Web-based information retrieval support systems building research tools for scientists in t

情报学的英文专业术语Information Science: An Introduction.Information science, often referred to as informatics,is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the study of information, its structure, representation, management, and utilization. At its core, the field explores the principles and practices behind information processing, retrieval, and dissemination. Information scientists are concerned with understanding how information behaves in different contexts, such as libraries, archives, businesses, and computer systems.Key Components of Information Science.1. Information Retrieval: The process of finding, accessing, and delivering relevant information to users based on their needs and queries. This involves the designof efficient retrieval systems and algorithms to help users navigate through vast repositories of data.2. Information Organization: The art and science of classifying, indexing, and cataloguing information to make it easier to find and retrieve. This involves creating structures and systems that help users understand the relationships between different types of information.3. Information Storage and Management: The process of preserving, storing, and managing information over time. This includes considerations for data integrity, security, and access control.4. Information Systems: The design and development of computer-based systems that support information processing, retrieval, and decision-making. These systems range from simple databases to complex information architectures.5. Information Ethics and Privacy: The study of ethical principles and practices related to the collection, use, and dissemination of information. This includes considerations for intellectual property rights, privacy protection, and ethical guidelines for informationprofessionals.Applications of Information Science.Information science finds applications in various fields, including:Libraries and Archives: Libraries and archives rely on information science principles to organize, catalogue, and preserve collections of books, documents, and other materials.Business and Management: Information systems and data analytics are crucial in businesses for decision-making, market research, and operational efficiency.Computer Science: Information science contributes to the design and development of efficient algorithms and data structures for information retrieval and management.Education: Educators use information science techniques to create effective learning materials andteaching strategies that enhance student learning.Healthcare: Information science plays a vital role in healthcare by supporting patient care, medical research, and the management of health records.Future Trends in Information Science.As technology continues to evolve, so do the challenges and opportunities in information science. Here are some key trends shaping the future of the field:Big Data and Analytics: The exponential growth of data has led to a focus on developing efficient algorithms and tools for data analysis and visualization.Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: These technologies are revolutionizing information retrieval and recommendation systems, making them more intelligent and adaptive to user needs.Information Security and Privacy: The increasingimportance of protecting sensitive information has led to a focus on developing robust security measures and privacy-enhancing technologies.Semantic Web and Linked Data: These concepts aim to make web-based information more machine-readable and interconnected, enabling more intelligent and semantic-based search and retrieval.User-Centered Design: Information systems are increasingly being designed with a focus on user experience and accessibility, ensuring that they are easy to use and meet the needs of diverse user groups.In conclusion, information science is a dynamic and evolving field that plays a crucial role in our digital world. It continues to adapt and grow as new technologies and challenges emerge, shaping the way we access, manage, and utilize information in various contexts.。

________________________________________________作者简介：李晓黎(1979- ) 女 硕士研究生，研究领域：网上数据挖掘。

Web 文本分类中的几种阈值策略分析与比较 李子久摘 要 本文主要针对中文网页,分析比较了文本分类中的关于类别阈值的几种策略,分别是: 位置截尾法（RCut ）、比例截尾法（PCut ）、最优截尾法（SCut ）以及改进型截尾法（RTCut ）,主要实验结果有: RTCut 的效果最佳；PCut 具有一定的复杂度，不适合在线文本处理；SCut 具有一定的不稳定性；而Rcut 性能最差, 并且使用英文文本和中文文本评测这几种阈值策略的结果是一致的。

关键词 文本分类 阈值 分类算法 特征选取 中图分类号 TP18 文献标识码 A1. 引言随着web 信息量的激增，人们需要自动的文本分类技术来实现对web 信息资源的规划及利用。

目前，文本分类是信息检索和数据挖掘领域的热门话题，它通过训练一定的文本集合得到类别与未知文本的映射规则，即计算出文本与类别的相关度，再采取一定的阈值策略决定文本的类别归属。

不同的分类算法以及阈值策略都会对分类的结果产生一定的影响。

但是，目前文本分类的研究热点主要集中在KNN 、贝叶斯、支持向量机等分类算法上，人们往往忽视了分类中阈值策略的重要性。

阈值的确定是文本分类中的一个重要的步骤，文献[1]提出了4种阈值策略：位置截尾法（RCut ）、比例截尾法（PCut ）、最优截尾法（SCut ）以及改进型截尾法（RTCut ），并且针对英文文本比较了上述四种阈值策略的优劣。

实验结果表明：RTCut 的效果最佳；PCut 具有一定的复杂度，不适合在线文本处理；SCut 具有一定的不稳定性；而Rcut 性能最差。

与英文网页不同的是，中文网页使用汉字，词与词之间没有间隔，不像英语单词之间存在空格符，所以需要在文本分类之前对中文文本进行切词处理，并且切词的准确与否将很大程度的影响分类的效果。

单选1．According to a recent report, ____ that Americans consume does not vary greatly from year to year.A）the number of sugar B）a number of sugarC）the amount of sugar D）an amount of sugar2．My dentist appointment is on Friday, ______.A）fifth October B）five OctoberC）the fifth of October D）the five of October3．Flight nineteen from New York to Washington is now arriving at ______.A）the two gate B）gate two C）the gate two D）second gate4．That kind of shoes are______ expensive for me.A）more B）far more C）far too D）much5．The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen ______ delicious.A）smells B）is smelling C）has smelled D）has been smelling6．It has been ______ for him by his family to marry a girl of his own class.A）arranged B）organized C）settled D）adapted7．There is very______hope that she will pass the exam.A）few B）much C）little D）any8．She ________ large profits from her unique invention.A）reaped B）gathered C）rewarded D）built9．Get me a hammer from the kitchen, ______.A）will you B）would you C）shall you D）do you10．Teachers all ________ the student to enter the competition.A）cheered B）animated C）encouraged D）heartened11．Although the wines vary, the______ is quite good.A）medium B）usual C）average D）ordinary12．________ of a newspaper nor the number of pages in an edition has ever been standardized.A)The page size is neither B)The page size, neitherC)Neither is the page size D)Neither the page size13．He______ his first book to his mother.A）committed B）dedicated C）assigned D）appointed14．One warning______ to stop her doing it.A）suffered B）sufficed(足够) C）suggested D）provided15．How I wish to ______ in your sufferings.A）enter B）contribute C）participate D）provide16．We can visit your company on Monday or Tuesday; our plans are fairly______. A）flexible B）elastic C）supple D）compliant17．It is because English is useful______.A）why we study it hard B）that we study it hardC）what we study hard D）which we study hard18．The plane is______ to take off at 4.A）enlisted B）enrolled C）prompted D）scheduled19．_______ in my present work, I would be quite willing to do what you ask me to. A）Were I not engaged B）I were not engagedC）Engaged I were not D）Were not I engaged20．He ______ that we should probably have rain.A）observed（观测） B）beheld(看见) C）examined D）followed21．A poor memory ______ her efforts to become an actress.A）encouraged B）accomplished C）frustrated(阻挠)D）develop 22．The officer ________ his orders to the men by radio.A）reported B）transmitted(传达) C）communicated(传输/传达)D）exchanged 23．They have got into______ troubles.A）monetary B）affluent C）financial D）miserable24．Churchill(丘吉尔) was______ as the Chancellor of the university.A）established(建立) B）placed C）launched D）installed(任命)25．This substance reacts ________ as fast as the other one.A）one-tenths B）first-ten C）one-ten D）one-tenth26．It is important for university to keep ______ with the changes in science and technology.A）step B）stage C）pace D）space27.It''s______ by coach from Melbourne to Sydney.A. a nine hour''s journeyB. a nine hour journeyC. a nine hours'' journeyD. a nine-hours journey28. They got there ______ we by 20 minutes.A. more early asB. earlier thanC. as early asD. more earlier than29. Those who don’t work hard at English ought to______.A. criticizeB. be criticizedC. have been criticizedD. be criticizing30. If you______ that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be sleepy now.A. hadn’t watchedB. didn’t watchC. haven’t watchedD. wouldn’t have watched31. Weather ______ , we’ll go sightseeing.A. permittedB. is permittedC. permittingD. is permitting32. There are ______ opportunities for employment in the rural area.A. lessB. littleC. smallD. fewer33. A ___ ___ component(成分) of any democracy（民主） is a free labor movement.A. vital（极重要的）B. visual（看得见的）C. sole（唯一的）D. singleCCBCA ACAAC ADBBC ABDAA CBCDD CCBBA CDA翻译句子(1)Customer Relationship Management (CRM) provides your company with new ways of better understanding and serving your customer.客户关系管理(CRM)为您的公司提供新的方式以更好的理解和服务你的客户(2)This service, known as Information Desk, along with other new Web-based information delivery services, has enabled the company and its direct, indirect and channel customers to work together more efficiently.这种被称为“信息桌面”的服务,以及其他以网络为基础提供信息的新的服务,使得公司和它的直接、间接和渠道的客户更有效地合作(3) As a result of getting confidential documents faster, three-fourths of Intel's direct customer engineers shaved a week or more off their product development cycle.更快了解机密文件的结果是：英特尔公司四分之三的直接客户工程师将其产品研发周期缩短了一周或更多(4) Over the last few years the Internet has evolved from being a scientific network only, to a platform that is enabling a new generation of businesses.在过去的几年中，因特网已经从一个仅用于科研的网络发展成了一个使新一代商务模式成为可能的平台(5) The e-business in the title is not the same as IBM is seeing it, it is much more, as you will discover by reading this book, therefore the "B" in e-business not written in capital letters as in IBM's ease.标题中的e-business与IBM所理解的并不一样，当你读完这本书你就会发现其内涵要丰富得多，所以，e-business中的字，字母B并没有像IBM一样大写(6) Once you have this data gathered, business intelligence applications let you analyze the information to help you optimize your Web site一旦你收集了这些数据，智能商务软件将帮你进行分析以是你的网站最佳化(7) Track Web hits or transactions against fluctuations in your offline sales channels, for example, or see what happens to order volumes at the beginning of a fiscal quarter when many departments have new budgets to work with.例如，将你的网站的成功点击率或交易量与你的线下销售波形图进行比较，或者当许多部门在一个季度开始做新的预算时，了解一下订单的数量(8) You can glean trends during peak traffic periods that result in server overloads, or identify search criteria that consistently fail to deliver anticipated content.在最高流量的时段，你可以了解一下是什么导致了服务器超载，或者确认哪些搜索标准总是不能达到预期的搜索结果(9)Executives who have successfully led change efforts advocate in-person discussions and meetings as the most effective communication vehicles.曾经成功领导了变革的决策者们主张将亲自参加讨论和会议作为最有效的沟通方式(10) Continuous innovation, a critical element of e-business strategy, is at the mercy of an organization's communication structure.不断地变革——,电子商务战略中最关键的因素，完全取决于机构的沟通体系1．贸易，商业 merce2. 紧缩v. deflate3. 命令的，权威 adj. & n. injunctive 4. 拥抱，包含 v.embrace 6. 垂直的，直立的adj. vertical7．参与，参加v. participate 8．可用的,可获得的adj. available9．自动化,自动n. automation 10. 包含, 牵涉 v. involve11. 地方, 位置 n. location 13. 单独的, 个人的 adj. individual14. 服从, 顺从, 提交 v. submit 15. 投资n. investment16. 基本的, 基础的, 主要的 adj. foundational17. 分配, 分布, 分发 v. distribute 23. 基金, 经费 n. fund25．预置, 初始化n. initialization 3. 顾问 n. consultant8. 本质，精髓，精华 n. essence 9. 放弃，遗弃 v. abandon1. retrieval technologies检索技术2. value chain _价值链3. direct billing直接结算4. supply chains供应链5. global marketplace全球市场6. tangible benefit有形效益7. virtual private network (VPN)虚拟专用网8. frequently asked questions (FAQ) 常见问题 EDI电子数据交换5. privacy policy隐私策略6. dispute resolution调解纠纷、争端解决7. business process re-engineering (BPR)业务流程再造8. return on investment投资报酬9. search engines搜索引擎10. shopping cart购物车 11. online marketing在线营销12. DigiCash电子现金13. cross-sell交叉销售14. text documents文本文件完形填空(1)Several regions in the world are subject 1 storms which are so severe that they 2 damage on a tremendous scale. The regions are all located on the edges of great oceans. The 3 term for such severe storms is "cyclone". The term "hurricane" is 4 for storms that occur in the North Atlantic Ocean.Cyclones(龙卷风) and hurricanes(飓风) differ in one curious 5 : in a cyclone, the wind circulates in a clockwise direction; in a hurricane, the wind direction is counter-clockwise. 6 cyclones and hurricanes have one ominous similarity. 7 the damage they cause on land and at sea, they are identical.Australia undergoes a number of cyclones every year along its northern coast, which faces Indonesia. The cyclones 8mainly in December and January, the summer months in the southern hemisphere.Usually the Australian cyclones don't cause great damage because Australia's northern territory has vast empty regions that are virtually 9 .There are few coastal cities. When a cyclone 10 move inland from the sea, it usually blows itself out without striking any inhabited area.1．A）to B）for C）of D）on2．A）make B）cause C）happen D）suffer3．A）full B）common C）ordinary D）general4．A）made B）called C）meant D）defined5．A）way B）manner C）angle D）feature6．A）However B）And C）But D）Then7．A）In that B）In terms of C）Except for D）Along with8．A）occur B）rise C）raise D）foster9．A）populated B）deserted C）unpopulated D）undeserved10．A）could B）does C）would D）shouldABDDA CBACB(2)Human beings act in a different way from 1 of animals just because they canspeak while animals cannot. Even the cleverest animals cannot do things which to us seem very 2 and which small children, as soon as they learn to talk, would be able to do.A German scientist, who 3 experiments for many years with big apes(猿), found that his apes could use his sticks(棍) as tools to pull down bananas which they could not 4 . But they only used the stick to get a banana when both the banana and the stick were in view at the same time. If the banana was in front of them and the stick was behind them, they could not use the stick. They could not keep the banana 5 enough in mind to look around and then pick up the stick and use it.The 6 for this is clear. We have words for banana and stick which help use to think about these things when they are not in 7 . Even a small child knowing the words "banana" and "stick" has an idea of their relationship and is able to think "stick" together with "banana" and to remember this long enough to pick the stick 8 behind and use it on the banana.9 to speak, animals cannot keep their knowledge of things for long. That is why they often interrupt one line of action to do something else and later forget it completely. Human beings, on the other hand, use 10 and are able to do one thing continuously.1．A）that B）this C）way D）eat2．A）honest B）foolish C）simple D）evident3．A）carried B）dealt C）developed D）performed4．A）get B）reach C）eat D）take5．A）clear B）alive C）long D）complete6．A）answer B）truth C）reason D）cause7．A）vision B）mind C）thought D）sight8．A）from B）in C）at D）around9．A）incapable B）unable C）unwilling D）hard10．A）knowledge B）language C）expressions D）mindACDBC CDABB(3)It is not surprising that people 1 ever associate Britain with wine and ill fact it may astonish you to learn that grapes are grown in the open air in England and nearly 200,000 2 were sold in 1975. There is nothing very new in growing grapes in Britain, 3 the climate. The Romans planted the first vines about AD 300 and 4 a long time people always drank home-produced wines. What destroyed the English wine industry was not5 a change in the climate as the fact that an English King, Henry II, inherited the Bordeaux area of France as part of his dominions6the twelfth century and the imported wine provided7 of competition. The English wine industry did not disappear, however,8the sixteenth century, when the monks, who had been the main producers in the meantime, had their estates taken away by Henry VIII. The new owners let the vineyards die out. But now English people, probably9their memories of holidays by the Mediterranean, drink more wine than ever and the new industry is now developing 10a modest but consistent rate.1．A）hardly B）almost C）nearly D）seldom2．A）bottles of wine B）bottles of wines C）wine bottles D）of wine bottles 3．A）although B）whatever C）in spite of D）however4．A）during B）from C）since D）for5．A）enough B）such C）too much D）so much6．A）on B）during C）for D）since7．A）much B）many C）a great deal D）a large number8．A）as long as B）as far as C）since D）until9．A）because B）for C）because of D）due10．A）in B）by C）at D）onAACDDBCDCC阅读理解答案:(1)CAA (3)ABC (4)ADB (5)BAC (6)CCAD (7)ABAD1 CAB 2CCDD 3ABC 4 ADB 5 BAC 6BCAD 7ABADPassage 1People over the age of 65 in the U.S.A are called senior citizens. Life for these people is different from that for younger Americans. Most senior citizens retire, or no longer work full time. Also it is unusual for people of this age to live with their children and grandchildren. Grandparents tend to live in their own houses or apartments away from their families.For many senior citizens, the years after 65 are not enjoyable. They feel unproductive when they no longer work. Their lives lose meaning. In addition, they may feel lonely being away from their families and the contacts they had in their work. Moreover, they become more concerned with their health as they grow older. If they live in big cities, they often worry about their safety.Other senior citizens enjoy their lives. They feel free to do things they were not able to do when they were working and raising families. They now have time to enjoy hobbies and sports and travel. They associate with their fellow senior citizens who have common interests and equal free time. Many senior citizens move to retirement communities located in warm climates. Some senior citizens continue to work beyond retirement age. Many find new careers and professional opportunities after they retire.The number of senior citizens in the U.S.A is increasing rapidly because people are living longer than before. The average life span for Americans in now more than 74 years. Because of their larger numbers and more active life styles, senior citizens are gaining social influence in the country both politically and economically. Their concerns are receiving a wider audience than ever before. The time may come when all Americans will look forward to becoming senior citizens.1．Many senior citizen ________.A）are enjoyable B）live together with their familiesC）feel unproductive, lonely and unsafe D）feel safe in big cities 2．Senior citizens are gaining social influence because ________.A）the number of senior citizens is growing and because senior citizens are more activeB）senior citizens have experienceC）their average life span is longerD）they do more work now3．Implied but not stated: ________.A）Most of American senior citizens have lived a lonely and unhappy life. B）They have played an important part in society.C）Like young people, senior citizens can still enjoy everything they like.D）Their average lifespan is becoming longer and longer.Passage 2The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of 2 September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives.The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King's baker in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning.By eight o'clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul's and the Guildhall among them.Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat.The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the path of the fire. With nothing left to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out.After the fire, Christopher Wren, the architect, wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow; but he did build more than fifty churches, among them new St Paul's.The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place: a city for the future and not just of the past.4．The fire began in______.A）a hotel B）the palaceC）Pudding Lane D）Thames Street5．It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that______.A）some people lost their lives B）the birds in the sky were killed by the fireC）many famous buildings were destroyed D）the King's bakery wasburned down6．Why did the writer cite Samuel Pepys? ______A）Because Pepys was among those putting out the fireB）Because Pepys also wrote about the fireC）To show that poor people suffered mostD）To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire7．How was the fire put out according to the text? ______.A）The king and his soldiers came to helpB）All the wooden houses in the city were destroyedC）People managed to get enough water from the riverD）Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled downPassage 3Music which is original is individual and personal. That is to say, it can be identified as belonging to a particular composer. It has particular qualities, or a style, which are not copied from another. If you can recognize the style of a composer, you will probably be able to tell that a certain composition belongs to him or her even though you have never heard it before. A composer organizes his melodies (旋律) and rhythms and combines sounds to create harmony. He may be capable of thinking up very good, original tunes, yet if tunes are poorly organized, the final result will not be to standard.Good music expresses feelings in a way that is suitable to those feelings. There may be joy, sorrow, fear, love, anger, or whatever. Bad music, on the other hand, may confuse unrelated feelings, it may not express any important feeling at all, or it may exaggerate some feelings and make them vulgar, that is, cheap and ugly.Good music will stand the test of time. It will not go out of fashion but will continue to be enjoyed and respected long after it is first introduced. It will gain a kind of permanent status while bad music will disappear and be forgotten quickly. In pop music, where the general rule seems to be "the newer the better", the test of time is the hardest test of all to pass.1．A piece of original music ______.A）has a personal style B）sounds very familiar to our earsC）is one whose style you cannot recognize D）cannot be recognized as belonging to any composer2．Good music is ______.A）well-organized tunes B）the proper expression of feelingsC）an expression of mixed feelings D）exaggeration of some feelings3．The passage is concerned with ______.A）how to compose music B）how to enjoy musicC）how to judge music D）how to perform musicPassage 4Shopping-bag ladies don't beg publicly, but they do not refuse what is offered. Once a shopping-bag lady appears where you live, it is as hard to pass her by without giving her some money as it is to pay no attention to the collection box in church. And although you may not like it, if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as morally hard to turn her away as it is to do with a lost dog.Most shopping-bag ladies seem to be between the ages of 40 and 65. They wear layers of clothes even in summer time, with newspapers filled between the layers as something against bad weather.No one knows how many shopping-bag ladies there are in New York. The number is going up. Some persons and researchers spend a great deal of time taking care of or observing shopping-bag ladies and doing what they can to better the life lady hermits（隐士） who're down.1．Shopping-bag ladies are ______.A）lady beggars B）ladies who sell shopping-bagsC）ladies who make shopping-bags D）Those who go hungry 2．They fill newspapers between the layers of their clothes because ______.A）they are so poor B）they have no place to put themC）they want to hide them D）they have to use them to keep the cold out3．Which of the following statements is NOT true.A）There are more and more shopping-bag ladies in the United States .B）Shopping-bag ladies appear only in New York.C）Some people are helping shopping-bag ladies.D）Some people are engaged in their research on these shopping-bag ladies. Passage 5The Internet will play a central role in conducting international trade beyond the year 2000. The World Trade Centers Association (WTCA) recently announced a plan to assist developing countries develop a capacity for e-commerce and e-business. The spin off from this decision can pay huge dividends to offshore companies that position themselves on-line right now to supply goods and services to the coming global Internet trading market.E-business will help you get set up and operate with a minimum of effort and at reasonable prices.E-business Incorporated works with international companies to set up a web-office, or CyberSuite as its own domain accessible over the Internet via its owndomain name or from the e-business Cyberspace Station.If you are a supplier, your CyberSuite would have a showroom where visitors —especially wholesale importers and distributors — can examine images, drawings or listings of what you have to offer. If you are a buyer, your web-office can include a notice board listing products or services or agreements you are looking for and a bidding gallery where suppliers can post bids and link you to their sites to examine products. Trading partners can make purchases, send invoices, hold business meetings, track shipments, and work out potential trade agreements within the E-business Cyberspace Station. E-business seminars and conferences will introduce new potential trade partners to each other.Orders placed on the site are sent immediately to manufacturers and any suppliers integrated into the trade process. For example, established trading partners might include an importer ordering large shipments from a manufacturer and suppliers of parts or raw materials in other countries. By electronically notifying the whole trade net at the same time, each partner is able to trim supply and demand to "just in time" delivery of goods or services. The savings of doing business this way can be substantial — even without the tax advantages.1．E-business Incorporated can help a company to______.A）set up a web-office free of charge B）build a Cybersuite as its domainC）get its own domain name D）have its web site accessible via its own domain name2．In a Cybersuite, a supplier can ______.A）exhibit its products and services B）find more images and drawingsC）get many lists of products D）bid for a certain product or service3．The passage mainly tells about ______.A）the benefits brought by e-business B）how to do e-commerce via InternetC）a project by WTCA D）how to find trade partners via InternetPassage 6For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" thebabies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.4．According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______.A）are directly related to pleasure B）will meet their physical needsC）will bring them a feeling of success D）will satisfy their curiosity 5．Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ______.A）would make learned responses when it saw the milkB）would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkC）would continue the simple movements without being given milkD）would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink6．In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to______.A）have the lights turned on B）be rewarded with milk C）please their parents D）be praised7．The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because ______.A）the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"B）the sight of the lights was interestingC）they need not turn back to watch the lightsD）they succeeded in "switching on" the lightsPassage 7The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recent paper, Wharton's Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-author Vijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyersand sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realties and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. "It is not just our computers that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves, " says Wind. "These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that have landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services. "For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers.Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. "Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss, " says Wind.4．The passage was most likely to be taken from ________.A）an overview of a paper B）an introduction to a book C）a book on digital revolution D）a paper discussing digital revolution5．From the third paragraph, we can infer that ________.A）the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB）e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumers C）cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD）cyber consumers came from outer space6．Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers ________. A）are more difficult to satisfy B）have less knowledge about businessC）have more problems with prices D）are less willing to buy products and services7．In the last paragraph, what Wind said means ________.A）digital consumers' decision to buy depends largely on others' evaluationB）it will be more and more difficult for companies to earn profit in e-businessC）most of the companies in e-business are at a lossD）companies should try their best to meet the digital consumers' demands and expectations。

运维服务体系建设方案和技术平台运维服务工作流程应该是规范化和标准化的，需要建立完善的技术平台来支撑各类运维活动。

这个平台应该是统一、集成、开放并可扩展的，能够全面采集、及时处理和合理分析各类运维事件，实现运行维护工作的智能化和高效率。

1.2.4.运行维护对象运行维护对象包括所有需要运维服务的网络和应用系统。

通过对这些对象的规范化管理和技术操作，实现网络和应用系统的安全、稳定、高效、持续运行。

总之，运维服务体系建设是一个系统工程，需要结合业务特点，整合运维服务资源，规范运维行为，确保服务质效，形成统一管理、集约高效的一体化运维体系，从而保障数据集中条件下网络和应用系统安全、稳定、高效、持续运行。

为了保证运行维护体系的高效协调，需要制定统一的运行维护工作流程，包括事件管理、问题管理、变更管理和配置管理。

这些环节需要按照管理要求、管理内容和管理环节来制定标准化和规范化的工作流程。

运维技术服务平台是实施运行维护和技术服务的手段和工具，通过技术手段固化标准化的流程、积累和管理运维知识并开展主动性运维工作。

运维服务体系建设的内容包括运维管理制度建设和运维技术服务平台。

为了建立起统一、规范的运行维护管理工作方式，需要总结现有的运维管理经验，遵照国内外相关运维标准，结合目前的实际情况，统一制定运维管理制度和规范。

同时，制度体系内容要涵盖机房管理、网络管理、资产管理、主机和应用管理、存储和备份管理、技术服务管理、安全管理、文档管理以及人员管理等类别。

运维技术服务平台由运维事件响应中心、运维管理系统、运维知识库和运维辅助分析系统构成，采用分布式管理模式。

整合监控平台，将监控数据交换到运维事件响应中心、运维流程管理系统、运维知识库、运维辅助分析系统，支撑运维体系。

运维事件响应中心接收问题，分为网络响应和电话响应两种方式，对于无法当场解决的问题，转发到运维部门的相应岗位，并向用户反馈解决情况。

对于运维难以解决的问题，上报并配合进行问题的解决。

信息检索文章英译汉Information retrieval（IR）is the process of obtaining information from a collection of information sources. It involves searching and retrieving relevant information to satisfy a user's information needs.The field of information retrieval has seen significant advancements in recent decades with the development of computer technology. In the past, information retrieval was a manual process where librarians would search through catalogues and indexes to find relevant information for patrons. However, with the advent of the Internet and search engines, information retrieval has become automated and more efficient.Search engines, such as Google, use complex algorithms to index and rank web pages based on their relevance to a user's query. These algorithms take into account various factors such as keyword frequency, page popularity, and user behavior to deliver the most relevant results. Users can then navigate through the search results to find the information they are looking for. Information retrieval is not limited to web search engines. It also encompasses other domains such as database searching, digital libraries, and text mining. In these domains, information retrieval techniques are used to retrieve relevant information from structured and unstructured data sources.There are several important components in an information retrieval system. The first component is the collection of documents or information sources. These sources can be web pages, databases,or any other type of information repository. The second componentis the indexing process, where documents are analyzed and indexed based on their content. This allows for faster and more efficient retrieval of information. The third component is the search interface, which allows users to input their queries and retrieve relevant information. The final component is the ranking algorithm, which determines the order in which the retrieved documents are presented to the user.In conclusion, information retrieval is a critical process in today's digital age. It allows users to quickly and efficiently find the information they need from vast amounts of data. Whether it is searching the web, databases, or other information sources, information retrieval techniques play a crucial role in accessing and organizing information.。

一、培养目标本专业培养德、智、体全面发展，适应社会主义现代化建设需要，掌握电气、电子与信息科学技术领域扎实的基础理论、专门知识及基本技能，具有在相关领域跟踪、发展新理论、新知识、新技术的能力；能从事电气工程、自动化、信息技术、电子与计算机技术应用等领域的科学研究、技术开辟、维护管理工作，具有厚基础、宽口径、强实践、高素质特点的高级技术和管理人才。

毕业生就业行业主要有：电气设计与创造业、信息产业、电力系统及运行部门、国家机关和科研院所、国防工业、现代化农业等。

二、培养规格和要求本专业学生主要学习电工技术、电子技术、信息控制、计算机技术与应用等方面较宽广领域的工程技术基础和一定的专业知识。

本专业主要特点是强弱电结合、电工技术与电子技术结合、软件与硬件结合、元件与系统结合，学生受到电工、电子、信息控制及计算机技术等方面的基础训练，既具有电气工程方面的专业知识和技能，专业面广，适应性强，又有自动化和信息技术的基础知识和基本技能。

毕业生应具有较强的自学能力和创新能力，并具有较好的综合素质。

毕业生应获得以下几个方面的知识和能力：1．掌握较扎实的数理基础，具有一定的人文社会科学知识和外语综合能力。

2．系统地掌握本专业领域必需的、较宽广的技术基础理论知识，主要包括电工理论与技术、电子技术、信息处理与控制技术、计算机软硬件基本原理与应用等。

3．获得较好的工程实践训练，具有综合解决工程实际问题的能力。

4．具有较强的工作适应性、人际交往能力和团队协作精神，具备一定的科学研究、科技开辟和组织管理才干。

5．了解本专业领域的学科发展动态与发展趋势。

三、主干学科电气工程、控制科学与工程、计算机科学与技术。

四、主要课程电路分析基础、工程电磁场、摹拟电子技术基础、数字电子技术基础、自动控制原理、微机原理及应用、电力电子技术、机电学、电力系统分析、供配电工程、电气测试技术、计算机控制技术、电力拖动与自动控制系统、电气控制及可编程控制器。

专利名称：INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM,INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SUPPORTSYSTEM AND METHOD THEREFOR, ANDPROGRAM发明人：TADA MASAMI,多田 政美,TOYOSHIMAHIROFUMI,豊島 浩文,MORI AYA,森 亜矢申请号：JP2003407590申请日：20031205公开号：JP2005165958A公开日：20050623专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To retrieve information utilizing meanings provided to information on a network by a semantic web utilizing ontology without requesting a complicated work for creating a query sentence in line with the ontology to a user.SOLUTION: An information retrieval support system is disclosed which is equipped with, at a front stage of a search engine which retrieves information utilizing the ontology with, a morphological analysis part 21, a syntax semantic analysis part 22 and a language conversion execution part 23 which converts a natural language sentence to which analysis processing has been applied into the query sentence described in an ontology description language by referring to information indicating to what property of the ontology relation between a predictive and two words of a subjective case and an objective case in the natural language sentence corresponds and a case frame ontology dictionary 26 which stores a case frame of the natural language sentence in the property. Then, the query sentence described in the ontology description language is generated based on a result by inputting the natural language sentence and performing syntactical analysis and semantic analysis and provided to the search engine.COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI申请人：IBM JAPAN LTD,日本アイ・ビー・エム株式会社地址：東京都港区六本木３丁目２番１２号国籍：JP代理人：坂口 博,市位 嘉宏,上野 剛史,古部 次郎,千田 武,久保 洋之更多信息请下载全文后查看。