考博英语辅导2-精选文档

第二部分语法Unit1定语从句练习1．The professor and her achievement______you told me about are admired by us all．A．who B．which C．that D．whom2．I don't suppose anything happens______he doesn't foresee．A．that B．which C．what D．as3．Such people______knew Tom thought he was a trustworthy man．A．that B．which C．as D．what4．They shouted with the loudest voice______they could．A．when B．that C．which D．what5．This is the best book______on the subject．A．which there is B．that there is C．which is D．what is6．There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than______in the public today．A．exists B．exist C．existing D．existed7．A microscope can reveal vastly______detail than is visible to the naked eye．A．than B．than more C．more than D．more8．What's in a name? That______we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet．A．what B．that C．which D．when9．I know of a number of occasions______people died from water pollution．A．which B．when C．where D．while10．There can't be any life on Venus, ______the temperature is as high as900°F．A．which B．when C．where D．there11．The reason______he died was lack of medical care．A．which B．for that C．as D．why12．There are times______silence is one of the hardest arguments to refute．A．which B．when C．where D．what13．He told us how he dealt with the self-interest of countries to bring them into a kind of international accord______everyone seemed to benefit．A．where B．which C．that D．what14．We may encounter situations______this principle cannot be applied．A．where B．which C．what D．as15．This is the shop______I often speak to you．A．where B．which C．of which D．in which16．This is the shop______I often buy food stuff．A．where B．which C．of which D．to which17．When you read the book, you'd better make a mark______you have any questions．A．at which B．where C．the place where D．in which18．You should vote______candidate you assume best．A．for which B．for whom C．to which D．to who 19．Collin's struggle to make a place for herself in ballet is the kind of life story______afascinating novel might be written．A．of which B．about which C．by whom D．for whom 20．The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree______the students' potentiality is developed．A．of which B．with which C．in which D．to which 21．Basic research provides the capital fund of scientific knowledge______which the applied researchers draw to give society a rich rate of interest．A．on B．out C．up D．back22．Hiram Revels, the first Black member of the United States Senate, served as senator from Mississippi, an office______he was elected in1870．A．which B．to which C．and which D．at which23．They will move into the new house next Friday, ______it will be completely furnished．A．by the time B．by which time C．by that time D．by this time24．The tall rectangular buildings may well give way to a more complex and exciting shape providing areas______which the individual can fully identify himself．A．to B．for C．with D．by25．The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds______his argument in favor of the new theory．A．which to base on B．on which to baseC．to base on which D．which to be based on26．Water enters into a great variety of chemical reactions, ______have been mentioned in previous pages．A．a few of what B．a few of whichC．a few of that D．a few of them27．They want to know the way______you learn phrases．A．by which B．on which C．where D．in which28．We have to find a way______we can defeat them．A．by which B．on which C．where D．to which29．We can separate oil into the chemical compounds______it is composed．A．of which B．with which C．in which D．from which 30．We have found a useful compound______we can separate some important elements．A．of which B．with which C．in which D．from which 31．I've kept up a friendship with a girl who I was at school______twenty years ago．A．about B．since C．till D．with32．The retiring teacher made a speech she thanked the class for the gift．A．in which B．for which C．of which D．with which 33．This is an exciting area of study, and one______which new applications are being discovered almost daily．A．from B．by C．in D．through34．Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, ______absorb sound．A．which they all B．of them allC．all of which D．of all which35．After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both______her novels and short stories．A．in which the influence B．of which influencedC．to have influence D．its influence in36．That is one of the many toolsA．which I find it hard to workB．which I find it hard to work withC．that I find it hard to work withD．with which I find it hard to work37．I don't think the number of people______this happens is very large．A．when B．to whom C．that D．of which38．Anthony Jason, ______Louis succeeded in the experiment, was a friend of mine．A．with the help from whom B．with whose helpC．with the help of his D．with his help39．He's written a book______the name I've completely forgotten．A．whose B．which C．of which D．that40．Watercolor provides a brilliant transparency and freshness, ______it allows extraordinarily free brushwork．A．that B．during C．which D．andUnit1定语从句练习参考答案1．C2．A3．C4．B5．B6．A7．D8．C9．B10．C11．D12．B 13．A14．A15．C16．A17．B18．A19．B20．D21．A22．B23．B24．C 25．B26．B27．D28．A29．A30．D31．D32．A33．C34．C35．B36．D 37．B38．B39．C40．DUnit2副词从句练习1．The more female faculty at a school, whether it is co-ed or single sex, the more______a female student is to go on to postgraduate accomplishment, usually a higher degree．A．possible B．probable C．alike D．likely2．______all his varied modes of writing and the multiplicity of characters in his novel, the novelist and his work are of a piece．A．At B．For C．In D．On3．A turtle differs from all other reptiles______it has its body encased in a protective shell of its own．A．for that B．for what C．in case D．in that4．They went on tiptoe, soA．as not to hear B．as not to be heardC．as to be not heard D．not as to be heard5．Let us hope that______a nuclear war, the human race might still survive．A．in relation to B．in support ofC．in the case of D．in the event of6．He was anxious______they might have missed the train．A．unless B．lest C．if D．even if7．______, he still retained the use of all his faculties．A．Because he was old and weak B．As he was old and weakC．Unless he was old and weak D．Old and weak as he was8．The agency agreed to do the job______that the fee was high enough．A．so long B．only C．such D．provided9．No sooner had we started the experiment______we stopped it because of the cut-off of water．A．than B．when C．then D．as10．______, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies．A．Although not being an economist himselfB．Although not an economist himselfC．Although not having been an economist himselfD．Although being no an economist himself11．It was not until she had arrived home______remembered her appointment with the doctor．A．when she B．that she C．and she D．sheUnit2副词从句练习参考答案1．D2．B3．D4．B5．D6．B7．D8．D9．A10．B11．B12．A 13．D14．D15．C16．C17．C18．A19．B20．CUnit3名词从句练习Choose the best answer to each of the following incomplete sentences．1．______is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages．A．It is the sun and not the earthB．Being the sun and not the earthC．The sun and not the earthD．That the sun and not the earth2．It is a widely held theory______the ancestral prototype of the flowering Astereles was a woody plant, perhaps a small tree．A．where B．until C．while D．that3．These facts suggested that women______in opportunity for physical exercise by cultural taboos．A．should been limited B．be limitedC．had been limited D．have been limited4．It is imperative on usA．to be tolerant of himB．that we should be tolerant of himC．to tolerant of himD．to tolerant him5．She refused to disclose what had been told him, on the______that it would be a breach of faith．A．reasons B．terms C．grounds D．accounts6．Obviously there was little certainty______the chairman would agree to this proposal．A．which B．why C．what D．that7．I intend to move that our committee______Tom as chairman, and I hope that you will second my motion．A．will appoint B．appoint C．appoints D．has appointed 8．Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures；______is utter poverty．A．now all which is left B．now that all is leftC．now all that is left D．now all what is left9．______makes it rather disturbing was arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court．A．That B．What C．Which D．Where10．It sounds______the situation is unlikely to improve．A．even if B．so that C．in case D．as if11．______that his story may be a fabrication?A．Was it ever dawned upon youB．Have they ever dawned upon youC．Do they ever dawned upon youD．Has it ever dawned upon you12．______he was the assassin．A．It had never occurred to me thatB．He had occurred thatC．To him occurred thatD．What occurred to him was13．He was as interested in finding out______of his former co-workers had retired recently as recounting the accident．A．who B．whom C．which D．that14．______that rather than avoid capture he presented himself at the prison gates．A．Legend has it B．As has legendC．Legend as has it D．As it has legend15．When reports came into London Zoo______a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously．A．what B．as C．which D．that16．He turned down her proposal that she______at the conference．A．should offer B．offered C．offer D．offering17．He______no subject had a right to petition the king．A．laid it down B．laid it down thatC．lied it down D．had laid it down18．The Managing director said that improving relations with the association would not be easy, but that they______to try．A．would have decided B．decideC．have decided D．had decided19．A popular belief______radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States．A．states that B．that is statedC．that states D．stating that20．______that the first cheese was probably made more than4,000years ago by nomadictribes in Asia．A．The belief B．Although they believeC．It is believed D．BelievingUnit3 名词从句练习参考答案1．D2．D3．C4．A5．C6．D7．B8．C9．B10．D11．D12．A 13．C14．A15．D16．B17．B18．D19．A20．CUnit4 动词时态练习Choose the best answer to each of the following incomplete sentences．1．Whatever the causes, English at the end of the20th century is more widely spoken and written than any other language______．A．ever was B．had ever beenC．has ever been D．would ever be2．By the year2000, scientists probably______a cure for cancer．A．will be discovering B．are discoveringC．will have discovered D．have discovered3．From the tears in Nedra's eyes we can deduce that something sad______．A．must have occurred B．would have occurredC．should have occurred D．might be occurring4．My pain______apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?”A．must be B．had beenC．must have been D．had to be5．The ambassador heard that______at his post a year longer．A．he be staying B．him to stayC．he would be staying D．he will have stayed6．Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets______within the next50years．A．will have been contacted B．will have contactedC．will be contacted D．will contact7．“What do you think of the boxing match last night?”“I really______think Jackson.”A．don't... has won B．didn't... would winC．didn't... wins D．don’t... wins8．Between1897and1919, at least29motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed______．A．had produced B．have been producedC．would have produced D．had been produced9．Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage______avoided．A．is to be B．can be C．will be D．has been10．I apologize if I______you, but I assure you it was unintentional．A．offend B．had offendedC．should have offended D．might have offended11．In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night, and asked toreport what they______．A．had just been dreaming B．have just been dreamingC．are just dreaming D．had just dreamt12．Fibers of hair and wool are not continuous and must normally be spun into thread______woven into textile fabrics．A．as are they B．when to be C．that they are D．if they are to be13．Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about______compliments to his political leaders．A．paying B．having paid C．to pay D．to have paid 14．He didn't show up at the party yesterday．He______in the lab．A．must be busy workingB．must be busy to workC．must have been busy workingD．would have been busy working15．By the time she is50years old, she______an inmate of the prison for over half of her life．A．would have been B．will beC．will have been D．would be16．There was a knock at the door. ______It was the second time someone______me that evening．A．to have interrupted B．would have interruptedC．had interrupted D．to interrupt17．This was the second time that they______．A．had fished up sunk ammunitionB．fished up sunk ammunitionC．did fish up sunk ammunitionD．were fishing up sunk ammunition18．It______for over a month and the downpour had damaged many houses．A．rained heavilyB．had been raining cats and dogsC．has been raining heavilyD．has rained cats and dogs19．When we reached, the coach had not arrived yet, so we______．A．had not hurried B．needn't have hurriedC．didn't need to hurry D．needn't hurry20．What if you______a tiger in the street?A．meet B．has met C．had met D．met21．When eleven o'clock came and he still hadn't arrived, I began to wonder if he______an accident．A．had had B．had C．would have D．should have 22．By the time you arrive in London, we______in Europe for two weeks．A．shall stay B．have stayedC．will have stayed D．have been staying23．The Managing Director said that improving relations with the association would not be easy, but that they______to try．A．would have decided B．decideC．have decided D．had decided24．He has been writing the essay the whole morning and he stillA．has B．is C．has been D．does25．By five o'clock this evening the spaceship______eleven times round the world．A．has been travelling B．will have traveledC．has traveled D．will travel26．Our modern civilization must not be thought of as______in a short period of time．A．being created B．having createdC．having been created D．creatingUnit4 动词时态练习参考答案1．C2．C3．A4．C5．C6．A7．B8．D9．A10．B11．B12．D 13．C14．C15．C16．C17．A18．B19．B20．D21．A22．C23．D24．B 25．B26．CUnit5 动词不定式练习Exercise:Choose the one choice closest in meaning to the stem sentence．1．To think I originally wanted to take five courses this term!A．I couldn't have managed five courses．B．To think I ate all five courses．C．I thought you wanted to take five courses．D．I didn't think I could graduate in five terms．2．To think she's been here six weeks already!A．It doesn't seem as though she's been here that long．B．I think she'll be ready to travel soon．C．She's been considering the offer for nearly six weeks．D．Every six weeks she comes here to visit us．3．To think I was once interested in becoming a veterinarian．A．I don't want to be a veterinarian anymore．B．Do you think it's a good idea to become a veterinarian．C．I once met a very interesting veterinarian．D．Will you become a veterinarian after college?4．To imagine even for a minute that I would do a thing like that on purpose．A．I briefly thought about doing it．B．I found it difficult to do properly．C．I would never do that intentionally．D．I can't imagine how much time that would take．5．To think she might have missed the plane．A．It's possible she might have missed the plane．B．She heard that her flight had been canceled．C．It's a good thing she didn't miss her flight．D．She didn't think the passengers would miss her．6．To think I trusted you!A．I never trusted you．B．I think I can trust you．C．I thought you trusted me．D．I was wrong to have trusted you．7．To think he used to be overweight．A．He doesn't think he is overweight．B．He thinks about his weight too much．C．He is trying to gain weight．D．He isn't overweight any more．Unit5 动词不定式练习参考答案Exercise:1．A2．A3．A4．C5．C6．D7．DUnit6 动名词练习Choose the best answer to each of the following incomplete sentences．1．Since British Railways introduced its new inter-city expresses, many businessmen have taken by train．A．in travelling B．to travelC．to travelling D．on travel2．I don't think you will have any difficulty______a driving license．A．for getting B．to getC．having got D．getting3．Sam is getting______to go to a party, but is having trouble______on what clothes to wear．A．to dress... deciding B．to be dressed... to decideC．dressed... deciding D．dressing... deciding4．I will overlook______so rude to my sister this time but don't let it happen again．A．you to be B．your beingC．you to have been D．you having been5．Our modern civilization must not be thought of as in a short period of time．A．being created B．to have been createdC．having been created D．to be created6．Shortly after his retirement, the former president______gardening and hunting．A．took to B．took on C．took in D．took after7．Technology will play a key role in______future life-styles．A．to shape B．shaping C．shape of D．shaped8．______can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction．A．Everybody B．Anybody C．Somebody D．Nobody 9．When Jane fell off the bike, the other children______．A．were not able to help laughterB．could not help but laughingC．could not help laughingD．could not help to laughE．could not help but laugh10．It is better to die on one's feet than______．A．living on one's knees B．live on one's kneesC．on one's knees D．to live on one's knees11．The students expected there______more reviewing classes before the final exams．A．is B．being C．have been D．to be12．Ted has told me that he always escapes______as he has got a very fast sports car．A．to fine B．to be finedC．being fined D．having been fined13．For there______successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present．A．is B．to be C．will be D．being14．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always______with other elements, most commonly with oxygen．A．combined B．having combinedC．combine D．being combined15．______to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism．A．When attributing emotion B．Attributing emotionC．Emotion is attributed D．If emotion is attributed16．It's no good______money on make-up．A．of you to waste B．for you to wasteC．to waste D．your wasting17．______what John will be doing next．A．No saying B．There's no to sayC．There's no saying D．Not to say18．Although a teenager, Fred could resist______what to do and what not to do．A．to be told B．having been toldC．being told D．to have been told19．It is impossible______a happier family．A．of there to be B．there isC．for there to be D．there will be20．John was relying on there another opportunity．A．was B．being C．had been D．wouldUnit6 动名词练习参考答案1．C2．D3．C4．B5．C6．A7．B8．D9．C，E10．D11．D12．C 13．B14．D15．B16．D17．C18．C19．C20．BUnit7分词练习Choose the best answer to each of the following incomplete sentences．1．Everything______into consideration, Bob is more suitable for the job．A．taking B．being taken C．to be taken D．taken2．______for her anthropological research, Miss Mead also was involved with the World Federation Mental Health．A．Noted primarily B．Noting primarilyC．Being primarily noted D．Having primarily noted3．A new technique, the yield of this factory rose last year．A．being worked out B．to be worked outC．working out D．having been worked out4．Electrical resistance is a common property of all materials,A．differ only in degree B．only in degree it differsC．it only differs in degree D．differing only in degree5．Unlike a judge, who must act alone, a jury discusses a case and then reaches its decision as a group, thus______the effect of individual bias．A．maximizing B．strengthening C．minimizing D．magnifying6．The carat, ______as a unit for weighing gems, derived its name from the Greek word for the carob bean, a small weight．A．is still used B．still usedC．still is used D．it is still used7．Along the rocky New England coast are small areas of sand gravel beach, some created from debris,by the action of ocean storms．A．others build up B．others built upC．others are build up D．others were built up8．______, she went back to her room．A．There was no cause for alarmB．There being no cause for alarmC．There be no cause for alarmD．There has been no cause for alarm9．First designated in1970, Earth Day has become an annual international event______concerns about environmental issues such as pollution．A．dedicated to raising B．dedicated raisingC．dedicates to raise D．that dedicates to raising10．The human skeleton consists of more than two hundred bones______together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues call ligaments．A．bound B．to bind C．binding D．bind them11．The criticism threw new light on the novel and the students found themselves______it with fresh eyes．A．read B．reading C．to read D．having read12．After seeing the movie, ______．A．the book was read by himB．the book mad him want to read itC．the reading of the book interested himD．he wanted to read the book13．______substances include various forms of silica, pumice, and emery．A．Natural abrasives occurB．Abrasion occurs in naturalC．Naturally occurring abrasiveD．A natural occurrence of abrasion14．Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely______to the outside world．A．being lost B．having lost C．losing D．lost15．He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______insufficiently popular with all members．A．being considered B．consideringC．to be considered D．having considered16．The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly______．A．noticed B．to be noticed C．being noticed D．to notice 17．Though______in San Francisco, Dave had always preferred to record the plain facts of smalltown life．A．raised B．grown C．developed D．cultivated18．How many of us______say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?A．attended B．attending C．to attend D．have attended 19．Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery______just around the corner was untrue．A．would be B．to be C．was D．being20．Direct information on the chemical composition of the Moon became available in 1969______of the first Apollo mission to land on the Moon．A．with the return B．returningC．when returned D．and the returnUnit7 分词练习答案1．D2．A3．D4．D5．C6．B7．B8．B9．A10．A11．B12．D 13．C14．D15．A16．B17．A18．B19．D20．AUnit8 虚拟语气练习Choose the best answer to each of the following incomplete sentences．1．Without computers, the world______what it is today．A．would be B．would not be C．won't be D．hadn't been2．We went to work on foot yesterday, though we______by bus．A．could have gone B．must have goneC．ought to have gone D．had better to3．He must have had an accident, or he______then．A．would have been there B．had to be thereC．should be there D．would be there4．Keep the window closed______the rain should come in．A．in order that B．lestC．on condition that D．so that5．______today, he would get there by Monday．A．If he left B．Was he to leaveC．Were he to leave D．If he leaves6．The business is risky. ______But ______, we would be rich．A．should we succeed B．would we succeedC．might we succeed D．could we succeed7．The thick smog covered the whole city. ______It was as if a great black blanket______over it．A．were thrown B．had been thrownC．could be thrown D．thrown8．One of the requirements for a fire is that the material______to its burning temperature．A．is heated B．will be heatedC．be heated D．would be heated9．It is advisable that a general announcement______to the teaching staff．A．will be made B．should makeC．be made D．have been made10．If only we______a phone!______I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box．A．had B．had had C．would have D．have had11．Abraham Lincoln insisted that______ not just on mere opinion but on moral purpose．A．to base democracy B．for democracy to be basedC．democracy be based D．whenever democracy is based12．Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it______in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference．A．is to be analyzed B．has been analyzedC．be analyzed D．should have been analyzed13．Mr. Smith didn't phone me last night, but he______．A．might have to B．would doC．had to D．should have14．A safety analysis______the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done．A．would identify B．will identifyC．would have identified D．will have identified15．The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______all practical value by the time they were finished．A．could lose B．would have lostC．might lose D．ought to have lost16．______the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is．A．Had it not been for B．Were it not forC．Had it not been D．Should it not be17．The board deemed it urgent that these files______right away．A．had to be printed B．should have been printedC．must be printed D．should be printed18．If you______Jerry until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange．A．shouldn't contact B．weren't to contactC．didn't contact D．hadn't contacted19．In the past men generally preferred that their wives______in the home．A．worked B．would work C．work D．were working 20．Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he______our chairman now．A．must have been B．would have beenC．were D．would be21．Now considered an art form, quilt-making originated as a means of fashioning bed covers from bits of fabric that otherwise______．A．not use B．were no useC．had no use D．it was not used22．At the conference, it has been decided that she______an opportunity to go abroad as a sales representative．A．is going to have B．haveC．will have D．has23．The women's magazines, deploring the statistics, urged that courses on marriage, and marriage counselors, ______in the high schools．A．installed B．be installedC．have been installed D．installing24．Sally can't have been in Paris, or______．A．I met B．I'd met C．I'll meet him D．I'd have met 25．I second Mr. Wang's motion that a special committee______to examine the problem．A．be established B．establishedC．was to establish D．was established26．He was fully occupied yesterday, otherwise he______to the sales conference．A．would come B．would have comeC．came D．had come27．If the climate had been more favourable, the crops______still better．A．would have grown B．would be growingC．would be grown D．will grow28．These facts suggested that women______in opportunity for physical exercise by cultural taboos．A．should been limited B．had been limitedC．be limited D．have been limited29．Tom______better than to ask Dick for help．A．should have known B．shouldn't knowC．has known D．shall know30．She______better than to trust in him．A．should have known B．shouldn't knowC．will have known D．should know31．I would very much like to have gone to see the movie, but I______a ticket．A．shall not have B．haven't hadC．don't have D．didn't have32．The result has turned still worse than itA．would otherwise have been B．would be otherwise。

北京考博英语辅导班讲义(;不断增加中)英语翻译与写作常用动宾词组一、政治类：把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies把…作为指导 take… as the guide把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …把握大局 grasp the overall situation摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength打破僵局 break the deadlock打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important (great, major )contributions to反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner给…带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption观察当今世界 observe the present-day world缓和紧张状况 ease the tension回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden解放思想 emancipate our minds解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing解决新问题 resolve new problems进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world进入新时期 enter a new period进行和谈 hold peace talks进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on开发西部 remake the west开始生效 go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进 open up new ways forward科教兴国 rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系 rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations迈出重要的一步 make an important step热爱和平 love peace深化改革 deepen the reform审时度势 size up the situation实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立 realize national independence实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策 practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别 bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业 implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平 maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给 delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召 respond to the call修改法律 amend the laws宣布…召开 announce the opening of徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends依法治国 govern the country according to law引起全国的关注 arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用 play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争 enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程 look into the great journey展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部 revive the west振兴中华民族 rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation政企不分 mix up the functions of the government and enterprises政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开 make government affairs public主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action抓住机遇 seize the opportunity转变政府职能 transform (shift) the government functions追求进步 pursue progress追求真理 seek the truth走进新时代 march (stride) into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则 follow the principles二、经济类爱岗敬业 cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy 保持国有股 keep the State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers被指控接受贿赂 be accused of accepting bribes采取不同的办法 adopt various methods采取反垄断措施 take anti-monopoly measures承担风险 bear (take) risk筹集足够的资金 raise enough funds (capital, proceeds)创收外汇 earn foreign exchange (currency)刺激国内经济需求 spur domestic demand刺激国内需求 stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济 shift from extensive economy to intensive economy从国外引进先进技术和管理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and经验 management expertise促进地区间的合作 promote regional cooperation促进改革 promote reform促进全球经济一体化 foster integration with the global economy打黑 crack down on speculation and profiteering打假 take strong measures against fake and shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断 break the monopoly对…提出控告(投诉) lodge complaints against…对…造成(构成)威胁 form (pose) a threat to…夺回失去的市场 take back lost market发挥自身优势 give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险 take precautions against and reduce financial risks改善投资环境 improve the environment for investment赶超先进 surpass the advanced给…带来积极影响 bring a more positive impact on…根据市场作出调整 gear ourselves to the market orientation公证财产 notarize the properties和…达成(签订)协议 reach (sign) an agreement with和…进一步合作 further cooperation with和…有合作关系 have cooperative ties with活跃市场 enliven the market集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development计算出准确的工资水平 figure out an exact salary level加快经济发展和结构调整 speed up economic development and restructuring加快竞争步伐 accelerate the competition加快努力 speed up efforts加强风险防范 prepare oneself against possible risks加强管理 reinforce the management减缓通货紧缩的压力 ease the seriousness of deflation减轻…的负担 reduce (lighten) the burden of (on)减员增效 downsize for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency剪彩 cut the ribbon解除劳动关系 sever labor relation解放生产力 emancipate the productive forces (free the productivity)精简机构 streamline government organs竟争上岗 compete for the post举报非法行为 disclose any illegal activities开辟更多渠道 open more channels开发(青睐)中国市场 tap (favor) the Chinese market开拓市场 exploit markets控制通货膨胀 control inflation (keep inflation under control)扩大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor扩大消费市场 expand consumption market留职停薪 retain the job but suspend the salary面对可能的压力和竞争 face possible pressure and competition牟取暴利 seek excessive profits平衡经济(的发展) balance economy取缔非法收入 ban unlawful incomes (illegal earnings)让…处于同一起跑线 put… on the same platform and at the same starting point 让位于竞争需要 give way to the need for competition申请专利 apply for a patent实现目标 realize the goal适应…的发展 adapt oneself to the development of损失惨重 suffer great losses缩小不平衡状态 decrease the imbalance缩小…间的距离 narrow the gap between提高公务员工资 raise the salaries of civil servants提高管理水平 raise the management level提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living调整产业结构 adjust the industrial structure推广科研成果 turn laboratory achievements into commercial (mass) production (commercialize laboratory achievements)退还大量钱款 give back an amount of money脱贫致富 cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity完善服务 perfect services为…带来多种经济和社会效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to…为…提供巨大商机 present huge business opportunities吸收游资 absorb idle fund吸引外商投资 attract foreign investment下海 plunge into the commercial sea陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble向…投资巨额资金 invest huge amounts of money into消灭假冒伪劣产品 wipe out fake products以经济建设为中心 focus on the central task of economic construction以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality优胜劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior优先发展公共运输 give priority to the development of public transportation有巨大潜力 have huge potential for与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market 在…建立分公司 set up branches in造成很大压力 pose a big pressure on造成损失 cause a loss to增加农业投入 invest more in agriculture占领市场10% occupy (take, account for ) 10 percent of the market招商引资 attract (bid for, invite) investments (from overseas)制订…法律 make a law of制定优惠政策 work out favorable policy制造假象 create smoke screens to do阻碍…的经济发展 handicap (hamper) the economic development阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight (brain drain)遵循市场经济的规律 follow the law of market economy三、文化生活类把…列为世界自然文化遗产 list …as a world natural heritage site摆架子(摆谱儿) put on airs (show off, keep up appearances)保护文化遗产 protect cultural heritage (relics)博采各国文化之长 draw on strong point of the cultures of other countries不注重历史 neglect history采取保护态度 take protective attitude承担应有的义务 undertake the due obligations承前启后，继往开来 build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past and usher in the future充分发挥知识分子的积极性 give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals和创造性触击现行法律的盲区 touch a blank area of the existing law创建卫生城市 build a nationally advanced clean city辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new (ring out the oldyear and ring in the new)从事电子商务工作 conduct e-commerce促进儿童身心健康发展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally促进交流 promote the communication促进文化市场健康发展 facilitate the sound development of the markets for cultural products促进相互了解 enhance (further) mutual understanding得到群众的广泛支持 enjoy grass-root support抵住…的诱惑 resist the temptation of对…持欢迎态度 take a welcoming attitude to对…情有独钟 show special preference (favor) to发挥…的聪明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom发挥潜力 tap one’s potential繁荣文学艺术 enable literature and art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art反映中国的灿烂文化 reflect the rich culture of China放下架子 relinquish haughty airs (get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs) 腐蚀人的灵魂 poison one’s mind改进教学 improve teaching and learning给学生减负 alleviate the burden on students和…持相同观点 share views similar to互派访问学者 exchange visiting scholars激发旅游热情 stimulate enthusiasm for traveling继承历史文化优秀传统 carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions加强文化基础设施建设 build more cultural establishments讲诚信，反欺诈 honor credibility and oppose cheating交换意见 exchange views (ideas, opinions)教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people经受住暴风雨的考验 weather the storm精心编写教材 compile the textbooks with great care净化因特网 purify the Net举办文化节(展览会) hold (conduct, give) cultural festivals (an exhibition)举行学术会议 hold an academic meeting开创假日经济 initiate Holiday Economy开发潜力 exploit one’s potential开阔视野 widen one’s vision (horizon)开设课程 offer courses开展对外文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries开展群众性文化活动 carry out mass activities on culture攀登事业的高峰 climb one’s career ladder评估学业成绩 evaluate academic scores (achievements)破除迷信 eradicate superstition普及九年制义务教育 make nine-year compulsory education universal普及科普知识，传播科学 popularize scientific and technological knowledge, spread思想，倡导科学精神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit启发学生 enlighten the students容纳三千名旅客 accommodate 3000 passengers扫除文盲 eliminate (wipe out) illiteracy上网 get on (have access to, be wired to) Internet实施以德育为核心、以创新 carry on the quality education centering on moral education 精神和实践能力为重点的 and emphasizing creativity and practice素质教育使英语达到更高水平 push one’s English to a higher level受到…的关注 receive attention from疏导游客 divert tourists疏通关系 lubricate relationships树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company image刷卡, 划卡 punch the card; stamp the card陶冶情操 cultivate one’s taste (temperament)提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized lifestyle (way of life)提高公务员的综合素质 improve the overall quality of civil servants提高全民反毒品的意识 raise the consciousness of the entire people vs. drugs提高知名度 raise one’s prestige提供受教育机会 offer a chance of education通过资格考试 pass qualification examinations透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to perceive the essence推动人类文明进步 push forward human civilization挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth. (cut the ground from under sb’s feet)物质文明,精神文明一起抓 pay equal attention to (place equal emphasis on) the material progress and cultural (ethical) progress相互促进 help each other forward向世界展示中国文化建设 introduce China’s achievements of cultural advancement to 的成就 the world向学生传授知识 impart knowledge to students消除误解 clear up misunderstanding消除愚昧 eliminate ignorance形成文明、健康、崇尚科学 form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practice 的社会风尚以全新的面貌进入新世纪 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude引起激烈争论 spark a hot debate营造良好的文化环境 create a healthy cultural environment影响身心健康 affect physical and psychological health有力地推动教育的发展 give a big push to the development of education与各国人民交往 communicate with people of all countries增强自我保护意识 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right找工作 hunt for a job值得重视(关注) deserve one’s attention制止盗版软件 control the pirated software重视(优先考虑)教育发展 give priority to the development of education重视实用性 place stress on practicality尊重知识，尊重人才 respect knowledge and respect competent people四、科技环保类帮助减缓全球变暖速度 help slow down the pace of global warming保持生态平衡 keep ecological balance保持水土 preserve soil and water保护和改善生活和生态环境 protect and improve the living environment and the保护珍稀野生动植物 protect rare wild animals and plants保留为自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland采用环保技术 adopt environmental protection technique采用新的开采方法 apply new exploitation methods参加城市重建 participate in the reconstruction of the city参加环保运动 take part in environmental protection activities产生巨大的水文效应 produce great hydrological effects崇尚绿色生活方式 pursue a “green” life创造良好的生态环境 create a pleasant ecological environment促进城市可持续发展 promote the sustainable development of the city发展太阳能 develop solar energy防治污染 prevent and control pollution非常注重保护森林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest改善生态环境 improve the eco-environment (ecological environment)关闭化工厂 close chemical plants加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control加强城市绿化 strengthen the greening of the city加强环境保护 strengthen environmental protection加强生态建设 improve the eco-construction加强水土保持 reinforce the conservation of water and soil坚持门前三包制度 adhere to “the three responsibilities in the gate area”减少机动车辆 reduce the number of vehicles减少浪费 reduce waste揭开人类生命的奥秘 decode the secret of human life进一步加快环保规划 further speed up environmental protection plans禁止露天焚烧 prohibit burning out in the open开展保护野生动物宣传教育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals 开展绿色活动 advocate green activities扩建管道网络 expand the pipe network普及环保知识 popularize environmental protection knowledge窃取密码 snatch password窃取知识产权 lift intellectual property实行严格的机动车排放标准 implement strict vehicle emission standards使电脑死机 crash computers使用再生纸 use recycle paper探索…的奥秘 probe the mysteries of淘汰或改造燃煤锅炉 eliminate or convert coal-burning boilers提高环境管理水平 raise the environmental management level提高居民的环保和生态意识 improve residents’ environmental and ecological awareness 提高清洁能源的比重 increase the supply of clean energy resources投放电脑病毒 unleash viruses完善城市基础设施建设 perfect the construction of urban infrastructure为大量野生动植物提供栖息地 provide habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 为人类提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings享受国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the State削减污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants抑制传染病的传播 strain the spread of infectious diseases引发一系列的问题 result in a series of problems预防爱滋病蔓延 prevent the widespread of AIDS增强环境意识 enhance the awareness of the importance of (raise the consciousness about) environmental protection战胜非典 defeat SARS治理沙地和水土流失问题 tackle the problems of sand and soil erosion注重节约资源 attach importance to saving resources五、人口类不服从父母 disobey their parents倡导人力资源管理 advocate the management of human resources调查性和婚姻状况 conduct a survey on sex and marriage对子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their children反映人们的私生活 reflect people’s private lives鼓励创建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “Civilized Families”过孤独的生活 lead an isolated life坚持计划生育的基本国策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning进行全国人口普查 carry out national population census禁止他人作克隆人的实验 inhibit others from doing human cloning experiments开辟人类历史新纪元 start a new chapter in the history of human控制人口数量(增长) control the population size (growth)实现向低出生、低死亡、低 bring about a transition to the modern population reproduction 自然增长的现代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and 产类型的转变 low natural growth rate损害人类社会的道德观 damage the morality of human society缩小代沟 narrow the gap提倡晚婚晚育 encourage late marriage and late childbirth提出离婚 ask for a divorce提高人口素质 improve the population quality维护和促进人民的生存权 safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和发展权 development维护***和不断改善***状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation享受优越的生活条件 enjoy good living condition显示明显的差异 display a marked difference优化人口结构 optimize the population structure优生优育 bear and rear better children占总人口的10% account for 10% of the total population造成不同的思想和观念 result in a different ideology and concepts造福人类和科学 benefit mankind and science正确处理经济发展同人口、 correctly handle the relationship of economic development 资源、环境的关系 versus (with) population，natural resources and environment征求父母的意见 ask for her parents’ opinion挣零花钱 earn their pocket money重视人口老年化问题 pay attention to the problem of an aging population逐渐削弱长辈的权威 undermine the authority of the older generation尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee human rights六、体育类避开与…比赛 avoid playing against标志一个历史时刻 mark a historic time表现完美 give some very good performance剥夺冠军 strip the gold medal of somebody采取新的计分方法 adopt a new scoring system参加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay参加热身赛 take part in a key warm-up game参加申办活动 participate in the bidding campaign超过世界记录 surpass the world record成为国家的骄傲 become the pride of the nation创新世界纪录 set a new world record达到国际体育标准 reach the standard for international games打败比利时队 defeat Belgium打破恶性循环 break the wretched cycle打破世界纪录 beat (break, cut) the world record (for …)担任中国国家队主教练 serve as the head coach of the Chinese national team夺冠 take the crown反对使用兴奋剂 oppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs符合举办奥运会的要求 meet the requirements of hosting the Olympic Games更具进攻性 become more aggressive鼓舞队员的士气 boost the morale of the team members获得认可 gain recognition获得团体冠军 win the team title及时雨考研考博网 / QQ:602318502激发中国青年的雄心壮志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths急于获胜 gain an eagerness to win建立职业联赛和俱乐部 set up a professional league and clubs角逐世界杯 compete for the World Cup满意抽签结果 satisfy with the draw面对强手 face strong rivals鸣笛终止比赛 blow a whistle to stop the end of the match配备各种设施 furnish and equip with all facilities取得经验 gain experience取得世界杯决赛资格 qualify for the World Cup finals确保中国进入决赛 ensure China’s appearance in the final申奥 bid (apply) for being the host country of the Olympics失去男子单打冠军 miss out on men’s singles gold实现零的突破 fulfill the zero (gold medal, medal, etc) breakthrough使其他选手相形见绌 dwarf other athletes使生命焕发活力 wake up one’s life使中国以3∶2取胜 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory提出比赛建议 make comments on the contests提高中国队的水平 raise the level of the Chinese team挑选选手 choose players同教练反应一致 share the same reaction with their coach为奥林匹克运动做出贡献 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 卫冕世界冠军 regain world champion吸引中国大学生优秀选手 attract China’s top university players向世界顶级球队学习 learn from the world’s top teams与对手较量 take on an opponent与强队竞争 compete with strong teams增进友谊 strengthen friendship展示技能 demonstrate their skills展示中国足球的最新发展 demonstrate (show) the latest development of China’s soccer 支持北京申办2008年奥运会 support Beijing’s bid for the 2008 Olympic Games主办奥运会 host the Olympic Games主办中国大学生篮球联赛 sponsor the China University Basketball Association league 抓住练习和学习的机会 grasp the chance to practise and learn。

北京大学考博英语辅导材料听力部分北京大学考博英语辅导材料听力部分Listening OneSection A StatementIn this section you will hear nine statements.At the end of the statement you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the statements.1.The speaker meansA.he borrowed$100from Alice.B.Alice gave him$I00back.C.he lent$100to Alice.D.he returned Alice$100.2.We can infer that George is veryA.considerate.B.forgetfulC.open-minded./doc/f713934296.html,zy3.The statement implies thatA,a room was reserved for us.B.we finally stayed at a big hotel.C.it took us no time to find a hotel room.D.we had to live in a suburban hotel,4.Rita will start training becauseA,she will take part in the tournament.B.she will quit the tournament.C.the tournament will begin tomorrow.D,the tournament will last two weeks.5.The speaker meansA.she worked longer hours than before.B.she had been a teacher before.C.she worked harder than she had thought.D.she has been well prepared for the new job.6.The washing machineA.is working as it used to be.B.isn't working as quietly as it was.C.can't work now.D.has stopped making noise.A.he had high efficiency today.B.he hoped to be a manager.C.he did little today.D.he had low efficiency today.8.The speaker impliesA.they didn't help him.B.they were very helpful.C.he didn't need their help.D.it was hard for them to help him.9.How did Steve die?A.Steve died in an air crash.B.Steve died of lung cancer.C.Steve was murdered.D.Steve was killed by a fire.Section B ConversationIn this section,you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the conversation.10.The woman must return the tapes to the library byA.May5th.B.the end of May.C.June5th.D.July5th.l1.The conversation takes placeA.in a shop.B.in a hospital.C.at a fancy party.D.at a market.12.The woman is probably going toA.look for another job.,B.teach a different textbook.C.teach the same thing as before.D.have a holiday.13.How did the man find the movie?A.Boring.B.Interesting.C.Exciting.D.Terrifying.14.What kind of job does the woman want to do?A.Work in a company.B.Teach in the school.C.Work in a travel agency.D.Go abroad for further studies.15.____teachers who had been invited went to dinner last Saturday.A.FourteenB.TwentyC.SixD.Eight16.Who repaired the car?A.The man.B.The woman.C.The garage.D.The office.17.The conversation most probably takes place atA.home.B.a hotel.C.a restaurant.D.a port.18.The woman's attitude towards the man isA.inquiring.B.refusing.C.accepting.D.inviting.Section CListen to a news report.Supply the missing information.I.What should consumers who want to shop online bear in mind?1.Evaluate_____.2.Talk to_____..E mail and wait for______.3.Ensure______.4._____at a cybercafe or other_____connection.II.Mr.And Mrs.Robinson are deciding what to buy at the supermarket.Listen to their conversation and check()the things they need on the shopping list below.Shopping Listbread vegetablesWhite□potatoes□whole wheat□cucumbers□tomatoes□lettuce□dairy produ cts cabbage□eggs□milk□butter□meat&poultryroast beef□pork chops□veal.□fruit chicken□oranges□apples□bananas□Listening TwoSection A StatementIn this section you will hear nine statements.At the end of the statement you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the statements.1.The speaker thinks thatA.Grace made a3-day trip.B.Grace was ill and rested for3days.C.Susan will take Grate's place.D.Susan had3days off.2.The speaker is suggestingA.not going to see the film.B.leaving home at once to see the film.C.the time of the film be changed.D.another time to see the film.3.Jones has_____in his savings.A.100000B.10000C.200000D.500004.The weather wasA.rainy.B.sunny.C.cloudy.D.snowy.5.What does the statement means?A.He was delayed for3hours.B.He finally didn't get to the airport.C.He should have arrived at2o'clock.D.He had planned to arrive at1o'clock.6.We know thatA.he doesn't like traveling.B.he traveled little.C.he doesn't like to travel by air.D.his airsickness prevents him from traveling.7.The man intends toA.make an apology.B.give an explanation.C.show his regret.D.scold his wife.8.The speaker thinks thatA.too many social activities may prevent the students from studying.B.the students should take part in as many social activities as possible.C.the students shouldn't join any social activity.D.the students can study better through many social activities.9.What does the statement mean?A.Henry passed both the practical and written exams.B.Henry failed in both practical and written exams.C.Henry passed one of the two exams.D.The teacher failed Henry in the practical exam.Section B ConversationIn this section,you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the conversations.10.We learn from the conversation the woman.A.doesn't need a job.B.does not want to work fight away.C.likes making phone call.D.is looking for a job.11.What happened to Mary?A.She survived the crash.B.Her car was not severely damaged.C.Nothing happened to her or the car.D.She died of the car crash.12.The woman implies thatA.she doesn't want him to sit.B.the seat is vacant.C.the seat is occupied by someone.D.the man can sit.13.The relationship between the woman and the man mightbeA.servant and customer.B.mother and son.C.friends.D.a couple.14.What can we learn about the man and woman?A.Both of them lost their bikes for good.B.Both of them have had their bikes back.C.The woman stole the man's bike.D.Both lost their bikes,but the woman has claimed hers back.15.What does the statement imply?A.The man agrees with the woman.B.The man holds different views from the woman.C.The woman is unhappy to see famous people.D.The man likes none of the commercials.16.The conversation might take placeA.in the Lost Property Office.B.in a shop.C.in a police station.D.in a park.17.According to the man,driving across LondonA.takes one hour.B.takes half an hour.C.may be long or short.D.is not allowed during rush hour.18.The woman suggests that the manA.buy a new car.B.buy a used car.C.shouldn't buy a car.D.save his money.Section CI.Listen to a passage about'the origins of money.Fill in the blanks with missing words.When we think of money today,we picture it either as round,flat pieces of_____which we call coins,or as printed paper______.However,the____method of exchange was barter in which goods were exchanged____for other goods.Problems arose when either someone did____what was being offered in exchange for the other good,or if___could be reached over how much one good was worth in terms of the other.Valuable metals such as_____and silver began acting as a medium of /doc/f713934296.html,ernments then decided to______down these metals into By the____century people were leaving gold with the local_____for safe keeping.Receipts of￡1and￡5were issued which could then be____back into gold at any time.Soon these_____were recognized as being"as good as gold"and were readily taken in _____for goods.Goldsmiths became the first______and their receipts began to circulate as Nowadays,however,notes are not usually used to buy expensive items such as cars.The buyer is more likely to write out a_____which instructs his bank to_____money from his account into the account of the seller.Hence bank_____act as money.Now listen to the passage again.II.Now listen to the tape.You are going to hear a panel discussion about the fight to own a handgun.Five people will express their opinions.Listen to the discussion and place a check to show whether each speaker is for the right to own a gun or against it.For AgainstPaul□□Jane□□Roger□□Steven□□Suzi e□□Write a few words about each person's opinion.Listen again and check your answers.Listening ThreeSection A StatementIn this section you will hear seven statements.At the end of the statement you will be given10seconds toanswer each of the following seven questions.Now listen to the statements.1.What are they doing now?A.Moving to London.B.Looking for a new job.C.Searching for a flat.D.Hunting for a house.2.What is the profession of the speaker?A.A doctor.B.A typist.C.A lecturer.D.A mathematician.3.This means that the cashiers areA.helpful.B.unprofessional.C.professionalD.unskillful.4.What does the speaker mean?A.He's not definite about the trip.B.He would like to take more trips.C.He's decided against taking the trip.D.He doesn't like discussing the trip.5.The speaker isA.self-employed.B.jobless.C.a social security officer.D.a professional baby-sitter.6.This advice means that you shouldA.mm suddenly to one side.B.slow down gradually.C.brake immediately.D.clear out the glass.7.When did the crime take place?/doc/f713934296.html,st night.B.This morning.C.Several days ago.D.Yesterday afternoon.Section B ConversationIn this section,you will hear eight short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following eight questions.Now listen to the conversations.8.How is the woman doing in the course?A.She hasn't been doing much of the reading.B.She understood the reading last night.C.She isn't having much trouble.D.She understands very little.9.What can be concluded about Andrew?A.Winter is his favorite tinge for sports.B.Sports are quite important to him.C.He should be more enthusiastic.D.He plays better than he used to.10.What does the woman mean?A.Paul had better drop more than one course.B.Paul's course is the best of the five.C.Paul is an excellent student.D.Paul's idea is probably a good one.11.What are these people complaining about?A.The noise.B.The heat.C.The workload.D.The crowdedness.12.What does the man mean?A.Ann can go with him this afternoon.B.Ann's almost as busy as he is.C.Ann has a lot to do today.D.Ann might finish by noon.13.Where should the woman write to her friend?A.At the post office.B.At his home address.C.At his mountain cabin.D.At his uncle's address.14.What does the man want the university to do?A.Do away with certain required classes.B.Offer more basic classes.C.Enroll fewer students.D.Encourage more compulsory discussions.15.What does the woman say about Carl?A.She doesn't know when his classes start.B.She's surprised that he chose that company.C.She doubts he makes much money now.D.She wonders why he's not returned to school.Section CI.You will hear a conversation between a couple on tour and another tourist who is offering them advice. Listen to the dialog and indicate with a check()whether the visitors have already done or have not yet done the activities listed.Done not donevisited the science muse um□□taken a bus tour□□been to the zoo□□seen the art gallery□□tried the seafood□□Now listen again and check your answers.II.You are going to hear a recording about homelessness in America.Work out the following outline by filling in the gaps.Outline1.The scope of homeless problemA.Earlier administrations since the early1980s:__________________.B.Clinton administration:______________________.2.The causes of homelessnessA.Earlier administrations:______________.B.Clinton administration:________________.3.The current situation of homelessnessA.________________of the people that are homeless are____________.B________________of the people that are homelessare________________.Listening FourSection A StatementIn this section you will hear eight statements.At the end of the statement you will be given10seconds toanswer each of the following eight questions.Now listen to the statements.1.Joe went to court because he was a/doc/f713934296.html,w breaker.B.trainee lawyer.C.friend of the judge.D.traffic policeman.2.Where did the speaker think they were supposed to meet?A.On the platform.B.On the train.C.Near the stairs.D.At the information desk.3.What is being described?A.Telephone.B.Telegraph.C.Microfilm.D.Microscope.4.How long was the coach delayed?A.Three hours and forty-five minutes.B.Five and a half hours.C.Two hours and forty-five minutes.D.Eight hours and fifteen minutes.5.What does the speaker imply?A.I want you to have a fully enjoyable holiday.B.Your plans for the trip interest me a lot.C.I think you should arrive according to the plan.D.We are now making plans for your journey.6.What does the speaker mean?A.The shop told me this would happen.B.I didn't know it would be like this.C.It became smaller but still fits me.D.The cardigan is well worth the price.7.When will the writer's new book be published?A.In the spring.B.In the summer.C.In the autumn.D.In the winter.8.What does the speaker mean?A.Traveling by car is more dangerous than by air.B.There are300air crashes each year in the U.S.C.The air crashes each year kill about50000people.D.Traveling by plane is more dangerous than by car.Section B ConversationIn this section,you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the conversations.9.What does the man mean?A.It's really nice to have a change.B.They ought to have been changed long ago.C.The curtains are of a wrong color.D.The curtains are still quite good.10.The woman's usual attitude towards films isA.mixed.B.fascinated.C.enthusiastic.D.disinterested.11According to the conversation,the woman's sisterA.was probably upset.B.had little education.C.always writes like that./doc/f713934296.html,ually never writes.12.The man's purpose in visiting was toA.take a course.B.see the city.C.go to the park.D.take a rest.13.What does the man indicate?A.Most people like the museum.B.It is difficult to get up early.C.There might be varied opinions.D.It is a problem to get there.14.What does the woman mean?A.She does not really need his help.B.She has not started thinking about it yet.C.She is very grateful to the man for his advice.'D.She has already talked with the man.15.Which of the following best describes the woman's reaction?A.Overjoyed.B.Confused.C.Surprised.D.Supportive.16.The woman is going to the supermarket tomorrowbecauseA.the supermarket is closing down after Christmas.B.the man is going to help her with shopping.C.tomorrow is the only day she is free before Christmas.D.she wants to get enough food for the holiday period.17.John is going to France becauseA.he'll start a new business in properties.B.he has been left property there.C.he's made a fortune with his uncle.D.his uncle wants his company here.Section CI.You are going to hear people talking about some of the delegates to an international conference.There are people at the conference from many different countries.Listen to the conversations.How many places do you hear mentioned?Circle them on the list:AustriaAustraliaIndiaIndonesiaMichiganMexicoNew ZealandNigeriaThailandII.Outline1.Buying a houseA.____________________1._______________of a family's income2.depending on______________.B.way to buy a house___________________2.Living in a landlord's home--advantagesA.cheaperB.________________.3.Buying an apartment--condominium1._______________:bank loan repaid in regular repayments:2._________________:an apartment building in which the apartments are owned individuallyNow listen again and check your answers.Listening FiveSection A StatementIn this section you will hear nine statements.At the end of the statement you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following nine questions.Now listen to the statement.1.What does the speaker mean?A.John was unhappy with his dormitory.B.John's dormitory wasn't full.C.John didn't meet me at the door.D.There wasn't any vacant room.2.What does the statement imply?A.We are sorry that we both failed.B.Mary is envious of Jane's success.C.We are amazed by the fact.D.Jane is envious of Mary's success.3.The speaker thinks thatA.writing is his favorite course.B.he prefers other courses to composition.C.one particular course is better than writing.D.he doesn't like any course,least of writing.4.What does the speaker imply?A.He didn't finish the exercises yesterday.'B.The exercises were handed in yesterday.C.He knew the exercises should be handed in today.D.He doesn't need to hand in the exercises today.5.The speaker was______minutes late.A.50B.15B.30 D.106.What does the statement mean?A.He didn't attend the exam.B.He didn't do the spelling.C.He was good at spelling.D.He ignored his spelling.7.According to the statement,the house isA.badly built.B.noisy inside.C.very dirty,D.in disorder.8.David decided to take the express train becauseA.he was in a hurry to get home.B.he did not enjoy flying at all.C.he needed time to be on his own.D.he had booked a seat on the train.9.The weather last weekend wasA.warm and dry.B.cold and wetC.cool and crispD.sunny and lovely.Section B ConversationIn this section,you will hear seven short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation you will be given10seconds to answer each of the following seven questions.Now listen to the conversations.10.Between getting up and her meeting,the woman had aboutA.6hours.B.40minutes.C.4hours.D.30minutes.11.The conversation probably took place inA.Rome.B.Paris.C.London.D.Madrid.12.What does the woman mean?A.She hasn't read the passage.B.She doesn't understand it either.C.She cannot read it in darkness.D.She suggests that the man read it.13.What does the woman mean?A.The job is advertised in English.B.The advertisement is in an English paper.C.She offers the man English and computer skills.D.English and computer skills are essential for the job.14.Vincent solved his problem byA.going directly to the boss.B.talking to his parents.C.asking his mother to speak to his boss.D.telling his boss's mother abut his problem.15.What had the woman assumed?A.They had received a broken computer.B.She knew how to repair the computer.C.The computer couldn't be fixed.D.They'd have to buy another one.16.The couple had previously planned toA.go boating.B.play golf.C.go cycling.D.play tennis.Section CI.You will hear two people talking about friends they used to know when they were college students.Listen to their conversation.Then match each person's name with the phrase that describes that person.Richard Thomas studying at Stanfordworking in New YorkBobbie Worth working in Chicagoliving in FranceEllen Rosenberg working in Los Angelesworking in BostonDan Collins traveling in Asialiving in San FranciscoCarol Chin studying in TexasII.Listening to a description of today's banking /doc/f713934296.html,plete the outline.Banking at Home1.Some problems of the walking-in bankA.standing in long linesB.running out of checksC.__________________________.2._____________________________.A.viewing accountsB.moving money between accountsC.applying for a loanD.getting_________________.E.paying bills electronicallyF.___________________to the bank3.Reasons for creating online servicesA.________________________.B.taking advantage of modem technology4.Inappropriateness of online banking for some peopleA._______________________________B.preferring to handle accounts for the traditional way2000Listening TestSection ADirections:In this section you will hear20statements.Each statement will be spoken only once.At the end of the statement you will be given12seconds to answer each of the questions.The questions are printed out for you.Now please listen:1.The speaker is talking to a_____.A.doctor.B.pharmacist.C.mechanic.D.waiter.2.What is the speaker's attitude?A.He couldn't agree any more.B.He agrees completely.C.He agrees partially.D.He couldn't stand it any more.3.How much did Mr.Dawson pay for the sweater?A.$30.B.$13.C.$80.D.$18.4.What does'staying healthy'mean today?A.You should often go to a doctor.B.Going to a doctor regularly helps.C.Keep fit and strong all the time.D.You should never go to a doctor.5.Where is the speaker?A.In a bank.B.In a restaurant.C.In an office.D.In a shop.6.The speaker regretted having______.A.missed the game.B.gone to the game.C.won the game.D.missed the bet.7.What does the speaker think about teachers?A.Teachers get much satisfaction from work.B.Teachers get little satisfaction from work.C.Few teachers are satisfied with their work.D.Few teachers are satisfied with their salary.8.The speaker is comparing two_____.A.research projects.B.political declarations.C.kinds of candies.D.political events.9.What does the speaker mean?A.John was unhappy with his dormitory.B.John's dormitory wasn't full.C.John didn't meet me at the door.D.There wasn't any vacant room.10.What does the statement imply?A.We are sorry that we both failed.B.Mary is envious of Jane's success.C.We are amazed by the fact.D.Jane is envious of Mary's success.11.Speaker thinks that_____.A.writing is his favorite course.B.he prefers other courses to composition.C.one particular course is better than writing.D.he doesn't like any course,least of writing.12.What does the speaker imply?A.He didn't finish the exercises yesterday.B.The exercises were handed in yesterday.C.He knew the exercises should be handed in today.D.He doesn't need to hand in the exercises today.13.The speaker was_____minutes late.A.50B.15C.30D.1014.What does the statement mean?A.The speaker didn't attend the exam.B.The speaker didn't do the spelling..C.The speaker was good at spelling,D.The speaker ignored his spelling.15.According to the statement,the house is.A.badly built.B.noisy inside.C.very dirty.D.in disorder.:16.The weather last weekend was___.A.warm and dry.B.cold and wet.C.cool and crisp.D.sunny and lovely.17.Joe went to court because he was a____./doc/f713934296.html,w breaker.B.trainee lawyer.C.friend of the judge.D.traffic policeman.18.Where did the speaker think they were supposed to meet?A.On the platform.B.On the train.B.Near the stairs. D.At the information desk.19.What is being described?A.Telephone.B.Telegraph.C.Microfilm.D.Microscope.20.How long was the coach delayed?A.Three hours and forty five minutes.B.Five and a half hours.C.Two hours and forty five minutes.D.Eight hours and fifteen minutes.Section BDirections:In tiffs section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.Each conversation will be:spoken only once.At the end of each conversation,you will be given12seconds to answer each of the following questions.The questions are printed out for you.Now please listen:。

2020年博士生考试考博英语写作指导附范文35篇work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR2020年博士生考试考博英语写作指导附范文35篇目录第一部分写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题 (3)一考试要求 (3)二作文的评分标准及样卷介绍 (3)三历年考试中存在的典型问题分析 (5)四．如何写出漂亮的文章 (6)第二部分考博英语35 篇范文 (7)1.television program and their effect on children (7)2. How to solve the housing problem in big cities (8)3. “the younger generaton knows best” (8)4. Public transportation (10)5. Human education (11)6. Criticism on television (12)7. The ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money (13)8. Communication and language (15)9. Cooperation goes with competition (16)10. The rise of intellectual property protection (16)11. Generation gap (17)12. Should men and women be equal? (18)13. Computer and man (19)14. What kind of life to live-realistic or romantic (20)15. Fast food (21)16. On the attitude towards fighting against criminals (21)17. Parents are too permissive with their children nowadays (22)18. Adveriser perform a useful service to the community (24)19. Only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents (25)20. Population control (27)21．Part-time jobs for college students (28)22. Private cars (29)23．What have we learned from sars? (30)24. Fast food (31)25. My idea on how for beijing to prepare the 2008 world olympic games 3226. On university tuition system a in china (32)27.what would happen if no attention paid to the environmental protection (33)28.women should be let to play a more important role in our state affairs (34)29. The role of migrant workers (34)30. The effect of decoding the human body (35)31. The orientation of china's cross-century economic reform (36)32.the information age and the best way to use information (36)33. Why governmental workers also have to go abroad? (37)34. The problem in using water (38)35. Compare with the domestic hen and the duck (38)第一部分写作文的要求，评分标准及考试中普遍存在的问题一考试要求1．文章内容切题。

全真模拟试题BPart I: Vocabulary (20 points)1. Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be, you will never ____from the higheststandards of honor.A. deviateB. escapeC. deriveD. refrain2. They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science, which is also listed ____in the glossary.A. in sumB. in totalC. in generalD. in full3. This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a ____for more.A. scarcityB. commandC. hungerD. request4. Job fairs are usually very lively and informal, and you can roam____, surveying what is on offer and gatheringliterature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.A. at peaceB. at leisureC. at restD. at speed5. The closest ____to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools；they can, however,accept some fee-paying pupils.A. equalityB. equationC. equivalentD. equity6. At first the university refused to purchase the telescope, but this decision was ____revised.A. consecutivelyB. consequentlyC. successivelyD. subsequently7. He ____us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.A. confusesB. regardsC. strikesD. knocks8. The water was so clear that it ____the trees on the river bank.A. shadowedB. shadedC. representedD. reflected9. Some 121 countries may be designated “developing”, and of this 121, seventeen countries ____more thanfour-fifths of energy consumption.A. amount toB. account forC. add upD. take away10. The researchers found the age at which young people first fall ____to bullies seems to determine how much itaffects them.A. sacrificeB. shortC. witnessD. victim11. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature_ ___to protect thedolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee12. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that this will_ ___the memory of thepassers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance13. Diamonds have little_ ___value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic14. At the moment she is_ ___thenetball match between the Japanese team and the Cuban team over at theplaying field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding15. Any time_ ___, any period of waiting is becau se you haven’t come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. 1ackD. 1ag16. James Joyce was_ ___as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured17. All parts of this machine are ___________, so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.A. specializedB. standardizedC. minimizedD. modernized18. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and givesome_ ___to the origin of the solar system..A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations19. The Japanese Prime Minister's_ ___is a seat on the U N Security Council, for which he will be lobbying atthe summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure20. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growth was____ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of21. How well a person_ ___depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skillsand expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up22. The skin of the forest keeper_ ___exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A. is tanned fromB. is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by23. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an_ ___body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent24. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am_ ___to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved25. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be ____.A. struck outB. 1eft outC. ruled outD. counted out26. Hotels and restaurants are an_ ___part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable27. I reject any religious doctrine that does not_ ___to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend28. There are three bodies of writing that come to_ ___this question and we will consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on29. Success does not_ ___in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform30.Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to_ ___the extent of the cruel acts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play down31. Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works____.A. industriallyB. industriouslyC. consciouslyD. purposefully32. I don’t think it’s sensible o f you to ____your greater knowledge in front of the chairwoman, for it may welloffend her.A. show upB. show offC. show outD. show away33. The economic development of that small country is to a considerable extent limited by the __________ of raw materials and low consumption level.A. abundanceB. inflationC. deficiencyD. installment34. If we don’t stop flirting with those deathly nuclear weapons, the Whole globe will be____.A. empoweredB. punishedC. pollutedD. annihilated35. One of the important properties of a scientific theory is its ability to ____further research and further thinkingabout a particular topic.A. inventB. stimulateC. renovateD. advocate36. When in his rebellious years, that is when he was sixteen or eighteen, Frank Anderson ____going around with astrange set of people and staying out very late.A. took toB. took upC. took onD. took in37. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially designed or ____for language learning purposes, there isyet no effective and systematic program for the reading skills.A. appointedB. assembledC. acknowledgedD. adapted38. In 1816, an apparently insignificant event in a remote part of Northern Europe ____Europe into a bloody War..A. imposedB. plungedC. pitchedD. inserted39. The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. Theyexpect increased tax____.A. privilegesB. efficiencyC. revenuesD. validity40. The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in____again next spring.A. conventionB. conferenceC. sessionD. assemblyPart II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world’s most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, they have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid 1940s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported by both men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seemed as clean and strong as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi’s were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population’s first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 1950s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock’n’roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance. and jeans became a symbol of the b reak with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in“Jailhouse Rock,”his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like “The Wild One” and “Rebel Without a Cause.” cult figures Marion Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the 1960s,slim jeans had become a leisure wear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在)in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid 1960s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation—as the uniform of the budding social and sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations off the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.41. Jeans were first designed for__ __A. soldiers.B. workmen.C. teenagers.D. cowboys.42. In the mid 1940s,jeans gained popularity because__ __A. they made the wearer look clean and tough.B. they were comfortable and looked friendly.C. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream society.D. they stood for freedom and a strong character.43. What does the“real thing”re fer to in the second paragraph?A. Authentic Levi’s.B. Workwear.C. Casual wear.D. Jeans of European style.44. The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that__ __A. teenagers wanted to look sexy.B. people desired to look strong and manly.C. jeans went well with rock’n’roll.D. Americans were more rebellious than Europeans.45. The last sentence suggests that jeans were__ __A. used for military purposes.B. the symbol of the ideal of social equality..C. worn by all kinds of people.D. the outfit of social improvement.Passage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases. Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date b ack to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world’s Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gauch er’s, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system.Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as money lending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in over hundreds areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-SachsBeing side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that highly unlikely thatmutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase aperson’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120.This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expect a tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.46.According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are__ __A. more intelligent than other Jews.B. more likely to be sick than other Jews.C. endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseases.D. more likely to be born with genetic diseases.47.According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in__ __A. the whole Europe and Eastern Asia.B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countries.C. Eastern Europe and a few Asian countries.D. Eastern Europe and Germany48.Tay-Sachs,Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick are__ __A. diseases caused by absence of an enzyme.B. 1ife-threatening genetic diseases.C. diseases that make people more intelligent.D. the same disease with different terms.49.The“lucrative job”may most probably be a job which is__ __.A. profitable.B. unsteady.C. challenging.D. permanent.50.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchers believethat__ __A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligence.B. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligence.C. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genes.D. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance.Passage ThreeSometimes it’s just hard to choose. You’re in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at theready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff—be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government’s philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but that.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don’t have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don’t have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision—making paralysis causes.Choice wasn’t supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn’t：ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you of something you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice—limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers’ remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.51. The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice__ __A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a meal.B. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitation.C. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality food.D. it is possible to get know his customer’s partner.52. It is implied that it is the government’s intention to__ __A. improve the quality of TV programs.B. try to offer greater choice over public service systems.C. make people realize that some lovers are interchangeable.D. encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones.53. We can infer that th e author’s attitude t owards choice is that__ __A. the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoy.B. endless choice has only made us more miserable.C. it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choices.D. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible..54. The author mentioned“Starbucks”in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of__ __A. happiness.B. low life expectancy.C. perpetual stress.D.1uxury.55. From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can ge t recommendation tips on__ __A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitation.B. how to deal with your expense budget.C. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunities.D. how to save money by making a right choice.Passage FourMany things make people think artists are weird—the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t alw ays so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824,Beethoven completed his“Ode to Joy”.In 1962, novel ist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite：there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda—to pry our wallets from our pockets—they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的).“Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is OK not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot. Norway need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a mes sage even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.56. What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.57. What does the author mean by“a stretch”?A. A terrible thing.B. An exaggeration.C. A continuous period of time.D. An exception.58. The example that“Ode to Joy”was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustrate that___ __A. musicians and novelists share similar artistic taste.B. violent people have a strong desire to be happy.C. serious art is often contradictory with happiness.D. music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike.59. The word “Celebrex” in the advertisement__ __A. misleads people into buying dangerous drugs.B. reminds people of a cheerful feeling..C. boasts of the effectiveness of a drug.D. comes from a religious term.60. What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A. Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B. Happiness comes when everything dies.C. Happiness makes sadness deeper.D. Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveThe Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across the largest and northern most state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely operate.The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 million barrels of crude oil can be pumped through it daily.Resting on H-shaped steel racks called“bents,”long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline’s up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permanently frozen ground. A little more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere form 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.One of the largest in the world. the pipeline cost approximately $8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive construction project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply shortages, equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements, treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagements and even theft the Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.61. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline’s__ __A. operating costs.B. employees.C. consumers.D. construction.62. The word“it”(Par. 1, sentence 3)refers to__ __A. pipeline.B. ocean.C. state.D. village.63. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline’s route EXC EPT the__ __A. climate.B. 1ay of the land itself.C. 1ocal vegetation.D. kind of soil and rock.64. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?A. 3B. 4C. 8D. 1265. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of the consortiumwould pay?A. How much oil field land each company owned?B. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields?C. How many people worked for each company?D. How many oil wells were located on the company’s land?Passage SixOn September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder(胆囊)removed by-surgeons operating, via computer form New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4,000 miles away from their patient..In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation.A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc. that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week.The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon’s movements in New York and the return video(from Strasbourg)on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time.France Telecom’s engineers achieved an average time delay of 150 milliseconds. “I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room,”says Marescaux.The successful collaboration(合作)among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world.Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a“third revolution”in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen(腹部)and thorax(胸腔)do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms(计算法)enhance the safety of the surgeon’s movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room-could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.66. The title that best expresses the main idea is__ __A. How The Second Revolution in Surgery Comes Out.B. The Telesurgery Revolution.C. A Patient Was Saved.D. Dream Comes True.67. The italicized word“telesurgery”(Par. 1, sentence 2) can be best explained as__ __A. an operation done over a distance.B. an operation done on television.C. an operation demanding special skill.D. an operation demanding high technology.68. How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation?A. 24 hoursB. 48 hoursC. About a weekD. Almost a month69. What is the major barrier to telesurgery?A. DistanceB. Advanced technologyC. DelayD. Medical facilities70. The writer implies that__ __A. difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world now.B. compared to the“third revolution”in surgery, the first two are less important.C. all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operation.D. a new breakthrough has been made in surgery.Part III: Translation (20 points)71. English-Chinese Translation (10 points)Dun took a deep breath, thinking over what had been said and searching in hismind for a possible course of action.Not for the first time in his flying career, he felthimself in the grip of an acute sense of apprehension, only this time his awareness ofhis responsibility for the safety of a huge, complex aircraft and nearly sixty lives wastinged.。