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英语语音练习题及答案【篇一：英语语音学课后问答题答案】the making of(1) /t, d/ p57/t/ is a voiceless alveolar plosive consonant/d/ is a voiced alveolar plosive consonant/t/ the top of the tongue is raised to touch the teeth ridge or alveolus, the soft palate is raised, so that the nasal resonator is shut off. in this way, a closure is formed between the tip of the tongue and the teeth ridge. then the air from the lung is compressed behind this closure and then suddenly release the closure. the vocal folds are open or wide apart, while the vocal folds vibrate in producing the sound /d/.(2) /s, z/ p62/s/ is a voiceless blade- alveolar fricative sound/z/ is a voiced alveolar fricative consonantthe soft palate is raised, so that the nasal resonator is shut off. the tip and blade of the tongue make a light contact with upper teeth ridge. the air from the lung escapes through the narrow groove in the center of the tongue between the teeth.(3) /n/ p68/n/ is a voiced alveolar nasal consonanta. lower the soft palate to release the air through the nose;b. put the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth-ridge and upper side teeth;c. keep the teeth slightly parted;d. vibrate the vocal cords.so that the airstream from the lung escapes through the narrow groove in the center of the tongue in producing the sound.(4) /l/ p65/l/ is a voiced alveolar lateral consonanta. close the nasal cavity by raising the soft palate;b. put the tip of the tongue against the upper front teeth-ridge for clear/l/, the front of the tongue being somewhat depressed;c. hold the air in the middle of the mouth;d. force the air out over both sides or one side of the tongue, making a lateral voiced sound.2. classify the vowels in different ways. p16-17the pure vowels can be classified according to different 4 principles.(2) according to the length of the vowels, they are divided into long vowels and short vowels. the pure vowels in transcription with two dots are long vowels. the diphthongs are also long. the rest are short ones.(3) according to the shape of the lips, the vowels can be divided into rounded vowels and uounded (spread) vowels. the rounded vowels are /?:/ /u:/ /?/ /?/ and the rest are uounded vowels.(4) according to the degree of tenseness of the muscles, the pure vowels are classified asthe eight diphthongs can be classified as closing diphthongs /e?/ /a?/ /??/ /??/ /a?/.and centring diphthongs /??/ /e?/ /??/.3. classify the consonants in different ways. p17-18there are 24 consonants in english. they are classified according to three different principles:1) the vibration of the vocal folds: those with the vibration of the vocal cords are called voiced consonants. those without the vibration of the vocal cords are called voiceless or breathed consonants.2) place of articulation: i.e., where the obstruction of the air passage is formed, the consonants can be distinguished as bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal consonants.3) manner of articulation: they can be distinguished as plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, laterals, frictionless continuant and semi-vowels.4. how are /i:/ and /i/ produced? what’s the difference between them? p21-22/i:/: the front of the tongue is raised to a height slightly below and behind the front close position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense; the side rims make a firm contact with the upper molars; it is generally long./i/: the rp vowel /i/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue nearer to the center than to front. it is raised just above the close-mid position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax; the side rims make a light contact with the upper molars; it is generally short.the difference is not merely the length of sound. there is also a difference in tongue position or quality. for /i:/ the part of the tongue that is highest is the centre of the “front” while for /i/ it is the hinder part of the “front”.5. what are the common features of the front vowels? p26(1) the front of the tongue is raised to various levels in the direction of the hard palate.(2) the tip of the tongue is usually kept down behind the lower teeth.(3) the lips are spread.6. how are the plosives produced? p56plosives are sounds resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream.6 plosives: /p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//p/: a voiceless, bilabial plosive consonanta. raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;b. breathe in the air and close the lips;c. hold the air behind the closure;d. part the lips open suddenly so that the air comes out of the mouth with a plosive sound;e. do not vibrate the vocal cords. /b/: a voiced bilabial consonantthe organic formation for /b/ is exactly the same as that for /p/ except that the air comes outof the mouth less forcefully and that the vocal cords vibrate./t/: a voiceless alveolar plosive consonanta. raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;b. put the tip and blade of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge so that a closure isformed;c. hold the air behind the closure;d. release the closure and blade suddenly so that the air escapes with a plosive sound;e. do not vibrate the vocal folds. /d/: a voiced alveolar plosive consonantthe organic formation for /d/ is the same as that for /t/ except that the air is released less strongly and that the vocal folds vibrate./k/: a voiceless velar plosive consonant.a. raise the soft palate so that the nasal cavity is closed;b. lift the back of the tongue to touch the soft palate so that a closure is formed;c. stop the air stream behind the closure;d. break the closure and the plosive sound is heard;e. be careful not to vibrate the vocal folds./g/: a voiceless velar plosive consonantthe organic formation for /g/ is the same as that for /k/ except that the vocal cords vibrate when the air is released.7. how do you make the affricates /t?/and /d?/? p70/t?/: a voiceless palate-alveolar affricate consonanta. raise the soft palate to stop the air passage and put up the tip of the tongue to touch theback part of the teeth-ridge to form a retracted /t?/ closure;b. the main part of tongue is in position for /?/;c. release the closure slowly, and the air escapes all over the central part of the tongue withfriction;d. the lips are usually somewhat protruded;e. the vocal cords are not made to vibrate./d?/: a voiced palate-alveolar affricate consonantthe affricate /d?/ is formed like /t?/ except that the breath force is weaker and the vocal cords are made to vibrate.8. why are /w/ and /j/ called semi-vowels? p73the semi-vowels have both the features of vowels and consonants.9. please explain “open syllables” and “closed syllables”.p77open syllables are those without any consonant at the end. in british rp only a restricted set of vowels can occur.closed syllables are those that have one or more consonants at the end. all the vowels can appear in these circumstances.10. what is called incomplete plosion? p84when the release stage of a plosive sound is missing or delayed, it is known as incomplete plosion. it takes place in a word when a plosive is followed immediately by another plosive, or a fricative, or an affricate. it may also take place at the junction of words (unless they are separated by a pause).11. when do we have liaison? p86a. consonant (except r) + vowelthe final consonant of the preceding world is united tothe initial vowel of the next word in the same sense group.e.g. give it uphalf an hourb. –r or –re + vowelwhen a word ending with the letter”-r” or “-re” is followed by a wordbeginning with a vowel, the sound /r/ is usually inserted in the pronunciation.e.g. after all far and widec. vowel + vowelwhen a word ending in a vowel is followed by another word beginningwith a vowel, a short/j/ glide is inserted after /i:/, /i/, /ei/, /ai/ and /?i/, or a /w/ glide after /u:/,/u/,/?u/, and/au/e.g. at the endhurry up12. how do you explain assimilation? p95speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. in connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a new sound which is different from either of the two original sounds. this process is called assimilation.13. how many kinds of stress are there in a word? what are they? p107three principal kinds.(1) primary stress--heavily stressed, usually marked with a vertical stroke() on the upper left hand corner of a syllable carrying the stress, as in be’gin.(2) secondary stress--stressed but subordinate to the primary stress, usually marked with a vertical stroke (?) on the lower left hand corner of a syllable concerned, as in ?contribution.le stress or even stress. double stress can be marked by a high vertical stroke before each of the stressed syllable, as in /?f?f’ti:n/, /b ?:’l?n/, etc.14. how is sentence stress classified? for example. p115-119 three types: sense stress, logical stress, emotional stress.15. please define sense-groups. p140sense-groups are groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and grammar. each sense-group comprises a number of syllables. generally speaking, about six or seven syllables are considered appropriate.16. how many kinetic tones do you know? p153-154the tones which glide from one height to another are called kinetic tone. they are high fall, low fall; high rise, low rise; high fall-rise, and low fall-rise; rise-fall and rise-fall-rise.17. what is a tune? what are the features of the englishtune?p159,164the intonation of the whole tone-group is called a tune.a. normally a low prehead.b. normally a high head.c. in the body, the stressed syllables occupy mostly level pitches and they all fall downgradually in pitch. the unstressed syllables between the stresses ones have about the same height as the stressed syllable preceding them.d. the nucleus is usually at the end of the tune when something is uttered in isolation.e. the changes in the tail are determined by the nucleus. in a fall, the tail remains on a lowlevel pitch[ ]; in a rise or fall-rise, the tail rises gradually[ ]. 18. what’s the function of the falling-rising tune? p173it is used to show contrast, reservation, implication, disagreement, contradiction or warning, etc.1) declarative sentence: the falling-rising tune used in declarative sentences indicates incompleteness and implications, such as concession, gratitude, regret, apology, request, reproach and rebut, etc.2) interrogative sentences:a. special questions: the falling-rising tune used in the special question is stronger than the rising tune. it expresses surprise, interest, request, sympathy, disgust and disbelief, etc.b. general questions: the falling-rising tune used in the general question can express hesitation, request, agitation, exaggeration, etc. no answer is expected by the speaker. c. disjunctive question.3) imperative sentence: the falling-rising tune used in the imperative sentence expresses a warning or an urgent request.4) exclamatory sentence: the falling-rising tune is seldom used in exclamatory sentences. however, when used, it expresses enthusiasm, appreciation, sympathy, encouragement, regret and contempt, etc.【篇二：英语音标练习题—判断发音(含答案)[1]_2】>一、选出划线部分与其他三项发音不同的一项 ( c( a ( d ( b ( b ( a( d( b ( a ( c ( d ( c ( a ( b ( c( a ( d ( b ( a ( a ( b( c ( b ( c ( b ( d ( d ( c ( b( a ( b ( c ( c ( a( a ( b ( d ( d- 1 -- 2 -（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（（【篇三：英语语音练习题一】国际音标共48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。
英语语音训练-双元音什么是“双元音”？双元音音素由两个元音组成，发音时由一个元音向另一个元音滑动，口型有变化。
前一个元音发音清晰响亮，且时间长；后一个元音发音模糊软弱，且时间短。
特别要注意的三点是：(1) 不要将前后两个音断开，应连贯成为一个整体：(2) 不要因为后一个元音发音短小而将其忽略；(3) 发音时滑动过程要完整，时间要充分。
“双元音”有哪些？[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [au] [əu] [iə] [εə] [uə]1. [ ei ]【发音规则】舌类顶下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。
以下这些字母及组合发这个音：[ ei ] a ai ay ea ei ey单词：a - a te g a me c a ke f a ce l a zy l a bour h a tredai - f ai l w ai t r ai n s ai l compl ai nay - d ay w ay m ayea - br ea k gr ea t st ea kei - n ei ghbour ei ght w ei ghtey - h ey th ey句子：Today is payday.No pains, no gains.2. [ ai ]【发音规则】将口张开略圆，舌后升起，舌尖向后收缩，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。
以下这些字母及组合发这个音：[ ai ] i y ai ei ie uy ye eye igh单词：i - b i ke r i ce s i de l i ke t i me w i de pr i vatey - b y m y fl y cr y sk y t ryai - m ai n ai sle 通道ei -ei ther ei der h ei ghtie - l ie t ie d ieuy - b uy g uyye - d ye染料eye - eyeigh - h igh f igh t n igh t r igh t l igh t短语/句子：Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁Mike tried five times to get the prize.3. [ ɔi ]【发音规则】双唇外突成圆形，发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开，发“一”之短音。
英语语音训练材料一、元音前元音：[ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ æ ][ i: ]音标特征:前元音舌位高不圆唇长元音发音要诀:舌前部抬得最高，牙齿近乎全合。
舌尖抵下齿。
舌前部向硬颚尽量抬起,但比汉语普通话“i”音稍低, 没有摩擦。
嘴唇向两旁伸开,成扁平行. 做微笑状,发[ i: ]长音。
注意:“:”是长音符号,长元音往往比它相应的短元音长两倍以上。
发音组合: e ee ea ie ei代表单词: m e h e w e e venb ee f ee l br ee ze d ee p fr ees ea t b ea t l ea d t ea ea t r ea songr ie f bel ie ve ach ie verec ei ve conc ei ve[ i ]音标特征: 前元音半高音扁平唇短元音发音要诀: 舌前部比[i:]稍低,比[e]高，舌尖抵下齿,嘴唇扁平分开。
牙床也开得稍大一些比[ i:]稍宽,比[ e ]窄。
上下齿之间的距离大约可以容纳一个小指尖。
使下颚稍稍下垂,舌前部也随之稍稍下降,即可发出短促[ i ]音。
发音组合: i代表单词: s i t b i t k i ck p i ck w i sh音标对比: [ i: ] [ i ]s ea t s i tb ea t b i tsh ee p sh i p[ e ]音标特征:前元音半高音不圆唇短元音发音要诀:舌尖抵下齿, 舌前部稍抬起, 舌后接近硬颚, 比[ i:] 低。
牙床也开得半开半合,比[ i:] 宽,整体做微笑状。
上下齿之间的距离大约相当于一个食指尖。
发音组合: e ea a代表单词：p e n t e n b e st b e g e gg n e tbr ea d h ea venm a rry a ny m a ny音标对比：[ i ] [ e ]s i t s e tl i ft l e ftd i d d ea d[æ]音标特征: 前元音低舌音不圆唇短元音发音要诀: 舌前部最低，双唇向两旁平伸,成扁平行牙床开的最大。
英语语音发音部位及方法第一章发音部位一、发音器官二、唇形（口型）（1）双唇紧闭（2）自然开口（3）扁唇：微笑（4）大圆唇：尽量张大口（5）小圆唇：口型渐渐变小第二章元音（Vowel）发音方法一、单元音（Monophthong）1.前元音（4 Front Vowels）1）/i:/——舌尖抵下齿龈，但不要抵得太紧。
略略扁唇，像微笑的口型。
发音时间略长。
（Open your mouth just a little for the sound. Spread your lips into a smile. Push your tongue forward in your mouth. It’s a long sound. Move your tongue up a little as you say it.）2) /I/(/i/)——先发/i:/，在此基础上，嘴角稍微收小一点，开口略大一点，舌尖靠近，但不要紧贴下齿龈，发音时间相对较短。
（Open your mouth just a little more for this sound. Don’t spread your lips into a smile. The sound is shorter, more relaxed than /i:/.）3）/e/(ε)——舌尖抵下齿龈，不要抵得太紧。
口略开，约可放入一个指尖。
不扁唇，口型自然放松，发音时间相对较短。
（Practice the sound /I/, then open your mouth a little more for this sound. It is a short and relaxed sound.）4）/æ/——舌尖抵下齿龈，双唇尽量向两边张开，嘴角肌肉感到紧张。
开口程度大，约可放入食指和中指交叠。
不扁唇。
（Practice the sound / e /, then open your mouth a little more for this sound.）2.后元音（5 Back Vowels）1）/a:/——松弛自然，口张到最大，不要撅嘴，舌尖离开下齿龈，长元音。
元音分类1：【1 】前元音.中元音和后元音依据元音发音进程中舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不合,我们可以把元音分为前元音.中元音和后元音.(1) Front（前元音）4The front vowels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the front of the oral cavity, such as:发前元音时,发音部位接近口腔前部.例如：1./i:/ 前.高.不圆唇.长元音;2. /i/ 前.半高.不圆唇.短元音;3./e/ 前.半高.不圆唇.短元音;4. /æ/ 前.低.不圆唇.短元音.(2) Central（中元音）2The central vowels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the center of the vocal cavity, such as:发央元音时,发音部位接近口腔中ә部.例如：1./ә/ 中.半高.不圆唇.长元音;2. /ә:/ 中.半低.不圆唇.短元音.(3) Back（后元音）6The back vowels in English are the vowels that are articulated near the rear of the vocal cavity, such as:发后元音时,发音部位接近口前后部.例如：1./u/ 后.高.圆唇.短元音;2. /u:/ 后.高.圆唇.长元音;3./ɔ/ 后.低.圆唇.短元音;4./ɔ:/后.半低.圆唇.长元音;5./Λ/后.半低.不圆唇.短元音;6./a:/ 后.低.不圆唇.长元音.单元音和双元音依据元音的组成要素,我们可以把元音分为12个单元音（monophthongs）和8个双元音（Diphthongs）.In articulating a Diphthong,the vowel-sound glides from one vowel to another, such as:发双元音时,从一个元音滑向另一个元音.例如：1. /ei/ gay;2. / әu/ load;3. /ai/ kite;4. /au/ mouth;5. /ɔi/ boy;6. /iә/ hear;7. /eә/ fair;8. /uә/ tour.In articulating a Monophthong, the vowel-sound doesn’t change in quality throughout the course of a syllable. The other vowels in English are relatively Monophthongs.发单元音时,在一个音节的发音进程中不转变音质.英语中其他元音均为单元音.例如：1. /i:/ bee;2. /i/ hit;3. /e/ bed;4. /æ/ bad;5. /Λ/ but;6. /a:/ hard;7. /ɔ/ lot;8. /ɔ:/ war;9. /u/ look; 10. /u:/ moon; 11. /ә:/ work; 12. /ә/ leader; 长元音和短元音：依据元音的发音长短,我们可以把元音分为长元音和短元音.In articulating a short vowel, the vowel-sound is sustained a short duration, such as:发短元音时,声音中断时光较短.例如：1. /i/ pig;2. /e/ let;3. /æ/ map;4. /ɔ/ hot;5. /Λ/ mud;6. /u/ good;7. /au/ about.In articulating a long vowel, the vowel-sound is sustained a long duration. The other vowels in English are relatively long.发长元音时,声音中断时光较长.英语中其他元音均为长元音.例如：1. /i:/ bee;2. /ә:/ work;3. /a:/ hard;4. /ɔ:/ war;5. /u:/ moon.子音：（子音分类1）清子音和浊子音：依据声带的振动情形,我们可以把子音分为清子音和浊子音.清子音(unvoiced consonants)In articulating an unvoiced consonant, the vocal cords are not vibrating, such as:发清子音时,声带不震撼.例如：1. /p/ put2. /t/ tea3. /k/ cake4. /Ω/ think5. /s/ sad6. /∫/ shy7. /t∫/ chat8. /f/ fat9. /h/ have 10. /tr/ tree 11. /ts/ bets浊子音(voiced consonants)In articulating a voiced consonant, the vocal cords are vibrating, such as:发浊子音时,声带震撼.例如：1. /b/ bar2. /d/ dog3. /γ/ game4. /T/ that5. /z/ aoo6. /ς/ vision7. /dς/ joy8. /v/ very9. /w/ wait 10. /m/ meal 11. /n/ net 12. /N/ bank13. /l/ late 14. /r/ rest 15. /j/ year 16. /dr/ dream17. /dz/ cards。
一，前元音：/ ♓✋ ♏✌ 二，中元音：/ ☯ ✈ 三，后元音：/ D ☺✞ ,四，双元音：/ ♏✋♋✋ a☺ ☯☺, ✋, ✋☯♏☯☺☯ / (/♏✋=美音/e/,/☯☺=美音/o/ /✋☯♏☯☺☯=✋❒♏❒☺❒✆五，辅音：48个附录：音变现象：参考资料:国际音标与美式音标对比表(元音)前元音♓✋♏✌后元音D☺✞美i ✋ε✌ɑɑ ☺✞中元音☯✈美☯ ✈双元音♏✋ɑ✋ɑ☺☯☺✋✋☯♏☯☺☯美 e ɑ✋o ✋❒♏❒☺❒注：1.美语中，凡有字母r的音节均会出现一卷舌音/r/, / 会读为 ❒ 会读为 ❒2./r/的发音方法：舌尖齿龈后部摩擦音，外号：四指卷舌音。
/r/是浊辅音。
发音时：舌尖卷起，舌尖抬高靠近上齿龈后部，舌身后缩，双唇略张开并收圆，稍突出。
准备读write 时的口型就是发该音的起始口型。
附：一些有用的读音规则字母C : 字母C一般读/k/, 但在字母e , i , y 前/s/：例：certainly, cent, century, place, nice, receive, fancy, decide, recite, acid, city二，字母g : 字母g一般读/ ♑ /,但在字母e , i , y 前/♎✞/：例：gene, general, change, page, huge, giant, engine, gym, energy, bridge.例外的词：get, forget, begin, give, forgive, gear, girl, anger, hunger三，gu在词首和词尾读/ ♑ /vague, league, fatigue, vogue四，th的读音：1.th 在名词、动词、数词、形容词中读/ ♦♒♓⏹♑ ♦♒♏♋♦❒♏ ♦♒◆❍♌ ♦♒◆⏹♎♏❒ ♦♒♏❒❍☐◆♦ T♒◆❒♦♎♋⍓♦♒♏☐❒⍓ ♦♒♏❍♏ ♦♒❒☐♋♦♦♒❒♏♋♎ ♦♒♓⏹ ♦♒♋⏹ ♦♒❒☐♦ ♦♒❒♓♏ ♦♒♓♍♏⏹♦♒❒♏♏ ♦♒♓❒♦♏♏⏹ ♦♒☐◆♦♋⏹♎ ♦♒♓❒♎ ♦♒♓❒♦⍓♦♒♓⏹ ♦♒♓♍ ♦♒♓❒♦♦⍓ ♦♒☐◆♑♒♦♐◆● ♦♒☐❒☐◆♑♒2,th在代词、冠词、连词、介词、副词中读/❆The, than, then, though, therefore, this, that, their, they3, th在词尾或音节尾时多读/ ♌♋♦♒ ♌❒♏♋♦♒ ♌☐♦♒ ♍●☐♦♒ ♦☐☐♦♒ ♒♏♋●♦♒ ♦♏♋●♦♒ ♋❒♓♦♒❍♏♦♓♍☐❒♏♦♏⏹♦ ❒♏♋♦☐⏹ ♦♏♋♦☐⏹ ♎♏♦♓♑⏹ ❒♏♦♓♑⏹ ☐❒♏♦♓♎♏⏹♦♒♓♦ ♦♏⏹♦ ☐●♏♋♦♏ ♎♓♦♏♋♦♏注意：♦◆❒♏ ❍♏♋♦◆❒♏ ♦❒♏♋♦◆❒♏ ♓⏹♦◆❒♋⏹♍♏六，♍♓在后缀中读 ☞♍♓♋● ♦☐♏♍♓♋● ☐♐♐♓♍♓♋● ♋❒♦♓♐♓♍♓♋● ♦☐♍♓♋● ♍♓☐◆♦ ☐❒♏♍♓☐◆♦ ♑❒♋♍♓☐◆♦ ♦☐♋♍♓☐◆♦♦◆♦☐♓♍♓☐◆♦♍♓♏⏹♍⍓ ♏♐♐♓♍♓♏⏹♍⍓ ☐❒☐♐♓♍♓☐◆♦ ♦◆♐♐♓♍♓♏⏹♍⍓ ♎♏♐♓♍♓♏⏹♍⍓。
英语国际音标的讲解及练习⑴前元音：[i:] [i] [e] [æ]前元音发音要领：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬颚抬起，双唇不要收圆。
[i:]①舌尖抵下齿，舌前部尽量向硬颚抬起。
②嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形。
注意：[i:]是长元音，发长元音时要比发短元音长两倍以上。
[i]①舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬颚抬起，比[i:]低,比[e]高。
②唇形扁平，牙床开得比[i:]宽，比[e]窄。
③可从发[i:]出发，将小指尖放在上下齿之间，舌前部也随之稍稍下降，即可发出[i]。
[e]①舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，比[i:]低。
②唇形中常，牙床开得比[i:]宽，上下齿间可容纳一个食指。
阿[æ]①舌尖抵下齿。
②双唇向两旁平伸，成扁平形，两齿间可以容纳食指和中指。
⑵爆破辅音：[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]爆破音发音要领：[p] [t] [k]是清辅音，发音时声带不振动，送气要强。
[b] [d] [g]是浊辅音，发音时声带必须振动，送气要强。
[p] [b]双唇紧闭，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔。
[t] [d]舌尖紧贴上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然下降，气流冲出口腔。
[k] [g]舌后部隆起，紧贴软颚，形成阻碍，然后突然离开，气流冲出口腔。
⑴后元音：[ɑ:] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u] [u:]后元音发音要领：①舌尖不触下齿，舌身后缩，舌后部向软颚抬起，除[ɑ:]外，双唇要收圆。
②发[ɑ:][ɔ:][u:]时要注意长度，不要发得太短。
[ɑ:]舌尖不触下齿，口张大，舌身平放后缩。
[ɔ]①舌尖不触下齿，口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩。
②双唇稍稍收圆。
③可先发[ɑ:]，然后将舌身再稍稍向后缩，双唇稍稍收圆（不要突出）即可发出[ɔ]。
[ɔ:]①舌后部比发[ɔ]时抬得略高。
②双唇也收得更圆更小，并须用力向前突出。
[u]①舌尖不触下齿,舌后部向软颚抬起,舌身后缩。
②双唇收圆，稍向前突出。
[u:]双唇比发[u]时收得更圆更小，向前突出，舌后部比发[u]时抬得更高。
