武汉大学金融专业英语参考知识点整理

名词解释：Credit refers to a behavior of borrowing and lending with the feature of repayment of the principals plus interests . Financial markets refer to the whole of the places and activities of the financing and transactions of financial instruments. Sale on commission（推销）: It refers to the case in which investment bankers sell securities on behalf of issuers and earn from what they have sold, but have no obligation to take up what’s left as medium of Money demand refers to the quantity of money that the whole economy needs exchange, means of payment and store of value under certain economic condition. Inflation is a continuous and obvious rise of the price level caused by great increase of money supply and it reduces the purchasing power of each unit of a currency. 二1 General equivalent 一般等价物2 Public credit 国家信用3 Default risk 违约风险4 Repurchase agreement（RP）回购协议5 Interest-rate future 利率期货6 Re-discount 再贴现7 Compound interest 复利8 Liquidity preference 流动偏好即货币需求9 Speculative motive 投机动机10 Adverse selection 逆向选择11 Require reserves 存款准备金12 Overdraft 透支13 Time lag 时滞14 velocity of money 货币流通速度15 money stock 货币存量16 derivative deposit 派生存款17 excess reserve 超额储备18 Money multiplier 货币乘数19 Endogenous 内生性判断题T F 1. When a central bank carries out expansionary monetary policy, bank reserves R will increase. T F 2. The monetary base consists of banking system reserves and the currency held by the non-bank public T F 3. The moral hazard arises before a financial transaction begins. T F 4. As is subject to time limit, the commercial credit can only be short-term one. T F 5. Sale on commission refers to the case in which investment bankers sell securities on behalf of issuers and earn from what they have sold, but have no obligation to take up what’s what’s left. left. T F 6. 6. If If If a a a central central central bank bank bank wants wants wants to to to cool cool cool an an an inflationary inflationary inflationary boom, boom, boom, it it it will will will raise raise raise the the the discount discount discount rate, rate, which which will will will lead lead lead to to to a a a general general general interest interest interest rates rates rates rise rise rise for for for loans, loans, loans, decreasing decreasing decreasing the the the demand demand demand for for borrowing. T F 7. 7. A A A central central central bank bank bank is is is the the the financial financial financial institution institution institution that that that can can can gain gain gain profit profit profit in in in its its its operation operation operation and and businesses, but it is not a profit-seeker. T F 8. When a central bank carries out tight monetary policy, interest rates fall. T F 9. The theory of “Quantity theory of money” means that an increase in prices of all goods and and services services services leads leads leads to to to an an an increase increase increase in in in the the the supply supply supply of of of money money money when when when everything everything everything remains remains unchanged. T F 1010. Banker’s credit is an indirect credit . Banker’s credit is an indirect credit英译汉英译汉1. On the one hand, although the central bank does not make loans to enterprises and can not derive derive deposits deposits deposits directly, directly, it it controls controls controls the the the sources sources sources of of of commercial commercial commercial banks` banks` banks` money money money creation creation —the creation creation and and and supply supply supply of of of the the the monetary monetary monetary base; base; base; and and and on on on the the the other other other hand hand hand commercial commercial commercial banks` banks` banks` money money creation creation through through through taking taking taking in in in deposits deposits deposits and and and granting granting granting loans loans loans is is is based based based on on on the the the central central central bank's bank's bank's monetary monetary base. 一方面，尽管中央银行并不直接为企业发放贷款，尽管中央银行并不直接为企业发放贷款，也不能产生派生存款，也不能产生派生存款，也不能产生派生存款，但是中央银行却控但是中央银行却控制着商业银行创造货币的源泉——基础货币的供给和创造。

一、名词解释1、Financial system金融体系: 指一个经济体中资金流动的基本框架，它是资金流动的工具（金融资产）、市场参与者（中介机构）和交易方式（市场）等各金融要素构成的综合体。

P42、Treasury bill国库券:a short-term obligation that is not interest-bearingP243、fiat money不可兑现货币：指由政府发行的不能兑换成黄金或白银的货币，其购买力完全来自政府的权威和信誉 money that the government declares tobe legal tender although it cannot be converted into standard specie.P23 4、Monetary policy货币政策： the process by which the government,central bank,or monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money,availability of money, and interest rate ,in order to keep growth and stability of the economy. P375、discount loan贴息贷款:A loan on which the interest and financing charges are deducted from the face amount when the loan is issued P376、Chinese Banking Regulatory Commission:the watchdog for banks in china,responsible for making the rules and regulations for the financial and banking institutions it supervises. P507、consolidation合并：the merger or acquisition of many smaller companies into much larger ones P508、P/B ratio市净率:a ratio used to compare a stock's market value to its book value. P669、H-shares:shares of companies in china's mainland that are listed on Hong Kong Stock Exchange. P6610、Risk management:the process of identification,analysis and either acceptance or mitigation of uncertainty in investment decision-making.11、trust fund:property,especially money and securities,held or settledin trust. P7812、Quota配额:in international trade,a government-imposed limit on the quantity of goods and services that may be exported over a specified periodof time.(不确定P90)13、Balance of payments:14、Eurodollar欧洲美元:the dollar-denominated deposit in foreign banks outside the United States banks. P10515、Time deposit定期存款:the fixed-maturity account that cannot be withdrawn without advance notice. P10516、Floating exchange rate浮动汇率:a type of exchange rate regime whereina currency's value is allowed to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market. P11417、Draft汇票：a written order from one person (the payer)to another,signed by the person giving it,requiring the person to whom itis addressed to pay on demand or at some fixed future date ,a certain sum of money,to either the person identified as payee or to any person presenting the bill. P14018、Secondary market: a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold. P15219、Security证券，抵押品：an investment instrument issued by a corporation,government,or other organization which offers evidence of debt or equity. P15220、common stock普通股:a share of ownership in a corporation carrying voting rights that can be exercised in corporate decisions. P163 21、Futures期货:a standardized contract,traded on a futures exchange,to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the future,at a specified price.22、Option期权:a privilege sold by one party to another that offers the buyer the right,but not the obligation,to buy or sell a security at an agreed-upon price during a certain period of time or on a specific date.二、课后翻译题：1、共同基金是向大众出售股票的机构，并用由此所得的收益选择购买各种类型的股票或者债券，或者投资组合，或者同时购买股票和债券的投资组合。

湖北省考研金融学专业重点整理一、市场金融学市场金融学是金融学研究的一个重要分支领域，主要研究金融市场中的各种金融工具、金融交易和金融机构以及它们之间的相互关系和影响。

在湖北省考研金融学专业中，理解和掌握市场金融学的核心概念和理论是非常重要的。

1. 金融市场金融市场是指进行金融资产买卖和金融资金调剂的场所和组织，主要包括货币市场、债券市场、股票市场和衍生品市场等。

在金融市场中，投资者可以通过买卖金融资产实现资金增值和风险管理。

2. 金融工具金融工具是指在金融市场上可以交易和流通的各种金融资产，包括货币、债券、股票、期货、期权等。

了解不同类型的金融工具的特点和作用，对于金融学专业的考生来说至关重要。

3. 金融交易金融交易是指在金融市场上进行买卖和交换金融工具的活动，包括证券交易所内的交易和场外交易等。

掌握金融交易的基本流程和相关规定，有助于理解金融市场的运作机制。

4. 金融机构金融机构是指从事金融业务的各种组织和机构，包括商业银行、证券公司、保险公司和基金公司等。

了解金融机构的角色和职能，对于理解金融市场的运行和金融业的发展具有重要意义。

二、金融经济学金融经济学是金融学专业中的一门重要课程，涉及到许多与金融市场和金融机构相关的经济学理论和方法。

在湖北省考研金融学专业中，理解和掌握金融经济学的相关知识是非常重要的。

1. 金融中介理论金融中介理论是研究金融机构在资源配置中的作用和功能的理论体系。

通过金融中介，资金可以从资金的所有者（储户）流向资金的需求者（投资者），实现资源的有效配置。

2. 风险管理风险管理是金融经济学的重要内容，主要包括风险的识别、评估和管理等方面。

在金融市场中，风险是不可避免的，因此了解并掌握风险管理的相关理论和方法对于金融专业的考生来说是至关重要的。

3. 金融政策金融政策是指政府通过调节货币供应量、利率、金融市场等手段对经济活动和金融市场进行干预和调控的政策。

了解金融政策的制定和执行过程，对于理解金融市场的运行和金融业的发展具有重要意义。

金融行业英语词汇大全一、债券和股票- Bond（债券）- Stock（股票）- Share（股份）- Dividend（股息）- Equity（股权）- Coupon（利息券）- Par Value（面值）- Yield（收益率）- Maturity（到期日）- Initial Public Offering (IPO)（首次公开募股）二、投资和交易- Investment（投资）- Portfolio（投资组合）- Asset（资产）- Liability（负债）- Hedge Fund（对冲基金）- Mutual Fund（共同基金）- Stock Exchange（证券交易所）- Bull Market（牛市）- Bear Market（熊市）- Option（期权）三、银行和金融机构- Bank（银行）- Investment Bank（投资银行）- Central Bank（中央银行）- Retail Bank（零售银行）- Mortgage（抵押贷款）- Loan（贷款）- Interest Rate（利率）- ATM（自动取款机）- Credit Card（信用卡）四、风险管理和保险- Risk Management（风险管理）- Insurance（保险）- Underwriter（承销商）- Premium（保费）- Claim（索赔）- Policyholder（保单持有人）- Insurer（保险公司）- Reinsurance（再保险）- Actuary（精算师）- Catastrophe（灾难）五、国际金融- International Trade（国际贸易）- Foreign Exchange (Forex)（外汇）- Exchange Rate（汇率）- Tariff（关税）- Balance of Trade（贸易余额）- World Bank（世界银行）- International Monetary Fund (IMF)（国际货币基金组织）- Free Trade Agreement（自由贸易协议）- World Trade Organization (WTO)（世界贸易组织）- Globalization（全球化）以上是金融行业英语词汇大全的部分内容，希望对您有所帮助。

A Guide to Course Review and Exam of Financial English1.Key Sentences for Comprehension （句子理解）Chapter 1: 1, 3, 6, 71.The field of finance refers to the concepts of time，money and risk and how theyare interrelated.3. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance)，by governments (public finance)，by business (corporate finance)，as well as by a wide variety of organizations including schools and non-profit organizations.6. Cash Budget is an estimation of the cash inflows and outflows for a business orindividual for a specific period of time.Cash budgets are often used to assess whether the entity has sufficient cash to fulfill regular operations and/or whether too much cash is being left in unproductive capacities.7. Budget is an estimation of the revenue and expenses over a specified future period of time.Chapter 3: 1, 2, 6, 111.The money market specialized in debt securities that mature in less than one year.2.Money market securities are very liquid，and considered very safe. As a result，they offer a lower return than other securities.6. A certificate of deposit (CD) is a time deposit with a bank.11. BAs are used frequently in international trade and generally only available toindividuals through money market funds.Chapter 4: 1, 2, 3, 6mercial banks are banking institutions that are geared more toward thelending of money to customers，rather than focusing on generating or raising money.2. A loan is a financial transaction in which one party (the lender) agrees to giveanother party (the borrow) a certain amount of money with the expectation of totalrepayment.3. Most loan applications are handled by banks or other professional lendinginstitutions. They may use any number of criteria to determine if a potential borrower is eligible for a loan.6. A savings account typically refers to an account in which one places money to earna small amount of interest.Chapter 10: 1, 5, 7, 81. A bond is simply an “IOU”in which an investor agrees to loan money to a company or government in exchange for a predetermined interest rate.A bond is fixed income security.5. The issuer of a bond is a crucial factor to consider，as the issuer’s stability is your main assurance of getting paid back.7. Generally speaking，bonds are exposed to five major types of risks: interest rate risk，purchasing power risk，business/financial risk，liquidity risk，and call risk.8. Most bond transactions can be completed through a full service or discount brokerage.Chapter 11: 1, 3, 4, 6, 71. A mutual fund is a professionally managed type of collective investment scheme that poors money from many investors and invests it in stocks，bonds，short-term money market instruments，and/or other securities.3.The advantages of mutual funds are professional management diversification，economies of scale，simplicity，and liquidity.4.The disadvantages of mutual funds are high costs over-diversification possible taxconsequences，and the inability of management to guarantee a superior return.6.Mutual funds have lots of costs.7. Costs can be broken down into ongoing fees (represented by the expense ratio) and transaction fees (loans).Chapter 13: 1, 2, 4, 7, 81.Futures are contractual agreements made between two parties through a regulatedfutures exchange. The parties agree to buy or sell an asset livestock，a foreign currency，or some other item —at a certain time in the future at a mutually agreed upon price.2. A futures contract is a binding agreement between a seller and a buyer to make(seller) and to take (buyer) deliver of the underlying commodity (or financial instrument) at a specified future date with agreed upon payment terms.4. It is possible to calculate a theoretical fair value for a futures contract. The fair value of a futures contract should approximately equal the current value of the underlying shares or index plus an amount referred to as the “cost of carry”.7.The key to any hedge is that a futures position is taken opposite to the position inthe cash market. That is，the nature of cash market position determines the hedge in the futures market.8. Participants in the futures market have been classified as either hedgers orspeculators.Chapter 14: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 81.An option is a contract giving the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy orsell an underlying asset at a specific price on or before a certain date.3. A call gives the holder the right to buy an asset at a certain price within a specificperiod of time.4. A put gives the holder the right to sell an asset at a certain price within a specificperiod of time.6.Buyers are often referred to as holders and sellers are also referred to as writers.7.The price at which an underlying stock can be purchased or sold is called thestrike price.8.The total cost of an option is called the premium，which is determined by factorsincluding the stock price，strike price and time remaining until expiration.2.Special Terms （术语互译）Chapter 1: Finance1.Hedge funds 对冲基金2.Financial risk management 金融风险管理3.Personal finance 个人财务4.Working capital 流动资本5.Capital budget 资本预算6.Cash budget 现金预算7.Savings account 储蓄账户Chapter 3: Money Market1.bankers’ acceptance (BA)银行承兑mercial paper 商业票据3.repurchase agreement (repos) 回购协议4.fixed-income security有固定收益保证的证券5.face (par) value 面值6.maturity date 到期日Chapter 4: Commercial Banks and Services1.telegraphic transfer (TT,T/T) 电汇2.term deposit 定期存款3.off balance sheet exposure 资产负债表外的风险4.principal 本金5.lines of credit (LOC) 信贷额度6.savings account 储蓄账户7.credit rating 信用等级8.money order 汇票Chapter 10: Bond Basicsernment Bonds 政府债券2.Municipal Bonds 市政债券3.Corporate Bonds 公司债券4.Zero-Coupon Bonds 零息债券5.Exposure to Risk 债券风险6.Treasury bond 长期国债（国库券）7.Treasury notes 中期国债8.Treasury bill 短期国库券9.Callable bonds 可赎回债券Chapter 11: Mutual Funds1.no-load fund 免佣基金2.aggressive growth funds 进取型增长基金3.capital gain 资本盈利4.economics of scale 规模经济5.professional management 专业管理6.equity funds 股票基金7.balanced funds 均衡基金8.specialty funds 专向基金9.index funds 指数基金 asset value (NA V) 资产净值Chapter 13: Futures Market1.futures market 期货市场2.financial futures 金融期货modity futures 商品期货4.initial margins 初始保证金5.futures transaction 期货交易6.futures position 期货头寸7.open outcry 公开叫价8.settlement price 结算价格9.date of delivery 交割期10.market order 市价订单Chapter 14: Options1.financial derivatives 金融衍生品2.hedging 套期保值3.premium 期权总成本4.strike price 敲定价格5.long position 多头；超买6.short position 空头；超卖7.intrinsic value 隐含价值8.employee stock option 员工认股权9.calls 看涨期权10.puts 看跌期权3.Key sentences for translation （单句翻译）Chapter 1: 5Chapter 3: 4Chapter 4: 6uChapter 10: 5Chapter 11: 2Chapter 13: 5Chapter 14: 2参考翻译（句子顺序为任意排列，复习时需要确保英汉对应）1.Business are classified into nonfinancial and financial business. These entities borrow funds in the debt market and raise funds in the eduity market.商业企业可分为非金融和金融两大类。

金融英语专业大全一、金融英语入门知识1.1 金融英语的定义与作用金融英语是指在金融领域中使用的英语专业术语和表达方式。

由于金融领域的快速发展和国际化程度的提高，金融英语成为了金融从业人员必备的技能之一。

金融英语的学习和掌握可以帮助金融从业人员更好地进行跨国交流和开展国际业务。

1.2 金融英语的重要性在金融领域，准确无误的沟通和专业术语的运用至关重要。

金融英语能够帮助金融从业人员更好地理解和应用金融领域的知识，与国际同行进行有效的交流，并更好地服务于客户需求。

金融英语不仅能提高个人在金融行业中的竞争力，也是金融机构发展壮大的重要一环。

二、金融英语专业词汇2.1 金融市场与投资类词汇•Securities （证券）•Stocks （股票）•Bonds （债券）•Mutual funds （共同基金）•Futures （期货）•Options （期权）•Hedge fund （对冲基金）•Margin call （追加保证金）•Bull market （牛市）•Bear market （熊市）2.2 银行与金融机构类词汇•Bank （银行）•Credit union （信用合作社）•Commercial bank （商业银行）•Investment bank （投资银行）•Central bank （中央银行）•Mortgage （抵押贷款）•Loan （贷款）•Interest rate （利率）•ATM （自动取款机）•Credit card （信用卡）2.3 保险与风险管理类词汇•Insurance （保险）•Policy （保单）•Premium （保费）•Underwriting （承保）•Claim （索赔）•Risk management （风险管理）•Actuary （保险精算师）•Reinsurance （再保险）•Catastrophe bond （灾害债券）•Liability （责任）三、金融英语学习资源3.1 金融英语课程和培训•各大高校提供的金融英语专业课程•国际金融英语证书（IFEC）3.2 金融英语书籍与教材•《金融英语实用教程》•《金融会计学》•《金融英语词汇宝典》•《金融英语听说教程》3.3 学习网站和在线资源•Investopedia金融知识网站•Coursera在线学习平台•英语角金融英语学习社群四、金融英语实践技巧4.1 阅读金融英语资讯阅读金融英语资讯可以帮助拓宽金融行业的视野，熟悉不同领域的金融术语和表达方式。

金融英语总结一、单词互译（5个中译英，5个英译中）题型：一.单词互译（5个中译英，5个英译中）涉及的内容包括国际经济学第15、16章前面的关键词、金融英语讲过章节（大概有4、5章内容，上了课的同学都知道的）前面的关键词、以及上次打印的一个金融题目中的单词翻译（只涉及1、2个）Absorption approach吸收法 Currency pass-through货币传导机制Elasticity approach弹性法 J-curve effect J曲线效应Marshall-Lerner condition马歇尔勒纳条件Monetary approach货币法 Currency board货币局制度Adjustable peggedexchange rate可调整的盯住汇率Dollarization美元化 Fixedexchange rates固定汇率Floating exchange rates浮动汇率 Multiple exchange rate多重汇率Fundamentaldisequilibrium基本面失衡Devaluation人为贬值 Revaluation人为升值Financial intermediary金融中介机构 Asset资产 Liability负债Federal Reserve System美联储体系 Interest floor利率下限Swap互换 Strike price成交价 Interest cap利率上限Calloption看涨期权 Put option看跌期权BrettonWoods system Devaluation人为贬值Crawlingpeg 爬行盯住 dual exchange rate 双重汇率Exchangecontrol 汇率控制 exchange-stabilizationfund 汇率稳定基金Keycurrency 关键货币 leaning against thewind 在风中倾斜Managedfloating system二．段落互译（2个英译中，2个中译英）P5 第一、二段金融市场中的不对称信息意味着投资者可能会受制于隐藏在有效操作中的逆向选择和道德风险。

金融英语专业资料大全1. 金融英语概述金融英语是指应用于金融领域的专业英语，包括金融专业术语、表达方式、写作技巧等。

随着全球金融市场的发展和国际间的金融交流日益频繁，金融英语作为一门特殊的语言能力得到越来越多的重视。

本文将带您了解金融英语的常用术语、语法要点和写作技巧，以便更好地应对金融领域的沟通和交流。

2. 金融英语常用术语2.1 股票市场术语•Bull Market：牛市•Bear Market：熊市•Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)：道琼斯工业平均指数•Stock Exchange：股票交易所•Initial Public Offering (IPO)：首次公开募股•Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E)：市盈率•Dividend：股息2.2 债券市场术语•Bond：债券•Treasury Bond：国债•Corporate Bond：公司债•Yield：收益率•Maturity Date：到期日•Coupon Rate：票息2.3 金融机构术语•Bank：银行•Investment Bank：投资银行•Commercial Bank：商业银行•Central Bank：中央银行•Federal Reserve System (Fed)：美联储•International Monetary Fund (IMF)：国际货币基金组织3. 金融英语语法要点3.1 时态•一般现在时：用于表述真理、普遍事实和描述金融市场的情况。

•过去时：用于描述过去发生的事件和情况。

•现在完成时：用于描述过去发生的影响现在的事件。

•将来时：用于描述将来发生的事件和预测。

3.2 被动语态被动语态在金融英语中应用广泛，用于描述交易、投资、金融产品等。

•The bond was issued by the government.（债券是由政府发行的。

）•The company was acquired by a foreign investor.（该公司被外国投资者收购了。

金融英语相关词汇汇总基本概念•Investment: 投资•Stock: 股票•Bond: 债券•Securities: 证券•Asset: 资产•Liability: 负债•Equity: 股本、净资产•Return: 回报•Interest: 利息•Dividend: 红利•IPO: 首次公开发行（Initial Public Offering）•Market value: 市值•Net worth: 净值•Price-earnings ratio: 市盈率•Yield: 收益率•Risk: 风险•Portfolio: 投资组合•Capital: 资本•Leverage: 杠杆•Derivative: 衍生品•Futures: 期货•Options: 期权•Hedge fund: 对冲基金•Mutual fund: 共同基金•Asset management: 资产管理•Investment bank: 投资银行股票市场•Index: 指数•Bull market: 牛市•Bear market: 熊市•Securities exchange: 证券交易所•Shareholder: 股东•Stock market bubble: 股市泡沫•Blue chips: 蓝筹股•Broker: 经纪人•Public offering: 公开发售•Private placement: 非公开发售•Over-the-counter market: 场外交易市场•Trading day: 交易日•Stock price: 股价•High: 最高价•Low: 最低价•Close: 收盘价•Open: 开盘价•Volatility: 波动性•Margin call: 追缴保证金•Odd lot: 散股债券市场•Coupon: 票息•Yield to maturity: 到期收益率•Treasury bond: 国债•Corporate bond: 企业债•Municipal bond: 市政债•Junk bond: 垃圾债券•Call option: 赎回期权•Put option: 优先认股权证•Callable bond: 可赎回债券•Convertible bond: 可转换债券•Face value: 面值•Par value: 兑付价值银行业•Checking account: 支票账户•Savings account: 储蓄账户•Interest rate: 利率•Compound interest: 复利•Prime rate: 基准利率•Credit rating: 信用评级•Overdraft: 透支•Bankruptcy: 破产•FDIC: 次级贷款参股保险业•Premium: 保费•Deductible: 自负额•Policy: 保单•Claim: 索赔•Underwriter: 承保人•Liability insurance: 责任险•Life insurance: 寿险•Health insurance: 健康险•Property insurance: 财产险其他•Financial statement: 财务报表•Cash flow: 现金流•Accounting: 会计学•Auditing: 审计学•Taxation: 税务学•Merger: 合并•Acquisition: 收购•Bank transfer: 银行转账•Bitcoin: 比特币以上是金融英语相关词汇的基本概念和常见词汇，如果需要深入学习金融英语，建议多阅读英文金融类书籍、杂志，夯实基本词汇和理论知识。

金融知识点总结英语IntroductionFinancial knowledge is essential for everyone, regardless of their occupation or life stage. Understanding financial concepts, managing personal finances, and making informed investment decisions are crucial for financial well-being. In this summary, we will discuss various financial knowledge points, including personal finance management, investment options, and economic principles.Personal Finance Management1. BudgetingBudgeting is the foundation of personal finance management. It involves creating a plan for how to spend and save money. A budget helps individuals track their income, expenses, and savings goals. It also enables them to prioritize spending and allocate funds to different categories, such as housing, transportation, food, and entertainment.2. SavingsSaving money is crucial for financial security and future planning. Setting aside a portion of income for emergency funds, retirement, or major expenses is essential. Individuals should strive to maintain an emergency fund equivalent to at least three to six months of living expenses. Additionally, contributing to retirement accounts, such as 401(k) or individual retirement accounts (IRAs), allows for long-term savings and investment growth.3. Debt ManagementManaging debt is a significant aspect of personal finance. High-interest debt, such as credit card balances, can become a financial burden if not carefully managed. Individuals should prioritize paying off high-interest debt and consider consolidating or refinancing loans to lower interest rates. Creating a plan to reduce debt and avoid accruing new debt is essential for long-term financial health.4. InsuranceInsurance is a risk management tool that provides financial protection against unforeseen events, such as illness, accidents, or property damage. Health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, and property insurance are essential for protecting against financial losses. Understanding different insurance options and choosing appropriate coverage is crucial for mitigating risks.Investment Options1. StocksStocks represent ownership in a company and offer potential for capital appreciation and dividend income. Investing in individual stocks requires thorough research and analysis of the company's financial performance, industry trends, and market conditions. It is essential to consider the level of risk and volatility associated with stock investments.2. BondsBonds are debt securities issued by governments, municipalities, or corporations to raise capital. They offer fixed interest payments and return of principal at maturity. Bonds provide stability and income generation in an investment portfolio. Understanding bond characteristics, credit ratings, and interest rate risk is crucial for bond investors.3. Mutual FundsMutual funds pool money from multiple investors to invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, or other securities. They offer professional management, diversification, and liquidity. Investors should consider the fund's objective, fees, historical performance, and risk profile before investing in mutual funds.4. Real EstateReal estate investment involves purchasing properties for rental income or capital appreciation. It offers potential tax benefits, inflation protection, and cash flow. Understanding real estate market dynamics, property management, and financing options is essential for successful real estate investing.Economic Principles1. Supply and DemandThe principles of supply and demand drive market dynamics. Understanding how supply and demand interact influences investment decisions. A balance between supply and demand affects prices, profitability, and market equilibrium.2. Inflation and DeflationInflation refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time, resulting in a decrease in purchasing power. Deflation, on the other hand, is the decrease in prices, leading to an increase in purchasing power. Understanding the impact of inflation and deflation on investments and purchasing power is crucial for financial planning.3. Interest RatesInterest rates affect borrowing costs, investment returns, and economic growth. Central banks use interest rates to influence the economy's direction. Understanding the relationship between interest rates, inflation, and economic conditions helps individuals make informed financial decisions.ConclusionFinancial knowledge is a valuable asset that empowers individuals to make informed decisions about personal finance and investments. By understanding budgeting, savings, debt management, insurance, investment options, and economic principles, individuals can enhance their financial well-being and work towards their long-term financialgoals.Continuous learning and staying informed about financial matters are essential for adapting to changing economic conditions and achieving financial success.。

The people’s bank of china (which marked the beginning of a new chapter in the chinese banking history)Monetary statistics(货币统计)The lending facilities(贷款工具)Credit（信用，贷款）Interest subsidies（利息补贴；贴息）Off-site surveillance(非现场监管)Monetary policy instruments(货币政策工具)Financial risks(金融风险)Anti-money laundering(反洗钱)Credit information market（征信市场）Central bank(中央银行)Joint-equity commercial bank（股份制商业银行）Policy bank（政策性银行）Reform and opening up(改革开放)Macro-adjustment(宏观调控)Fixed asset（固定资产）Foreign exchange reserve（外汇储备）Currency distribution（现金调拨）Policy-related credit（政策性贷款）Benchmark interest rate（基准利率）Credit insurance(信用保险)state administration of foreign exchange(外汇管理局)The international bank for reconstruction and development(IBRD)(国际复兴开发银行)The international development association（IDA）（国际开发协会）The multilateral investment guarantee agency(MIGA)( 多边投资担保机构)Less developed countries(LDC)(不发达国家)Joint ventures(合资企业)Invite bid or tender(招标)Stock exchange（证券交易所）Grace period（宽限期）Foreign exchange reserve position(外汇储备头寸)Per capita income(人均收入)Subscribed capital（认缴股本）Annual report（年报）Host country(东道国)Hard loan（条件苛刻的贷款）（loans at prevailing market interest rates and are granted only to sound borrowers for periods not exceeding 25 years）International finance corporation(国际金融公司)Payments facilities（支付工具）Savers(the end-users of the financial system )Investors(who want to borrow money to buy capital goods or increase the scale of their bussiness)Financial intermediaries(the institutions which attempt to serve the needs of bothlenders and borrowers)Brokers and advisers(which attempt to ensure that lenders and borrowers ,buyers and sellers have the facts they need to strike a fair bargain)Regulators(who control their financial institutions and regulate dealings in securities markets with the objects of ensuring their institutions are able to honour their commitments)Transactions costs(交易成本)Market makers(做市商)（professional dealers whose funtion is to ensure that lenders and borrowers are always able to find a counterpart for their deals）Fiancial instruments(金融工具)Liability(债务)Ordinary shares(普通股)Investment trust（信托投资公司）Building society（房屋互助协会）Venture capital（风险资本）Discount house（贴现行）Note-issuing authority（货币发行机构）II owe you(IOU)(欠条)Derivative instrument（衍生工具）Liquidity（流动性）Financial market（金融市场）Medium of exchange（交易媒介）（a commodity or token that is generally accepted in exchange goods and services）Unit of account（价值尺度）(an agreed meaure for staing the prices of goods and services)Store of value（价值储存）(any commodity or token that can be held and exchanged later for goods and services)standard of deferred payment（支付手段）(an agreed measure that enables contracts to be written for futrue receipts and payments )Commodity money（商品货币）(a physical money that is valued in its right and also used as a means of payment)Convertible paper money(可兑换货币)（when a paper claim to a commodity circulates as a means of payment）Fiat money (法币)（legal tender ，especially paper currency ，authorized by a government but not based on or convertible into gold or silver）Fractional backing(部分支持)Private debt money(私人账务货币)（a loan that the borrower promised to repay in currency on demend）Coincidence(同时发生)Opportunity cost（机会成本）Double coincidence of wants(双方需求一致)Debasement(贬值)Greenback(美元)Checkable deposit（支票存款）The bretton woods system((布雷顿森林体系)International liquidity（国际清偿能力）Commodity standard（商品本位）Gold standard（金本位）Gold point（黄金输送点）（汇率变动的上下临界值）Par value(平价)Fiat system（不兑现制度）No-monetary gold（非货币性黄金）The gold exchange standard（金汇兑本位制）Balance of payments surplus（deficit）国际收支平衡（赤字）Mint parity(铸币平价)（两国单位货币含金量之比）International reserve assets（国际储备资产）Internal and external target（国内外目标）Capital control（资本控制）Hedgers(套期保值者)（risk averse，who use such contracts to insure against the extreme changes in exchange and interest rates or stock market prices）Traders(交易商)（who use such contracts as a means of gearing up their exposures at low cost with a view to profit）Arbitrageur(套利人)（whose existence is about the exploitation of opportunities for profit which thrown up by price anomalies between different instruments and markets）Clearing house (清算中心)Floors of commodity exchanges（商品交易所）Delivery of an asset（商品交割）Floors of exchange（股票交易所）Open outcry（公开叫价）Initial margin（初始保证金）Variation margin（追加保证金）Marked to market(盯市)Settlement price（交割价）Over –the- counter（柜台交易）Equity option（股票期权）Life Insurance policies(人寿保险单)Joint policies（联合保险单）。

Word业务流程business process经营效益business performance债权与债务claims and obligations 资产与负债assets and liabilities同业存放due to other banks 存放同业due from other banks技术转让technology transfer 股份转让equity assignment授信额度line of credit 违约罚金liquidated damages经常账户current account资本账户capital account招标invitation for bids推出产品launch of a product国际收支balance of payments收支（会计术语）revenues and expenses凭单、代金券voucher定期/活期存单time/demand C/D(Certificate of Deposit) 市政/公司债券municipal bond/corporate bond结算与清算settlement/liquidation指定行designated bank经办行handling bank 通知行advising bank出票、开证行issuing bank 承兑行accepting bank保兑行confirming bank议付行negotiated bank议价/谈判得来的合同negotiated price/contract代理行correspondent bank 付款行paying bank 偿付行reimbursement bank 在××行开户to open an account with a bank在央行的存款deposits with the PBC在工商管理局注册be registered with the ×××Business Administration履行合约perform a contract 营业额、人员流动、资金周转turnover准备金（正常）reserves准备金（坏账、不良资产）provisions不良资产/贷款non-performing asset/loan营业效益business performance创造利润generate profit履约保函Performance Bond/Guarantee 投标保函Bid Bond/Guarantee保证金、毛利润margin保证金交易trade on margin保证金存款marginal deposit预付款advance=advance payment 定金down payment工程进度款interim payment工程进度款付款凭证interim certificates国外直接投资FDI(Foreign Direct Investment)独资企业WOS(Whole Owned Subsidiary)合资企业joint venture 合作、契约式企业contractual venture注册资本registered capital 实收资本paid-in capital汇款单remittance汇票draft即期汇票sight draft 信用证L/C(letter of credit)表外业务off-balance-sheet business表内业务on-balance-sheet business交单业务surrender business境外担保external guarantee付款交单P/D(payment against documents)承兑交单A/D(acceptance against documents)贸易票据trade documents 报关customs declaration可行性研究feasibility studies规定、办法、准备金provision偿还债务（一笔）to service a debt偿还债务（很多，超出能力）to meet one’s obligations 不动产（企业）real estate=real property=realty抵押行为mortgage抵押品collateral 按揭买sth buy sth on mortgage授权给delegate to债权人creditor 债务人debit工商统一发票/税consolidated industrial and commercial invoice/tax资产负债表balance sheet损益表profit and loss statement财务报表financial statements现金流量表statement of cash flows利润分配表statement of retained earnings流动性、安全性、盈利性liquidity/ security/ profitability通过资格预审pre-qualification/become pre-qualified流动资金working capital控股企业a holding firm跨国公司MNE：multi-national enterprise 无形资产intangible assets创业start up营业网点outlet采取纠偏措施take corrective actions风险度量risk measurement备选方案alternative proposal 项目立项project identification加速折旧/直线折旧/累计折旧accelerated/straight-line/accumulated depreciation分阶段贷款phased loan 不良贷款/资产non-performing loan/asset权责发生制accrual-basis accounting有偿还能力的solvent还债能力solvency存货inventory持仓inventory holding销售型企业merchandising firms制造型企业manufacturing firms待摊费用pre-paid expenses 处理资产depose of premises=sell off assets 一年到期长期负债current portion of mortgage payable保本点break-even point底线bottom line产能capacity产能过剩over-capacity产能不足under-capacity佣金commission 资本充足率要求capital adequacy requirement占用资本tie up capital 私募private placement活期call money 较短时间通知short notice宽限期grace本金（投资）stake 本金（存贷）principal报销单、报账单expense claim sheet 个人花费personal expenses为公家花费business expensesTo pay in cash/with a check/on card/ 现金付款赊购buy on credit划账进货on open account 货到付现COD预期投资回报率ROI/anticipated rate of return on investment武汉市人民政府的优惠政策The p referential policy of the People’s Municipal Government of Wuhan普通股common stock 优先股preferred stock债转股debt- equity swap应付账款account payable残值residual value 承租人lessee出租人lesser财务状况financial status客方利益相关利益者interested parties 干系人stake-holders管理层management在行的、内行的knowledgeable绩效考核performance evaluation出资contribution of investment/investment contributed分配（利益、收入）distribution 分配（资源、时间）allocation余额balance ceiling 未分配利润、留存收益retained earnings发展基金expansion reserves规模效益scale economies实/已缴纳资本paid-in capital 在sth.上提款draw on sth.抵押贷款mortgage loan=secured loan非抵押贷款unsecured loan其他、杂项miscellaneous资本充足率capital adequacy资本、知识、劳动密集型的capital/knowledge/labor-intensive市场导向型的market-oriented问题导向型的issue-oriented业绩导向型的performance-oriented 分数导向型的score-oriented证券securities 押金security透支overdraft 负息的interest-bearing缔结合约enter into=conclude a contract/agreement项目融资project financing下订单to place an order with sb. forsth.接受订单to take an order from sb. forsth.单据Documents信用证Letter of Credit跟单信用证Documentary L/C 不可撤销的irrevocable无追索权的without recourse保兑的、无追索权的、不可撤销的跟单信用证A confirmed irrevocable without recourse Documentary L/C受益人beneficiary空白背书endorsed in blank.提货单bill of lading保险单insurance policy装箱单packing list到期日expiry date 特许经营franchising多样化经营diversification 专业化经营specialization资本品capital goods起草draw up实地考察a fact-finding mission升值appreciation资产/投资组合asset/investment portfolio 保险费、溢价、加价premium分摊amortize分类账ledger 总账general ledger借方debit贷方credit收支（一笔款）receipts and payments 收支（实体或个人）revenues and expenses 合同附件（文字）appendix to a contract 合同附件（图标）exhibit to a contract公司章程（USA）Articles of Incorporation公司章程（UK）Articles of Association清楚载明、标明make out to order原产地证书certificate of origin中国人民人寿保险公司the People’s Insurance Company of China销售确认书sales confirmation 收货及下单人consignee and order placed by sb.原产国country of origin 由开证人支付for opener’s account善意持有人bona fide holders 到期日妥善付现be duly honored at maturity处置设备的损失/所得loss/gain on sale of equipment处置设备所得费用proceeds from disposal of equipment存货inventory商品存货merchandise inventory普通存款regular deposits 财政存款fiscal deposits应计利息accrued interest receivable 委托贷款entrusted loans分支行的投资investment in subsidiaries 从央行拆借borrowing from PBC自有资本capital funds=required capital 活期存款demand deposits定期存款term depositsPremises, plants and equipment 不动产，装备和设备技改项目capital improvement program 承诺费commitment fee事前规定的pre-specified 技术规范specifications循环信贷协议revolving credit agreement采购(招标) procurement息差spread标的物subject matter资本品capital goods房产贷款real estate loans 还贷计划repayment scheme辛迪加贷款Syndicated loan合同管理contract administration重大开发项目a major development 超…over-run in sth(time/cost/budge)前段负荷front-end loan 工作内容scope of work 经营范围scope of business发起人、甲方sponsor 项目的阶段phase of a project开发/投资前期pre-development/pre-investment项目执行project implementation项目完成与经营project completion and operation 还贷期pay off交钥匙工程turn-key project特许权concession (为此支付的费用royalty)银行界bank community银行业bank industrial工艺、流程process 公司治理corporate governance定编、岗、员staffing透支overdraft合格的债券eligible bills 贷款保险费credit insurance premiums特许协议concession agreement基础设施infrastructure可获性availability资金占用了funds/capital is tied up经营活动/融资活动的现金流入与流出cash flows from operating/financing activities减去以下现金的支出less cash payments for销售及行政费用支出selling & administrative expense经营活动带来的净现金流net cash flow provided by operating activities结算短期票据的支出payment to settle short-term note发行债券的专项收入proceeds from bond issue已付的股息dividend paid为建房而发行的普通股票common stock issued for biding出售长期的投资的收益gain on sale of long-term investments坏账准备金provision for bad debts应计利息贷款accrued interest loans高考matriculation tests 势头momentum耗时的time-consuming 书面的sth.in written=written sth.见票即付pay on demand根据sb.的命令to the order of sb.出票人drawer受票人drawee即期汇票sight bill 远期汇票usance bill往账，存放海外同业nostro account来账，海外同业存款vostro account全球银行同业金融通讯SWIFT(Society for worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications) 密押test key物权凭证title to goods任凭sb.支配be at the disposal of sb.资本密集型的capital-intensive汇出货款remit the proceeds (对权力的)放弃waive…的当事人parties to sth合规处Compliance Dept修改，修正(对具有法律规定的、合同的) amend n.amendment提名的nominated 发货consignment发货人consigner 收货人consignee。

金融英语期末重点总结一、基本概念与词汇1. 资产管理：Asset Management，是指对投资者个人或机构的资金进行管理和投资的活动。

2. 负债：Liability，指一个人或机构所欠他人或其他组织的货币、商品或服务等。

3. 存款：Deposit，指将货币存入银行或其他金融机构的行为。

4. 贷款：Loan，指个人或企业从银行或其他金融机构获得的资金，并按约定的利率和条件偿还。

5. 利率：Interest Rate，是指借贷资金的价格。

通常以百分比形式表示，用于衡量借贷资金的成本或回报。

6. 风险：Risk，指在投资或经营过程中遭受亏损的可能性。

7. 股票：Stock，指公司以吸引投资者的方式发行的所有权证明，股权的一部分。

8. 债券：Bond，是指债务人（发行债券的公司或政府）向债权人（购买债券的投资者）借款的债权凭证。

9. 股息：Dividend，是指上市公司向股东分配的盈利的一部分。

10. 保险：Insurance，是指保险公司架起的经济保护的桥梁，将风险分散到各个投保人，以减轻其负担。

二、金融市场与金融产品1. 证券市场：Securities Market，是指股票、债券等金融工具的交易市场。

2. 股票市场：Stock Market，是指股票的买卖市场。

主要分为一级市场和二级市场。

3. 债券市场：Bond Market，指债券的买卖市场。

分为一级市场和二级市场。

4. 期货市场：Futures Market，是指用来进行期货交易的场所。

5. 外汇市场：Foreign Exchange Market，是指用来交换不同国家货币的市场。

6. 金融衍生品：Financial Derivatives，是指与金融资产相关的衍生产品。

包括期权、期货、互换等。

7. 互联网金融：Internet Finance，是指利用互联网技术进行金融服务的新兴业态。

8. 数字货币：Digital Currency，是指用数字技术发行和流通的货币。

常用金融英语词汇内容的详细解析第一篇：常用金融英语词汇内容的详细解析常用金融英语词汇内容的详细解析常用金融英语词汇内容的详细解析正如下文所示，大家在意识到了以后，自己才会更好的把握这些相关的知识，自己的英语程度也会更加的理想化。

许多的朋友也正是注意到了这些，自己的英语水平才得到了保障，美联英语学习网建议大家都好好把握吧。

常用金融英语词汇内容如下：Bookbuilding 建立投资者购股意愿档案包销商用以定价一笔发行的方法。

包销商在促销活动结束后把所收集的初步购股订单一一记下，然后根据投资者愿意支付的价格水平订定最终发行价。

Bookrunner 投资意愿建档人；帐簿管理人指负责为发行建立投资者购股意愿档案的银行，亦即负责为一笔发行组织承销、拟定不同市场的发行规模、执行促销活动、定价、配置和后市稳定工作的银行。

大部份预托收据为ADR；但也可以指全球预托收（GDR），欧洲预托收据（EDR）或国际预托收据（IDR）。

Coupon frequency 派息频率Due diligence 尽职调查指为了达成承销一笔证券发行的目的，针对某公司或企业的业务、财务状况和前景而进行的一个全面的调查。

尽职调查一般可分为业务尽职调查和法律尽职调查两类。

常用金融英语词汇内容的详细解析正如上面的文章所示，大家在看过了这些内容后，自己就可以把这些相关的学习方式全面的理清，当有了这些了解后，我们的金融英语也一定有了学习方向，慢慢的就得到了很好的英语能力了。

第二篇：金融英语词汇big macs, big/large-cap stock, mega-issue 大盘股offering,listing 上市 bourse 证交所corporate champion 龙头企业entrepreneur 企业家 cook the book 做假帐regulatory system 监管体系 portfolio 投资组合pickup in rice 物价上涨 Federal Reserve 美联储 inflation 通货膨胀 deflation 通货紧缩Shanghai Exchange 上海证交所pension fund 养老基金mutual fund 共同基金hedge mutual fund 对冲式共同基金share 股票valuation 股价underwriter 保险商government bond 政府债券saving account 储蓄帐户equity market 股市shareholder 股东delist 摘牌mongey-loser 亏损企业inventory 存货traded company, trading enterprise 上市公司stakeholder 利益相关者transparency 透明度market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则damage-control machinery 安全顾问efficient market 有效市场intellectual property 知识产权opportunistic practice 投机行为money-market 短期资本市场capital-market 长期资本市场volatility 波动diversification 多元化real estate 房地产option 期权call option 看涨期权put option 看跌期权merger 并购arbitrage 套利dollar standard 美元本位制budget 预算deficit 赤字bad debt 坏帐macroeconomic 宏观经济fiscal stimulus 财政刺激a store of value 保值transaction currency 结算货币forward exchange 期货交易intervention currency 干预货币Treasury bond 财政部公债 current-account 经常项目tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇 spot transaction 即期交易 forward transaction 远期交易option forward transaction 择期交易 swap transaction 调期交易 quote 报价settlement and delivery 交割 buying rate 买入价 selling rate 卖出价spread 差幅contract 合同at par平价premium 升水discount 贴水direct quotation method 直接报价法indirect quotation method 间接报价法 dividend 股息domestic currency 本币floating rate 浮动利率parentcompany 母公司credit swap 互惠贷款venture capital 风险资本book value 帐面价值physical capital 实际资本IPO(initial public offering)新股首发；首次公开发行Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会job machine 就业市场welfare capitalism 福利资本主义collective market cap 市场资本总值global corporation 跨国公司transnational status 跨国优势transfer price 转让价格consolidation 兼并leverage 杠杆Federal Reserve 美联储financial turmoil/meltdown 金融危机file for bankruptcy 申请破产bailout 救助take over 收购buy out 购买(某人的)产权或全部货物go under 破产take a nosedive（股市）大跌tumble 下跌falter 摇摇欲坠on the hook 被套住shore up confidence 提振市场信心stave off 挡开, 避开，liquidate assets 资产清算at fire sale prices 超低价sell-off 证券的跌价current deposit, current account 活期存款 fixed deposit, fixed account 定期存款fixed deposit by installments 零存整取joint account 联名存款帐户 to open an account 开户头to close an account, to clear an account 结清 to draw money 取款 drawing-out slip 取款单 the number slip 号码牌 a withdrawal form 取款单to fill in the receipt in duplicate 一式两份填这张收据teller, cashier 出纳员exchange table, conversion table 汇兑换算表foreign exchange 外汇 exchange rate 外汇率 conversion rate 折合率foreign exchange restriction 外汇限额foreign exchange quotations 外汇行情 to check the rate for sb.查牌价currency, money 货币money changing 兑换货币an exchange form 兑换单 bank note 钞票note of large denomination 大票 note of small denomination 小票 small change 零钱 subsidiary money 辅币 nickel piece 镍币plastic currency notes 塑料钞票convertible money 可兑换（黄金）纸币interest rate 利率 simple interest 单利 compound interest 复利 legal interest 法定利息 prime rate 优待利率 payable interest 应付利息 lending rate 贷款利率 usury 高利贷the subsidy rate for value-preserved savings 保值储蓄补贴率account number 帐目编号 depositor 存户 pay-in slip 存款单 a deposit form 存款单 a banding machine 自动存取机 to deposit 存款 deposit receipt 存款收据 private deposits 私人存款 certificate of deposit 存单 deposit book, passbook 存折 credit card 信用卡principal 本金overdraft, overdraw 透支 to counter sign 双签 to endorse 背书 endorser 背书人 to cash 兑现to honor a cheque 兑付 to dishonor a cheque 拒付 to suspendpayment 止付cheque,check 支票cheque book 支票本order cheque 记名支票 bearer cheque 不记名支票 crossed cheque 横线支票 blank cheque 空白支票 rubber cheque 空头支票cheque stub, counterfoil 票根cash cheque 现金支票traveler’’s cheque 旅行支票cheque for transfer 转帐支票outstanding cheque 未付支票canceled cheque 已付支票forged cheque 伪支票Bandar’s note 庄票，银票相关词汇补充banker 银行家president 行长savings bank 储蓄银行Chase Bank 大通银行National City Bank of New York 花旗银行Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行Banque de I’’IndoChine 东方汇理银行central bank, national bank, banker’’s bank 中央银行bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行discount bank 贴现银行exchange bank 汇兑银行requesting bank 委托开证银行issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行negotiation bank 议付银行confirming bank 保兑银行paying bank 付款银行associate banker of collection 代收银行consigned banker of collection 委托银行clearing bank 清算银行local bank 本地银行domestic bank 国内银行overseas bank 国外银行unincorporated bank 钱庄branch bank 银行分行trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行trust company 信托公司financial trust 金融信托公司unit trust 信托投资公司trust institution 银行的信托部credit department 银行的信用部commercial credit company(discount company)商业信贷公司（贴止荆?br >neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所credit union 合作银行credit bureau 商业兴信所self-service bank 无人银行land bank 土地银行construction bank 建设银行industrial and commercial bank 工商银行bank of communications 交通银行mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行industrial bank 实业银行home loan bank 家宅贷款银行reserve bank 准备银行chartered bank 特许银行corresponding bank 往来银行merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行investment bank 投资银行import and export bank(EXIMBANK)进出口银行joint venture bank 合资银行money shop, native bank 钱庄credit cooperatives 信用社clearing house 票据交换所public accounting 公共会计business accounting 商业会计cost accounting 成本会计depreciation accounting 折旧会计computerized accounting 电脑化会计general ledger 总帐subsidiary ledger 分户帐cash book 现金出纳帐cash account 现金帐journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐bad debts 坏帐investment 投资surplus 结余idle capital 游资economic cycle 经济周期economic boom 经济繁荣economic recession 经济衰退economic depression 经济萧条economic crisis 经济危机economic recovery 经济复苏inflation 通货膨胀deflation 通货收缩devaluation 货币贬值revaluation 货币增值international balance of payment 国际收支favourable balance 顺差adverse balance 逆差hard currency 硬通货soft currency 软通货international monetary system 国际货币制度the purchasing power of money 货币购买力money in circulation 货币流通量note issue 纸币发行量national budget 国家预算national gross product 国民生产总值public bond 公债stock, share 股票debenture 债券treasury bill 国库券debt chain 债务链direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率foreign currency(exchange)reserve 外汇储备foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机discount 贴现discount rate, bank rate 贴现率gold reserve 黄金储备money(financial)market 金融市场stock exchange 股票交易所broker 经纪人commission 佣金bookkeeping 簿记bookkeeper 簿记员an application form 申请单bank statement 对帐单letter of credit 信用证strong room, vault 保险库equitable tax system 等价税则specimen signature 签字式样banking hours, business hours 营业时间 1.素质教育：Quality Education2.EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient3.保险业： the insurance industry4.保证重点指出： ensure funding for priority areas5.补发拖欠的养老金： clear up pension payments in arrears6.不良贷款： non-performing loan7.层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8.城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9.城镇居民最低生活保障：a minimum standard of living for city residents10.城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban workers11.出口信贷： export credit12.贷款质量： loan quality13.贷款质量五级分类办法： thefive-category assets classification for bank loans14.防范和化解金融风险： take precautions against and reduce financial risks15.防洪工程： flood-prevention project16.非法外汇交易： illegal foreign exchange transaction17.非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18.非银行金融机构： non-bank financial institutions19.费改税： transform administrative fees into taxes20.跟踪审计： follow-up auditing21.工程监理制度： the monitoring system for projects22.国有资产安全： the safety of state-owned assets23.过度开垦： excess reclamation24.合同管理制度： the contract system for governing projects25.积极的财政政策： pro-active fiscal policy26.基本生活费： basic allowance27.解除劳动关系： sever labor relation28.金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision29.经济安全： economic security30.靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development31.扩大国内需求： the expansion of domestic demand32.拉动经济增长： fuel economic growth33.粮食仓库： grain depot34.粮食收购企业： grain collection and storage enterprise35.粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds36.粮食销售市场： grain sales market37.劣质工程： shoddy engineering38.乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款： arbitrary charges，fund-raising，quotas and fines39.骗汇、逃汇、套汇：obtain foreign currency under false pretenses，not turn over foreign owed to the government and illegal arbitrage40.融资渠道： financing channels41.商业信贷原则： the principles for commercial credit42.社会保险机构： social security institution43.失业保险金： unemployment insurance benefits44.偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：tax evasion，tax fraud and refusal to pay taxes 45.外汇收支： foreign exchange revenue and spending46.安居工程：housing project for low-income urban residents47.信息化： information-based； informationization48.智力密集型： concentration of brain power； knowledge-intensive49.外资企业： overseas-funded enterprises50.下岗职工： laid-off workers51.分流： reposition of redundant personnel52.素质教育： education for all-round development53.豆腐渣工程： jerry-built projects54.社会治安情况： law-and-order situation55.民族国家： nation state56.“台独”：“independence of Taiwan”57.台湾当局： Taiwan authorities58.台湾同胞： Taiwan compatriots59.台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory.60.西部大开发： Development of theWest Regions61.可持续性发展： sustainable development62.风险投资： risk investment63.通货紧缩： deflation64.扩大内需： to expand domestic demand65.计算机辅助教学： computer-assisted instruction（CAI）66.网络空间： cyberspace67.虚拟现实： virtual reality68.网民： netizen（net citizen）69.电脑犯罪： computer crime70.电子商务： the e-business71.网上购物： shopping online72.应试教育： exam-oriented education73.学生减负： to reduce study load74.“厄尔尼诺”：（EL Nino）75.“拉尼娜”：（La Nina）76.“智商”：（IQ）77.“情商”：（EQ）78.“第三产业”：（third/tertiary industry，service sector，third sequence of enterprises）79.“第四产业”：（quaternary/information industry）80.“军嫂”：（military spouse）81.“峰会”（香港译“极峰会议”）“：summit（conference）82.“克隆”：clone83.“冰毒”：ice84.“摇头丸”：dancing outreach85.“传销”：multi level marketing86.“（计算机）2000年问题”：Y2K problem（y for year，k for kilo or thousand）87.“白皮书”：white paper（不是white cover book）88.“傻瓜相机”：Instamatic（商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机）；89.“白条”：IOU note（IOU：债款、债务，由I owe you 的读音缩略转义而来）90.“巡回招聘”：milk round（一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈）。

Primary markets facilitate the issuance of new securities. Secondary markets facilitate the trading of existing securities. Stock Stocks (also referred to as equity securities) are certificates representing partial ownership in the corporations that issued them. Money market Those financial markets that facilitate the flow of short-term funds (with maturities of less than one year) are known as money markets.Derivative securities are financial contracts whose values are derived from the values of underlying assetsCommercial paper is a short-term debt instrument issued only by well-known creditworthy firms and is typically unsecured.Repurchase agreements refers that one party sells securities to another with an agreement to repurchase the securities at a specified date and price.A banker’s acceptances indicates that a bank accepts responsibility for a future payment. They are commonly used for international trade transactions.Stripped Treasury Bonds The cash flows of bonds are commonly transformed(转化) by securities firms so that one security represents the principal payment only while a second security represents the interest payments: a principal-only (PO) security and an interest-only (IO) securityAn initial public offering is a first-time of shares by a specific firm to the publicA secondary stock offering is a new stock offering by a specific firm whose stock is already publicly traded.A put option grants the owner the right to sell a specified financial instrument for a specified price within a specified period of time. American option The option which can be exercised on or before the maturity date is called American optionExercise price or strike price:is the price at which financial instrument can be bought or sold in the future.A bond index futures contract allows for the buying and selling of a bond index for a specified price at a specifies date.The Loanable Funds theory, commonly used to explain interest rate movements, suggests that the market interest rate is determined by the factors that control the supply of and demand for loanable funds. Dynamic open market operation The buying and selling of government securities (through the Trading Desk) is referred to as open market operations. Dynamic operations are implemented to increase or decrease the level of funds.Eurocommercial Paper A short-term, unsecured loan issued by a corporation in a currency other than the one in which the corporation operatesinitial margin Under exchange requirements, a customers must establish a margin deposit with the broker before a transaction can be execute.A market maker is a company, or an individual, that quotes both a buy and a sell price in a financial instrument or commodity held in inventory, hoping to make a profit on the bid-offer spread, or turn.Answer the questions1、What are the ways by which the money flows from individual surplus unitsto deficit units?financial markets facilitate the flow of funds from surplus units to deficit units. Those financial markets that facilitate the flow of short-term funds (with maturities of less than one year) are known as money markets.Those that facilitate the flow of long-term funds are known as capital markets.Debt bond stock fund deritives2、How does the level of tax, do you think, affect the demand of household forloanable funds? (please explain by pictures)if tax rates on household income are expected to significantly decrease in the future, households might believe that they can more easily afford future loan repaymentand thus be willing to borrow more funds. For any interest rate, the quantity of loanable funds demanded by households would be greater as a result of tax law adjustment. This represents an outward shift in the demand schedule.tax rates on household income (income tax decreases →the line of household demand moves right)3、What is the relationship between the government demand for loanable fundsand interest rate? (explain by pictures)Whenever a government’s planed expenditures cannot be completely covered by its incoming revenues from taxes and other sources, it demands loanable funds.The way to obtain fund: Municipal (state and local) governments issue municipal bonds to obtain funds, while the federal government and its agencies issue Treasury securities and federal agency securitiesInterest-inelastic (insensitive to interest rates): federal government expenditure and tax policies are generally thought to be independent ofinterest rate. Thus the federal government demand for funds is said to beInterest-inelastic, or insensitive to interest rates. In contrast, municipalgovernments sometimes postpone proposed expenditures if the cost offinancing is too high, implying that their demand for loanable funds issomewhat sensitive to interest rates.•Like the household and business demand, the government demand for loanable funds can shift in response to various events.Deficit increases →move rightExhibit 2.3 impact of increased government budget deficit on the government demand for loanable fundsThe federal government demand-for-loanable-funds schedule is Dg1, if newbills are passed that cause a net increase in the deficit of USD20 billion, thefederal government demand for loanable funds will increaseby that amount.The new demand schedule is Dg2.4、What are the economic factors that affect interest rates?1)Impact of Economic Growth on Interest Rates2)Impact of Inflation on Interest Rates3)Impact of the Money Supply on Interest Rates4)Impact of the Budget Deficit on Interest Rates5)Impact of foreign Flows of Funds on Interest Rates6)Summary of Forces that Affect Interest Rates5、Explain “crowding-out effect” please.The deficit might not necessarily place upward pressure on interest rates.Given a certain amount of loanable funds supplied to the market( through saving), excessive government demand for these funds tends to “crowd out” the private demand (by consumer and corporation) for funds. The federal government may be willing to pay whatever is necessary to borrow these funds, but the private sector may not. This impact is known as the crowding-out effect.6、What are the monetary policy tools?Open market operationsAdjustments in the discount rateAdjustments in the reserve requirement ratio7、What are the ways by which the money flows from individual surplus unitsto deficit units?8、How does the Fed use the monetary policy tools to adjust the money supply?（答案待定）1.Open Market OperationsThe buying and selling of government securities (through the Trading Desk) is referred to as open market operations.✓When the Fed issues securities, the commercial banks purchase those that are most attractive. The total funds decrease and the money supply falls.✓When the Fed purchase securities, the total funds increase, which representsa loosening of money supply growth.✓Adjusting the Discount RateThe interest rate that an eligible(有资格的) depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank.To increase the money supply, the Fed can authorized a reduction in thediscount rate; to decrease the money supply, the Fed can increase thediscount rate.3.Adjusting the Reserve Requirement RatioReserve Requirement Ratio is the proportion of their deposit accounts thatmust be held as reserves.The lower the reserve requirement ratio, the greater the lending capacity ofdepository institutions, so a larger money supply.When the fed manipulates the money supply to influence economic variables, it must decide what form of money to manipulate. The optimal form of money should (1)be controllable by the fed and (2)have a predictable(可预测的) impact on economic variables when adjusted by the fed. The most narrow form of money, known as M1, includes currency held by the public and checking deposits(such as demand deposits, NOW accounts, and automatic transfer balances) at depository institutions.9、What are the differences between the general obligation bonds and revenuebonds both of which belong to municipal bonds?Like the federal government, state and local government frenquently spend more than the revenues they receive. To finance the difference, they issue municipal bonds, most of which can be classified as either General obligation bonds or revenue bonds. payments on General obligation bonds are supported by the municipal government’s ability to tax, whereas payments on revenue bond s must be generated by revenues of the project( tollway, toll bridge, state college dormitory, etc) for which the bonds were issued.Material: municipal bond10、What are the characteristics of corporate bonds?The bond indenture, trusteeCorporate bonds can be described according to a variety of characteristics. The bond indenture(契约) is a legal document specifying the rights and obligations of both the issuing firm and the bondholders. It is very comprehensive( normally several hundred pages) and is designed to address all matters related to the bond issue ( collateral, payment dates, default provision, call provisions, etc)Sinking-Fund Provision(偿债基金准备)Bond indentures frequently include a sinking-fund provision, or a reqirement that the firm retire a certain amount of bond issue each year. This provision is considered to be an advantage to the remaining bondholders because it reduces the payments necessary at maturity.Protective Covenants(保护条款)Bond indentures normally place restrictions on the issuing firm that are designed to protest the bondholders from being exposed to increasing risk during the investment period. Those so called Protective Covenants frequently limit the amount of dividends and corporate officers’ salaries the firm can pay and also r estrict the amount of additional debt the firm can issue. Other financial policies may be restricted as well.10、What are the main differences between common stock and preferredstock?●The ownership of common stock entitles shareholders to a number of rights notavailable to other individuals. Normally, only the owner of common stock are permitted to vote on certain key matters concerning the firm,such as theelection of the board of directors, authorization to issue new shares of common stock, approval of amendments to the corporate charter, and adoption ofbylaws(附例).●Usually not allow for significant voting rights,The preferred stockholders have the priority to earn dividends compared with common stockholders .But a firm is not legally required to pay preferred stock dividends.11、What are the similarities and differences between forward contract andfuture contract?Futures and forward contracts are similar in the following ways: Both are derivative securities for future delivery. The parties agree today on price and quantity for settlement in the future.Both are used to hedge currency risk, interest rate risk or commodity price risk.They differ in these ways:Forward contracts are private, customized定制contracts between a bank and its clients depending on the client’s needs (OTC). There is no secondarymarket for forward contracts since they are private contractual agreements.Forward contracts are settled at expiration. Futures contracts are continually settled (mark to market)12、What are the risks of trading futures contracts?Market riskBasis riskLiquidity riskCredit riskPrepayment riskOperational risk13、What are the determinants of call option premiums?Market price of the underlying instrumentInfluence of the market price: the higher the existing market price of the underlying financial instrument relative to the exercise price, the higher the call option premium, other things being equal.Volatility of the underlying instrumentInfluence of t he stock’s volatility: the greater the volatility of the underlying stock, the higher the call option premium, other things being equal.Time to maturity of the call optionInfluence of the call option’s time to maturity: the longer the call option’s time to maturity, the higher the call option premium, other things being equal14、What are the reasons that the Eurodollar market is attractive for bothdepositors and borrowers?the spread between the rate banks pay and the rate they charge is relativelysmall✓Only governments and large corporations participate in this market—lower risk✓Investors in the market avoid some costs (no deposit insurance, lower taxes, no government-mandated credit allocations)✓Eurodollar CDs are not subject to reserve requirements✓Less regulations and restrictions。

名词bear operation卖空行为卖空是指股票投资者当某种股票价格看跌时，便从经纪人手中借入该股票抛出，在发生实际交割前，将卖出股票如数补进，交割时，只结清差价的投机行为。

若日后该股票价格果然下落时，再从更低的价格买进股票归还经纪人，从而赚取中间差价capital turnover rate资本周转率资本周转率又称净值周转率，表示为可变现的流动资产与长期负债的比例，反映公司清偿长期债务的能力。

该指标旨在衡量企业自有（经营）资本的运用程度，即衡量企业资产管理效率的重要财务比率，在财务分析指标体系中具有重要地位。

这一指标通常被定义为销售收入与股东权益平均金额之比cash audit现金审核收付实现制又称现金制或实收实付制是以现金收到或付出为标准，来记录收入的实现和费用的发生。

现金收支行为在其发生的期间全部记作收入和费用，而不考虑与现金收支行为相连的经济业务实质上是否发生。

derived deposit派生存款派生存款指银行由发放贷款而创造出的存款。

是原始存款的对称，是原始存款的派生和扩大。

是指由商业银行发放贷款、办理贴现或投资等业务活动引申而来的存款。

派生存款产生的过程，就是商业银行吸收存款、发放贷款，形成新的存款额，最终导致银行体系存款总量增加的过程。

用公式表示：派生存款＝原始存款×（1÷法定准备率－1）equalization fund(外汇)平准基金外汇平准基金一般由外汇、黄金和本国货币等构成,当某一时期外汇汇率持续上升、本币汇率持续下跌时,就通过平准基金在外汇市场上卖出外汇,买进本币;反之则卖出本币,买入外汇,以此稳定汇率。

Seigniorage铸币税也称为“货币税”。

发行货币的组织或国家的政府可以不需任何补偿地用纸制货币向自己的居民换取实际经济资源，从中攫取发行货币所产生的特定收益。

这部分由货币发行主体垄断性地享受“通货币面价值超出生产成本”的收益，就被定义为“铸币税”。

❶ Economy: An economy or economic system consists of the production, distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods and services .❷ Finance: Finance is a field that deals with the allocation of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. ( ---A key point in finance is the time value of money, which states that purchasing power of one unit of currency can vary over time. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return.set of markets and other institutions used for financial contracting and the exchange of assets and risks.available funds to people who have a shortage.❸ Corporate finance: Corporate finance is about how toincrease the value of the firm by dealing with the sources of funding and the capital structure of the firm.——(The primary goal of corporate finance is to maximize or increase shareholder value.—— or say corporate finance is a branch of finance dealing with financial decisions of firms.❹ Option : an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified strike price on or before a specified date.The seller has the corresponding obligation to fulfill the transaction – that is to sell or buy – if the buyer (owner "exercises" the option. The buyer pays a premium to the seller for this right. An option that conveys to the owner the right to buy something at a specific price is referred to as a call; an option that conveys the right of the owner to sell something at a specific price is referred to as a put.In basic terms, the value of an option is commonly decomposed into two parts:The first part is the intrinsic value, which is defined as the difference between the market value of the underlying asset and the strike price of the given option.The second part is the time value.❺ Future: a futures contract is a contract between two parties to buy or sell an asset for a price agreed upon today (the futures price with delivery and payment occurring at a future point, the delivery date. The buyer of the contract is said to be "long", and the party selling the contract is said to be "short".[1]❻ APT : arbitrage pricing theory (APT is a general theory of asset pricing that holds that the expected return of a financial asset can be modeled as a linear function of various macro-economic factors or theoretical market indices, where sensitivity to changes in each factor is represented by a factor-specific beta coefficient.The model-derived rate of return will then be used to price the asset correctly - the asset price should equal the present value of the future cash inflow at an interest rate or discount rate calculated by APT.❼ MM theorem: The basic theorem states that the value of a firm is not affected by it's capital structure under certain assumptions. Instead it's decided by the value of it's real assets.without transaction costs.Consequently the Modigliani– Miller theorem is also often called the capital structure irrelevance principle.❽ CAPM: the capital asset pricing model (CAPM is used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset if every investor hold the effective portfolio according to Markowitz model.The main idea of CAPM is that if all investors only hold risk-free asset and market portfolio, there will be a linear relation between the expected rate of return and the risks of the asset.The model takes into account the asset's sensitivity to non-diversifiable risk (also known as systema tic risk or market risk, often represented by the quantity beta (β in the financial industry, as well as the expected return of the market and the expected return of a theoretical risk-free asset. CAPM ―suggests that an investor’s cost of equity capital is determined by beta.‖❾ EMH : the efficient-market hypothesis (EMH asserts that financial markets are "informationally efficient". In consequence of this, one cannot consistently achieve returns in excess of average market returns .There are three major versions of the hypothesis: "weak", "semi-strong", and "strong". The weak form of the EMH claims that prices on traded assets already reflect all past publicly available information. The semi-strong form of the EMH claims both that prices reflect all publicly available information and that prices instantly change to reflect new public information. The strong form of the EMH additionally claims that prices instantly reflect even hidden or "insider" information.【 10】 DuPont analysis: DuPont Analysis is an expression which breaks ROE (Return On Equity into three parts in order to analyze a company's financial condition,operating efficiency &profitability.【 Basic formula 】ROE = (Profit margin*(Asset turnover*(Equity multiplier = (Netprofit/Sales*(Sales/Assets*(Assets/Equity= (Net Profit/EquityProfitability (measured by profit marginOperating efficiency (measured by asset turnoverFinancial leverage (measured by equity multiplier【 11】 asymmetric information: Asymmetric information deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This creates an imbalance of power in transactions, which can sometimes cause the transactions to go awry, a kind of market failure in the worst case. Examples of this problem are adverse selection,[1] moral hazard, and information monopoly.[2]Information asymmetry is in contrast to perfect information, which is a key assumption in neo-classical economics.【 12】 Derivative: Derivatives are financial instruments that derive their value from the prices of one or more other assets. Their principal function is to serve as tools for managing risks associated with the underlying assets.【 13】 Investment bankAn investment bank is a financial institution that assists individuals, corporations, and governments in raising financial capital. An investment bank may also assist companies involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&A.(1.They are both intermediaries between those people who have an excess of available funds and people who have a shortage. But commercial banks are intermediaries of indirect finance and investment bank direct finance.(2.Basic business: the basic business of commercial banks is making loans and taking deposits. Investment banks securities underwriting business.(mercial banks do their business in money market,whereas investment bank in capital market.【 14】 Open market operation: An open market operation (also known as OMO is an activity by a central bank to buy or sell government bonds on the open market. A central bank uses them as the primary means of implementing monetary policy. The usual aim of open market operations is to manipulate the short-term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy, and thus indirectly control the total money supply, in effect expanding money or contracting the money supply.【 15】 Quantitative easing: Quantitative easing (QE is monetary policy used by a central bank to stimulate an economy when standard monetary policy has become ineffective.[1][2][3] A central bank implements quantitative easing by buying specified amounts of financial assets from commercial banks and other private institutions, thus raising the prices of those financial assets and lowering their yield, while simultaneously increasing the monetary base.Expansionary(扩张性的 monetary policy to stimulate the economy typically involves the central bank buying short-term government bonds in order to lower short-term market interest rates.However, when short-term interest rates reach or approach zero, this method can no longer work.[14] In such circumstances monetary authorities may then use quantitative easing to further stimulate the economy by buying assets of longer maturity than short-term government bonds, thereby lowering longer-term interest rates further out on the yieldcurve.[15][16]【 16】 direct finance:Direct finance is a method of financing where borrowers borrow funds directly from the financial market without using a third party service, such as a financial intermediary. This is different from indirect financing where a financial intermediary takes the money from the lender against an interest rate and lends it to a borrower against a higher interest rate. Direct financing is usually done by borrowers that sell securities and/or shares to raise money and circumvent the high interest rate offinancial intermediary(banks.[1] We may regard transactions as direct finance, even when a financial intermediary is included, in case no asset transformation has taken place.【 17】 operating leverage means that because of fixed cost the percentage change in EBIT( earnings before interest and taxes is larger than the % change in sales. It can be measured by DOL( the degree of operating leverage which is equal to the % change in EBIT divided by the % change in sales.---- financial leverage: because of the fixed cost of borrowing. EPS/EBIT. Earning per share.DFL: the degree of financial leverage.【 18】 exchange rate: an exchange rate between two currencies is the rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another. It is also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in terms of another currency.【 19】 interest rate: is the cost of borrowing funds.【 20】 swap : a derivative in which two parties exchange future cash flows.【 21】 warrant: a warrant is a security that entitles the holder to buy the underlying stock of the issuing company at a fixed exercise price until the expiry date.【 22】 convertible bond: a convertible bond is a type of bond that the holder can convert into a specified number of shares of common stock in the issuing company.【 23】 Financial engineering: there is no exact definition of FE. It mainly includes three parts: the theory of financial risk management; pricing derivatives; developing new financial product;【 24】期权定价模型【 25】 PPP 理论 (purchasing power parity【 26】 interest parity利率与汇率的关系1.利率变动对汇率的影响首先,利率政策通过影响经常项目对汇率产生影响。