Keywords Developing Countries, Technology Transfer, Technological Change and Innovation, Te

中国在技术方面发展的优势英语作文三段论全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1China's Technological AdvantagesTechnology is really cool! It makes our lives so much easier and more fun. China is getting really good at developing new technologies. Let me tell you about some of the advantages China has when it comes to technology.First of all, China has a huge population. This means there are a lot of smart people in China who can come up with new ideas and inventions. With over 1.4 billion people, there are bound to be many brilliant minds working on exciting new technologies. It's like having a massive team of inventors and engineers all working together to create the future.Another advantage China has is that the government really supports technological development. They invest a lot of money into research and development, and they have policies that encourage innovation. The Chinese government knows that technology is important for the country's growth and progress, so they make it a priority. This means that scientists andengineers in China have a lot of resources and support to work on cutting-edge projects.China also has some really good universities and research institutions. Places like Tsinghua University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences are world-famous for their work in fields like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy. These institutions attract the best and brightest students and researchers from all over the country and the world. With so many smart people working together, it's no wonder China is making such rapid progress in technology.One area where China is really leading the way is in mobile payments and e-commerce. Apps like WeChat Pay and Alipay have made it super easy for people in China to pay for things with their smartphones. You can use these apps to buy pretty much anything, from clothes and food to movie tickets and plane tickets. China is way ahead of most other countries when it comes to mobile payments and online shopping.China is also doing really well in areas like high-speed rail, renewable energy, and electric vehicles. The country has built the largest network of high-speed trains in the world, which is really impressive. They are also investing a lot in solar and wind power, as well as in developing electric cars and buses. China knows thatit's important to have clean and efficient transportation and energy sources, and they are working hard to achieve that.In conclusion, China's large population, government support, excellent universities, and focus on areas like mobile payments and renewable energy are all advantages that are helping the country become a global leader in technology. It's really exciting to see what new inventions and innovations will come out of China in the years ahead. Technology is the future, and China is definitely going to be a big part of that future!篇2China's Technological StrengthParagraph 1:Do you know that China is really good at developing new technologies? It's true! China has become a global leader in many cutting-edge fields like artificial intelligence (AI), renewable energy, and high-speed rail. This means that Chinese scientists and engineers are at the forefront of creating amazing innovations that can change the world.Just think about how AI is transforming our lives. From virtual assistants that can understand our voices to self-drivingcars, AI is making our world smarter and more efficient. And China is a powerhouse in AI research and development. Companies like Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent are investing billions of dollars into AI, and they are coming up with amazing breakthroughs every day.Not only that, but China is also a champion of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. With a huge population and rapidly growing economy, China needs to find clean and sustainable ways to meet its energy needs without harming the environment. Thanks to massive investments and cutting-edge technologies, China is now the world's largest producer of solar panels and wind turbines. This is helping to reduce pollution and combat climate change, which is a huge problem affecting the entire planet.Paragraph 2:Another area where China truly shines is high-speed rail. Have you ever been on a bullet train? Those sleek, ultra-fast trains can reach incredible speeds of over 300 kilometers per hour! And you know what? China has the largest and most advanced high-speed rail network in the world, with over 37,000 kilometers of tracks crisscrossing the country.The Chinese high-speed rail system is a marvel of engineering and technology. Not only are the trains incredibly fast, but they are also designed to be safe, comfortable, and energy-efficient. Millions of people rely on these trains every day to travel between cities, making their journeys much faster and more convenient than ever before.But China's technological prowess doesn't stop there. The country is also a global leader in areas like 5G networks, quantum computing, and space exploration. For example, China recently landed a rover on Mars, becoming only the third country ever to achieve this incredible feat. And in the field of 5G, Chinese companies like Huawei are at the forefront of developing the ultra-fast wireless networks that will power the future of communication and connectivity.Paragraph 3:So, why is China so good at developing cutting-edge technologies? Well, there are a few key reasons. First, the Chinese government has made science and technology a top priority, investing massive amounts of money into research and development. They understand that being a leader in technology is crucial for economic growth and national strength.Second, China has a huge population and a vast pool of talented scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. With over 1.4 billion people, there is no shortage of brilliant minds working hard to push the boundaries of innovation.Finally, China has a culture that values hard work, discipline, and a long-term vision. Chinese companies and researchers are willing to invest time and resources into ambitious, long-term projects that may take years or even decades to bear fruit. This patient, persistent approach has paid off in many fields, allowing China to catch up and even surpass other nations in certain areas of technology.In conclusion, China's strengths in fields like AI, renewable energy, high-speed rail, and many others make it a true global leader in technological development. With its continued focus on innovation, vast human resources, and long-term vision, China is well-positioned to shape the future of technology for generations to come. Who knows what amazing inventions and breakthroughs Chinese scientists and engineers will come up with next? One thing is for sure – the world will be watching with great interest and excitement!篇3China's Technological Powerhouse: Advantages Driving InnovationsHave you ever wondered why China seems to be at the forefront of so many cutting-edge technologies? Well, let me tell you all about the incredible advantages that have fueled China's remarkable technological growth!First and foremost, China has a massive population, which means a vast pool of talented minds. With over 1.4 billion people, the chances of finding brilliant individuals with exceptional abilities in science, engineering, and technology are incredibly high. Just think about it – if even a tiny fraction of the population is gifted in these fields, that's still a massive number of bright minds working towards new innovations. It's like having a super-powerful brain trust at our fingertips!Another key advantage is China's strong emphasis on education, particularly in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. From an early age, Chinese students are encouraged to excel in these subjects, with rigorous curriculums and a culture that values academic achievement. Many of the world's top universities are flooded with applications from Chinese students, eager to pursue careers in cutting-edge fields. With such a strong educational foundation,it's no wonder China is churning out so many talented scientists, engineers, and tech wizards!But that's not all! China's government has been a driving force behind the country's technological advancements. They have invested massive amounts of money into research and development, building state-of-the-art facilities and providing generous funding for groundbreaking projects. This unwavering support has allowed Chinese researchers and innovators to push the boundaries of what's possible, without being held back by financial constraints.Moreover, China's leadership has embraced aforward-thinking approach, recognizing the importance of staying ahead in the technology race. They have implemented policies and initiatives that encourage innovation, attract top talent from around the world, and foster collaboration between academia and industry. This synergy has created an environment where ideas can flourish and turn into real-world applications.Speaking of applications, let's talk about some of the incredible technological marvels that China has brought to the world. From advanced telecommunications networks andhigh-speed rail systems to cutting-edge artificial intelligence and quantum computing, Chinese innovations are transformingindustries and shaping the future. Who could have imagined that we'd be using mobile payment apps like WeChat Pay and Alipay to make transactions seamlessly, or that Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE would be leading the charge in 5G technology?But it's not just about tangible products and services. China's technological prowess has also manifested itself in groundbreaking scientific discoveries and space explorations. Chinese scientists have made significant contributions to fields like genetics, renewable energy, and materials science, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge. And let's not forget the awe-inspiring achievements of China's space program, with ambitious missions to the Moon and Mars, as well as the development of advanced satellite systems.Now, I know what you might be thinking – "But what about concerns over privacy, cybersecurity, and fair competition?" Well, those are valid points, and China, like any other country, has its fair share of challenges to overcome. But when it comes to technological advancement, the sheer scale of China's resources, talent pool, and unwavering commitment to innovation cannot be ignored.So, there you have it – a glimpse into the impressive advantages that have propelled China's technologicaljuggernaut. From a vast pool of brilliant minds to a strong educational system, government support, and aforward-thinking approach, China has all the ingredients to continue pushing the boundaries of what's possible. And who knows, maybe one day, a Chinese invention will change the world in ways we can't even imagine!篇4The Soaring Tech Dragon of ChinaDo you know which country is leading the world in awesome new technologies? It's China! The massive nation with over 1.4 billion people is making incredible leaps in science and innovation. From supercomputers to spacewalks, China is rapidly becoming a technological superpower. Let me tell you about some of China's biggest advantages driving this tech revolution.First off, the Chinese government is pouring tons of money and resources into developing cutting-edge technologies. They have set ambitious national goals to be world leaders in areas like artificial intelligence, quantum computing, biotechnology, and more. Billions upon billions of dollars are invested each year in research, building specialized labs and institutions, and training a new generation of top scientists and engineers. Withthis financial muscle, Chinese tech companies and researchers get access to phenomenal resources to push boundaries.Secondly, China has an extremely large workforce of skilled technology professionals. Every year, universities across China pump out over 1.6 million graduates with degrees in science, technology, engineering and math - that's way more than any other country! From this vast talent pool, the cream of the crop are recruited to work at major tech hubs like those in Shenzhen, Beijing and Shanghai. These well-educated and motivated professionals form formidable teams tackling complex technological challenges. Their numbers give China an incredible advantage.Another key factor is China's rapidly growing economy and huge consumer market. As more and more Chinese citizens join the middle class and have money to spend, it creates tremendous demand and financial incentives for companies to innovate. Hungry tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu and Huawei are investing massively to develop products and services for this large domestic market. But their ambitions extend far beyond too - these companies are expanding globally and going head-to-head with American tech titans. With over a billionpotential customers back home, Chinese firms have a solid launchpad.In strategic fields like 5G telecommunications networks, China is already leading implementation and building out infrastructure at a startling pace across the country. Mobile payments via smartphones is another area where China leapfrogged over older payment systems and is now the global frontrunner. In transportation, Chinese companies are pioneering electric vehicle technologies and starting to export these all over the world.So you see, with huge government funding, a vast pool of talented engineers and scientists, and an enormous domestic market driving innovation - China undoubtedly has key advantages propelling it towards becoming a world leader across many cutting-edge technology domains. The Asian dragon is truly taking flight in the era of advanced tech! Of course, some concerns remain about human rights and information control by the government. But from a capabilities perspective, there's no denying that China's formidable technological rise will have profound global impacts in the coming decades.篇5China's Big Tech BoomHi there! My name is Li Ming and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Today I want to tell you all about how China has become a world leader in technology. It's pretty amazing what my country has been able to do in a short period of time. We've gone from being behind the times to being at the cutting edge of innovation across many different tech fields. Let me break it down for you in three parts.The Rise of the Tech GiantsOne of China's biggest advantages is that we have these massive tech companies like Tencent, Alibaba, Baidu, and others that are world leaders. They are huge corporations with tons of money, super smart workers, and advanced research labs. Companies like Tencent with their WeChat app have made China the world's largest mobile payments market. And Alibaba with their online shopping websites like Taobao and Tmall make ordering anything as easy as a few taps on your phone.These Chinese tech giants are able to grow so quickly because they have a huge market right here at home. China is the world's most populous country with over 1.4 billion people. That's like having a captive market the size of the whole western hemisphere to develop and test new products and services on.With that kind of built-in user base, it's easier for them to attract investors, hire top talent, and develop cutting-edge tech compared to smaller companies in other countries.Another key advantage for our tech firms is that they operate in an environment with fewer regulations and more government support than their counterparts in places like the United States or Europe have to deal with. They are able to move fast and don't have as many rules holding them back from experimenting with new technologies like artificial intelligence, big data, facial recognition and more. The government is really gung-ho about developing our tech sector as it sees it as the key to modernizing our economy and increasing productivity.Leading in Emerging TechnologiesWhile American companies like Google, Apple, Microsoft and Amazon are still dominant in many older, established technologies, China is really making a name for itself by being at the forefront of many emerging and strategic tech areas. We are pouring huge resources into fields like artificial intelligence, 5G wireless communications, quantum computing, and electric vehicle manufacturing.For example, in AI, our tech firms and research institutions are leading the world in areas like computer vision, voicerecognition, and deep learning thanks to our huge population generating massive amounts of data to train AI systems. Chinese companies like SenseTime and Megvii are already way ahead of Western firms in deploying AI for tasks like facial recognition in public security cameras to help law enforcement identify criminals and catch bad guys.In 5G, we are the global leaders in rolling out the latest ultra-fast wireless networks thanks to major investments and Chinese companies like Huawei taking the lead in developing 5G networking equipment and smartphones. Soon we will be able to deliver super high-speed internet everywhere which will enable amazing new technologies and applications that weren't possible before.Another area where China is rapidly gaining ground is quantum technology. We are now among the world leaders in quantum communications, quantum computing and quantum sensing. Our "Jiuzhang" quantum computer is one of the most powerful in existence. Quantum tech has huge potential to create new materials, better batteries, more powerful computers and completely secure communications networks in the future.The Tech Talent PowerhouseFinally, I think one of China's core strengths that will ensure our continued leadership in technology for decades to come is our huge population of highly educated and skilled professionals in STEM fields. China is a global powerhouse when it comes to churning out scientists, engineers, mathematicians and technology experts.Each year, millions upon millions of motivated andhard-working students compete fiercely to attend our top universities to study cutting-edge fields like AI, robotics, computer science, data science and more. The sheer numbers of talented tech grads we produce dwarfs most other nations' yearly output, let alone the population of top-tier experts.Big tech companies and startups have an essentially limitless supply of capable engineers, programmers and technology workers to draw from. And not only are they very skilled, they also tend to be determined, hard-working, and loyal to their companies, willing to work very long hours and push themselves to the limit to drive innovation.And it's not just at the entry level - China has rapidly risen as a global center for highly trained scientists and researchers too who are making key breakthroughs. We now publish more scientific papers each year than any other nation. All of this toptech talent at every level, from the humble coder all the way up to world-class researchers, is a major core competitive advantage for China's continued technology dominance in the coming decades.In conclusion, between our technology titans like Tencent and Alibaba, our embracing of cutting-edge technologies like AI and quantum computing, and our huge pool of highly-educated and skilled tech talent, it's no wonder China is poised to be the dominant force in the industries and innovations that will shape the future. So watch out world - the Asian tech giant has arrived!篇6China's Technological StrengthChina is making huge strides in advancing its technological capabilities. As a student, I find this progress very exciting! There are several key advantages that are helping drive China's emergence as a global leader in technology.First and foremost, China has a massive population of over 1.4 billion people. This provides an enormous talent pool of bright minds to draw from in fields like engineering, computer science, and scientific research. With so many motivated and intelligent individuals pursuing education and careers intechnology, it's no surprise that China continues churning out cutting-edge innovations across various industries.Having a large population also means there is a vast domestic market for new technologies. Chinese tech companies can pilot and refine their products and services with the country's own 1.4 billion potential customers before expanding internationally. This built-in user base gives them a major competitive edge over foreign rivals. Top Chinese tech giants like Huawei, Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu are household names thanks to their domination of the domestic market.Another key advantage is the strong government support and national prioritization of technological development. China's leaders have identified emerging technologies like 5G, artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and renewable energy as critical areas for investment and strategic growth. Huge sums of money are being poured into research and providing incentives for companies on the cutting edge.China is already a global leader in some key technologies like 5G deployment, mobile payments, high-speed rail, renewable energy capacity, and fintech. Domestic juggernauts like ByteDance (TikTok's parent company) and DJI (the biggest civilian drone maker) are making their mark internationally aswell. With its robust satellite navigation system Beidou rivaling America's GPS, China is staking its claim as a major player in space technology too.The push for technological supremacy is driven by China's desire for economic strength, national security, and global influence. The Chinese government has laid out ambitious plans and directives to become a world leader across a wide range of technologies over the next decade or two. Key focus areas include artificial intelligence, quantum computing, integrated circuits, brain-computer interfaces, and biotechnology.While the United States still leads in many areas, China is rapidly closing the gap through its dedicated focus, massive talent pool, huge domestic market, and committed government backing. Engineers and scientists in China are working hard to innovate and achieve major breakthroughs. As a student, it's really exciting to witness this technological transformation happening in my country!Overall, China's massive population, government prioritization, domestic market strength, and national resolve surrounding technological development have provided a powerful spark. The country is rapidly emerging as an influential force driving innovation across industries globally. As itscapabilities grow, the world will increasingly look to China as a key hub for the latest advancements and applications of cutting-edge technologies.。

我的托福雅思必过雅思口语part3话题素材之科技开展支付宝、高铁等国人已经熟练使用的“创造之二〞与科技的开展息息相关，在雅思口语part3中，科技开展也是常考话题之一，和一起来看看科技开展的热门话题吧~Ideas and academic words:I. TechnologyAdvanced science and technologyEye-catching developmentEver-accelerated updating ofscience technologyThe globalized and urbanizedeconomySymbol of human progressImprovement of earth environmentTurn deserts into forestland andtillable fieldsExploit the natural resources inthe oceanTake measures to mitigate theproblems of environment deteriorationDeveloping countries/ developedcountriesII. Computer InternetConvey information convenientlyand efficientlyWidely applied in human lifeAnother way of readingFull range of updated information-Large storing capacityTime and money consumingHard to ensure enough private andindividual spaceBe addicted to the netsurfing orcomputer gamesInfected with virus easilyImpaired physical and mentalhealth by radiation and so onHarmful to eyesightUnable to take notes while readingon the internetAccelerate the flow ofinformationIndulged inLarge quantities of informationE-commerceInformation highway。

各国对科技的看法英语作文As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, different countries have different views on the role of technology in their societies. Some countries embrace technology as a means to drive progress and innovation, while others are more cautious and skeptical of its potential impact.In the United States, technology is often seen as atool for economic growth and competitiveness. The country has a long history of innovation and entrepreneurship, and many of the most successful tech companies in the world are based in the US. The government has also invested heavilyin research and development, particularly in areas like artificial intelligence and robotics. However, there are also concerns about the impact of technology on jobs and the economy, and some worry that the US is too reliant on a handful of powerful tech companies.China, on the other hand, has made technology a centralpart of its economic strategy. The government has invested heavily in areas like 5G networks, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology, and has encouraged the growth of homegrown tech companies like Huawei and Tencent. Many Chinese people are proud of the country's technological achievements and see them as a symbol of national strength and progress. However, there are also concerns about the government's use of technology to monitor and control its citizens, and some worry about the potential for a "tech cold war" between China and the US.In Europe, there is a more nuanced view of technology. Many European countries have strong traditions of social welfare and environmental protection, and are wary of the potential negative impacts of technology on these values. At the same time, there is recognition that technology can be a powerful tool for addressing societal challenges like climate change and inequality. European countries also tend to be more skeptical of the power of big tech companies, and have taken a more aggressive approach to regulating them.In Japan, technology is seen as a means to address the country's demographic challenges. With an aging population and declining birthrate, the government sees technology asa way to increase productivity and maintain economic growth. The country has a long history of technological innovation, particularly in areas like robotics and automation. However, there are also concerns about the impact of technology on social cohesion and the traditional Japanese way of life.In developing countries, the view of technology isoften more focused on its potential to address basic needs like healthcare, education, and access to information. Many countries see technology as a means to leapfrog traditional development pathways and accelerate progress. However,there are also concerns about the "digital divide" between rich and poor countries, and the potential for technologyto exacerbate existing inequalities.In conclusion, different countries have different views on technology, reflecting their unique histories, cultures, and values. While technology has the potential to drive progress and innovation, it also raises important ethical,social, and economic questions that must be carefully considered and addressed. Ultimately, the role of technology in society will depend on how it is developed, deployed, and regulated, and on the values and priorities of different countries and communities.。

高中英语阅读理解高难度单项选择题50题1. The passage mainly discusses the recent advancements in artificial intelligence and its potential impact on various industries. However, it fails to mention the challenges in implementing this technology in developing countries. What can be inferred from the text?A. Artificial intelligence has no challenges in developed countries.B. The impact of artificial intelligence is limited to certain industries.C. Developing countries are not ready for the application of artificial intelligence.D. The passage does not provide enough information about the challenges in developing countries.答案：D。

本题考查对文章的推理判断。

A 选项说法错误，文中未提及发达国家人工智能有无挑战；B 选项与原文不符，文中未说人工智能影响只局限于某些行业；C 选项文中未给出相关内容；D 选项正确，文中确实没有提供关于发展中国家相关挑战的足够信息。

2. A scientific research team has discovered a new species of plant ina remote rainforest. The plant has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other known species. Which of the following is NOT a possible reason for the discovery of this new species?A. Advanced technology for exploration.B. Increased deforestation leading to exposure.C. Intensive studies in biodiversity.D. Random chance during a routine expedition.答案：B。

中国在技术发展方面的优势英语作文China's Amazing Tech Power!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about the awesome technology that my country China is working on. China is becoming a total tech superpower and I'm really proud of all the cool innovations we are making.First off, let me tell you about China's push into artificial intelligence or AI. AI is like super smart computer brains that can think and learn almost like humans. China has some of the best AI scientists and companies in the world. We are the leaders in things like facial recognition software that can identify people from pictures or videos. Our AI is used a lot for security to help catch bad guys. China also rules when it comes to voice recognition AI that can understand the human voice and languages like Chinese.Another area where China is a technology master is 5G mobile networks. 5G is the latest ultra fast cell phone network that lets you stream videos, play games, and browse the internet at lightning speeds from anywhere. China jumped out ahead of most countries in rolling out 5G across our major cities. Companies like Huawei are global leaders in 5G infrastructureand equipment. With 5G, we can connect more devices to these superfast networks to enable smart cities, self-driving cars, and the Internet of Things.Speaking of the Internet of Things, that's another area of tech where China shines. The Internet of Things is about connecting everyday objects like fridges, lights, watches and more to the internet through sensors and chips. China is a manufacturing powerhouse, so we are taking the lead in producing smart home appliances, wearable devices, and other cool connected gadgets. Companies like Xiaomi make incredibly affordable but high-tech phones, smart watches, and robot vacuum cleaners that WiFi right into your smart home system.Renewable energy is another field where Chinese tech companies are rocking it. We are the world's largest producer of solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicle batteries. Companies like Trina Solar are leaders in photovoltaic cells that turn sunlight into electricity. China also makes a ton of thehigh-tech components that go into solar farms and wind energy plants around the globe. Our push into renewables is helping protect the environment too!When it comes to advanced transit, China is deploying some mind-blowing transportation tech across our cities as well. Wehave bucket-loads of electric vehicles on the roads, fromeco-friendly buses to hot electric cars like those made by Nio. But even cooler are/is(?) the development of cutting-edgehigh-speed rail networks to connect major cities with trains that can reach over 350 km/h! Shanghai even has a super-advanced Maglev train line that uses powerful magnetic levitation to glide at crazy speeds.Aerospace is the next big frontier, and China is making huge strides in space exploration tech. Our astronauts have been visiting our brand new Tiangong space station that we assembled in orbit. We also landed robot rovers on the dark side of the Moon, which was a world first! Coming up, China is aiming to launch a historic crewed mission to Mars by the end of this decade and bring back soil samples. We are investing tons into R&D for new rockets, satellites, landers and more. The sky is definitely not the limit!One area that makes me particularly proud is China's advances in technology to help people. We are a global leader in medical robots and machines that can assist doctors and nurses. The amazing Da Vinci robot helps surgeons operate with tiny instruments to make procedures less invasive. Our scientists also use gene sequencing technology to map DNA and developtreatments for diseases. Growing up, I want to be part of this booming biotech sector that is extending lives and curing the sick.While I've mentioned a bunch of serious high-tech fields, China's gaming and entertainment technologies rock too! We have massively popular titles like Honor of Kings that hundreds of millions play. Our gamers compete in huge esports tournaments showcasing the best graphics and multiplayer experiences. Chinese filmmakers are pioneering new ways to capture mind-blowing visual effects using motion capture rigs, CGI rendering and advanced video editing software. The movie-viewing experience is also being transformed by amazing VR/AR headsets developed by Chinese companies for the ultimate in immersion into virtual worlds.With all this incredible technological progress, it's no surprise that China's private tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, and Baidu are real titans on the global stage now. These companies are just as innovative as American counterparts like Google, Amazon or Apple. In fact, Chinese tech companies excel in areas like mobile payments, ecommerce and digital finance. China is really at the forefront of amazing new financialtechnologies or "fintech" that make things like banking, investing and shopping so much easier.I could go on and on, but I've hopefully given you a glimpse into how China's technological capabilities are becomingworld-class acrossalmost every domain. From artificial intelligence and renewables to aerospace, biotech and more, we are a force to be reckoned with in the global technology race. My generation is being raised immersed in all this incredible innovation happening around us. It's normal for us to have super smart tech assisting us in every aspect of our lives.The future is being created through the tools we develop today. China is taking its rightful place as one of the great leaders in driving progress through ambitious research, investment and implementation of cutting-edge technologies. We are no longer just an economy that manufactures products dreamed up elsewhere. Chinese companies, universities and labs are birthing whole new fields and industries that didn't even exist a decade ago. This tech revolution is just getting started.Who knows what will be possible with the unleashing of Chinese technological creativity combined with our hard work, discipline and determination to be pioneers? The 21st century could very well belong to China when it comes to achievingbreakthroughs that transform our world in wildly unexpected ways. As for me, I can't wait to see what future Chinese innovations will make possible and hopefully contribute to that process someday. The sky's the limit, or should I say the cosmos is the limit! China's reachalready extends into outer space and will go even farther thanks to our techsavviness. Watch out world, here we come!。

Issue 8──科技类“For hundreds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in technology, the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations, or reading.“几百年来，大多数国家的货币制度建立在金属硬币和打印的纸币的交换的基础之上。

但是，因为最近技术的发展，国际共同体应该考虑将整个硬币和纸币的系统用存款和贷款的电子帐目系统取代。

”1.Intangible currencies are more convenient than its predecessor.2.Tangible currencies are safer than its counterparts.3.It is too extreme to let the electronic system replace the tangible systementirely. We can let they two coexist.Optional words:Thesis sentence: while electronic currencies enjoy their own merits, it still can not replace the entire system of tangible currencies.View1: convenient, efficient and easy to carry are the exclusive advantages of electronic currencies.Evidence:View2:tangible currencies such as coin and paper has its own merits and special functions that could not be replaced by electronic currencies.Evidence: merits: more reliable, more efficient in small sum transaction, more systematically safe; function: collectionThe prospect of converting the world’s monetary system of metal coins and printed paper into a computerized system of credits and debits is intriguing. Opponents of the i dea regard a digital economy as a dangerous step toward a totalitarian society in which an elite class dominates an information-starved lower class. My view, however, is that conversion to a digital economy has far-reaching economic and social virtues that outweigh the potential risk of misuse by a political elite.economy as the next logical step toward a global system of free trade and competition. Herein lies the main virtue of a digitalde would enjoy a broader range of goods at more competitive prices.In addition, a digital economy would afford customers added convenience, while at the same time saving money for businesses. be simple, fast, and secure. There would be no need to carry cash and no need for cashiers to collect it. A goodpay and go” gasoline pump used at many service stations today. Using these pumps saves time for the customer and saves money for the business.A third benefit of such a system is its potential to eliminate illegal monetary transactions. Traffickers of illegal arms and drugs, dealers all rely on tangible currency to conduct their activities. By eliminating hard currency, illegal transactions such as these woul d be much easier to track and record. As a result, illegal monetary transactions could be virtually eliminated. A related benefit would be the ability to thwart taxevasion by collecting tax revenues on transactions that otherwise would not be recorded.To sum up, I think it would be a good idea to convert current monetary systems into a system of electronic accounts. The economic benefits, convenience and savings afforded by such a system, along with the potential to reduce crime, far outweigh the remote loss of a significant social or political shift toward totalitarianism.A. It is unfeasible because of the unbalanced development of the technology in specific nations and around the world. It is true that in many developed countries particularly in those metropolitan cities, modern banking systems and the Internet make electronic transaction possible and benefit both individuals and business. However, still in many rural areas, people cannot have access to the modern banking systems neither the Internet. In addition, this kind of modern facilities are still rare in many developing nations around the world such as in Asia, and Africa. Replacing the entire monetary system worldwide will definitely cause chaos.B. It is unfeasible also because a large number of people are not ready for this change. For one thing, no matter in developed or developing countries, many people are used to the current monetary, which has been used for a long time; therefore, they feel reluctant to the switch to the new one. For another, the new system required users to have certain knowledge and skills particularly for those who use the Internet to do electronic transitions. However, it is not an easy job to ask the elderly to learn new technology, neither to ask those who live in those poor countries because they even do not have the modern facilities to learn.C. the new system make the transition much easier and save people a lot of time.。

湖南科技大学智能控制理论论文姓名：_____________ 学院：_____________ 班级：_____________ 学号：_____________Intelligent Traffic Signal Control Using Wireless SensorNetworksAbstractThe growing vehicle population in all developing and developed countries calls for a major change in the existing traffic signaling systems. The most widely used automated system uses simple timer based operation which is inefficient for non-uniform traffic. Adv anced automated systems in testing use image processing techniques or advanced com munication systems in vehicles to communicate with signals and ask for routing. This mig ht not be implementable in developing countries as they prove to be complex and expens ive. The concept proposed in this paper involves use of wireless sensor networks to sens e presence of traffic near junctions and hence route the traffic based on traffic density in t he desired direction. This system does not require any system in vehicles so can be impl emented in any traffic system easily. This system uses wireless sensor networks technol ogy to sense vehicles and a microcontroller based routing algorithm for traffic managem ent.Keywords:Intelligent traffic signals, intelligent routing, smart signals, wireless sensornetworks.INTRODUCTIONThe traffic density is escalating at an alarming rate in developing countries which c alls for the need of intelligent traffic signals to replace the conventional manual and timer based systems. Experimental systems in existence involve image processing based dens ity identification for routing of traffic which might be inefficient in situations like fog, rain or dust. The other conceptual system which is based on interaction of vehicles with traffic si gnals and each other require hardware modification on each vehicle and cannot be practi cally implemented in countries like India which have almost 100 million vehicles on road[1]. The system proposed here involves localized traffic routing for each intersection based on wireless sensor networks. The proposed system has a central controller at every jun ction which receives data from tiny wireless sensor nodes placed on the road. The sensor nodeshave sensors that can detect the presence of vehicle and the transmitter wirelessly trans mits the traffic density to the central controller. The controller makes use of the proposed algorithm to find ways to regulate traffic efficiently.THE NEED FOR AN ALTERNATE SYSTEMThe most prevalent traffic signaling system in developing countries is the timer based system. This system involves a predefined time setting for each road at an int ersection. While this might prove effective for light traffic, heavy traffic requires an adaptiv e system that will work based on the density of traffic on each road. The first system prop osed for adaptive signaling was based on digital image processing techniques. This syste m works based on the captured visual input from the roads and processing them to find w hich road has dense traffic. This system fails during environmental interaction like rain or fog. Also this system in testing does not prove efficient. The advanced system in testing a t Pittsburgh [2] involves signals communicating with each other and also with the vehicles . The proposed system does not require a network between signals and vehicles and is a standalone system at each intersection.THE PROPOSED SYSTEMThis paper presents the concept of intelligent traffic routing using wireless sensor networks. The primary elements of this system are the sensor nodes or motes consi sting of sensors and a transmitter. The sensors interact with the physical environment while the transmitter pages the sensor’s data to the central controller. This system involves t he 4 x 2 array of sensor nodes in each road. This signifies 4 levels of traffic and 2 lanes i n each road. The sensors are ultrasonic or IR based optical sensors which transmits stat us based on presence of vehicle near it. The sensor nodes transmit at specified time inter vals via ZigBee protocol to the central controller placed at every intersection. The controll er receives the signal and computes which road and which lane has to be given green sig nal based on the density of traffic. The controller makes use of the discussed algorithm to perform the intelligent traffic routing.COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN THE SYSTEMThe proposed system involves wireless sensor networks which are comprised of t hree basic components: the sensor nodes or motes, power source and a central controlle r. The motes in turn are comprised of Sensors and transceiver module. The sensors sens e the vehicles at intersections and transceiver transmit the sensor’s data to the central co ntroller through a wireless medium. The Power source provides the power needed for the sensor nodes and is mostly regenerative. The central controller performs all the computa tions for the sensor networks. The controller receives the input from all sensors and proc esses simultaneously to make the required decisions.A.SensorsSensors are hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in a physical condition like temperature or pressure. Sensors measure physical data of the parameter to be monitored. The continual analog signal produced by the sensors is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for further processing. A sen sor node should be small in size, consume extremely low energy, operate in high volumet ric densities, be autonomous and operate unattended, and be adaptive to the environme nt. As wireless sensor nodes are typically very small electronic devices, they can only be equipped with a limited power source of less than 0.5-2 ampere-hour and 1.2-3.7 volts. S ensors are classified into three categories: passive Omni-directional sensors; passive nar row-beam sensors; and active sensors [3].The sensors are implemented in this system placed beneath the roads in an intersec tion or on the lane dividers on each road. The sensors are active obstacle detectors that detect the presence of vehicles in their vicinity. The sensors are set in four levels on each road signifying four levels of traffic from starting from the STOP line. The fourth level indi cates high density traffic and signifies higher priority for the road to the controller. The se nsors required for obstacle detection can be either ultrasonic or Infrared LASER based s ensors for better higher efficiency.B. MotesA mote, also known as a sensor node is a node in a wireless sensor network that i s capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communica ting with other connected nodes in the network. The main components of a sensor node are a microcontroller, transceiver, external memory, power source and one or more sens ors [3].C. Need for MotesThe primary responsibility of a Mote is to collect information from the various distrib uted sensors in any area and to transmit the collected information to the central controller for processing. Any type of sensors can be incorporated with these Motes based on the r equirements. It is a completely new paradigm for distributed sensing and it opens up a fa scinating new way to look at sensor networks.D. Advantages of MotesThe core of a mote is a small, low-cost, low-power controller.The controller monitors one or more sensors. It is easy to interface all sorts of sensors, including sensors for temperature, light, sound, position, acceleration, vibrat ion, stress, weight, pressure, humidity, etc. with the mote.The controller connects to the central controller with a radio link. The most comm on radio links allow a mote to transmit at a distance of about 3 to 61 meters. Power cons umption, size and cost are the barriers to longer distances. Since a fundamental concept with motes is tiny size and associated tiny cost, small and low-power radios are normal.As motes shrink in size and power consumption, it is possible to imagine solar power or even something exotic like vibration power to keep them running. It is hard to imagine something as small and innocuous as a mote sparking a revolution, but that's exactly what they have done.Motes are also easy to program, either by using serial or Ethernet cable to conne ctto the programming board or by using Over the Air Programming (OTAP).E. TransceiversSensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which gives free radio, spectrum allocation and global availability. The possible choices of wireless transmission medi a are radio frequency (RF), optical communication and infrared. Lasers require less ener gy, but need line-of-sight for communication and are sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Infrared, like lasers, needs no antenna but it is limited in its broadcasting capacity. Radiofrequency-based communication is the most relevant that fits most ofthe WSN applications. WSNs tend to use license-free communication frequencies: 173, 4 33, 868, and 915 MHz; and 2.4 GHz. The functionality of bothtransmitter and receiver are combined into a single deviceknown as a transceiver [3].To bring about uniqueness in transmitting and receiving toany particular device vari ous protocols/algorithms are devised. The Motes are often are often provided with powerf ul transmitters and receivers collectively known as transceivers for better long range oper ation and also toachieve better quality of transmission/reception in any environmental co nditions.F. Power SourceThe sensor node consumes power for sensing, communicating and dataprocessing. More energy is required for data communication than any other process. Power is stored either in batteries or capacitors. Batteries, both rechargeable and non-re chargeable, are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes. Current sensors are able to renew their energy from solar sources, temperature differences, or vibration. Two power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic Voltag e Scaling (DVS). DPM conserves power by shutting down parts of the sensor node which are not currently used or active. A DVS scheme varies the power levels within the senso r node depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with th e frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.G. Tmote SkyTmote Sky is an ultra low power wireless module for use in sensor networks,monitoring applications, and rapid application prototyping. Tmote Sky leverages indu stry standards like USB and IEEE802.15.4 to interoperate seamlessly with other devices. By using industry standards, integrating humidity, temperature, and light sensors, and pr oviding flexible interconnection with peripherals, Tmote Sky enables a wide range of mes h network applications [4]. The TMote is one of the most commonly used motes in wirele ss sensor technology. Any type of sensor can be used in combination with this type of mo te.Tmote Sky features the Chipcon CC2420 radio for wireless communications. The CC2420 is an IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio providing the PHY and some MAC function s [5]. With sensitivity exceeding the IEEE 802.15.4 specification and low power operation, the CC2420 provides reliable wireless communication. The CC2420 is highly configurabl e for many applications with the default radio settings providing IEEE 802.15.4 complianc e. ZigBee specifications can be implemented using the built-in wireless transmitter in the Tmote Sky.H. Tmote Key Features• 250kbps 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 Chipcon Wireless Transceiver• Interoperability with other IEEE 802.15.4 devices.• 8MHz Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller (10k RAM, 48k Flash Memory) • Integrated ADC, DAC, Supply Voltage Supervisor, and DMA Controller • Integrate d onboard antenna with 50m range indoors / 125m range outdoors • Integrated Humidity , Temperature, and Light sensors • Ultra low current consumption • Fast wakeup fromsleep (<6μs)• Hardware link-layer encryption and authentication • Programming and data collec tion via USB• 16-pin expansion support and optional SMA antenna connector• TinyOS support : mesh networking and communication implementation • Compli es with FCC Part 15 and Industry Canada regulations • Environmentally friendly – compl ies with RoHS regulations [4].I. ZigBee Wireless TechnologyZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal ar ea networks [6] [7]. ZigBee devices are often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant o nes.This allows ZigBee networks to be formed ad-hoc, with no centralized control or high -power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the devices. Any ZigBee device can be tas ked with running the network. ZigBee is targeted at applications that require a low data ra te, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250kbps, best s uited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmissionfrom a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems, and other consumer and ind ustrial equipment that requires short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates . The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less e xpensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth.J. Types of ZigBee Devices ZigBee devices are of three types:ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the Coordinator forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one Zig Bee Coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally. It stores information about the network, including acting as the Trust Center & repository for security keys. The ZigBee Coordinator the central controller is in this system.ZigBee Router (ZR): In addition to running an application function, a device can act as an intermediate router, passing on data from other devices.ZigBee End Device (ZED): It contains just enough functionality to talk to theparent node. It cannot relay data from other devices. This relationship allows the no de to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. A ZED re quires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to manufacture t han a ZR or ZC.K. ZigBee ProtocolsThe protocols build on recent algorithmic research to automatically construct a low-s peed ad-hoc network of nodes. In most large network instances, the network will be a clu ster of clusters. It can also form a mesh or a single cluster. The current ZigBee protocols support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks. In non-beacon-enabled networks, an un-slotted CSMA/CA channel access mechanism is used. In this type of network, ZigBee Routers typically have their receivers continuously active, requiring a more robust power supply. However, this allows for heterogeneous networks in which some devices receive continuously, while others only transmit when an external stimulus is detected. In beacon-enabled networks, the special network nodes called ZigBee Routers transmit periodic be acons to confirm their presence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep between beac ons, thus lowering their duty cycle and extending their battery life. Beacon intervals depe nd on data rate; they may range from 15.36ms to 251.65824s at 250 kbps. In general, th e ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on, so as to reduce power use. In beac oning networks, nodes only need to be active while a beacon is being transmitted. In non -beacon-enabled networks, power consumption is decidedly asymmetrical: some devices are always active, while others spend most of their time sleeping.V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM A. Basic AlgorithmConsider a left side driving system (followed in UK, Australia, India, Malaysia and 72 other countries). This system can be modified for right side driving system (USA, Canada , UAE, Russia etc.) quite easily. Also consider a junction of four roads numbered as node 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Traffic flows from each node to three other nodes with varied densities. Consider road 1 now given green signal in all directions.1)Free left turn for all roads (free right for right side driving system).2)Check densities at all other nodes and retrieve data from strip sensors.3) Compare the data and compute the highest density.4) Allow the node with highest density for 60sec.5)Allowed node waits for 1 time slot for its turn again and the process is repeated f rom step 3.B. Advanced AlgorithmAssume road three is currently given green to all directions. All left turns are always f ree. No signals/sensors for left lane. Each road is given a time slot of maximum 60 secon ds at a time. This time can be varied depending on the situation of implementation. Consi der 4 levels of sensors Ax, Bx, Cx, Dx with A having highest priority and x representing roads 1 to 4. Also consider 3 lanes of traffic: Left (L), Middle (M) and Right(R) correspondin g to the direction of traffic. Since leftturn is free, Left lanes do not require sensors. So sensors form 4x2 arrays with 4 levels of traffic and 2 lanes and are named MAx, RAx, MBx, RBx and so on and totally 32 sensor s are employed.The following flow represents the sequence of operation done by the sign al.1) Each sensor transmits the status periodically to the controller. 2) Controller recei ves the signals and computes the following3) The sensors Ax from each road having highest priority are compared. 4) If a sin gle road has traffic till Ax, it is given green signal in the next time slot. 5) If multiple road s have traffic till Ax, the road waiting for the longest duration is given the green.6) Once a road is given green, its waiting time is reset and its sensor status is negle cted for that time slot7) If traffic in middle lane, green is given for straight direction, based on traffic, either right side neighbor is given green for right direction, of opposite road is give green for str aight direction.8) If traffic in right lane, green is given for right, and based on traffic, left side neighb or is given green for straight or opposite is given green for right.9) Similar smart decisions are incorporated in the signal based on traffic density and directional traffic can be controlled.C. Implementation and RestrictionsThis system can be implemented by just placing the sensor nodes beneath the road or on lane divider and interfacing the central controller to the existing signal lights and co nnecting the sensor nodes to the controller via the proposed wireless protocol. The only r estriction for implementing the system is taking the pedestrians into consideration. This h as to be visualized for junctions with heavy traffic such as highway intersections and amo unt of pedestrians is very less. Also major intersections have underground or overhead fo otpaths to avoid interaction of pedestrians with heavy traffic.ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe Authors would like to take this opportunity to thank Ms. P. Sasikala, Assistant Pr ofessor, ECE department, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, wh o gave the basic insight into the field of Wireless Sensor Networks. We also thank Mrs. G . Padmavathi, Associate Professor, ECE department, Sri Venkateswara College of Engin eering, Sriperumbudur, who with her expertise in the field of networks advised and guide d on practicality of the concept and provided helpful ideas for future modifications. We als o express our gratitude to Dr. S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan, Head of the department of ECE, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, who supports us for every inn ovative project and encourages us “think beyond” for better use of technology. And finall y we express our heart filled gratitude to Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, which has been the knowledge house for our education and introduced us to the field of Engine ering and supports us for working on various academic projects.Adaptive urban traffic controlAdaptive signal control systems must have a capability to optimise the traffic flow by adjusting the traffic signals based on current traffic. All used traffic signal control methods are based on feed-back algorithms using traffic demand data -varying from years to a co uple of minutes - in the past. Current adaptive systems often operate on the basis of ada ptive green phases and flexible co-ordination in (sub)networks based on measured traffic conditions (e.g., UTOPIA-spot,SCOOT). These methods are still not optimal where traffic demand changes rapidly within a short time interval. The basic premise is that existing si gnal plan generation tools make rational decisions about signal plans under varying condi tions; but almost none of the current available tools behave pro-actively or have meta-rul es that may change behaviour of the controller incorporated into the system. The next log ical step for traffic control is the inclusion of these meta-rules and pro active and goal-orie nted behaviour. The key aspects of improved control, for which contributions from artificia l intelligence and artificial intelligent agents can be expected, include the capability of dea ling with conflicting objectives; the capability of making pro-active decisions on the basis of temporal analysis; the ability of managing, learning, self adjusting and responding to n on-recurrent and unexpected events (Ambrosino et al.., 1994).What are intelligent agentsAgent technology is a new concept within the artificial intelligence (AI). The agent pa radigm in AI is based upon the notion of reactive, autonomous, internally-motivated entiti es that inhabit dynamic, not necessarily fully predictable environments (Weiss, 1999). Aut onomy is the ability to function as an independent unit over an extended period of time, performing a variety of actions necessary to achieve pre-designated objectives while respo nding to stimuli produced by integrally contained sensors (Ziegler, 1990). Multi-Agent Sys tems can be characterised by the interaction of many agents trying to solve a variety of pr oblems in a co-operative fashion. Besides AI, intelligent agents should have some additio nal attributes to solve problems by itself in real-time; understand information; have goals and intentions; draw distinctions between situations; generalise; synthesise new concept s and / or ideas; model the world they operate in and plan and predict consequences of a ctions and evaluate alternatives. The problem solving component of an intelligent agent c an be a rule-based system but can also be a neural network or a fuzzy expert system. It may be obvious that finding a feasible solution is a necessity for an agent. Often local opt ima in decentralised systems, are not the global optimum. This problem is not easily solv ed. The solution has to be found by tailoring the interaction mechanism or to have a supe rvising agent co-ordinating the optimisation process of the other agents.Intelligent agents in UTC,a helpful paradigmAgent technology is applicable in different fields within UTC. The ones most importa nt mentioning are: information agents, agents for traffic simulation and traffic control. Curr ently, most applications of intelligent agents are information agents. They collect informati on via a network. With special designed agents user specific information can be provided . In urban traffic these intelligent agents are useable in delivering information about weath er, traffic jams, public transport, route closures, best routes, etc. to the user via a Person al Travel Assistant. Agent technology can also be used for aggregating data for further di stribution. Agents and multi agent systems are capable of simulating complex systems for traffic simulation. These systems often use one agent for every traffic participant (in a si milar way as object oriented programs often use objects). The application of agents in (Ur ban) Traffic Control is the one that has our prime interest. Here we ultimately want to use agents for pro-active traffic light control with on-line optimisation. Signal plans then will be determined based on predicted and measured detector data and will be tuned with adjoi ning agents. The most promising aspects of agent technology, the flexibility and pro-activ e behaviour, give UTC the possibility of better anticipation of traffic. Current UTC is not th at flexible, it is unable to adjust itself if situations change and can't handle un-programme d situations. Agent technology can also be implemented on several different control layer s. This gives the advantage of being close to current UTC while leaving considerable free dom at the lower (intersection) level.Designing agent based urban traffic control systemsThe ideal system that we strive for is a traffic control system that is based on actuate d traffic controllers and is able to pro actively handle traffic situations and handling the diff erent, sometimes conflicting, aims of traffic controllers. The proposed use of the concept of agents in this research is experimental.Assumptions and considerations on agent based urban traffic controlThere are three aspects where agent based traffic control and -management can im prove current state of the art UTC systems:- Adaptability. Intelligent agents are able to adapt its behaviour and can learn from e arlier situations.- Communication. Communication makes it possible for agents to co-operate and tune signal plans.- Pro-active behaviour. Due to the pro active behaviour traffic control systems are abl e to plan ahead.To be acceptable as replacement unit for current traffic control units, the system sho uld perform the same or better than current systems. The agent based UTC will require o n-line and pro-active reaction on changing traffic patterns. An agent based UTC should b e demand responsive as well as adaptive during all stages and times. New methods for tr affic control and traffic prediction should be developed as current ones do not suffice and cannot be used in agent technology. The adaptability can also be divided in several differ ent time scales where the system may need to handle in a different way (Rogier, 1999): - gradual changes due to changing traffic volumes over a longer period of time, - abr upt changes due to changing traffic volumes over a longer period of time, - abrupt, temporal, changes due to changing traffic volumes over a short period of ti me,- abrupt, temporal, changes due to prioritised traffic over a short period of timeOne way of handling the balance between performance and complexity is the use of a hierarchical system layout. We propose a hierarchy of agents where every agent is res ponsible for its own optimal solution, but may not only be influenced by adjoining agents but also via higher level agents. These agents have the task of solving conflicts between l ower level agents that they can't solve. This represents current traffic control implementat ions and idea's. One final aspect to be mentioned is the robustness of agent based syste ms (if all communication fails the agent runs on, if the agent fails a fixed program can beexecuted.To be able to keep our first urban traffic control model as simple as possible we have made the following assumptions: we limit ourselves to inner city traffic control (road seg ments, intersections, corridors), we handle only controlled intersections with detectors (int ensity and speed) at all road segments, we only handle cars and we use simple rule base s for knowledge representation.Types of agents in urban intersection controlAs we divide the system in several, recognisable, parts we define the following 4 typ es of agents:- Roads are represented by special road segment agents (RSA), - Controlled intersections are represented by intersection agents (ITSA), - For specifi c, defined, areas there is an area agent (higher level),- For specific routes there can be route agents, that spans several adjoining road se gments (higher level).We have not chosen for one agent per signal. This may result in a more simple soluti on but available traffic control programs do not fit in that kind of agent. We deliberately ch oose a more complex agent to be able to use standard traffic control design algorithms a nd programs. The idea still is the optimisation on a local level (intersection), but with local and global control. Therefor we use area agents and route agents. All communication ta kes place between neighbouring agents and upper and lower level ones.Design of our agent based systemThe essence of a, demand responsive and pro-active agent based UTC consists of s everal ITSA's (InTerSection Agent).,some authority agents (area and route agents) and o。

2025届高考英语写作素材积累之青少年科技创新词汇句型清单一、词汇1. Innovation / Technological Innovation：科技创新2. Teenager / Youth：青少年3. Science and Technology：科学技术4. Creativity：创造力5. Invention：发明6. Discovery：发现7. Research and Development (R&D)：研发8. Advanced Technology：先进技术9. Digital Technology：数字技术10. Artificial Intelligence (AI)：人工智能11. Robotics：机器人技术12. Biotechnology：生物技术13. Nanotechnology：纳米技术14. Renewable Energy：可再生能源15. Smart Device：智能设备16. Coding：编程17. Experiment：实验18. Innovation Ability：创新能力19. Problem-solving Skills：解决问题的能力20. Critical Thinking：批判性思维21. Curiosity：好奇心22. Perseverance：毅力23. Teamwork：团队合作24. Leadership：领导力25. Future-oriented：面向未来的二、句型1. Teenagers play a crucial role in driving technological innovation.青少年在推动科技创新方面发挥着至关重要的作用。

2. Encouraging teenagers' interest in science and technology is essential for fostering innovation.鼓励青少年对科学技术的兴趣对于培养创新至关重要。

有介绍国科技的英语作文Here is an English essay with a topic of "Introduction to National Science and Technology" with more than 1000 words:Science and technology have been at the forefront of human progress, driving advancements in various fields and revolutionizing the way we live our lives. In this essay, we will explore the significant role that national science and technology play in shaping the future of a country and its citizens.Firstly, the development of national science and technology is crucial for a country's economic growth and competitiveness. Investments in research and development (R&D) have consistently shown to yield substantial returns, leading to the creation of innovative products, services, and technologies that can be commercialized and exported. This, in turn, generates employment opportunities, increases productivity, and enhances a nation's overall standard of living.Moreover, advancements in science and technology have the potential to address pressing global challenges, such as climate change, sustainable energy, and public health. Many countries have made significant strides in these areas, developing renewable energysolutions, advancing medical research, and implementing cutting-edge technologies to mitigate environmental damage. By fostering a culture of innovation and scientific exploration, nations can position themselves as leaders in addressing these critical issues, ultimately contributing to the betterment of humanity.One of the key pillars of national science and technology is the education system. Governments around the world have recognized the importance of investing in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education, ensuring that the next generation is equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in the rapidly evolving technological landscape. This includes promoting science education from an early age, providing access to state-of-the-art laboratories and research facilities, and encouraging collaboration between academic institutions and industry.In addition to formal education, national science and technology initiatives often involve partnerships with the private sector, research institutions, and international organizations. These collaborations facilitate the sharing of knowledge, resources, and best practices, enabling the cross-pollination of ideas and the acceleration of technological advancements. By fostering an environment of cooperation and open dialogue, countries can leverage their collective expertise to tackle complex challenges and drive sustainable progress.Another essential aspect of national science and technology is the development of robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. This includes the construction of advanced research facilities, the establishment of high-speed communication networks, and the deployment of cutting-edge technologies in various sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and agriculture. Investing in this infrastructure not only enhances a country's competitiveness but also improves the quality of life for its citizens by providing access to essential services and resources.Furthermore, the success of national science and technology initiatives is closely tied to the presence of strong regulatory frameworks and policies that encourage innovation, protect intellectual property rights, and ensure ethical and responsible practices. Governments play a crucial role in creating an environment that supports and incentivizes scientific and technological advancements, while also addressing concerns related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and the responsible use of emerging technologies.Lastly, the impact of national science and technology extends beyond economic and technological progress. It also contributes to a country's soft power and global influence, as advancements in these areas can enhance a nation's international reputation, cultural appeal,and diplomatic influence. Countries that are recognized as leaders in science and technology often enjoy increased opportunities for international collaboration, educational exchanges, and cultural exchanges, further strengthening their global standing.In conclusion, the role of national science and technology in shaping the future of a country and its citizens is undeniable. From driving economic growth and addressing global challenges to fostering innovation and strengthening global influence, the strategic investment and development of science and technology have become essential pillars of modern nation-building. As we continue to navigate the rapidly evolving technological landscape, the countries that prioritize the advancement of science and technology will be poised to lead the way in creating a better, more sustainable, and more prosperous future for all.。