储罐设计

《化工容器设计》课程设计说明书

题目： 学号： 专业： 姓名：

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目录

1 设计 ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1工艺参数的设定 .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1.1设计压力 ······················································································ 1

1.1.2筒体的选材及结构 ·········································································· 1

1.1.3封头的结构及选材 ·········································································· 2

1.2 设计计算 ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 筒体壁厚计算 ················································································ 2

1.2.2 封头壁厚计算 ··············································································· 3 1.3压力实验 .......................................................................................................................... 4

1.3.1水压试验 ······················································································ 4

1.3.2水压试验的应力校核： ···································································· 4

1.4 附件选择 ......................................................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 人孔选择及人孔补强 ····································································· 4

2.4.3 进出料接管的选择 ········································································ 6

1.4.4 液面计的设计 ·············································································· 8

1.4.5 安全阀的选择 ·············································································· 8

1.4.6 排污管的选择 ·············································································· 8

1.4.7 鞍座的选择 ················································································· 8

1.4.8 鞍座选取标准 ·············································································· 9

1.4.9 鞍座强度校核 ············································································· 10

1.4.10 容器部分的焊接 ·········································································· 11

1.5 筒体和封头的校核计算 ............................................................................................. 11

1.5.1 筒体轴向应力校核 ······································································· 11

1.5.2 筒体和封头切向应力校核 ······························································ 13

2 液氨储罐的泄漏及处理方法 ............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

2.1 液氨泄漏的危害 .............................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

2.2 泄漏的危害 ...................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

2.2 .1 生产运行过程中危险性分析 ······································ 错误!未定义书签。

2.2.2 设备、设施危险性分析 ············································ 错误!未定义书签。

2.3 液氨储罐泄漏事故的应急处置措施 .............................................. 错误!未定义书签。

1 2 设计

2.1 工艺参数的设定

2.1.1 设计压力

由于储罐是置于室外的，因此它的温度和压力受外界影响，很趋近于大气的温度，通过给定的数据，要设计的储罐温度在夏季是50℃，温度随季节的变化，储罐的操作压力也会发生变化。

通过查阅资料，夏季气温最高不会超过50℃，因此液氨储罐的操作温度通常最高可取夏季气温50℃，查表可得，在50℃时液氨的饱和蒸汽压是2.03Mpa。

《压力容器安全监察规程》规定液化气体储罐必须安装安全阀，设计压力可取最大操作压力的1.05-1.10倍。通过公式P1.1P1.12.032.3MPa设，因此我们的设计压力P2.3 MPa。

表2-1 设计参数

设计要求 参数

设计压力 2.3Mpa

设计温度 50 ℃

储存物料 液氨

储罐体积 50 m3

2.1.2 筒体的选材及结构

根据液氨的物性选择罐体材料，碳钢对液氨有良好的耐蚀性腐蚀在0.1/mm年以下，且又属于中压储罐，可以考虑20R和16MnR这两种钢材。如果纯粹从技术角度看，建议选用20R类的低碳钢板，16MnR钢板的价格虽比20R贵，但在制造费用方面，同等重量设备的计价，16MnR钢板为比较经济。所以在此选择16MnR钢板作为制造筒体和封头材料。钢板标准号为GB6654-1996。

常温储罐有两种形式：球形贮罐和圆筒形贮罐。球形储罐具有投资少,金属耗量少,占地面积少等优点,但是加工制造及安装复杂,焊接工作量大,因此安装费用较高。一般用于储存总量大于5003m或单罐容积大于2003m时；圆筒形贮罐具有加工制造安装简单, 承压能力较好，安装费用少等优点,但是金属耗量大占地面积大,所以在总贮量小于5003m,单罐容积小于1003m时选用卧式贮罐比较经济。由于圆筒形贮罐按安装方式可分为卧式和立式两种。根据工艺要求，液氨储量为

2 503m，因此，液氨储罐可设计为卧式圆筒形[1]。

2.1.3 封头的结构及选材

封头有多种形式，半球形封头就单位容积的表面积来说为最小，需要的厚度是同样直径圆筒的二分之一，从受力来看，球形封头是最理想的结构形式，但缺点是深度大，直径小时，整体冲压困难，大直径采用分瓣冲压其拼焊工作量也较大。椭圆形封头的应力情况不如半球形封头均匀，但对于标准椭圆形封头与厚度相等的筒体连接时，可以达到与筒体等强度。它吸取了蝶形封头深度浅的优点，用冲压法易于成形，制造比球形封头容易，所以选择椭圆形封头，结构由半个椭球面和一圆柱直边段组成。查椭圆形封头标准（JB/T4737-95）以内直径为公称直径的封头封头取与筒体相同材料[4]。

表2-2 椭圆封头标准

内径 曲面高度h1 直边高度h2 内面积Fi/m2 容积V/m3

2600 650 40 7.63 2.51

图2-1 封头

2.2 设计计算

2.2.1 筒体壁厚计算

确定容器的公称直径、筒体长度

已知：设计的液化石油气储罐的理论体积为3=50mV理论

2i V/4DL2V封实际

装量系数 0.9V/V理论实际

设：容器的公称直径为iD

筒体的长度为L

3 当2i50=4DL则推出92i5010=0.785LD估

根据GB/9019-2001查表可知：容器的公称直径DN=2600长度L=8500mm

查《压力容器材料使用手册-碳钢及合金钢》得16MnR的密度为7.85t/m3，熔点为1430℃，许用应力 列于下表：

表2-3 16MnR许用应力

钢号 板厚/㎜ 在下列温度（℃）下的许用应力/ Mpa

16MnR 20 100 150 200 250 300

6～16 70 170 170 170 156 144

16～36 63 163 163 159 147 134

36～60 57 157 157 150 138 125