华东师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
- 格式：pdf
- 大小：152.77 KB
- 文档页数：8
华东师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析In the last half of the nineteenth century capital and labor wereenlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines.Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with abureaucracy of salaried managers.The change met the technicalrequirements of the new age by engaging a large professional elementand prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled thefortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after theenergetic founders.It was moreover a step away from individualinitiative,towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi business.Therailway companies,though still private business managed for thebenefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business.At thesame time the great municipalities went into business to supplylighting,trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipalbusiness had important consequences.Such large,impersonalmanipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbersand importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national liferepresenting irresponsible wealth detached from the land and theduties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from theresponsible management of business.All through the nineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe werebeing developed by British capital,and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and East Bourne sprang up to house large comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders'meeting to dictate their orders to the management.On the other hand Shareholding meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately,however,the increasing power and organisation of the trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59.It's true of the old family firms that________.（A）they were spoiled by the younger generations（B）they failed for lack of individual initiative（C）they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies（D）they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in________.（A）the separation of capital from management（B）the ownership of capital by managers（C）the emergence of capital and labour as two classes（D）the participation of shareholders in municipal business61.According to the passage,all of the following are true except that________.（A）the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers （B）the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers （C）the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly （D）the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62.The author is most critical of________.（A）family firm owners（B）landowners（C）managers（D）shareholders答案及试题解析试题解析：59.（C）本题提问部分意为：事实上，老家族公司……。
选择项（C）意为：与现代公司相比，它们缺乏效率。
第一段第二、三句指出，许多老公司被拥有各级拿薪水的经理的有限（责任）公司所取代。
这一变化通过一大批专业人员的使用适应了新时代技术的要求、防止了效率的下降。
而效率的下降使许多家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司的创立者那样精力充沛。
A意为：它们被后代毁了。
（A）不对主要有两个原因，其一，原文指出：是效率的下降毁了家庭公司，而效率的下降可能是主观原因造成的，也可能是客观原因造成的；其二，根据原文，效率的下降通常（so commonly）在第二、三代毁了家庭公司，so commonly一词的使用说明还有没破产的家庭公司。
B意为：它们因缺乏个人的独创精神而破产。
从以上的分析可见，破产的原因是缺乏效率。
