This period is from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s. Now, because individualism is so often mentioned in our discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before we discuss it. Individualism brings to mind two other words: independence and self-reliance. Individualism conveys the idea that one should think and act for himself or herself, according to what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused with egotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much more. Individualism implies that one has the freedom to decide what is best rather than allowing that decision to be made by a group such as the community or society. Individualism does, of course, conflict with the concept of community, which implies that the group shares in making decisions. And this conflict between the individual and the community is one that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the United States. All right, let’s get back to our discussion about the family.The second period, the period of individualism, saw three important social and political movements. Do you have any idea which movements I might be talking about? Keep in mind that these decades were characterized by a lack of conformity to social norms. Well, the movements have in mind are the sexual revolution, in which sex was clearly no longer reserved for marriage; the women’s liberation movement; and the movement against the war in Vietnam. All three movements---the sexual revolution, woman’s liberation, and the antiwar movement --- were typical of the nonconforming nature of these decades. Now, culturally, it is in this period where we see two important developments: one the idealization of one’s career and work and, two, the drive for self-expression and self-fulfillment. In this period, the feminist movement challenged traditional gender roles and male domination of society. Women began to enter professions previously closed to them like medicine, law, and management. Men, for their part, began at least to consider a more active role in raising their children.These cultural changes occurred during a time of economic changes, too. This was a time of rapidly rising cost of living. Together, theseforces changed the demographics of the family. The former picture of the family had only one configuration: a married couple with children where Mother stayed home. The new picture of the family had to include new configurations, like families in which the husband and wife both worked, families of single parents with children, and families of cohabiting couples with or without children. With more women pursuing careers and making money, there was less economic pressure for them to stay in an unsuitable marriage. Therefore, divorce rates doubled in a decade. Rising divorce rates and more financial independence for women made marriage a less attractive arrangement for many women. Consequently, the number of single-parent households tripled. Less conformity to social norms paved the way for cohabitation. So the number of unmarried couples living together in this period quadrupled. Can you see how economic, cultural, and demographic aspects of the society interact with each other? I hope so. Well, let’s continue with our agenda.The third period, the new familism, is harder to see because we are living in this period now. And because we are constantly informed by the media about the deteriorating American family, it’s hard to get an objective view of the state of the family. I think that today most people applaud the social changes that came about in the second period of individualism. They are not willing to give up gender equality, the freedom to leave an unsuitable marriage, or the self-fulfillment of an interesting job. At the same time, most experts, if not most people, admit that children paid a high price for the social changes that took place in the second period. It was the children who spent long days in day care or after-school hours home alone while both parents worked. And it was the children who grew up with only one parent or with stepparents in many cases.Some experts see changes occurring now in U.S. society, changes that affect the family. They see a continuing decline inn divorce rates since the 1980s but also a decline in birth rates after an initial increase in 1980s. The decline in divorce rates could be due to families’ better financial situations. Despite the decline in divorce, a quarter of U.S children today live with only one parent. The birth rate is probably declining because an increasing life span results in fewer women of childbearing age. A more encouraging reason is the reduction in unmarried teen pregnancies. Experts also report an attempt by people to balance work with family obligations, especially the care of children. They see the individualism of the middle period changing somewhat; the concern seems in many cases to be shifting from one’s career to one’s family, from individualism to the new familism. The most optimistic view of this third period would be that Americans have learned from past mistakes: they want。