NVIDIA Fermi白皮书中文翻译

白皮书NVIDIA®（英伟达™）GF100能够实现超强游戏性能、呈现真正几何逼真效果的全球最快GPU（图形处理器）V1.1专为全球PC游戏玩家量身打造目录GF100简介 (4)出类拔萃的游戏性能.................. ......... .. (4)一流的图像质量 (4)电影般的几何学逼真度 (5)专为游戏量身打造的革命性计算架构..... ......... . (5)几何学逼真度 (7)Tessellation（曲面细分）与Displacement Mapping（贴图置换）概述 (7)Displacement Mapping（贴图置换）与Tessellation（曲面细分）相结合的优势 (8)GF100 架构深入剖析 (11)GPC架构 (12)并行几何学处理 (13)PolyMorph引擎 (13)光栅（Raster）引擎 (14)第三代流式多处理器 (16)512个高性能CUDA核心........... (16)16个载入/存储单元 (16)四个特殊功能单元 (16)双Warp调度器 (17)纹理单元 (17)64 KB可配置的共享存储器与1级高速缓存 (19)2级高速缓存 (20)提高了抗锯齿能力的新型ROP单元 (21)面向图形的计算架构 (23)利用GPU计算的新一代特效 (24)光线追踪 (25)平滑粒子流体力学（SPH） (26)NVIDIA®（英伟达™）3D立体幻镜™Surround (28)边框校正（Bezel Correction） (29)结语 (30)GF100简介过去几年里，人们对高品质3D图形处理的需求不断增长。

这种情形推动了NVIDIA®（英伟达™）在GPU架构方面开发出意义重大的技术创新。

1999年，GeForce®（精视™）256实现了硬件转换与投影。

2001年，GeForce®（精视™）3引入了可编程着色的概念。

以太坊白皮书中文版当中本聪在2009年1月启动比特币区块链时，他同时向世界引入了两种未经测试的革命性的新概念。

第一种就是比特币（bitcoin），一种去中心化的点对点的网上货币，在没有任何资产担保、内在价值或者中心发行者的情况下维持着价值。

到目前为止，比特币已经吸引了大量的公众注意力, 就政治方面而言，它是一种没有中央银行的货币，并且有着剧烈的价格波动。

然而，中本聪的伟大试验还有与比特币同等重要的一部分：基于工作量证明的区块链概念使得人们可以就交易顺序达成共识。

作为应用的比特币可以被描述为一个先申请（first-to-file）系统：如果某人有50BTC并且同时向A和B发送这50BTC，只有被首先确认的交易才会生效。

没有固有方法可以决定两笔交易哪一笔先到，这个问题阻碍了去中心化数字货币的发展许多年。

中本聪的区块链是第一个可靠的去中心化解决办法。

现在，开发者们的注意力开始迅速地转向比特币技术的第二部分，区块链怎样应用于货币以外的领域。

常被提及的应用，包括使用链上数字资产来代表定制货币和金融工具（彩色币），某种基础物理设备的所有权（智能资产），如域名一样的没有可替代性的资产（域名币）以及如去中心化交易所，金融衍生品，点到点赌博和链上身份和信誉系统等更高级的应用。

另一个常被问询的重要领域是“智能合约”- 根据事先任意制订的规则来自动转移数字资产的系统。

例如，一个人可能有一个存储合约，形式为“A可以每天最多提现X个币，B每天最多Y个，A和B一起可以随意提取，A可以停掉B 的提现权”。

这种合约的符合逻辑的扩展就是去中心化自治组织（DAOs）-长期的包含一个组织的资产并把组织的规则编码的智能合约。

以太坊的目标就是提供一个带有内置的成熟的图灵完备语言的区块链，用这种语言可以创建合约来编码任意状态转换功能，用户只要简单地用几行代码来实现逻辑，就能够创建以上提及的所有系统以及许多我们还想象不到的的其它系统。

目录● 历史○作为状态转换系统的比特币○挖矿○默克尔树○替代区块链应用○脚本● 以太坊○以太坊账户○消息和交易○以太坊状态转换功能○代码执行○区块链和挖矿● 应用○令牌系统○金融衍生品○身份和信誉系统○去中心化文件存储○去中心化自治组织○进一步的应用● 杂项和关注○改进版幽灵协议的实施○费用○计算和图灵完备○货币和发行○挖矿的中心化○扩展性● 综述：去中心化应用● 结论● 注解和进阶阅读－－－－历史去中心化的数字货币概念，正如财产登记这样的替代应用一样，早在几十年以前就被提出来了。

Increase Mobility, Deliver Great User Experiences, andReduce Downtime with NVIDIA Virtual GPU SolutionsNVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU | BROCHURE | JAN22The financial services industry is comprised of several sectors, ranging from investment banking and trading to retail and insurance. Today, all are facing challenges to improve scalability and mobility while also meeting stringent security and regulatory compliance requirements. To stay ahead of the market and competitors, professionals in the financial services industry needto access their workspace from anywhere, on any device, with a great experience. This becomes even more difficult with the advent of Windows 10, which impacts every sector in the financial industry. For example, financial analysts and advisors routinely scroll through countless screens of data. Without graphics acceleration, common operations in business applications like scrolling through a 300-page PDF, are plagued with significant lag time which reduces productivity.The trading floors, in particular, have unique challenges that can only be solved by virtualized solutions. Traders need mobilityand are often moved around, along with their systems, to work closely with groups specializing in equity, commodities, or risk income. They also need to be up and running constantly, working on physically small desk areas. Multi-monitor support is the desired approach, as some professionals may have up to 15 applications open at a time. In addition to safeguarding data from information breaches and insider trading, data must also be preserved in the event of natural and man-made disasters to ensure the trading floor can be restored in no time.Because every second of downtime translates to lost revenue, the financial services industry is very conservative and requires stable systems. It’s not uncommon that some organizations are stillon Windows XP because they haven’t had time to upgrade their systems and cannot afford downtime.>Brokers can lose $4 million in revenue per millisecond if their electronic trading platform is 5ms behind the competition.1>The financial services industry is the one most-breached sector, with an average total cost of data breach of $18.37 million.2>The financial services sector, including banking and insurance, is the largest contributor to the desktop virtualization revenue forecast through 2020 - security being one of the major driving factors.31Quantifying the Impact of Virtual GPUs, August 2019.2 Cost of Cybercrime, 20193BusinessWire. Research and Markets: Desktop Virtualization Market - Forecast and Trends (2015 - 2020).NVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU | BROCHURE | JAN22NVIDIA VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGYDELIVERS A MOBILE DIGITAL WORKPLACETHAT REDUCES DOWNTIME AND BOOSTSSECURITYFinancial services organizations are embracing virtualizationsolutions to increase mobility, ensuring anytime access to datawhile also enabling improved security. In addition, they need toincrease the quality of performance and user experiences inmodern office applications that are substantially more graphicsintensive. By adding NVIDIA virtual GPU solutions to their VDIenvironments, organizations are centralizing apps and data,delivering cost-effective VDI performance that scales. Plus, theycan provide virtual workspaces for knowledge workers, powerusers, and mobile professionals that offer improved management,security, and productivity. The benefits of virtual GPU aresignificant:>Enhance Productivity and User Experience.Financial services professionals cannow access their workspace from anywhere, on any device with a native PC-likeexperience. With graphics acceleration, financial services organizations can takefull advantage of Windows 10 and modern business apps—including key apps suchas Bloomberg and homegrown, customized apps—with significantly lower latency.In addition, NVIDIA virtualization solutions can satisfy unique financial servicesproductivity requirements such as multi-monitor support for brokerage systems andlarger frame buffers for better data visualization and pattern recognition.>Increase Manageability and Scalability.In all sectors, financial services organizationsoften have to support hundreds and thousands of users with requirements ranging,from rolling out systems to quickly resolving issues. Moreover, on trading floors,every second of downtime equates to thousands of dollars in lost revenue. Now,financial services organizations can centralize data and applications in the datacenter, delivering virtual workspaces with improved manageability, security, andperformance while reducing downtime and support costs. IT can also easily managelarge-scale virtualization deployments with end-to-end visibility of the organization’sinfrastructure and proactive monitoring.>Bolster Security and Regulatory Compliance. As a heavily regulated industry,financial services organizations must safeguard data against information breachesand insider trading or face serious consequences. By securely hosting sensitivefinancial information within the data center, organizations can improve their overallsecurity while simultaneously protecting data in the event of disaster. Not only doesvirtualization allow more users to securely access more applications, it also enablessecure work-from-anywhere workstyles.NVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU | BROCHURE | JAN22NVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU | BROCHURE | JAN22CUSTOMER EXAMPLES4Assumes cost of subscription, NVIDIA GRID vGPU software, and hardware, with three-year amortization of hardware of two M10 cards supporting 87 vApps users.KEY FINANCIAL SERVICES USER GROUPSNVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU | BROCHURE | JAN22HOW NVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU WORKSIn a VDI environment powered by NVIDIA virtual GPUs, the NVIDIA virtual GPU software is installed at the virtualization layer along with the hypervisor. This software creates virtual GPUs that let every virtual machine (VM) share the physical GPU installed on the server. The NVIDIA virtualization software includes a graphics driver for every VM. vWS includes, for example, the powerful Quadro driver. Because work that is typically done by the CPU is offloaded to the GPU, demanding engineering and creativeapplications are supported in a virtualized and cloud environment,delivering a much better user experience.WHAT MAKES NVIDIA VIRTUAL GPU POWERFULThe ability to support both compute and graphics workloads for every vGPU EXCEPTIONAL USER EXPERIENCEConsistent performance with guaranteed quality of service, whether on-premises or in the cloud PREDICTABLE PERFORMANCEThe industry's highest user density solution with 2x the user density with A16 compared to the previous generation M10, reducing the amount of hardware resources needed and lowering your TCO BEST USER DENSITYEnd-to-end management and monitoring to deliver real-time insight into GPU performance, plus broad partner integrations so you can use the tools you know and loveOPTIMAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING Regular cadence of new software releases that ensures you stay on top of the latest features and enhancementsCONTINUOUS INNOVATIONSupport for all major hypervisors and the most extensive portfolio of professional apps certifications with Quadro driversBROADEST ECOSYSTEM SUPPORTFor more information, visit /virtualgpu© 2022 NVIDIA Corporation. All rights reserved. NVIDIA, and the NVIDIA logo are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation. All company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of the respective owners with which they are associated. Features, pricing, availability, and specifications are all subject to change without notice.Cover by: Raiffeisenverband Salzburg reg. Gen. m. b. H., Schwarzstr . 13-15, 5024 Salzburg (https:///wiki/File:RVS_Handelsraum.jpg), …RVS Handelsraum“, https:///licenses/by/2.0/at/deed.en。

迷你GUI技术白皮书1 介绍1.1什么是miniGUIMiniGUI (),是由飞漫软件（Feynman Software）为实时嵌入式系统开发的一款轻量型图形用户界面支持系统。

自1999年第一次授权发布以来，MiniGUI已经被广泛得运用于掌上终端（手机和电子记事本），机顶盒，工业控制系统，工业设备，便携式媒体播放器，查询终端等等。

同时，MiniGUI已经成为了一个跨操作系统的图形用户界面（GUI）系统，它可以在Linux/uClinux，eCos，VxWorks，pSOS，ThreadX，Nucleus，OSE乃至uC/OS-II，以及Windows32位系统的平台下运行；已经被测试过的硬件平台，包括Inrelx86，ARM （ARM7/ARM9/StrongARM/xScale）, PowerPC,MIPS和M68k（Dragonball/ColdFire）。

作为将MiniGUI带入高端嵌入式市场的基于嵌入式Linux的高端嵌入式设备，MiniGUI v2.0版为其提供了全部的多任务支持。

作为继MiniGUI 2.0 之后最新的版本，MiniGUI 3.0 有着许多重要的增强，例如单纤双向（BIDI）测试显示支持，透明控制，独立滚动控制，双字节字体渲染（UPF），点阵字形，以及新的组成部分包括mGUtils，mGPlus。

MiniGUI是“用于嵌入式设备的跨系统图形用户界面支持系统”，以及“嵌入式图形中间件”。

迄今为止，MiniGUI已经被中国最著名的电信设备供应商，中国最大的电视机制造商，即时分同步码分多址技术（TD-SCDMA）的主要制定者，以及世界上最大的处理器生产商所授权。

MiniGUI已经被以下领域中的主要厂家广泛采购和应用，包括：工业器械，医用设备，以及军工业。

同时，MiniGUI已经被全球的嵌入式设备开发商所公认，并远销至包括北美，日本，中国台湾和马来西亚等国家和地区。

MiniGUI已经成为嵌入式图形中间件的变相工业标准。

虚拟仪器(白皮书)什么是虚拟仪器？在过去的20年中，PC机（个人电脑）应用的迅速普及促进了测试测量和自动化仪器系统的革新，其中最显著的一点就是虚拟仪器概念的出现与发展，以及为工程师和科学家们提高生产率、测量精度及系统性能方面做出的贡献。

一套虚拟仪器系统就是一台工业标准计算机或工作站配上功能强大的应用软件、低成本的硬件（例如插入式板卡）及驱动软件，他们在一起共同完成传统仪器的功能。

虚拟仪器代表着从传统硬件为主的测量系统到以软件为中心的测量系统的根本性转变。

以软件为主的测量系统充分利用了常用台式计算机和工作平台的计算、显示和互联网等诸多用于提高工作效率的强大功能。

虽然PC机和集成电路技术在过去的20年里有显著的发展和提高，但是，软件才是在功能强大的硬件基础上创建虚拟仪器系统的真正关键所在。

新的以软件为中心的虚拟仪器系统为用户提供了创新技术并大幅降低了生产成本。

有了虚拟仪器，工程师和科学家就可以完全根据自己的需求组建测量和自动化系统，而不用再受功能固定（完全由厂家提供）的传统仪器的限制。

本文着重描述虚拟仪器系统的必备组件：功能强大的编程工具、灵活易用的数据采集硬件及个人电脑；以及这样的系统组合能带来的传统仪器所不能比拟的优势。

虚拟仪器和传统仪器独立的传统仪器，例如示波器和波形发生器，性能强大，但是价格昂贵，且被厂家限定了功能，只能完成一件或几件具体的工作，因此，用户通常都不能够对其加以扩展或自定义其功能。

仪器的旋钮和开关、内置电路及用户所能使用的功能对这台仪器来说都是固定的。

另外，开发这些仪器还必须要用专门的技术和高成本的元部件，从而使它们身价颇高且很不容易更新。

基于PC机的虚拟仪器系统，诞生以来就充分利用了现成即用的PC机所带来的最新科技。

这些科技和性能上的优势迅速缩短了独立的传统仪器和PC机之间的距离，包括功能强大的处理器 (如Pentium 4) 、操作系统及微软Windows XP、.NET技术和Apple Mac OS X。

深信服超融合架构技术白皮书深信服科技有限公司修订记录深信服超融合架构技术白皮书文档密级：内部第1章、前言 (8)1.1IT时代的变革 (8)1.2白皮书总览 (9)第2章、深信服超融合技术架构 (11)1.1超融合架构概述 (11)1.1.1超融合架构的定义 (11)1.2深信服超融合架构组成模块 (11)1.2.1.1系统总体架构 (11)1.2.1.2aSV计算虚拟化平台 (12)1.2.1.2.1概述 (12)1.2.1.2.2aSV技术原理 (13)1.2.1.2.2.1aSV的Hypervisor架构 (14)1.2.1.2.2.2Hypervisor虚拟化实现 (17)1.2.1.2.3aSV的技术特性 (25)1.2.1.2.3.1内存NUMA技术 (25)1.2.1.2.3.2SR-IOV (26)1.2.1.2.3.3Faik-raid (27)1.2.1.2.3.4虚拟机生命周期管理 (28)1.2.1.2.3.5虚拟交换机 (29)1.2.1.2.3.6动态资源调度 (30)1.2.1.2.4aSV的特色技术 (30)1.2.1.2.4.1快虚 (30)1.2.1.2.4.2虚拟机热迁移 (31)1.2.1.2.4.3虚拟磁盘加密 (32)1.2.1.2.4.4虚拟机的HA (33)1.2.1.2.4.5多USB映射 (33)1.2.1.3aSAN存储虚拟化 (35)1.2.1.3.1存储虚拟化概述 (35)1.2.1.3.1.1虚拟后对存储带来的挑战 (35)1.2.1.3.1.2分布式存储技术的发展 (35)1.2.1.3.1.3深信服aSAN概述 (36)1.2.1.3.2aSAN技术原理 (36)1.2.1.3.2.1主机管理 (36)1.2.1.3.2.2文件副本 (37)1.2.1.3.2.3磁盘管理 (38)1.2.1.3.2.4SSD读缓存原理 (39)1.2.1.3.2.5SSD写缓存原理 (45)1.2.1.3.2.6磁盘故障处理机制 (49)1.2.1.3.3深信服aSAN功能特性 (60)1.2.1.3.3.1存储精简配置 (60)1.2.1.3.3.2aSAN私网链路聚合 (61)1.2.1.3.3.3数据一致性检查 (61)1.2.1.4aNet网络虚拟化 (61)1.2.1.4.1网络虚拟化概述 (61)1.2.1.4.2aNET网络虚拟化技术原理 (62)1.2.1.4.2.1SDN (62)1.2.1.4.2.2NFV (63)1.2.1.4.2.3aNet底层的实现 (64)1.2.1.4.3功能特性 (68)1.2.1.4.3.1aSW分布式虚拟交换机 (68)1.2.1.4.3.2aRouter (68)1.2.1.4.3.3vAF (69)1.2.1.4.3.4vAD (69)1.2.1.4.4深信服aNet的特色技术 (69)1.2.1.4.4.1网络探测功能 (69)1.2.1.4.4.2全网流量可视 (70)1.2.1.4.4.3所画即所得业务逻辑拓扑 (70)1.2.2深信服超融合架构产品介绍 (71)1.2.2.1产品概述 (71)1.2.2.2产品定位 (71)第3章、深信服超融合架构带来的核心价值 (73)1.1可靠性： (73)1.2安全性 (73)1.3灵活弹性 (73)1.4易操作性 (73)第4章、超融合架构最佳实践 (74)第1章、前言1.1 IT时代的变革20 世纪90 年代，随着Windows 的广泛使用及Linux 服务器操作系统的出现奠定了x86服务器的行业标准地位，然而x86 服务器部署的增长带来了新的IT 基础架构和运作难题，包括：基础架构利用率低、物理基础架构成本日益攀升、IT 管理成本不断提高以及对关键应用故障和灾难保护不足等问题。

Loading and lifting capacity WhitepaperIndex1 Introduction (5)2 Enclosures transport (6)2.1 Transport by crane (8)2.2 Transport by fork-lift (12)3 Loading capacity (15)3.1 Leveling feet, LF (16)3.2 Casters, LCR (18)3.3 Doors (20)3.3.1 Complete door DN (20)3.3.2 Partial door DPP (20)3.4 Panels (21)3.4.1 Rear panel, CRP (20)3.4.2 Side panels, SPM (20)3.5 Mounting plate (22)3.5.1 Complete mounting plate MP (22)3.5.2 Partial mounting plate MPP (23)3.6 Mounting profiles (24)3.6.1 Mounting profiles CLPF (24)3.6.2 Click-in profiles CLPK (24)3.6.3 Side mounting bars CMB (24)3.6.4 Door profiles DCP (25)3.7 Bottom carriers bars (25)3.7.1 Carrier bars CB (25)3.7.2 Heavy duty carrier bars CBU (25)This technical information has been prepared and created by nVent HOFFMAN to support customers with information regarding the transport of enclosures and particular site installation operations, such as loads for the different parts of the enclosure. nVent HOFFMAN also wants to support customers in being able to make the best design based on their requirements.nVent HOFFMAN’s floor standing enclosures are ever changing,to meet demanding requirements customers and the engineering industry desire, which includes installation in a wide range of environments, accessory compatibility, ease of installation and damage limitations, where possible.nVent HOFFMAN not only supplies high quality enclosures to meet stringent industrial requirements but also a wide range of supporting documentation, to provide the technical information needed for customers and to make their job as easy as possible. nVent HOFFMAN ensures that its enclosures are tested to the strictest of standards, in DEKRA laboratories, following the standard EN 62208, the basic standard for empty enclosure manufactures, which governs enclosure requirements and the tests that should be carried out.Certifications are published on nVent HOFFMAN’s websites which provides necessary documentation to customers, when using enclosures, peripherals and accessories.The internationally recognized IEC EN 62208 standard stipulates all the requirements that need to be met with regards to enclosures that are used in low-voltage switchgear and control gear assemblies. In compliance to the standard, nVent HOFFMAN has provided a series of white papers and technical documents to make all the necessary information easily available and interpretable by its direct and indirect customers.Enclosure installations are deemed to be as difficult as the installation site permits. Due to the pressures of the industrial market, it is paramount that installations are carried out in an efficient and effective way meaning the installation time is as low as possible while ensuring health and safety is always taken into consideration.Measurements are displayed in millimeters (mm) and loads are given in Newton’s (N) as a display of force. The formula to work out a force is shown below along with a conversion to the kilogram (Kg):Force (N) = mass (Kg) x acceleration (m/s2)Acceleration due to gravity is measured at 9.8m/s2 and occurs when an object is falling to the earth.1 N is a force of 1 with acceleration due to gravity with means from the above formula that the below applies when converting from Force (N) to mass (Kg):1N = 1Kg x 9.8(m/s2) = 9.8KgTherefore, one newton equals 9.8 kilograms.General notesThis techincal information and all technical descriptionsregarding nVent HOFFMAN’s enclosures do not representwarranted qualities and therefore nVent HOFFMAN isunable to accept liability with regards to deviations.nVent HOFFMAN reserves the right to extend or modify thistechnical documentation at any time.All the technical information contained within this techincalinformation is applicable to nVent HOFFMAN’s enclosuresonly.For any questions or suggestions with regards to thistechincal information please do not hesitate to contact yourlocal sales representative or partner.1 IntroductionThis section covers the various ways to transport annVent HOFFMAN enclosure, which accessories should be used,the affects different enclosure configurations can have and the permissible loads allowed in nVent HOFFMAN’s enclosures during these safety critical transport operations.Following the standard IEC EN 62208, which states that "Where required, enclosures shall be provided with the appropriate lifting devices or transport means", nVent HOFFMAN offers different accessories to guarantee a safe transport.The lifetime capacity of the enclosures with the available accessories has been tested according to the same standard, IEC EN 62208, which specifies clearly the test to be carried out in chapter 9.5. The tests have been carried out by DEKRA in the Netherlands.Ensuring the correct methods are followed when transporting enclosures is critical, to guarantee the enclosures integrity is maintained and that the components installed inside are safe, secureand protected from the installation environment.nVent HOFFMAN’s floor standing enclosures are suitable to be transported using a crane if the correct accessories are installed and used appropriately. Enclosures can be craned either individually or as a bayed solution. Depending on the installation, the lifting angles can be different, therefore affecting the lifting capacity. nVent HOFFMAN offers standard accessories suitable for single and bayed enclosures.Lifting eye boltsLE9304/LE9304SSInstall nVent HOFFMAN’s lifting eyes on floor standing enclosuresif crane transport is required. Individual transported enclosures willrequire four lifting eyes fitted in each corner. Bayed enclosures only require two lifting eyes to be fitted on the enclosures installed at the end of the bayed solution.Lifting deviceLC02Install nVent HOFFMAN’s lifting device on floor standing enclosures for optimal weight distribution when lifting bayed enclosures. The lifting device only needs to be installed on the sides where the enclosures are bayed.2.1 Transport by crane60°Crane lifting angles60° - A crane can lift floor standing enclosures by attaching to the lifting eye bolts, creating an angle of 60 degrees to the enclosures roof plate.90° -A crane can lift floor standing enclosures by attaching to the lifting eye bolts, creating an angle of 90 degrees to the enclosures roof plate.Cable angles at 90 degrees to the enclosures roof plate will support the largest loads when lifted.Lifting accessoriesIndividual enclosureIndividual floor standing enclosures can be transported by crane safely using the lifting eye bolts, LE. The load that is installed inside the enclosure is systematically distributed allowing for a smooth transit.Permissible loads are dependent upon the lifting angle.Two bayed enclosuresTwo floor standing enclosures bayed side by side can betransported by crane safely using the lifting devices, LC.The load that is installed inside the enclosure is systematicallydistributed allowing for a smooth transit. The lifting accessoriesrequired will depend upon the enclosure as well as its configuration,but using the baying brackets CCI and CCM is a must.Permissible load is specified for a cable angle of 60°.F1= 7000NF2= 7000NThree bayed enclosuresThree floor standing enclosures bayed side by side can betransported by crane safely using the lifting devices, LC.The load that is installed inside the enclosure is systematicallydistributed allowing for a smooth transit. The lifting accessoriesrequired will depend upon the enclosure as well as its configuration,but using the baying brackets CCI and CCM is a must.Permissible load is specified for a cable angle of 60°F1= 7000NF2= 14000NF3= 7000NCable angle 45°: F = 4800N Cable angle 60°: F = 6400N Cable angle 90°: F = 13600NLifting capacityCable angle of 60° F1= 7000N F2= 7000N Cable angle of 60° F1= 7000N F2= 14000N F3= 7000NnVent HOFFMAN’s floor standing enclosures are suitable for transit by forklift truck either individually or as a bayed solution. In either case it is important that the applicable plinths are fitted to ensure that the forks of the forklift truck can be moved underneath the enclosure(s) in order to safely transport them. For a bayed floor standing enclosure solution, nVent HOFFMAN’s combining plinths should be used and fitted between each enclosure for strength and rigidity.All of nVent HOFFMAN’s floor standing enclosures are delivered fixed to a wooden pallet to ensure local transport operations can be performed easily for when plinths are not installed.The forks of the forklift truck need to be positioned under the enclosure(s) as far too each side as possible to ensure the fullloading capacity is achievable. Plinth combining profiles (PCP/PCPK) must be used when transporting bayed floor standing enclosures to ensure the load ratings stated can be reached. Care must be taken when using a manual hand pallet truck to not prise the top and bottom wooden members apart. This can break the pallet and result in the floor standing enclosure falling due to an unstable platform. Ensure the manual hand pallet truck is fully underneath the load before jacking the forks up to take the load.A. Single enclosuresTo ensure proper transport for a floor standing enclosure.B. Bayed enclosuresTo ensure proper transport for bayed floor standing enclosures, with the plinths already assembled, the plinth combining profiles must be used to ensure rigid joining between the plinths.The transport can be made using the modern pallet supplied as standard, or using the applicable plinth.ABF = 14000NF = 7000NF1, F3 = 7000N F2 = 14000N2.2 Transport by fork-liftLifting capacity for enclosuresThis section covers the different loading capacity of the enclosure parts and accessories to make easier and safer the design work.Following the standard EC EN 62208, which states in chapter 8.2 that "Compliance of the permissible load that the enclosure and its doors are able to carry is checked according to the test of chapter 9.4",nVent HOFFMAN has carried out the tests not only to the enclosure and the doors but to all the relevant parts and accessories.The tests have been carried out by DEKRA in the Netherlands.3 Loading capacity for accessoriesEnclosures on leveling feetWith static load the permissible overall load capacity is F= 3000 N/feetnVent HOFFMAN offers leveling feet as an standard accesory, specially suitable for installations in which the floor is uneven to guarantee the stability and perfect door closing. It is mounted directly in the enclosures frame.F = 3000N/feet3.1 Leveling feet, LF3 Loading capacity for accessoriesFor easy transportation of an (equipped) enclosure, nVent HOFFMAN offers the LCR casters. The casters can be mounted directly on the enclosure's frame or underneath the plinths (PF/PV) with the provided mounting brackets. The use of LCR casters raises the enclosure by 70 mm.The LCR casters are available with or without the brackets.A. Single enclosuresnVent HOFFMAN's single enclosures can easily be moved by using the LCR casters. The LCR kit contains 4 casters and the corresponding mounting accessories.B. Bayed enclosuresnVent HOFFMAN's bayed enclosures can easily be moved by using two casters at the beginning, two in the end, and two on each joining.ABF = 2800N (dynamic load) per kit F = 5600N (static load) per kitF = 1400N (dynamic load) per kit F = 2800N (static load) per kit3.2 Transport caster for individual or bayed enclosuresLifting capacity for enclosures3.3.1 Complete door, DN 3.4.1 Rear panel, CRP3.3.2 Partial door, DP3.4.2 Side panels, SPMF =900NF =900N F =900N F =900N3.3 DoorsLoading capacity for accessories3.4 PanelsLoading capacity for accessories3.5.1 Complete mounting plate3.5.2 Partial mounting platenVent HOFFMAN complete mounting plate can be installed in three different ways: A: Mounting plate in the most rear position, without any additional accessory because brackets are included in the standard delivery.B: Mounting plate adjusted in depth, adding MPD accessory.C: Mounting plate mounted back to back, adding MPBB accessory.nVent HOFFMAN partial mounting plates, MPP , can be installed in the rear flush with the frame, in the side flush with the frame or adjusted in depth with CLPK profile in depth.F = 6000NF = 5000NF = 2500N/MPABC3.5 Mounting plates3.6 Mounting profiles3.6.1. Mounting profile CLPF3.6.2 Click-in profiles, CLPK3.6.3 Side mounting profiles, CMB3.7.1 Heavy duty carrier bars, CBU3.6.4 Door profiles, DCP3.7.2. Carriers bars, CB3.7 Bottom carrier bars©2020 nVent. All nVent marks and logos are owned or licensed by nVent Services GmbH or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. /HOFFMANCADDY ERICO HOFFMAN RAYCHEM SCHROFF TRACEROur powerful portfolio of brands:。

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Learners in this course will also learn about Interacting with switches, NVIDIA GPU integration, and the Health Management Framework.Learn moreBright Cluster Manager Auto Scaling Hybrid CloudThis course is based on NVIDIA Bright Cluster Manager and gives an overview of extending thecluster to the cloud with Cluster as a service and cluster extension (i.e. Hybrid Cloud) Theprocesses for deploying cluster as a service and cluster extensions for AWS and Azure arecovered in detail. This course also shows how to setup and use of Bright auto scaler. The finaltopic is the setup and use of the automated cloud job data management (CMJOB) forimproving flexibility and productivity of the cluster.Learn moreTarget Audience: IT Professionals, Networking and System Admins/EngineersPrice: Free courseAnsible Essentials for Network EngineersIn this course, you will explore a variety of Ansible modules, and write playbooks specificallyadapted to modern data centers. This course includes an exclusive hands-on lab environment andexercises to practice real-world scenarios in real cloud environments. Learn moreTarget Audience: IT Professionals, Networking and System Admins/EngineersPrice: $49 single course I $450 as part of Platinum membershipSKU: 789-ANECSPLinux Networking FundamentalsLearn the fundamental concepts and commands behind Linux-based open networking.Learn moreTarget Audience: IT Professionals, Networking and System Admins/EngineersPrice: $99 single course I $450 as part of Platinum membershipSKU: 789-NLFCSPThe Fundamentals of RDMA ProgrammingThis course allows C programmers to dive into the RDMA programming world without requiring previous experience in networking or RDMA programming. We have also added tips and tricks, as well as do’s and don’ts so that the skills you acquire will truly serve you when you need them. Learn moreTarget Audience: Developers, IT ProfessionalsPrice: $49 single course I $450 as part of Platinum membershipSKU: 789-RDMCSPRDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE) from A to ZIn this course you will learn what is RoCE, how it works, get familiar with the different network types RoCE can run over and also learn how to configure RoCE for each network type. Learn moreNVIDIA License SystemNVIDIA License System (NLS) is a new licensing solution to support the continued expansion ofthe NVIDIA enterprise software portfolio. This course will help you to learn about NLS and howyou can move from your existing licensing solution to NLS. Learn moreTarget Audience: IT Professionals, Networking and System Admins/EngineersPrice: Free courseMLXlink and MLXcables Debug ToolsIn this course, you'll learn about the MLXlink and MLXcables debug tools. 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Digital manufacturing for traceability:The way to higher product quality andbetter warranty managementWhite PaperDigital manufacturing for traceability aids warranty managementand quality assurance.ContentsExecutive summary (3)The cost of poor quality (4)The goals of traceability (5)Goals of digital manufacturing for traceability (5)What does traceability do? (6)Results of digital manufacturing for traceability (7)Short-term benefits (8)Long-term benefits (8)Conclusion (9)Screen print Main lineSMT OCP Microsoft SQL serverICT Hand mount Visual check Manual assemblyRepairWC 1WC 3ERPWC 2Functional testAdd accessoriesPackDriven by high-profile regulations compliance like the TREAD Act, warranty management has become a hot topic across industries worldwide. Recalls are costly and time-consuming events that should be avoided entirely. But without adequate process traceability and product genealogy, too many customers will get defective products and too many products will be recalled for repair or replacement even though they are not defective. Both scenarios have enormous implications for the quality-conscious manufacturer that gets rated on the number of recalls it performs – not to mention the enormous direct costs. The core issue is visibility into product quality.Companies must contain potential quality problems before the product leaves the plant while providing detailed product genealogy information to trading partners. Today, few manufacturing enterprises enjoy a true component and process traceability system to facilitate this. If they do, the system likely does not extend outside to trading partners, contract manufac-turing plants, distribution centers or transportation providers.A complete digital manufacturing for traceability system minimizes the cost of product recalls and eliminates recalls altogether.A traceability system that solves this problem will achieve two primary goals: •Minimize the number of products that arerecalled when a manufacturing flaw is found by identifying only the specific serial numbers that were built with the faulty component or by identifying the faulty process.•Eliminate recalls in the first place by providing real-time reports on the machines, components, stations, shifts and operators involved in the defective product and processes before the product is shipped.Improved production quality, cost containment and product warranty management through part and process traceability – elements of a digital manufac-turingsystem – can ultimately improve customer satisfaction by reducing the risks and costs of poor quality and recalls.X-factory architecture applied to manufacturing line.Executive summaryThe cost of poor quality The most severe outcome of poor quality is product recall. The impact of recalling thousands of products is tremendous. Warranty costs in the automotive industry alone exceed $9 billion per year. The short- and long-term costs of a recall can be enormous and is influenced by many factors. Some costs are directly related to recall activities, such as investigation of the product failure, customer notification of the recall, transportation of the recalled product, redesign and repair costs and the loss in value of the defective product.Other costs are indirectly associated with the product recall and poor quality, including the loss of sales due to negative publicity. The bottom line is that poor quality can have a dramatic effect on a manufac-turer’s profits.Warranty costs for leading North American manufacturers range from2 percent to 5 percent of sales, according to AMR Research.Manufacturers must continuously improve their processes, with the goal of delivering products with no discernible defects. This is complementary to Six Sigma goals that strive to improve customer satisfac-tion by virtually eliminating product defects in the first place. To move toward Six Sigma, manufacturers must be able to trace the manufacturing process to both anticipate and detect a nonconforming process during production, before the product is shipped to the OEM or the end-customer.Digital manufacturing for traceability enables manufacturers to better control the quality and performance of manufacturing processes and assets. The result is reduced cost and continuously improved manufacturing processes – both in planning and execution. This drives product quality, production throughput and company profitability. Goals of digital manufacturingfor traceability11.Identify defects prior to customer delivery toreduce in-process costs (proactive, short-termbenefit) and eliminate the need for a recall(proactive, long-term benefit)2.Identify products impacted by the defect aftercustomer delivery to minimize recall costs(reactive, short-term benefit)1. D igital manufacturing is a business strategy, enabled bytechnology, to manage all facets of creating, optimizing and executing manufacturing processes. For more on digitalmanufacturing visit /tecnomatix.The goals of traceabilitySpecifically, a digital manufacturing for traceability system combines production planning, material management, performance monitoring and quality management. It automatically captures detailed manufacturing process information from the shop floor, compares it with the manufacturing process plan and alerts management to any gaps that could lead to product quality issues.Digital manufacturing for traceability information by component date code provides a list of all operations performed using that date code of parts, including part retrieval and setup on machines and which specific products (by serial number) were built with those parts.Digital manufacturing for traceability also provides detailed historical data on the production process for any given work order – enabling investigation into the root cause of quality issues.Varying levels of digital manufacturing for traceability are in use today.Minimally, the system tracks product genealogy information, meaning that it identifies which specific parts or components are assembled into which specific products. In this case, a component could be either a single, discrete element, such as an inte-grated circuit (IC) chip on a printed circuit board, or a pre-assembled unit that is part of a larger assembly hierarchy, such as a ball joint on an automotive suspension subassembly. When a flawed component is identified, the digital manufacturing for traceability system provides detail on only the products – identified by serial number – that were built with the same lot as defective components.The second level of digital manufacturing for traceability tracks very detailed process-related information, such as exactly when and where a specific part was assembled, which machine or device was used and who performed the operation. With this information, digital manufacturing for traceability identifies real-time errors that have occurred during the manufacturing process: such as feeder nozzle errors on a circuit-board assembly machine or incorrect weld gun positioning. This level of traceabil-ity more precisely determines the root cause of the defect.A third and critical level of digital manufacturing for traceability compares the planned and the executed manufacturing process in order to proactively identify nonconformities that are in-process but prior to customer shipment, eliminating the cost of recalling the product in the first place.Finally, at its highest level, the verification functional-ity of digital manufacturing for traceability proactively prevents errors before and during production. Digital manufacturing manages process execution by interactively guiding shop floor workers through tasks – in real-time – preventing them from performing a nonconforming task, or preventing a given worker from performing a task he/she is unqualified to perform. For example, digital manufac-turing lets a specific (qualified) user know which specific parts must be loaded onto a specific machine for a specific order. When the part is loaded onto the machine, the system verifies that this is desired part-machine combination. If an incorrect combination is detected, an alert is generated that allows the user (or the supervisor) to make an immediate correction. This saves production time, money and resources by avoiding nonconfirming tasks or preventing products to be delivered with defective components.Traceability information by product serial number reveals all operations performed on that product, including time stamp and operator name and a list of components and date codes being traced in that product.What does traceability do?A large amount of data is collected by the digital manufacturing for traceability system throughout the planning, setup and execution stages of the produc-tion process (see page 3). During production setup, specific part lots are recorded at each process station. During process execution, each product's genealogy is recorded by identifying the exact time that each product is assembled at each station. Also, process errors (or gaps between the process plan and what’s actually executed) are collected in real time during production. Given all this data, several different actions can be taken, most importantly, corrective action and root cause analysis.Typically, the manufacturer needs to know:•What components failed?•Precisely what products included the defective component?•Do those products need to be removed from work in process or recalled from the customer?•Precisely what process did defective components and products go through?•Which people were involved?•Was the defect due to bad design, bad material or a bad process?•How can the process be improved to detect or prevent these defects in the future?A lot of manufacturing happens before a problem is detected – on average, more than five years of it. The averageis 63.6 months!AMR Research event:Technology Priorities for the Automotive Industry, Oct 7, 2003 If a product defect is found, a failure analysis is performed to identify the defective component. Once the defective component has been identified, the system produces a report with detailed information about the component, including lot number and vendor.The next step determines in which products the defective part was used. A defective lot of compo-nents may have been used in several products, which are all now faulty. Or, unused defective components in inventory or another storage location may need to be retrieved to prevent them from being used in production.After analyzing all affected products, manufacturers will then want to determine the root cause of the problem. With digital manufacturing for traceability, the manufacturer can apply corrective action by tracing the defective product back through all production and inspection phases to the raw materi-als, specific equipment and individuals involved in the manufacturing process.Further analysis identifies specific process abnormali-ties that may have occurred during production to cause the defective component. Examples of process abnormalities include part placement errors or inappropriate storage of a component or assembly. Faulty products might share common conditions, such as a common process or common supplier, which can then be corrected to improve product quality. The correlation of error information and historical process data allows manufacturers to implement corrective action and make the most informed quality and warranty management decisions.Results of digital manufacturing for traceabilityShort-term benefits•Operator error proofing ensures the correct part is handled by a qualified worker during assembly, minimizing re-work costs that would otherwisebe incurred.•Automatic machine programming ensures that no miscommunication occurs between theprocess plan and how machines execute onthat plan.•Early identification of defective parts in-process reduces the chance of performing non-value-added work in subsequent operations, saving the associated material and resource costs for thoseunnecessary steps.•Minimizing the need to quarantine defective parts during inventory or work-in-process reduces labor costs and frees up these resources forhigher value-added tasks.•Matching engineering change notices todefective lots or parts-in-process saves productdesign/engineering re-work.•Catching defects through process monitoring before the product is further processed reducesproduction cost and waste.•Catching defects through process monitoring before the product is shipped to customersresults in fewer recall events. Long-term benefits•Identifying which specific parts/lots are defective by linking them to faulty processes means fewer products need to be recalled per recall event,saving shipping and services costs, among other direct savings.•Fewer recalls and fewer products involved in each recall enhances customer perception ofquality and minimizes negative qualityperception/litigation.Soon product and component traceability will be mandated, both by customers and governments. However, manufacturers should be proactive with traceability initiatives since the costs of warranty management, product recall and poor quality are extremely high. Proper traceability initiatives require a link between the manufacturer’s production planning and execution systems. A complete digital manufacturing for traceability system will minimize both the likelihood and cost of product recalls, saving enormous time and money on defective products that are still in process. Properly implemented, a digital manufacturing for traceability system enables manufacturers to better control the quality and performance of manufactur-ing processes in a mixed IT, mixed automation and multi-tier supplier manufacturing environment. It reduces the manufacturing cost of quality and warranty management while minimizing the negative impact that recalls and poor quality have on the brand. The result is improved customer satisfaction and increased profits.ConclusionSAP R/3X-factoryAbout Siemens PLM SoftwareSiemens PLM Software, a business unit of the Siemens Industry Automation Division, is a leading global provider of product lifecycle management (PLM) software and services with nearly 6.7 million licensed seats and 63,000 customers worldwide. Headquartered in Plano, Texas, Siemens PLM Software works collaboratively with companies to deliver open solutions that help them turn more ideas into successful products. 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