Catalytic combustion of soot particulates over La_(2-x)K_xNiMnO_6 catalysts

汽车后处理系统再生操作流程英文回答：The regeneration process of an automotiveaftertreatment system is a crucial step in reducing harmful emissions from the vehicle. Here is a general overview of the regeneration operation flow for a typicalaftertreatment system.1. Monitoring System: The aftertreatment system is equipped with sensors to monitor the level of soot or particulate matter in the diesel particulate filter (DPF) or the amount of NOx in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system.2. Regeneration Initiation: When the soot or NOx levels reach a certain threshold, the engine control unit (ECU) initiates the regeneration process. This can be done passively while driving or actively through a parked regeneration.3. Passive Regeneration: During passive regeneration, the exhaust temperatures are elevated through adjustmentsin the engine's fuel injection and exhaust gasrecirculation (EGR) systems. This allows the accumulated soot to be burned off in the DPF.4. Active Regeneration: In the case of active regeneration, the ECU triggers the post-injection of fuel during the exhaust stroke. This fuel is ignited in thediesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) or the DPF, raising the temperatures to facilitate the combustion of soot.5. Monitoring and Completion: Throughout the regeneration process, the system continues to monitor the exhaust gas temperatures, pressure differentials across the DPF, and other parameters to ensure the regeneration is completed successfully.中文回答：汽车后处理系统再生操作流程是减少车辆有害排放的关键步骤。

Automobile exhaust is a significant contributor to air pollution,and it poses various environmental and health challenges.Here are some points to consider when discussing the topic in an English essay:position of Automobile Exhaust:Explain that automobile exhaust,also known as vehicular emissions,consists of various gases such as carbon dioxide CO2,carbon monoxide CO,nitrogen oxides NOx,and volatile organic compounds VOCs. Additionally,particulate matter PM,which includes soot and dust,is also released.2.Sources of Emissions:Discuss how the primary source of these emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines.Mention that different types of vehicles,such as cars,trucks,and buses,contribute to the problem.3.Environmental Impact:Elaborate on how these emissions contribute to climate change by increasing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Also,discuss the formation of acid rain due to NOx and sulfur dioxide SO2emissions.4.Health Hazards:Address the health risks associated with automobile exhaust,such as respiratory problems,cardiovascular diseases,and increased risk of cancer due to exposure to particulate matter and other toxic substances.5.Catalytic Converters and Emission Controls:Explain the role of catalytic converters in reducing harmful emissions by converting CO and NOx into less harmful substances like carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas.Discuss other emission control technologies and their effectiveness.6.Regulations and Policies:Mention the various regulations and policies implemented by governments worldwide to control vehicular emissions,such as the introduction of emission standards,the promotion of cleaner fuels,and the use of lowemission zones.7.Alternative Fuels and Electric Vehicles:Discuss the shift towards alternative fuels like biofuels,hydrogen,and the rise of electric vehicles EVs as a means to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease exhaust emissions.8.Public Awareness and Behavioral Changes:Emphasize the importance of public awareness campaigns to educate people about the impact of automobile emissions and encourage behaviors that reduce emissions,such as carpooling,using public transportation,and maintaining vehicles properly.9.Technological Advancements:Highlight ongoing research and development in theautomotive industry aimed at improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions,such as hybrid engines and advanced materials for better combustion.10.Future Outlook:Conclude with an optimistic view of the future,where technological advancements,stringent regulations,and a shift in societal attitudes could lead to cleaner air and a healthier environment.Remember to structure your essay with an introduction,body paragraphs for each point, and a conclusion that summarizes the main ideas and possibly suggests further steps for addressing the issue of automobile exhaust.。

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新鲜的，淡水的generator发电机generous 丰富的，充分的ignite 点燃imply暗示induce引起，招致inefficient 效率低的，无效的inertia 惯性inhale 吸入inject 喷射injector喷射器，喷油器inlet 进口，入口internal 内部的majority 多数，大多数marine 海运的，船用的maximize 把……增加到最大量medium中间的，介质mixing 混合naturally 自然的operation工作，操作，运转，进程overlap﹙与…﹚交叠，重叠，搭接piston 活塞poppet 提升positive正的preserve 保留prevent 妨碍，阻止Principle 原则，原理proceed 进行promote促进，加速，引起propeller 螺旋桨，推进器propulsion推进﹙装置﹚remain剩下，残存residual剩下的，残余的retard 推迟，延迟revolution 转rotate旋转，回转scavenge扫除，吹除separate 分离，分开sequence顺序，系列sound声音spray 喷雾，﹙水，油﹚雾stroke 冲程，行程theoretically 理论上地Throughflow 进流量，贯穿气流timing定时turbocharge 涡轮增压turbocharger涡轮增压器typical 典型的value 价值，数值vast 大量的，巨大的via 经由，通过Blow down 排出，下降bottom dead centre 下止点in turn 依次，轮流变成loop scavenge 回流扫气on board ship 在船上r/min 转／分钟reduction gear box减速齿轮箱slight ram 进气阀座top dead centre 上止点turn into 变成uniflow scavenge 直流扫气unexpelled 未排出的Lesson 3 adequate 足够的，充分的adjustment 调整，调节admit允许进入，导入advanced 高级的，先进的annular 环形的appropriate 适当的approx 大约assembly 组件，组装bearing 轴承bedplate 机座benefit 利益，好处，有益于，有助于，收益block块，体bore螺栓，用螺栓固定bolt 缸孔，钻孔，镗孔camshaft凸轮轴cap盖，帽casing 箱，外壳caulk敛缝，嵌塞channel 通道chock 侧块，锲型块chromium镀铬clearance 间隙cock 旋塞component 部件conical锥形的construction 结构crankpin曲柄销cross十字的，交叉的，交叉，横过current 当前的，流行的，电流，水流，气流diagonal 对角的，斜的diameter 直径displace 错位，变位distributor分配器double 双层的dowel销钉drill 钻孔duct管道edg边缘efficient 高效的，有效率的，能干的electronic电子的emission散发，发射，喷射，烟雾排放enclose 包围，封闭ensure 保证，担保environmental周围的，环境的expose 暴露，露出extend延长，伸长film油膜flange 法兰，翻边flat 平的foremost 最前的forge锻造frame机架groove 槽，沟guide导板，导向器，导向，引导height 高度horizontally 水平的indicator示功器insert 插入integral 整体的jacket 夹层，水套joint接合，接头journal 轴颈liner﹙气缸﹚衬套locate 位于，查出，找出，置于某位longitudinal 纵向的maneuverability机动操作性，机动性mount安装narrow 狭窄的opening开口opposite 在…对面，与…相对optimal 最理想的，最佳的period 期间pin 销子precise精确的，准确的，精确recess 凹槽，凹座，凹入处reliability可靠性requiremment 需求，要求rest 放置，坐落rotary 旋转的round圆的，使成圆形scraper 刮油器，刮子screw螺钉，用螺钉固定，拧入seating座，底座section段，表面secure固定shim 垫片shoe滑靴，滑块shrink 红套slightly轻微的slot槽，缝，开槽specification 详述，规格，说明书，规范stud双头螺栓surface 表面technology工艺，科技，技术chickness厚度thrust推，推力topmost 最上部transverse横向的turn 车削，转动variable变量，可变的vertical垂直的vital生命的，至关重要的weld 焊接built in 内装的，机内的，固定的carrier ring承磨环cast iron铸铁chain transmission链条传动﹙机构﹚fitted bolt拂配螺栓heat resistant耐热的machine turned车削的，车制的MEP 平均有效压力SFOC 比耗油率tap bolt 椎体螺栓telescopic pipe伸缩管，拉管well—proven充分证明的white metal 白合金Lesson 4 catalyst催化剂catalytic催化剂的cavitation 气穴现象centrifuge分油机component﹙组合﹚成分，元件，构件consumption 消费，消费量contaminant 杂质contaminate 污染conventional惯例的，常规的，传统的deaerate除气，除氧delivery 传递，输送deterioration变坏，退化，变质flexibility 灵活性，变通性impurity 杂质混杂物，夹杂物incorporate合并的，组合，混合，一体化irrespective不顾的，不考虑的occasionally 有时候，偶尔overflow溢流overhaul 大修particularly 独特的，显著的pressurize增压，密封，使…加压provided 倘若purifier/clarifier 分水机\ 分杂机recommendation推荐，建议refinery炼油厂rust 铁锈，﹙使﹚生锈safeguard 维护，保护，保护装置，保护措施traditional传统的，惯例的black—out全船停电booster pump增压泵catalytic fine 催化粉末gasway气道in parallel并联in series串联in view of 考虑到，由于residual fuel渣油spring—loaded弹簧回复的with regard to关于Lesson 5 accommodate收容，装有additional另外的，附加的，额外的alternatively 可供选择的办法auxiliary辅助的，备用的，副的chest 箱，柜deaeration除气inhibit约束，限制于系统内integrate 使成整体，使一体化，结合malfunction故障，失灵，不正常工作scoop 收集器，吸入口standstill 停车thermostatic恒温的by—pass旁通管，旁路，并联的，旁路的expansion tank 膨胀﹙水﹚柜，膨胀水箱in accordance with与…一致，按照Lesson 6attempt 试图，企图automatic 自动的，自动机械burst 突然破裂，爆发，冲破careful谨慎的，小心的compressor 压缩机deposit 沉淀，沉积物direct指导，指挥，直接的，直接地disc 盘drainage排放，排泄，排出物drop下跌，下落，下降effect 实现，达到目的，作用，影响，效果engage 啮合，从事explosion 爆炸facility设备feature功能，部件Fusible易熔的，可熔的guard 防护装置，防护，防卫humidity湿气，湿度immediate 立即的interlock连锁isolate隔缘，绝缘lever杆，杠杆，控制杆，抬起manoeuvring操纵的，机动的melt熔化，融化moisture潮湿，湿气，水汽，湿度，水分occurrence发生，事物pilot 引水员，引导的，控制的，先导的pipeline 管路，管系plug堵，塞，塞子，插头，插销possibility可能性，可能发生的事情Prevent 防止，预防properly适当的ready准备好的，有准备的redundant 备用的reservoir容器﹙空气瓶﹚，蓄压器slight 轻微的，微小的，弱的stringent严厉的，严格的suck 吸，吸取trap挡板，收集器bursting cap 防爆帽by means of 利用，用…方法Lesson 7alkalinity碱度，碱性assist 帮助，协助carbonaceous炭的，含炭的centrifuge离心分离机cleaner清洁剂，清油器cleanse清洗，纯净commercially商业上considerable相当的，大量的counteract 客服detergency去垢能力deterioration变质，恶化detritus碎石，磨屑duplicate双倍的，副本，备品，使加倍exception 例外expose 暴露feature是…特色起重要作用，特性，特点filter过滤，滤器formation形成，构成formulate配制friction摩擦力，摩擦gauge测量，仪表，量规impart耳轴，销轴impinge 给予﹙尤指抽象事物﹚Injector注射器，注油塞interfere影响，干扰involve涉及lacquer用漆涂于…，胶膜，漆lubricator注油器Property 财产，性质，特性quill 注油针replenish补充，补偿residual剩余的，残留的，残渣，残液reversal 反向，变换Rupture破裂store物料﹙间﹚，贮存successful 成功的，良好的undesirable不需要的gudgeon pin 轴销，十字头销，活塞销lubricatingstud 注油塞read out 读数telescope pipe伸缩套管，拉管Lesson 8adequate适当的，充分的adjacent临近的arrangement布置，安排atmosphere 大气，大气的blow鼓风，冲洗blower鼓风机，增压器compressor 压缩机density 密度，浓度differential微分，压差，差别的，微分的electrically电力地，电动地escape 出口，逃逸，溢出essential本质，要点，基本的，重要的pressurize增压，加压process 处理，过程removal排除，移动supercharge增压swirl 漩涡，涡状形，打漩，使…漩涡运动turbine涡轮，涡轮机Lesson 10boss 螺旋桨轴榖cascade倾泻，倾注cone 螺旋桨轴帽，锥形物，使成锥形counteract 抵消，中和，阻碍employ用，使用extend扩充，延伸，伸展helicoidal螺旋面hub桨榖integral 完整的，整体的intermediate中间的，温和的﹙天气﹚outboard外侧的，向舷外的pad垫，衬垫，便笺簿，加上衬垫pitch螺距pivot枢轴，支点，枢轴的，在枢轴上转动，装枢轴于propeller螺旋桨rigid刚性的，刚硬的taper逐渐变细，逐渐减少thrust推力，用力推，冲，插入，挤进tilt ﹙使﹚倾斜，﹙使﹚翘起transfer传递，转移transmission传动，传送cater for供应伙食，迎合face seal 面密封ingot steel钢锭journal bush 轴颈衬套lignum citae铁犁木shuttle tanker穿梭油船stuffing box填料函tailshaft艉轴thrust block 推力块thrust collar推力环Lesson 13 attemperator保温装置，保温器casing 包装，保护性外套convection传送，对流diesel柴油机downcomer下水管，下导管furnace炉子，熔炉，鼓风炉gasstight不漏气的，耐气构造的mounting设备propulsion推进，推进力spherical 球形的，球面的tangent接触的，切线的，相切的variation 变化，变动，变异vertical 垂直的，竖直的combustion chamber燃烧室draw off 撤退，排除﹙水﹚refractory lining 耐火炉衬，耐火﹙材料﹚衬里saturated steam 饱和水蒸气steam generation蒸发，汽化lesson 14bilge舱底bulge不规则突起，鼓起之处condensate冷凝物detritus碎石dislodge 驱逐fracture破裂friable 易碎的，脆的gauge 量，测量，标准尺ignite引燃，着火impurity不纯，杂质，混杂物periodically 周期性地，定时性地precaution预防，警惕preferential 优先的，特惠的rupture破裂，裂开salinity 盐分，盐度scavenge 打扫，从废气中提取sludge淤泥，矿泥，煤泥engine cylinder 发动机气缸non–return 止回pressure gauge 压力计residual heat剩余热sample connection取样口soot blower吹灰器steam trap 疏水器，汽水分离器，凝气阀turbine–generator涡轮发电机lesson 15axial 轴的，轴向的centrifugal离心的configuration构造，结构de–aerate 使除去空气，从﹙液体﹚中除去气泡elliptical椭圆的，省略的equilibrium 平衡，均衡，相称，匀称，平静erratically 不规律的，不定的hydraulic水力的，水压的overhaul 检查piston活塞reciprocate互给，互换，酬答reservoir 水库，水柜axial flow 轴流relief valve安全阀lesson 16 aluminium铝，铝的ammonia 氨，氨水azeotropic共沸的，恒沸点的corrosive腐蚀的，蚀坏的crankcase 曲轴箱elastomer 弹性体，人造橡胶flammable 易燃的，可燃性的fluorinate使与氟素化合glycol 乙二醇hazardous 危险地，冒险的liquefy﹙使﹚溶解，﹙使﹚液化ozonosphere臭氧层shaft 轴，杆状物solenoid螺线管suction 吸入，抽气toxit有毒的，中毒的ventilation 通风methyl–chloride氯甲烷calcium chloride brine氯化钙卤水lesson 18 renewal 更新，恢复thermostat 温度调节装置pneumatic 空气的，气动的alleyway小巷，﹙船上的﹚通道porthold舷窗filter 过滤，过滤器，滤波器damper起抑制作用的因素，节气阀stuffiness 不通风，闷热odor 气味，名声louver天窗，屋顶窗lesson 23cavity 洞，空穴，腔conjunction联合，关联，连接词hydraulic 水力的，水压的incorporate合并的，一体化的，合并multiple多样的，多重的，倍数offset偏移量，偏移orifice孔，口swashplate旋转斜盘torqueses 颈部四周的彩色项毛圈lbf∕in²压强单位﹙in²为平方英寸﹚pressure control valves压力控制阀sequence valves次序阀slow speed high torque motor 低速高扭矩电动机lesson 24derrick起重机grease油脂，涂抹油handling处理，操作的hydraulic水力的，水压的inspection检查，视察luffing 转舵luff 俯仰运动，上下摆动，起动机臂的转动winch 绞盘deck cranes 甲板起重机lesson 25anchor 锚bollard系缆桩capstan 绞缆机clutch 离合器grip 夹住，夹具发卡handle 处理hatch 舱口haul 拖，绞moor 系泊，系缆render绞，拖snug凸起，突齿split分离的substantial坚实ension 张力wrap卷，包，使弯曲windlass 锚机worm蜗杆cable lifter 锚链轮let go 放出pay out 放出，放开，松开﹙绳索﹚spurling \pipe 锚链筒lesson 26 activate 使活动changeover 转换consequently从而，因此exclusive唯一的identical 完全相同的lam撞杆linkage 连接mechanism 机械装置necessitate成为必要，需要response 反应rotary旋转的spindle 轴，杆switch开关，电闸，转换telemotor液压传动操舵装置audible and visual alarms 声光报警floating lever 浮动杆rudder stock 舵柱rotary vane tpye转页式steering gear操舵装置steering gear compartment 舵机房variable delivery pump变量泵lesson 28 amplifier扩音器，放大器inductive诱导的，感应的installation安装，装置magnetic磁的，有磁性的navigation航海，航空preliminary 预备的，初步的rectifier校正器，矫正器，整流器rotation旋转segment段，节，片段，分割switchboard配电盘，接线总机alternating current 交流电lesson 28 alternator交流发电机dial刻度盘，钟面，转盘frequency频率instrumentation 使用仪器negligible可以忽略的，不予重视的synchroscope同步检定器voltmeters伏特表，电压表overspeed governor 限速器reverse power protection逆功率保护lesson 29 adjacent相邻的amplifier放大器armature电枢brighten﹙使﹚变亮brushless 无﹙电﹚刷的capacitive电容性的clockwise顺时针方向的，顺时针方向地commutator整流子，换向器compounded 负激励的counter计数器，相反的，抵消darken﹙使﹚变暗electromagnet电磁铁exciter励磁机feature部件，特性fluctuation波动hunting 振荡inductive ﹙电﹚感性的instrumentation仪器lagging 绝缘层材料，滞后leading超前pointer指针polarity极性pole棒，柱，杆，极，磁极，电极product 产品，产物，乘机series串联，系列shunt并激statically 静止的synchdroscope同步指示器trip 脱扣机构voltage电压，伏特数winding绕组a.c.distribution system交流电分配系统brushgear电刷机构d.c.distribution system直流电分配系统delta formation 三角形接法earthed neutral 接地点excitation励磁field coil 励磁线圈，磁场线圈incoming machine待并机indicating lamps 指示灯miniature circuit breakers 微型断路器navigation lights 航行灯overcorrecting过调parallel operation并车操作power factor功率因数prime mover原动机reverse power protection 逆功率保护slip–ring滑环start formation星形连法Leeson 30commutator换向器，转接器straightforward简单的，易懂的，直截了当的，坦率的interpole 极间极，附加极，辅助整流极，换向极momentary 瞬间的，刹那间的multiplicity多样性outgoing 引出的，外行的feeder 馈线，馈电板panel仪表盘，控制面板dead死的，不带电的live活的，带电的permissible容许的，许可的breaker 断路器rear背面﹙的﹚，后面﹙的﹚isolator 绝缘子，隔离开关ammeter安培表，电流表voltmeter 伏特计，电压表additional额外的，附加的frequency频率transformer 变换器，变压器synchroscope 同步指示器wattmeter瓦特计，功率表corresponding相应的，相当的extremely极端的rare罕见的alive 带电的alternating current 交流电bus bar 汇流排dead front type 前端不带电式differ from 不同于，区别于direct current 直流电distribution board分电板，分电箱field circuit 磁场电路shunt wound motor并励电动机splitting up分解，分裂sub board 分区﹙区域﹚配电板tripping device跳闸开关﹙装置﹚。

Pure Air – Safe Diving !Highly pure breathing air is the elementary component in any diving equipment.Since breathing air is concealed invisibly in diving cylinders and is therefore intangible, many divers and fi lling stations are often not aware that health and, as has now been shown on the Maldives, ultimately also life, depend on the quality of the inhaled air.BAUER KOMPRESSOREN, as a market and technology leader in the area of breathing air generation, is aware of the enormous responsibi-lity borne by the company in the manufacture of breathing air com-pressors and takes all conceivable measures to guarantee the highest degree of safety and quality in the breathing air produced:All breathing air compressors from BAUER KOMPRESSOREN have been equipped for decades with tried and tested fi lter systems (TRIPLEX , P-fi lter systems), which satisfy the very strict limit values in DIN EN 12021 and exceed these substantially in some cases.The SECURUS fi lter monitor from BAUER KOMPRESSOREN is the only device throughout the world that permanently monitors the stand time of fi lter cartridges by measurement using a sensor inside the fi lter cartridge, thereby warning in good time of fi lter cartridge saturation and shutting down the system. And this is 100% reliable; a new sensor is contained in every cartridge that is always innovative compa-red to the competition and that shuts down the compressor in the case of any sensor defect. By contrast, rival companies use questiona-ble sensors which need to be recalibrated at great expense at short intervals and whose measurement reliability cannot be checked to say nothing of shutting down the compressor in the case of danger.The active carbon bed in the cartridge that fi lters out substances such as oil and other pollutants provides a safety reserve that extends far beyond the saturation limits of the cartridge.In the case of compressors operated with combustion engines or in environments that could contain exhaust gases from combustion engines, an intake of contaminated air is to be avoided where at allMunich, 01.08.08page 1/5www.bauer-kompressoren.depossible (see information on erection / laying of intake system below).page 2/5 If this cannot be completely avoided, BAUER KOMPRESSOREN hasdeveloped fi lter cartridges with a special catalyst that converts thetoxic carbon monoxide (CO) into safe CO2.BAUER KOMPRESSOREN is the only manufacturer in the world toaward compressor operators a PURE AIR certifi cate who operate theirsystems with permanent SECURUS fi lter monitoring and who subjectthemselves to an annual air test of the system. Here, the compressedair is checked with a highly sensitive air measuring device and a proto-col with the measured values sent to the Quality Assurance Depart-ment at BAUER KOMPRESSOREN who check the compliance with thelimit values and issue an annual seal.The extensive documentation enclosed with every system addresses allsafety aspects such as correct erection and the safe operation of thesystem. BAUER KOMPRESSOREN also offers a broad base trainingprogram in its own plant and through its partners which preparesinterested course participants for the safe and responsible operationand maintenance of the system.Conclusion: if systems are operated correctly a danger to lifeand limb as a result of poor breathing air quality can be ruledout.The tragic diving accident on the Maldives demonstrates by way ofexample and in all clarity how the worst case, namely the death of adiver and severe injure to a further nine divers can arise due to sloppyand profi t-oriented operation of systems together with the poortraining of base personnel and complete failure to take any conceiva-ble safety precautions:The investigations of the Maldives police have not yet been comple-ted. However, according to all information gathered so far, the follow-ing sequence of events can be viewed to be verifi ed:In the days before the accident several trips were made with a divingboat ‘baani adventurer’ from the operator ‘Touring Maledives’ onwhich the accident took place on 28 May 2008. Some of the partici-pants complained about headaches after the diving trips.Several systems were located on board from different manufacturerswhich were all operated by combustion engines.A few days before the accident the drive motor of the make HONDAfailed in one of the compressors. A motor mechanic trained to servicethe HONDA motor examined the motor and determined that due tolack of servicing and oil the machine was a total write-off. In thisconnection he also inspected the air intake fi lter of the compressorand determined that this was totally coked. Normally, the paperlamella of the fi lter turn grey during normal use as a result of theairborne particles until the fi lter is clogged and must be replaced.However, the massive coking of the system could not have arisen bypage 3/5 normal air pollution. Rather, it was attributable to the intake of sootparticles from exhaust gases (to a substantial extent judging by thedegree of carbonisation of the air fi lter) which came from the ship’sdiesel and / or combustion exhaust gases from other compressors.If compressors are operated with compressor motor, the air must betaken in such that it is not burdened by combustion exhaust gases.This is either achieved by an intake telescope or an intake hose inwhich the opening must be positioned accordingly.Photos taken after the accident also show that the intake hoses weredefective and had been patched up at numerous places using adhesivetape. The ends of the hoses and the faulty hose sections were alsolocated in the exhaust gas fl ow of the combustion engines of othercompressors and of the ship’s engine. Unconfi rmed reports of partici-pants also state that the intake hoses were not even connected to thecompressor.Operator failure 1:the intake air was burdened to a high degree with a potentially toxiccarbon monoxide and carbon dioxide due to poorly serviced systemsand incorrectly positioned, defective hoses.Investigations of the Maldives Police showed that, contrary to theclear instructions in the operating manual of the system, the wrongfi lter cartridge type was used. Instead of the fi lter cartridge for com-pressors with combustion engine whose additional catalytic converterneutralises carbon monoxide, a fi lter cartridge was used that is onlyapproved for systems with emission-free electrical drive.It is pure speculation whether this was negligence or a saving measu-re. According to the information of local experts on the scene, approx.90 % of all cartridges purchased, assuming that the cartridges havenot been incorrectly fi lled by the operators themselves, are cartridgesthat have only been approved for the operation with electrical motors,although a high percentage of the systems on the Maldives are opera-ted with combustion engines. The high price of fi lter cartridges issupposed as reason (due to the expensive CO catalyst material). Thefact that no such accidents have happened before on the Maldives is apure stroke of luck under consideration of the framework conditionsoutlined above.The air measurements made after the accident with respect to theconfi scated breathing air cylinders of the divers in the accident alsoshow high levels of CO such that the test tubes used completelyshattered. The maximum measurement range is 150 ppm CO. Theadmissible upper limit of 15 ppm CO is below the maximum range of150 ppm that can be measured and shown by the test tube by afactor of 10. This means that the CO burden in the air of the deaddiver must have been at least 10 times the admissible limit value.page 4/5 In all other divers the burden was an average of 80 ppm, i.e. 5 to 6times the admissible upper limit value.Operator failure 2:as a result of using the wrong fi lter cartridge the CO polluted intakeair was able to fl ow unimpeded into the diving cylinder and lead tothe death of or injury to the divers concerned due to the breathing in.of air highly polluted with CO / CO2How can such accidents be avoided in future?In the design, production and more (specialised servicing, originalspare parts available quickly throughout the world, training, certifi ca-tion of compressor operators with the PURE AIR certifi cate) BAUERKOMPRESSOREN takes all conceivable measures to secure the genera-tion of highly pure breathing air that is better than required by the DINEN 12021 standard.The possibilities of exerting infl uence stop when, as happened on theMaldives, the black sheep amongst the operators fl aunt elementarysafety requirements due to a lack of technical skill, for reasons ofsloppiness and/or economy.This problem can only be solved by the diligence of travel operators,technical publications and not least the sensitised and informed endcustomers, the divers, exercising pressure on shady operators to stopthe dangerous handling of breathing air. For travel operators this is aduty under the new leading judgement of the Federal Court of Justicefrom 2007 on travel law (which placed strict supervisory duties on theoperators to inspect partners at the destinations) in order to avoidown liability.The end consumer, the visitor to the diving base, has only limitedpossibilities to assess the air quality in the absence of an air meter. Buthe has the right to perfect equipment, the most important componentof which is pure breathing air. And through attentiveness and targetedquestions to the travel operator and/or to the dive base operator atthe destination he can, as customer, exercise the requisite pressure tocompel shady operators to change their behaviour for fear of losingcustomers.The following aspects may be used to assess air quality:-Questions concerning the original fi lter cartridges in stock and theintervals of change. (Self fi llers!). Respectable operators conduct a logpage 5/5 book on the change of cartridges and have a permanent fi lter monito-ring system such as SECURUS. Be stubborn and do not be fobbed offby generalised statements!-Is the compressor in a airless corner somewhere on the bottom of theship? If this is the case, is the compressor taking in fresh air and wheredo the intake hoses end?–Does the fi lling system and the fi lling area make a clean, well ser-viced impression (does not say everything but is an indication)?-If headaches occur after diving which cannot be otherwise explainedor if the air tastes poor or of oil - alarm bells!!–Does the operator offer diving at unusually low prices. The competiti-on amongst diving schools is extremely tough in some places. Savingsare then not seldom made where they cannot be seen, for example, inservicing and consumables for compressors. Quality is seldom to behad at a discount.In view of this tragic and unavoidable diving accident BAUER KOM-PRESSOREN will step us its efforts to inform operators and end consu-mers and push ahead with the certifi cation of diving bases in accor-dance with the BAUER PURE AIR standard.Contact:Ralf Deichelmann, Sales PromotionPhone. ++49 89 780 49 -125 / Fax -167*****************************************BAUER KOMPRESSOREN GMBHDrygalski-Allee 37 81477 München。