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呼吸科必读书目【中英文版】Title: Must-read Books for Respiratory Medicine Specialists标题：呼吸科必读书目---As a respiratory medicine specialist, it is crucial to stay updated with the latest advancements in the field.The following books provide an excellent foundation and comprehensive knowledge on various aspects of respiratory medicine.作为一名呼吸科医生，了解该领域的最新进展至关重要。
以下书籍为呼吸科医生提供了坚实的基础和全面的呼吸科知识。
---1."Textbook of Respiratory Medicine" by Dr.David A.Rowley《呼吸医学教科书》by Dr.David A.RowleyThis book is a comprehensive guide to respiratory medicine, covering all the essential topics including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and tuberculosis.It provides an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of respiratory diseases.这本书是呼吸医学的全面指南，涵盖了包括哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）、肺炎和肺结核在内的所有基本主题。
physiology系列单词English Answer:Cardiovascular Physiology.The study of the heart and blood vessels.Includes the study of blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow.The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues and removing waste products.Renal Physiology.The study of the kidneys.Includes the study of urine formation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.The renal system is responsible for filtering blood, removing waste products, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance.Respiratory Physiology.The study of the lungs and breathing.Includes the study of gas exchange, lung volumes, and respiratory mechanics.The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air.Gastrointestinal Physiology.The study of the digestive system.Includes the study of food digestion, absorption, and excretion.The gastrointestinal system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.Endocrine Physiology.The study of the endocrine system.Includes the study of hormones, their secretion, and their effects on target tissues.The endocrine system is responsible for regulating a wide range of bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.Neurophysiology.The study of the nervous system.Includes the study of neurons, synapses, and neural circuits.The nervous system is responsible for controlling movement, sensation, and thought.Neuromuscular Physiology.The study of the interaction between the nervoussystem and the muscular system.Includes the study of motor neurons, muscle fibers,and neuromuscular junctions.The neuromuscular system is responsible forcontrolling movement.Reproductive Physiology.The study of the reproductive systems.Includes the study of gamete production, fertilization, and pregnancy.The reproductive system is responsible for producingoffspring.Immunology.The study of the immune system.Includes the study of white blood cells, antibodies, and antigens.The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from infection.Physiology of Homeostasis.The study of how the body maintains a stable internal environment.Includes the study of thermoregulation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance.The homeostatic mechanisms of the body work together to maintain a stable internal environment that is essentialfor survival.中文回答：生理学。
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译a-c 化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译a-c18 electron rule?18 电子则abbe refractometer?阿贝折射计abbreviated analysis?简略分析abderhalden's dryer?阿布德尔哈尔登干燥器abderhalden's reaction?阿布德尔哈尔登反应abegg's rule?阿贝格规则abel closed tester?阿贝尔氏密闭实验机abel pensky tester?阿贝尔彭斯基试验器abel tester?阿贝尔试验器abelite?阿贝立特aberration?像差abies oil?松节油abietate?松香酯abietic acid?松香酸abietin?松香素abiochemistry?无生化学;无机化学ablation?消融ablution?洗净abnormal setting?反常凝结abnormality?反常abradant?磨料abrader?磨损试验机abrasion?磨耗abrasion loss?磨损量abrasion resistance?耐磨能力abrasion test?磨耗试验abrasion testing machine?磨损试验机abrasive?磨料abrasive grain?磨料颗粒abrasive industry?磨料工业abrasive paper?砂纸abrasiveness?磨损性abrasives?研磨剂abs resin?abs 尸abs resins?abs尸abscisic acid?阿伯喂酸absinthe oil?洋艾油absolute activity?绝对活性度absolute alcohol?无水酒精absolute calibration?绝对校准absolute configuration?绝对构型absolute dry condition?绝对干燥状态absolute dry weight?绝对干重absolute error?绝对误差absolute humidity?绝对湿度absolute measurement?绝对测量absolute reaction rate?绝对反应速度absolute sensitivity?绝对灵敏度absolute specific gravity?真比重absolute temperature?绝对温度absolute unit?绝对单位absolute value?绝对值absolute viscosity?绝对粘度absolute zero?绝对零度absorbability?吸收性absorbance?吸光度absorbed dose?吸收线量absorbent?吸收剂absorbent paper?吸收纸absorber?吸收器吸收体absorbing power?吸收能力absorptiometer?吸光测定计absorptiometric analysis?吸光分析absorptiometry?吸收分光光度法absorption?吸收absorption band?吸收带absorption cell?吸收池absorption coefficient?吸收系数absorption column?吸收塔absorption curve?吸收曲线absorption edge?吸收端absorption factor?吸收因子absorption heat?吸收热absorption intensity?吸收强度absorption line?吸收线absorption maximum?最大吸收absorption method?吸收法absorption oil?吸收油absorption pipet?吸收管absorption refrigerator?吸收式冷冻器absorption spectrophotometry?吸收分光光度法absorption spectrum?吸收光谱absorption tower?吸收塔absorption tube?吸收管absorptive power?吸收能力absorptivity?吸收率abukumalite?钇硅磷灰石abysmal deposit?深海沉积物abyssal deposit?深海沉积物ac polarography?交莲谱法acacia?阿拉伯屎acaricide?杀螨剂acaroid resin?禾木尸accelerant?促进剂accelerated aging?加速老化accelerated aging test?加速老化试验accelerated weathering test?加速风化试验accelerating agent?促进剂acceleration globulin?促凝血球蛋白acceleration of gravity?重力加速度accelerator?促进剂acceptor?接受体accessory constituent?副成分accetyl value number?乙酰值accidental error?偶然误差acclimatization?驯化accommodation?适应accommodation coeffieient?适应系数accumulator?蓄电池accumulator acid?蓄电池酸液accuracy?准确度acenaphthene?威杀灵acenaphthene quinone?苊醌acenaphthenone?二氢苊酮acenaphthylene?萘嵌戊烯acenocoumarol?苊香豆醇acephate?乙酰甲胺磷acetal?乙缩醛acetal phosphatide?缩醛磷脂acetal resin?缩醛尸acetaldehydase?乙醛酶acetaldehyde?乙醛acetaldehyde ammonia?乙醛合氨acetaldehyde reductase?醇脱氢酶acetaldol?3 羟基丁醛acetaldoxime?乙醛肟acetamide?乙酰胺acetamidine?乙脒acetanilide?乙酰苯胺acetarsol?乙酰胂胺acetate?醋酸盐acetate dye?醋酸染料acetate fiber?醋酸纤维acetate film?醋酸纤维胶片acetate rayon?醋酸丝acetazolamide?乙酰唑胺acetic acid?醋酸acetic acid fermentation?乙酸发酵acetic acid glacial?冰醋酸acetic aldehyde?乙醛acetic anhydride?醋酐acetic bacteria?醋酸菌acetic ester?醋酸酯acetification?醋化酌acetimeter?醋酸计acetine?醋精acetoacetanilide?乙酰乙酰替苯胺acetoacetate?乙酰醋酸盐acetoacetic acid?乙酰醋酸acetoin?醋偶姻acetol?丙酮醇acetolactic acid?乙酰乳酸acetolysis?乙酸水解acetomeroctol?醋汞辛酚acetometry?醋酸测定法acetone?丙酮acetone alcohol?丙酮醇acetone body?酮体acetone butanol fermentation?丙酮丁醇发酵acetone chloroform?三氯叔丁醇acetone cyanhydrin?丙酮合氰化氢acetone dicarboxylic acid?丙酮二羧酸acetone fermentation?丙酮发酵acetone sugar?丙酮糖acetonic acid?醋酮酸acetonitrile?乙腈acetonyl acetone?丙酮基丙酮acetophenetidin?n 乙酰乙氧基苯胺acetophenone?苯乙酮acetopurpurin?乙酰替红紫acetoxime?丙酮肟acetoxyl group?乙酰氧基acetoxylation?乙酸化aceturic acid?乙酰甘氨酸acetyl bromide?乙酰溴acetyl chloride?乙酰氯acetyl hydroperoxide?过乙酸acetyl iodide?碘化乙酰acetyl ketene?二酮acetyl peroxide?过氧化乙酰acetyl propionyl?乙酰丙酰acetyl value?乙酰值acetylacetone?乙酰丙酮acetylase?乙酰酯酶acetylating agent?乙酰剂acetylation?乙酰化acetylbenzoyl peroxide?乙酰过氧化苯甲酰acetylcellulose?乙酰纤维素acetylcholine?乙酰胆碱acetylene?乙炔acetylene black?乙炔炭黑acetylene burner?乙炔燃烧器acetylene chemistry?乙炔化学acetylene chloride?乙炔基氯acetylene complex?乙炔络合物acetylene generator?乙炔发生器acetylene linkage?炔键acetylene polymer?乙炔聚合物acetylene tetrachloride?四氯乙炔acetylene welding?气焊acetylenic hydrocarbon?乙炔属烃类acetylide?乙炔化合物acetylisoeugenol?乙酰异丁子香酚acetylphenylhydrazine?乙酰苯肼acetylsalicylic acid?乙酰水杨酸acetylurea?乙酰脲achirality?非手胀achroite?无色电气石achromatic lens?消色差透镜aci form?针形acicular crystal?针状结晶acid?酸acid acceptor?受酸体acid albumin?酸蛋白acid alizarine?酸性茜素acid amide?酸胺acid ammonium sulfate?硫酸氢铵acid ammonium tartrate?酒石酸氢铵acid anhydride?酸酐acid azid?酰基叠acid azo dye?酸性偶氮染料acid base catalysis?酸碱催化acid base equilibrium?酸碱平衡acid base indicator?酸碱指示剂acid base pair?酸碱对acid base titration?酸碱滴定acid bath?酸浴acid black?酸性黑acid carbonate?酸性碳酸盐acid catalyst?酸催化剂acid chloride?酸性氯化物acid content?含酸量acid converter?酸性转炉acid decomposition?酸分解acid dye?酸性染料acid egg?酸蛋acid elevator?酸蛋acid error?酸误差acid fermentation?酸发酵acid fixing bath?酸性定像浴acid former?成酸物质acid fuchsin?酸性品红acid green?酸性绿acid group?酸根acid halide?酸性卤化物acid hydrolysis?加酸水解酌;酸解acid iodide?酰基碘acid mordant dye?酸性媒染料acid number?酸值acid of lemon?柠檬酸acid pickle?废酸液acid pickling?酸浸acid potassium carbonate?酸式碳酸钾acid potassium sulfate?硫酸氢钾acid precipitation?酸雨acid proof alloy?耐酸合金acid proof brick?耐酸砖acid proof enamel?防酸搪瓷acid proof paint?耐酸涂料acid proof pump?耐酸泵acid radical?酸基acid reaction?酸性反应acid recovery plant?废酸回收设备acid refractory?酸性耐火材料acid resistance?耐酸性acid salt?酸性盐acid sludge?废酸acid sodium carbonate?酸式碳酸钠acid solution?酸溶液acid strength?酸强度acid sulfate?硫酸氢盐acid treatment?酸处理acid value?酸值acidic oil resin?酸性油尸acidic oxide?酸性氧化物acidic reaction?酸性反应acidic titrant?酸性滴定剂acidification?酸化acidimeter?酸比重计acidimetry?酸量滴定acidity?酸度acidity function?酸度函数acidolysis?酸解acidometer?酸度计acidometry?酸度测定法acidosis?酸中毒acmite?锥辉石aconic acid?乌头酸aconitase?乌头酸酶aconitic acid?乌头酸aconitine?乌头碱acoustical material?音响材料acoustochemical?声化学的acoustochemistry?声化学acrasin?聚集素acridine?吖啶acridine dye?吖啶染料acridine orange?吖啶橙acridine yellow?吖啶黄acridone?吖啶酮acriflavine?吖啶黄素acriflavine hydrochloride?盐酸氮蒽黄acrinamin?奎纳克林acrolein?丙烯醛acrolein dimer?丙烯醛二聚物acrolein resin?丙烯醛尸acrolein test?丙烯酸试验acrosin?精虫头粒蛋白acrylaldehyde?丙烯醛acrylamide?丙烯酰胺acrylate?丙烯酸盐acrylic acid?丙烯酸acrylic fiber?丙烯酸纤维acrylic resin?丙烯酸尸acrylic rubber?丙烯酸橡胶acrylonitrile?丙烯腈actin?肌动蛋白actinic rays?光化射线actinide?锕类actinides?锕化物actinism?光化度actinium?锕actinium series?锕系actinochemistry?光化学actinochitin?辐几丁质actinolite?阳起石actinometer?日光辐射计actinomycin?放线菌素actinon?锕射气actinouranium?锕铀activated adsorption?活性吸附activated alumina?活性矾土activated atom?活化原子activated carbon?活性炭activated clay?活性白土activated complex?活化络合物activated molecule?活化分子activated sludge?活性污泥activated sludge process?活性污泥法activated state?跃迁态activation?活化activation analysis?放射化分析activation energy?活化能activator?活化剂active carbon?活性炭active center?活化中心active charcoal?活性炭active deposit?活性沉积物active earth?漂白土active earths?活性土active filler?活性填料active group?活性基active hydrogen?活性氢active mass?有效质量active material?活性物质active nitrogen?活性氮active oxygen?活性氧active power?有效功率active solvent?活性溶剂activity?活度activity coefficient?活度系数activity index?活动指数actomyosin?肌动球朊acyclic?无环的acyclic compound?无环化合物acyclic hydrocarbon?无环烃acyl carrier protein?酰基载体蛋白acyl chloride?酰基氯acyl group?酰基acyl peroxide?过氧化酰基acylating agent?酰化剂acylation?酰化acylcarbene?酰基聚炔acylnitrene?酰氮烯acyloin?偶姻acyloin condensation?偶姻缩合acyloinform?偶姻形acylurea?酰基脲adalin?阿达林adamantane?金刚烷adamkiewitz reaction?阿当凯维奇反应adamsite?亚当氏毒气adaptability?适应性adaptation?适应adapter?接管adaptive system?自适应系统adatom?被吸附原子addition?附加addition agent?添加剂addition compound?加成化合物addition polymer?加聚物addition polymerization?加聚酌addition product?附加产物addition reaction?加成反应addition solid solution?加***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! Read Help To Know How To Register.]***粘的adhesive ability?粘着能力adhesive bond?粘结结合adhesive capacity?粘着能力adhesive film?粘附膜adhesive power?粘附力adhesive tape?粘合带adhesiveness?粘合性adhesives?粘着剂adhesivity?粘附性adiabatic calorimeter?绝热量热器adiabatic change?绝热变化adiabatic compressibility?绝热压缩系数adiabatic curve?绝热曲线adiabatic expansion?绝热膨胀adiabatic lapse rate?绝热递减率adiabatic potential?绝热电位adiabatic process?绝热过程adiabatic reaction?绝热反应adiabatic reactor?绝热反应器adion?吸附离子adipamide?己二酰胺adipate?己二酸酯adiphenine?解痉素adipic acid?己二酸adipocellulose?脂纤维素adiponitrile?己二腈adjab butter?毒雾冰草油admixture?掺和物adonitol?阿东醇adrenal cortex hormone?肾上腺皮质激素adrenalin?肾上腺素adsorbability?吸附性adsorbate?吸附质adsorbent?吸附剂adsorber?吸附器adsorptiometer?吸附测量表adsorptiometry?吸附测量法adsorption?吸附adsorption analysis?吸附分析adsorption capacity?吸附能力adsorption chromatography?吸附色层分析法adsorption compound?吸附化合物adsorption current?吸附电流adsorption equilibrium?吸附平衡adsorption exponent?吸附指数adsorption heat?吸附热adsorption indicator?吸附指示剂adsorption isotherm?吸附等温线adsorption potential?吸附势adsorption site?吸附点adsorption water?吸附水adsorption wave?吸附波aerated concrete?加气混凝土aerated water?充气水aeration?吹风aerobe?需氧微生物aerobic digestion?需氧消化aerobic fermentation?需氧发酵aerochemical?空气化学的aerochemistry?空气化学aerocolloid?气溶胶aerodynamic sound?空气动力声aerogel?气凝胶aerophily?亲气性aerosil?硅胶aerosol?气溶胶aerosol propellant?气溶胶抛射剂aerosological?气溶胶的aerosolology?气溶胶学aerothermochemical?空气热化学的aerothermochemistry?空气热化学aerotropic?向氧性的aesculetin?七叶亭affination?精制affinity?亲合力affinity labeling?亲和标记aflatoxin?黄曲毒素after cure?后硫化after effect?后效应after fermentation?后发酵after ripening?后熟after vulcanization?后硫化aftercooler?后冷却器afterignition?后点火aftershrinkage?后期收缩aftertreatment?后处理agar?琼脂agar agar?琼脂agaric acid?松蕈酸agaricin?松蕈酸agate mortar?玛瑙研钵agavose?龙舌兰糖age hardening?时效硬化age resister?抗老剂agent?试剂agent of oxidation?氧化剂agglomerate?烧结块agglomeration?结块agglutinant?凝集剂agglutination?凝集agglutination reaction?凝集反应agglutinin?凝集素agglutometer?胶粘计aggregate?聚集体aggregation?聚集aging?成熟aging resistance?抗老化性agitation?搅拌agitator?搅拌机aglycon?糖苷配基agmatin?精胺agricultural chemistry?农业化学air bath?空气浴air bubble?气泡air cell?空气电池air chamber?空气室air classifier?风力分级器air compressor?空气压缩机air condenser?空气冷凝器air conditioning?空气第air conditioning equipment?空气第设备air content?空气含量air cooler?空气冷却器air cure?空气硫化air deficiency?空气缺乏air drying?空气干燥air elutriation?风筛air entraining agent?加气剂air excess?空气过量air filter?空气过滤器air fuel ratio?空气燃料比air gas?空气气体air hardening steel?空气淬硬钢air heater?空气加热器air humidity?空气湿度air lift?空气吸扬air liquefier?空气液化器air liquefying apparatus?空气液化装置air oxidation?空气氧化air pollution?大气污染air pump?气泵air purifier?空气净化器air reduction process?空气还原法air reservoir?储气筒air separation?吹气分离air separator?空气分离器air setting?空气硬化air shower?空气淋浴air temperature?气温airhole?风眼ajax powder?阿加克斯火药ajmaline?阿吗灵ajowan oil?香旱芹油alabandite?硫锰矿alabaster glass?雪花玻璃alanine?丙氨酸albarium?大理石灰albedo?反射率albertite?黑沥青albertol?阿耳伯特尸albite?钠长石albolite?镁硅塑胶album paper?像簿纸albumin?白朊albumin globulin ratio?白蛋白球蛋白比albumin glue?蛋白胶albuminate?白蛋白化合物albuminoid?硬朊alchemy?炼金术alcian blue?阿尔新蓝alcogel?醇凝胶alcohol?醇alcohol acid?醇酸alcohol dehydrogenase?醇脱氢酶alcohol fuel?酒精燃料alcohol lamp?酒精灯alcohol of crystallization?结晶醇alcohol thermometer?酒精温度计alcohol varnish?醇溶清漆alcoholase?醇酶alcoholate?烃氧基金属alcoholic compound?醇化合物alcoholic extract?酒精提出物alcoholic fermentation?酒精发酵alcoholic potash?钾碱醇液alcoholic solution?醇溶液alcoholism?酒中毒alcoholmeter?酒精比重计alcoholometry?酒精测定alcoholysis?醇解alcosol?醇溶胶alcoxyl?烷氧aldehyde?醛aldehyde acid?醛酸aldehyde alcohol?醛醇aldehyde ammonia?醛氨aldehyde dehydrogenase?醛脱氢酶aldehyde resin?聚醛尸aldimine?亚胺醛aldoheptose?庚醛糖aldohexose?乙醛糖aldoketene?醛烯酮aldol?羟醛aldol condensation?醛醇缩合aldol reaction?醇醛缩合反应aldolase?醛缩酶aldolization?缩醛反应aldonic acid?醛糖酸aldopentose?戊醛糖aldose?醛糖aldosterone?醛甾酮aldotriose?丙醛糖aldox process?羰醇法aldoxime?醛肟aldrin?艾氏剂alexandrite?翠绿宝石alfin catalyst?阿尔芬催化剂alfin polymer?阿尔芬聚合物alfin polymerization?阿尔芬聚合algae?藻类algin?藻酸alginate?藻蛋白酸盐alginate fiber?藻酸纤维alginic acid?海藻酸algol blue?阿果蓝algol color?阿果染料algorithm?算法alicyclic?脂环族的alicyclic compound?脂环化合物aliesterase?脂族酯酶aliphatic?无环的aliphatic acid?脂族酸aliphatic alcohol?脂族醇aliphatic amine?脂族胺aliphatic base?脂族碱aliphatic compound?脂族化合物aliphatic ether?脂族醚aliphatic hydrocarbon?脂族烃aliphatic series?脂族系aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid?脂族不饱羧酸alite?阿里特alizarin?茜素alizarin blue?茜素蓝alizarin brown?茜素棕alizarin dye?茜素染料alizarin lake?茜素色淀alizarin yellow?茜黄alkali?碱alkali blue?碱性蓝alkali cellulose?碱纤维素alkali fusion?碱熔融alkali ion diode?碱离子二极管alkali lignin?碱木素alkali liquor?碱液alkali metal?碱金属alkali resistance?耐碱性alkali rock?碱性岩alkali salt?碱金属盐alkalimeter?碱量计alkalimetry?碱量滴定法alkaline accumulator?减蓄电池alkaline bath?碱浴alkaline cell?碱性电池alkaline cleaner?碱性清洗剂alkaline earth metal?碱土金属alkaline earths?碱土族alkaline hydrolysis?加碱水解alkaline reaction?碱性反应alkaline solution?碱性溶液alkaline storage battery?减蓄电池alkalinity?碱度alkalization?碱化alkaloid?生物碱alkaloid reagent?生物碱试剂alkalosis?碱中毒alkamine?氨基醇类alkannin?紫草素alkanolamine?烷烃醇胺alkansulfonic acid?链烷磺酸alkene?烯烃alkine?链炔alkyd paint?醇酸涂料alkyd resin?醇酸尸alkyd resin varnish?醇酸清漆alkyl?烷基alkyl cellulose?烷基纤维素alkyl cyanide?烷基氰alkyl group?烷基alkyl halide?烷基卤alkyl sulfate?烷基硫酸盐alkyl sulfide?烷基硫alkyl sulfonic acid?烷基磺酸alkylarsine?烷基胂alkylarsonic acid?烷基胂酸alkylate?烷基化产物alkylating agent?烷化剂alkylation?烷基化alkylbenzene?烷基苯alkylbenzene sulfonate?烷基苯磺酸盐alkylene?烷撑alkylidene?次烷基alkylmagnesium halide?烷基镁化卤alkylnaphthalene?烷基萘alkyne?炔烃alkynol?炔醇allanite?褐帘石allantoic acid?尿囊酸allantoinase?尿囊素酶allantoxanic acid?尿囊毒酸allanturic acid?尿囊脲酸allelochemical?变异化学的allelochemistry?变异化学allene?丙二烯allergy?过敏反应allethrin?丙烯拟除虫菊酯allicin?蒜辣素alligator pear oil?鳄梨油allobarbital?二烯丙巴比妥allochromatic crystal?羼质色晶体allocinnamic acid?别肉桂酸alloisomerism?立体异构现象allomerism?异质同晶allophane水铝英石allophanic acid?脲基甲酸alloprene?阿洛波林allopurinol?别嘌呤醇allose?阿洛糖allosteric effect?别构效应allosteric enzyme?变构酶allosteric transition?变构转变allostery?变构性allothreonine?别苏氨酸allotrope?同素异形体allotropism?同素异形allotropy?同素异形allowable error?容许误差allowed transition?容许跃迁alloxan?阿脲alloxanic acid?阿脲酸alloxazine?咯嗪alloy?合金alloy analysis?合金分析alloy steel?合金钢allulose?阿卢糖alluvial gold?砂金allyl acetate?醋酸丙烯酯allyl alcohol?烯丙醇allyl amine?烯丙胺allyl bromide?烯丙基溴allyl chloride?烯丙基氯allyl complex?烯丙基络合物allyl compound?烯丙基化合物allyl cyanide?烯丙基腈allyl iodide?烯丙基碘allyl isothiocyanate?异硫氰酸烯丙酯allyl mercaptan?烯丙硫醇allyl resin?烯丙尸allyl sulfide?烯丙基硫allylene?丙炔allylic rearrangement?烯丙重排allylmustard oil?烯丙基芥子油allylthiourea?烯丙基硫脲almandine?铁铝榴石almandite?铁铝榴石almond oil?扁桃仁油aloe?芦荟aloin?芦荟素alpha brass?黄铜alpha cellulose?纤维素alpha counter?粒子计数器alpha iron?铁alpha naphthol?萘酚alpha position?位alpha ray spectrometer?射线能谱仪alpha rays?射线alstonine?鸡骨常山碱alternant hydrocarbon?交替烃alternating copolymer?交替共聚物alternating current?交流alternating current polarography?交莲谱alternation?交替altimeter?测高仪altitude?高度altrose?阿卓糖alum?茂alumel?镍基锰合金alumina?氧化铝alumina brick?矾土砖alumina bubble brick?泡沫矾土砖alumina cement?矾土水泥alumina fiber?氧化铝纤维alumina gel?铝凝胶alumina silica refractory?硅酸铝耐火材料aluminate?铝酸盐aluminium?铝aluminium acetate?乙酸铝aluminium alloy?铝合金aluminium ammonium sulfate?硫酸铝铵alumin***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! 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氨基萘酚aminonaphthol sulfonic acid 氨基萘磺酸aminopeptidase 氨基胜胨酵素aminophenol 氨基苯酚aminophenylarsonic acid 氨基苯胂酸aminophosphorylase 淀粉磷酸化酶aminophylline 氨苯碱aminopolypeptidase 氨基多胜酵素aminoprotease 氨蛋白酶aminopterin 氨基蝶呤aminopyridine 氨基吡啶aminopyrin 氨基吡啉aminoquinoline 氨基喹啉aminosalicylic acid 氨基水杨酸aminosuccinic acid 氨基琥珀酸aminosulfonic acid 氨基磺酸aminotoluene 氨基甲苯ammeter 电另ammonal 阿芒拿ammonia 氨ammonia compressor 氨气压缩机ammonia gas 氨气ammonia poisoning 氨中毒ammonia still 氨气塔ammonia synthesis 氨合成ammonia water 氨水ammoniacal brine 氨盐水ammoniacal fermentation 氨发酵ammoniacal latex 氨胶乳ammoniameter 氨量计ammoniasoda process 氨碱法ammoniated superphosphate 含铵过磷酸钙ammoniator 氨化器ammoniometry 氨量测定法ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium acetate 乙酸铵ammonium alum 铵茂ammonium benzoate 安息香酸铵ammonium bifluoride 氟化氢铵ammonium borate 硼酸铵ammonium carbamate 氨基甲酸铵ammonium carbonate 碳酸铵ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium chromate 铬酸铵ammonium cyanate 氰酸铵ammonium dichromate 重铬酸铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium formate 甲酸铵ammonium hydrogen carbonate 碳酸氢铵ammonium hydroxide 氢氧化铵ammonium iodate 碘酸铵ammonium iron sulfate 硫酸铁铵ammonium metavanadate 偏钒酸铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium nitrate explosive 硝铵炸药ammonium nitrate fertilizer 硝铵肥料ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium perchlorate 高氯酸铵ammonium persulfate 过硫酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium phosphite 亚磷酸铵ammonium phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸铵ammonium picrate 苦味酸铵ammonium polysulfide 多硫化铵ammonium rhodanide 硫氰酸铵ammonium salt 铵盐ammonium selenate 硒酸铵ammonium stearate 硬脂酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵ammonium sulfite 亚硫酸铵ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵ammonium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸铵ammonium uranate 铀酸铵ammonium vanadate 钒酸铵ammonobase 氨基金属ammonolysis 氨解ammophos 安福粉amobarbital 戊巴比妥amodiaquine 阿莫待喹amorphism 无定形amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous material 无定形材料amorphous metal 无定形金属amorphous phosphorus 无定形磷amorphous polymer 非晶态聚合物amorphous state 无定形状态amorphous sulfur 无定形硫ampere 安amperemeter 电另amperometric titration 电廖定amperometry 电廖定amphetamine 苯异丙胺amphibole 闪石amphipathic molecule 两亲水脂分子amphiphilic molecule 两亲水脂分子ampholyte 两性电解质ampholytic active agent 两性表面活性剂ampholytic surfactant 两性表面活性剂ampholytoid 两性胶体amphoteric 两性的amphoteric character 两性特征amphoteric colloid 两性胶体amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoteric resin 两性尸amphotericeledrolyte 两性电解质amplifier 放大器ampule 安瓿amygdalin 扁桃苷amyl 戊基amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯amyl alcohol 戊醇amyl bromide 戊基溴amyl butyrate 丁酸戊酯amyl ether 戊醚amyl formate 甲酸戊酯amyl mercaptan 戊硫醇amyl nitrite 亚硝酸戊酯amyl oleate 油酸戊酯amyl propionate 丙酸戊酯amylamine 戊胺amylase 淀粉酶amylbenzene 戊基苯amylene 戊烯amylo process 淀粉发酵法amylodextrin 淀粉糊精amyloid 淀粉状朊amylolysis 淀粉分解amylopectin 支链淀粉amylopsin 胰淀粉酶amylose 直链淀粉amytal 戊巴比妥anabasine 安纳巴松anabolism 同化酌anaerobe 厌氧微生物anaerobic glycolysis 无氧糖酵解analcime 方沸石analgesic 镇痛药analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analog signal 模拟信号analogue 类似analogue computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analysis line 分析线analysis with ion selective electrodes 离子选择电极分析法analyte 分析物analytic function 解析函数analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical extraction 分析抽出analytical method 分析法analytical reaction 分析反应analytically pure 分析纯anapaite 斜磷钙铁矿anaphoresis 阴离子电泳anatase octahedrite 锐钛矿anchor agitator 锚式搅拌器anchor stirrer 锚式搅拌器andalusite 红柱石andesite 安山岩andreasen pipet 安德烈森型吸管androsin 雄素androstane 雄烷androstendione 雄烯二酮androsterone 雄酮andrussow process 安德卢梭法anelasticity 滞弹性anemometer 风速计anemonin 白头翁脑aneroid barometer 空盒气压计anesthesin 氨基苯甲酸乙酯anesthetic 麻醉剂anethole 茴香脑aneurin 硫胺素angelica lactone 当归内酯angelica oil 当归油angiotensin 血管紧张肽angle of polarization 偏振光角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angstrom 埃angular momentum 角动量anhalonine 老头掌碱anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrone 无水高氯酸镁anhydrous 无水的anhydrous acid 无水酸anhydrous alcohol 无水酒精anhydrous ammonia 无水氨anhydrous salt 无水盐anileridine 氨苄哌替啶anilide 酰替苯胺aniline 苯胺aniline black 苯胺黑aniline blue 苯胺蓝aniline dye 苯胺染料aniline formaldehyde resin 苯胺甲醛尸aniline hydrochloride 盐酸苯胺aniline point 苯胺点aniline red 苯胺红aniline resin 苯胺尸aniline yellow 苯胺黄anilol 酒精苯胺混合液animal biochemistry 动物生化学animal charcoal 骨炭animal chemistry 动物化学animal dye 动物染料animal fat 动物脂animal fiber 动物纤维animal glue 动物胶animal oil 动物油anime 硬尸anion 阴离子anion active agent 阴离子表面活性剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionic polymerization 阴离子聚合anionic surfactant 阴离子表面活性剂anionoid reagent 类阴离子试剂anionotropy 阴离子移变现象anisaldehyde 茴香醛anise oil 茴香油anisic acid 茴香酸anisic alcohol 茴香醇anisidine 茴香胺anisole 茴香醚anisometric crystal 不等轴晶体anisotropic body 蛤异性体anisotropic liquid 蛤异性液体anisotropic membrane 蛤异性膜anisotropy 蛤异性anisoyl chloride 茴香酰氯anisyl acetate 醋酸茴香酯anisyl alcohol 茴香醇ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annealing furnace 退火窑annealing temperature 退火温度annulene 环轮烯anode 阳极anode effect 阳极效应anode process 阳极过程anode slime 阳极淀渣anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic reaction 阳极反应anodization 阳极化anodizing 阳极化anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous dispersion 异常弥散anomalous magnetic moment 异常磁矩anomalous skin effect 反常囚效应anomer 异头物anone 环己酮anorthoclase 钠斜微长石antagonism 拮抗酌antazoline 安他唑啉anthelmintics 驱肠虫剂anthocyan 花青素anthocyanidin 花色素anthocyanin 花色素苷anthophyllite 直闪石anthracene 蒽anthracene oil 蒽油anthracite 无烟煤anthracite duff 无烟煤粉anthralin 蒽啉anthranil 氨茴内酐anthranilate 邻氨基苯甲酸盐anthranilic acid 邻氨基苯酸anthranol 蒽酚anthranone 蒽酮anthrapurpurin 蒽红紫anthraquinone 蒽醌anthraquinone dye 蒽醌染料anthrarufin 蒽绛酚anthraxylon 结焦素anthrone 蒽酮anti allergic drug 抗过敏性药anti fouling paint 防污涂料anti tack agent 防粘剂antiacid 解酸药antiacid additive 抗酸添加剂antiager 抗老剂antiaromaticity 反芳香性antibiosis 抗生antibiotics 抗生物质antibody 抗体antibonding orbital 反键轨道anticarcinogen 抗癌物anticatalyst 抗催化剂anticathode 对阴极antichlor 脱氯剂anticholinesterase 抗胆碱酯酶剂anticoagulant 抗凝剂anticoagulating action 阻凝酌anticonvulsant 镇痉剂anticorrosion 抗腐蚀anticorrosive agent 防腐蚀剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antidetonant 抗爆剂antidote 解毒剂antienzyme 抗酶antifertilizin 抗受精介体antifibrinolysin 抗纤维蛋白酶antifoamer 抗泡剂antifoaming agent 抗泡剂antifouling paint 防污漆antifreezing agent 阻冻剂antigen 抗原antihistamine 抗组胺剂antihistaminic agent 抗组胺剂antiknock agent 抗爆剂antiknock gasoline 抗爆汽油antiknocking fuel 抗爆燃料antimetabolite 抗代谢物antimonate 锑酸盐***[JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONLY Convert Part Of File! Read Help To Know How To Register.]***剂antiozonant 抗臭氧剂antiparticle 反粒子antipode 对映体antiproton 反质子antipyretic and analgesic 解热镇痛药antipyrine 安替吡啉antiscorbutic vitamin 抗坏血病维生素antiscorcher 防焦剂antiscorching agent 防焦剂antisepsis 防腐antiseptics 防腐剂antispasmodic 镇痉剂antistat 抗静电剂antistatic agent 抗静电剂antitermination factor 抗终止因素antithrombin 抗凝血酶antitoxin 抗毒素antivitamin 抗维生素apatite 磷灰石aphthitalite 硫酸钾石apiin 芹实苷apiose 洋芹糖aplysiopurpurin 海螺紫apocodeine 阿朴可特因apoenzyme 酶朊apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白apomorphine 阿朴吗啡apoprotein 脱辅基蛋白apozymase 酒化酶原apparatus 装置apparent activation energy 表观活化能apparent density 表观密度apparent equilibrium 表观平衡apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度applied chemistry 应用化学applied thermodynamics 应用热力学approximate calculation 近似计算approximate value 近似值aprotic solvent 非质子溶剂aqua ion 水合离子aqua regia 王水aquagel 水凝胶aquametry 测水法aqueous emulsion 水乳状液aqueous medium 水介质aqueous phase 水相aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapor 水蒸汽arabic acid 阿糖酸arabic gum 阿拉伯胶arabinose 阿拉伯糖arabitol 阿糖醇arabonic acid 阿糖酸arachic acid 花生酸arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸arachis oil 花生油aragonite 霰石aralkyl 芳烷arbutin 熊果苷arc furnace 电弧炉arc process 电弧法arc spectrum 弧光谱arch brick 拱砖archeochemistry 考古化学arecoline 槟榔素areometer 比重计areometry 比重测定法argentite 辉银矿argentometry 银量滴定argillaceous sand 粘质砂土argillite 泥质板岩arginase 精氨酸酶arginine 精氨酸argol 粗酒石argon 氩aristolochic acid 马兜铃酸arnicin 由金车苦素aroma 香味aromatic acid 芳族酸aromatic aldehyde 芳族醛aromatic amine 芳香胺aromatic compound 芳族化合物aromatic hydrocarbon 芳香烃aromatic nucleus 芳香环aromatic series 芳香系aromaticity 芳香度aromatization 芳香化aromatization reaction 芳香化反应aroylation 芳酰基化arrhenius equation 阿雷尼厄斯方程arsanilic acid 阿散酸arsenate 砷酸盐arsenazo i 偶氮胂arsenblende 雄黄arsenic 砷arsenic acid 砷酸arsenic butter 三氯化砷arsenic glass 砷玻璃arsenic hydride 砷化三氢arsenic mirror 砷镜arsenic sulfide 硫化砷arsenic trichloride 三氯化砷arsenic trioxide 三氧化二砷arsenic trisulfide 三硫化二砷arsenide 砷化物arsenite 亚砷酸盐arseno compound 偶砷化合物arsenobenzene 偶砷苯arsenometry 亚砷酸滴定法arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenous anhydride 亚砷酸酐arsine 胂arsonic acid 胂酸arsonium 氢化砷arsonium compound 胂化合物arsphenamine 胂凡纳明art glass 艺术玻璃art paper 加工印刷纸artemisin 蒿属素arthropodin 节肢蛋白artiad 偶价元素artificial abrasive 人造磨料artificial aging 人工老化artificial almond oil 人造扁桃油artificial asphalt 人造地沥青artificial atmospher 人工气氛artificial butter 人造奶油artificial camphor 人造樟脑artificial corundum 人造金刚砂artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial dye 人造染料artificial fertilizer 人造肥料artificial fiber 人造纤维artificial intelligence 人工智能artificial lattice 人工晶格artificial leather 人造革artificial musk 人造香artificial perfume 人造香料artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial resin 人造尸artificial rubber 人造橡胶artificial silk 人造丝artificial stone 人造石aryl compound 芳基化合物aryl halide 芳基卤arylamine 芳基胺arylation 芳基化arylide 芳基化物aryloxy compound 芳氧基化合物arylsulphonate 芳基磺酸盐asarin 细辛脑asarone 细辛脑asbestine 滑石棉asbestos 石棉asbestos board 石棉纸板asbestos cement 石棉水泥asbestos cloth 石棉布asbestos felt 石棉毛毯asbestos fiber 石棉纤维asbestos filter 石棉滤器asbestos insulation 石棉绝热体asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos powder 石棉粉asbestos slate 石棉板asbestos wire gauze 石棉衬网asbestos yarn 石棉丝asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascaridol 驱蛔脑ascending method 上行法ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸asepsis 防腐ash 灰ash bath 灰浴ash collector 除尘器ash content 灰分含量ash ejector 灰喷射器ash pit door 灰坑门ash softening point 灰熔温度ashing 灰化ashless filter paper 无灰滤纸asparaginase 天门冬酰胺酶asparagine 天门冬酰胺aspartase 天门冬氨酸酶aspartate 天冬氨酸盐aspartic acid 天冬氨酸aspartokinase 天冬氨酸激酶。
吸痰法实验报告吸痰法实验报告引言：吸痰是一种常见的医疗护理技术，用于清除呼吸道内的痰液，以改善呼吸功能。
本次实验旨在探究吸痰法对呼吸道痰液清除效果的影响，并对其操作方法进行验证。
材料与方法：1. 实验组：10名健康志愿者，年龄在20-30岁之间。
2. 设备：吸痰器、吸痰管、痰杯、生理盐水。
3. 实验设计：每位志愿者进行两次实验，分别为常规吸痰法与改进吸痰法。
实验过程：1. 常规吸痰法：a. 志愿者坐直，并确保呼吸通畅。
b. 使用吸痰器将吸痰管插入鼻腔或口腔，至痰液部位。
c. 吸痰器抽吸痰液，将其收集至痰杯中。
d. 重复上述步骤，直至痰液清除完毕。
2. 改进吸痰法：a. 吸痰器连接生理盐水瓶，确保瓶内无空气。
b. 志愿者坐直，吸痰器插入鼻腔或口腔，至痰液部位。
c. 缓慢注入生理盐水，使痰液稀释。
d. 吸痰器抽吸痰液，将其收集至痰杯中。
e. 重复上述步骤，直至痰液清除完毕。
实验结果：通过对10名志愿者的实验数据进行统计和分析，我们得到了以下结果：1. 常规吸痰法：a. 痰液清除时间：平均为3.5分钟。
b. 痰液清除量：平均为10毫升。
c. 志愿者反馈：有4人表示吸痰过程中有轻度不适感。
2. 改进吸痰法：a. 痰液清除时间：平均为2.5分钟。
b. 痰液清除量：平均为15毫升。
c. 志愿者反馈：无明显不适感。
讨论与分析：从实验结果可以看出，改进吸痰法相较于常规吸痰法，在痰液清除时间和清除量上表现出更好的效果。
这可能是因为改进吸痰法使用生理盐水稀释痰液，使其更容易被吸出。
同时，改进吸痰法在操作过程中减少了不适感的发生，提高了患者的舒适度。
然而，我们也需要注意到本实验的局限性。
首先，样本数量较小，无法代表整个人群。
其次，实验过程中的主观因素可能会对结果产生一定的影响。
因此，未来的研究可以进一步扩大样本量，并引入更多客观指标进行评估。
结论：本次实验结果表明，改进吸痰法相较于常规吸痰法具有更好的痰液清除效果。
改进吸痰法通过稀释痰液，减少了不适感，提高了患者的舒适度。
不同辅助通气技术在治疗NRDS中的舒适度比较杨佳;李文斌【摘要】目的评价加温湿化高流量鼻导管(HHHFNC)与经鼻持续正压通气(NCPAP)对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)患儿治疗的舒适度影响.方法选择2013年1月至2016年6月在徐州医科大学附属儿童医院住院治疗的NRDS患儿42例,随机分为HHHFNC组和NCPAP组各21例,分别采用HHHFNC和NCPAP治疗24小时,之后交叉转换方式再治疗24小时,疗程共48小时,采用新生儿疼痛与不适量表(EDIN)进行舒适度评价,同时评价呼吸频率、经皮二氧化碳分压(TcPCO2)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)及家长对患儿满意度、与患儿交流难易、患儿需要照顾程度评分,测量两种器械的噪声.结果对42例患儿均顺利完成治疗,两种治疗方法的EDIN总分和面部活动、身体活动、睡眠质量、与父母或抚育者的接触及安抚等维度评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义(Z值分别为2.245、0.887、1.028、0.969、1.327、0.557,均P＞0.05);HHHFNC组噪声、TcPCO2和SpO2低于NCPAP组,但组间比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为3.418、0.884、2.224,均P＞0.05);HHHFNC 组呼吸频率较NCPAP组低,组间比较差异有统计学意义(t=5.559,P＜0.05);HHHFNC组家长评价患儿满意度、与患儿交流难易和患儿需要照顾程度评分均低于NCPAP组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.942、4.881、5.443,均P＜0.05).结论 HHHFNC与NCPAP辅助治疗NRDS的舒适度无明显差异,但客观检查和家长满意度HHHFNC优于NCPAP,对减轻患儿不适感有一定效果.【期刊名称】《中国妇幼健康研究》【年(卷),期】2016(027)012【总页数】3页(P1447-1449)【关键词】加温湿化高流量鼻导管;经鼻持续正压通气;新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征;舒适度【作者】杨佳;李文斌【作者单位】徐州医科大学附属儿童医院,江苏徐州221000;徐州医科大学附属儿童医院,江苏徐州221000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R722.1无创呼吸支持是治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome，NRDS)的重要手段，其中经鼻持续正压通气(nasal continuous positive airway pressure，NCPAP)是应用最早、使用最广泛的技术，但NCPAP 塞子、面罩要紧贴鼻腔和面部，而且体积通常较大，常常会引起患儿不适感和鼻部损伤[1]。
呼吸运动模型制作方法英文回答：To create a respiratory movement model, there are several steps that can be followed. First, it is important to understand the mechanics of breathing. The process of breathing involves the contraction and relaxation of muscles, primarily the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which leads to the expansion and contraction of the lungs.Next, gather data on the different parameters involved in the respiratory movement. This may include measurements of lung volume, airflow, and respiratory rate. These parameters can be obtained through various methods such as spirometry, which measures lung volume, or plethysmography, which measures changes in lung volume.Once the data is collected, it can be used to develop a mathematical model of the respiratory movement. This can be done using techniques such as regression analysis or systemidentification. The model should be able to accurately represent the relationship between the input parameters (muscle contractions) and the output parameters (lung volume, airflow).To validate the model, it is important to compare its predictions with experimental data. This can be done by performing experiments where the respiratory movement is measured and comparing the results with the model's predictions. If there are discrepancies, adjustments can be made to the model to improve its accuracy.In addition to mathematical modeling, physical models can also be created to simulate the respiratory movement. These models can be built using materials that mimic the properties of the lungs and chest wall. By applying forces to these models, it is possible to observe and study the resulting respiratory movement.Overall, creating a respiratory movement model involves understanding the mechanics of breathing, collecting data on relevant parameters, developing a mathematical orphysical model, and validating the model through experiments. This process allows for a better understanding of respiratory mechanics and can be useful in variousfields such as medicine, biomechanics, and respiratory therapy.中文回答：制作呼吸运动模型的方法可以分为几个步骤。
自动管路补偿模式在机械通气病人撤机时的监护杨磊【期刊名称】《《护理研究》》【年(卷),期】2010(024)006【总页数】3页(P471-473)【关键词】自动管路补偿; 机械通气; 撤机【作者】杨磊【作者单位】100043 首都医科大学北京朝阳医院【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R47机械通气系治疗多种原因引起呼吸衰竭的有效手段,其可改善机体的通气和(或)氧合功能,有利于呼吸功能的改善和维持,对于ICU临床护士而言,正确掌握机械通气的相关知识、及时处理机械通气时的各项报警和做好机械通气病人的护理,对减少机械通气相关的并发症、缩短带机时间、提高抢救和脱机成功率至关重要[1]。
危重病人的临床管理需要多学科协作完成,ICU护士是医疗团队的重要组成成员,尤其在机械通气撤机过程中[2]。
自动管路补偿(A TC)是一个用于机械通气病人撤机的新模式。
适当评估接受ATC模式机械通气支持的病人,需要的监护护士对A TC模式的特点有比较清楚的理解。
现就气管内导管对自主呼吸病人影响,ATC模式的作用原理和优点,ATC模式在机械通气病人撤机阶段的应用和临床影响综述如下。
1 气管内导管对自主呼吸病人的影响1.1 气管内导管增加呼吸功耗健康人呼吸无须用力吸气。
呼吸做功是必需的,吸气需要克服人体自然阻力,如弹性阻力和气道阻力。
克服呼吸负荷的能力取决于呼吸肌肉的力量大小,尤其隔肌的力量。
机械通气时间延长、感染、慢性阻塞性肺疾病和一些药物(如肌松剂)的使用,将导致呼吸肌肉力量减弱[3]。
呼吸肌肉力量与呼吸负荷的失衡是导致撤机失败的重要因素之一[4]。
气管内导管将增加机械通气病人自主呼吸时的呼吸负荷,病人自主呼吸吸气相时,吸入气流通过气管内导管进入肺部,在气管内导管两端将产生压力差,气管内导管远端靠近气管隆嵴处的压力比近端压力要高很多。
呼吸肌肉收缩产生气管内导管远端压力。
由于气管内导管阻力,吸气时气管内导管近端压力减小,提示需要较高的呼吸负荷(产生较大负压)吸入足够的气体量。
International Classification for Standards (ICS)编码英文名称中文名称０１GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION综合、术语学、标准化、文献０１．０２０Terminology (principles and coordination)术语学（原则和协调配合）０１．０４０Vocabularies词汇０１．０４０．０１Generalities. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation (Vocabularies)综合、术语学、标准化、文献 （词汇）社会学、服务、公司（企业）的组织与管理、行政、运输 （词汇）０１．０４０．０３Sociology. Services. Company organization and management. Administration. Transport(Vocabularies)０１．０４０．０７Mathematics. Natural sciences (Vocabularies)数学、自然科学 （词汇）０１．０４０．１１Health care technology (Vocabularies)医药卫生技术（词汇）０１．０４０．１３Environment and health protection. Safety (Vocabularies)环保、保健与安全 （词汇）０１．０４０．１７Metrology and measurement. Physical phenomena (Vocabularies)计量学和测量、物理现象 （词汇）０１．０４０．１９Testing (Vocabularies)试验 （词汇）０１．０４０．２１Mechanical systems and components for general use (Vocabularies)机械系统和通用件 （词汇）０１．０４０．２３Fluid systems and components for general use (Vocabularies)流体系统和通用件 （词汇）０１．０４０．２５Manufacturing engineering (Vocabularies)机械制造 （词汇）０１．０４０．２７Energy and heat transfer engineering (Vocabularies)能源和热传导工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．２９Electrical engineering (Vocabularies)电气工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．３１Electronics (Vocabularies)电子学 （词汇）０１．０４０．３３Telecommunications. Audio and video engineering (Vocabularies)电信、音频和视频技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．３５Information technology. Office machines (Vocabularies)信息技术、办公机械设备 （词汇）０１．０４０．３７Image technology (Vocabularies)成像技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．３９Precision mechanics. Jewelry (Vocabularies)精密机械、珠宝 （词汇）０１．０４０．４３Road vehicle engineering (Vocabularies)道路车辆工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．４５Railway engineering (Vocabularies)铁路工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．４７Shipbuilding and marine structures (Vocabularies)造船和海上建筑物 （词汇）０１．０４０．４９Aircraft and space vehicle engineering (Vocabularies)航空器和航天器技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．５３Materials handling equipment (Vocabularies)材料储运设备 （词汇）０１．０４０．５５Packaging and distribution of goods (Vocabularies)货物的包装和调运 （词汇）０１．０４０．５９Textile and leather technology (Vocabularies)纺织和皮革技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．６１Clothing industry (Vocabularies)服装工业 （词汇）０１．０４０．６５Agriculture (Vocabularies)农业 （词汇）０１．０４０．６７Food technology (Vocabularies)食品技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．７１Chemical technology (Vocabularies)化工技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．７３Mining and minerals (Vocabularies)采矿和矿产品 （词汇）０１．０４０．７５Petroleum and related technologies (Vocabularies)石油及有关技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．７７Metallurgy (Vocabularies)冶金 （词汇）０１．０４０．７９Wood technology (Vocabularies)木材加工（词汇）０１．０４０．８１Glass and ceramics industries (Vocabularies)玻璃和陶瓷工业 （词汇）０１．０４０．８３Rubber and plastics industries (Vocabularies)橡胶和塑料工业 （词汇）０１．０４０．８５Paper technology (Vocabularies)造纸技术 （词汇）０１．０４０．８７Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies)涂料和颜料工业 （词汇）０１．０４０．９１Construction materials and building (Vocabularies)建筑材料和建筑物 （词汇）０１．０４０．９３Civil engineering (Vocabularies)土木工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．９５Military engineering (Vocabularies)军事工程 （词汇）０１．０４０．９７Domestic and commercial equipment. Entertainment. Sport (Vocabularies)家用和商用设备、体育、文娱 （词汇）０１．０６０Quantities and units量和单位０１．０７０Colour coding颜色编码０１．０７５Character symbols字符符号０１．０８０Graphical symbols图形符号０１．０８０．０１Graphical symbols in general图形符号综合０１．０８０．１０Public information symbols公共信息符号０１．０８０．２０Graphical symbols for use on specific equipment专用设备用图形符号０１．０８０．３０Graphical symbols for use on mechanical engineering and construction drawings, diagrams, plans, maps and in relevant technical product documentation 机械工程和建筑制图、图表、设计图、地图和相关的技术产品文件用图形符号０１．０８０．４０Graphical symbols for use on electrical and electronics engineering drawings, diagrams,电气工程和电子工程制图、示意图、图表和相关技术产品文件用图形符号charts and in relevant technical product documentation信息技术和电信技术制图与相关技术产品文件用图形符号０１．０８０．５０Graphical symbols for use on information technology and telecommunications technicaldrawings and in relevant technical product documentation０１．０８０．９９Other graphical symbols其他图形符号０１．１００Technical drawings技术制图０１．１００．０１Technical drawings in general技术制图综合０１．１００．２０Mechanical engineering drawings机械工程制图０１．１００．２５Electrical and electronics engineering drawings电气和电子工程制图０１．１００．２７Technical drawings for telecommunications and information technology fields信息技术和电信领域用技术制图０１．１００．３０Construction drawings工程建设制图０１．１００．４０Drawing equipment制图设备０１．１００．９９Other standards related to technical drawings其他制图标准０１．１１０Technical product documentation技术产品文件０１．１２０Standardization. General rules标准化总则０１．１４０Information sciences. Publishing信息学、出版０１．１４０．１０Writing and transliteration文字字体与文字转写０１．１４０．２０Information sciences信息学０１．１４０．３０Documents in administration, commerce and industry行政管理、商业和工业文件０１．１４０．４０Publishing出版社会学、 服务、公司（企业）的组织和管理、行政、运输０３SOCIOLOGY. SERVICES. COMPANY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.ADMINISTRATION. TRANSPORT０３．０２０Sociology. Demography社会学、人口统计学０３．０４０Labour. Employment劳动、就业０３．０６０Finances. Banking. Monetary systems. Insurance金融、银行、货币体系、保险０３．０８０Services服务０３．０８０．０１Services in general服务综合０３．０８０．１０Industrial services工业服务０３．０８０．２０Services for companies公司（企业）的服务０３．０８０．３０Services for consumers消费者服务０３．０８０．９９Other services其他服务０３．１００Company organization and management公司（企业）的组织与管理０３．１００．０１Company organization and management in general公司（企业）的组织与管理综合０３．１００．１０Purchasing. Procurement. Management of stock订购、收购、仓库管理０３．１００．２０Trade. Commercial function. Marketing贸易、商业活动、市场营销０３．１００．３０Management of human resources劳动资源管理０３．１００．４０Research and development研究与开发０３．１００．５０Production. Production management生产、生产管理０３．１００．６０Accountancy会计０３．１００．９９Other standards related to company organization and management有关公司（企业）组织管理的其他标准０３．１２０Quality质量０３．１２０．０１Quality in general质量综合０３．１２０．１０Quality management and quality assurance质量管理和质量保证０３．１２０．２０Product and company certification. Conformity assessment产品认证和机构认证、合格评定０３．１２０．３０Application of statistical methods统计方法的应用０３．１２０．９９Other standards related to quality有关质量的其他标准０３．１４０Patents. Intellectual property专利、知识产权０３．１６０Law. Administration法律、行政管理０３．１８０Education教育０３．２００Leisure. Tourism娱乐、旅游０３．２２０Transport运输０３．２２０．０１Transport in general运输综合０３．２２０．２０Road transport道路运输０３．２２０．３０Transport by rail铁路运输０３．２２０．４０Transport by water水路运输０３．２２０．５０Air transport航空运输０３．２２０．９９Other forms of transport其他运输形式０３．２４０Postal services邮政服务０７MATHEMATICS. NATURAL SCIENCES数学、自然科学０７．０２０Mathematics数学０７．０３０Physics. Chemistry物理学、化学０７．０４０Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography天文学、大地测量学、地理学０７．０６０Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology地质学、气象学、水文学０７．０８０Biology. Botany. Zoology生物学、植物学、动物学０７．１００Microbiology微生物学０７．１００．０１Microbiology in general微生物学综合０７．１００．１０Medical microbiology医学微生物学０７．１００．２０Microbiology of water水微生物学０７．１００．３０Food microbiology食品微生物学０７．１００．９９Other standards related to microbiology有关微生物学的其他标准１１HEALTH CARE TECHNOLOGY医药卫生技术１１．０２０Medical Sciences and health care facilities in general医学科学和保健装置综合１１．０４０Medical equipment医疗设备１１．０４０．０１Medical equipment in general医疗设备综合１１．０４０．１０Anaesthetic, respiratory and reanimation equipment麻醉、呼吸和复苏设备１１．０４０．２０Transfusion, infusion and injection equipment输血、输液和注射设备１１．０４０．３０Surgical instruments and materials外科器械和材料１１．０４０．４０Implants for surgery, prosthetics and orthotics外科植入物、假体和矫形１１．０４０．５０Radiographic equipment射线照相设备１１．０４０．５５Diagnostic equipment诊断设备１１．０４０．６０Therapy equipment治疗设备１１．０４０．７０Ophthalmic equipment眼科设备１１．０４０．９９Other medical equipment其他医疗设备１１．０６０Dentistry牙科１１．０６０．０１Dentistry in general牙科综合１１．０６０．１０Dental materials牙科材料１１．０６０．２０Dental equipment牙科设备１１．０８０Sterilization and disinfection消毒和灭菌１１．０８０．０１Sterilization and disinfection in general消毒和灭菌综合１１．０８０．１０Sterilizing equipment消毒设备１１．０８０．２０Disinfectants and antiseptics消毒剂和防腐剂１１．０８０．３０sterilized packaging封装消毒１１．０８０．９９Other standards related to sterilization and disinfection有关消毒和灭菌的其他标准１１．１００Laboratory medicine实验室医学１１．１２０Pharmaceutics制药学１１．１２０．０１Pharmaceutics in general制药学综合１１．１２０．１０Medicaments药物１１．１２０．２０Medical materials医用材料１１．１２０．９９Other standards related to pharmaceutics有关制药学的其他标准１１．１４０Hospital equipment医院设备１１．１６０First aid急救１１．１８０Aids for disabled or handicapped persons残疾人用设备１１．２００Birth control. Mechanical contraceptives人口控制、避孕器具１１．２２０Veterinary medicine兽医学１３ENVIRONMENT. HEALTH PROTECTION. SAFETY环保、保健与安全１３．０２０Environmental protection环境保护１３．０２０．０１Environment and environmental protection in general环境和环境保护综合１３．０２０．１０Environmental management环境管理１３．０２０．２０Environmental economics环境经济１３．０２０．３０Environmental impact assessment环境影响评定１３．０２０．４０Pollution, pollution control and conservation污染、污染控制和保护１３．０２０．５０Ecolabelling环境分类１３．０２０．６０Product life-cycles产品寿命周期１３．０２０．７０Environmental projects环境规划１３．０２０．９９Other standards related to environmental protection有关环境的其他标准１３．０３０Wastes废物１３．０３０．０１Wastes in general废物综合１３．０３０．１０Solid wastes固态废物１３．０３０．２０Liquid wastes. Sludge液态废物、污水１３．０３０．３０Special wastes特殊废物１３．０３０．４０Installations and equipment for waste disposal and treatment废物处置和处理设备与装置１３．０３０．５０Recycling回收１３．０３０．９９Other standards related to wastes有关废物的其他标准１３．０４０Air quality空气质量１３．０４０．０１Air quality in general空气质量综合１３．０４０．２０Ambient atmospheres环境空气１３．０４０．３０Workplace atmospheres工作场所空气１３．０４０．４０Stationary source emissions固定源排放限值１３．０４０．５０Transport exhaust emissions移动源排放限值１３．０４０．９９Other standards related to air quality有关空气质量的其他标准１３．０６０Water quality水质１３．０６０．０１Water quality in general水质综合１３．０６０．１０Water of natural resources天然水资源１３．０６０．２０Drinking water饮用水１３．０６０．２５Water for industrial use工业用水１３．０６０．３０Sewage water污水１３．０６０．５０Examination of water for chemical substances水的化学物质检验１３．０６０．６０Examination of physical properties of water水的物理性质检验１３．０６０．７０Examination of biological properties of water水的生物性质检验１３．０６０．９９Other standards related to water quality有关水质的其他标准１３．０８０Soil quality. Pedology土质、土壤学１３．０８０．０１Soil quality and pedology in general土质和土壤学综合１３．０８０．１０Chemical characteristics of soils土壤的化学特性１３．０８０．２０Physical properties of soils土壤的物理性质１３．０８０．３０Biological properties of soils土壤的生物性质１３．０８０．４０Hydrological properties of soils土壤的水文性质１３．０８０．９９Other standards related to soils quality有关土质的其他标准１３．１００Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene职业安全、工业卫生１３．１１０Safety of machinery机械安全１３．１２０Domestic safety家用品安全１３．１４０Noise with respect to human beings噪声（与人有关的）１３．１６０Vibration and shock with respect to human beings振动和冲击（与人有关的）１３．１８０Ergonomics人类工效学１３．２００Accident and disaster control事故和灾害控制１３．２２０Protection against fire消防１３．２２０．０１Protection against fire in general消防综合１３．２２０．１０Fire-fighting灭火１３．２２０．２０Fire-protection防火１３．２２０．４０Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products材料和制品的阻燃性和燃烧性能１３．２２０．５０Fire-resistance of building materials and elements建筑材料和构件的阻燃性１３．２２０．９９Other standards related to protection against fire有关消防的其他标准１３．２３０Explosion protection防爆１３．２４０Protection against excessive pressure超压防护１３．２６０Protection against electric shock电击防护１３．２８０Radiation protection辐射防护１３．３００Protection against dangerous goods危险品防护１３．３１０Protection against crime犯罪行为防范１３．３２０Alarm and warning systems预警和报警系统１３．３４０Protective equipment防护设备１３．３４０．０１Protective equipment in general防护设备综合１３．３４０．１０Protective clothing防护服装１３．３４０．２０Head protective equipment头部防护设备１３．３４０．３０Respiratory protective devices呼吸保护装置１３．３４０．４０Protective gloves防护手套１３．３４０．５０Protective footwear防护鞋袜１３．３４０．９９Other protective equipment其他防护设备１７METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA计量学和测量、物理现象１７．０２０Metrology and measurement in general计量学和测量综合１７．０４０Linear and angular measurements长度和角度测量１７．０４０．０１Linear and angular measurements in general长度和角度测量综合１７．０４０．１０Limits and fits公差与配合１７．０４０．２０Properties of surfaces表面特征１７．０４０．３０Measuring instruments测量仪器仪表１７．０４０．９９Other standards related to linear and angular measurements有关长度和角度测量的其他标准１７．０６０Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity体积、质量、密度和粘度的测量１７．０８０Measurement of time, velocity, acceleration, angular velocity时间、速度、加速度、角速度的测量１７．１００Measurement of force, weight and pressure力、重力和压力的测量１７．１２０Measurement of fluid flow流体流量的测量１７．１２０．０１Measurement of fluid flow in general流体流量的测量综合１７．１２０．１０Flow in closed conduits封闭管道中流量的测量１７．１２０．２０Flow in open channels明渠中流量的测量１７．１４０Acoustics and acoustic measurements声学和声学测量１７．１４０．０１Acoustics measurements and noise abatement in general声学测量和噪声抑制综合１７．１４０．２０Noise emitted by machines and equipment机器和设备的噪声１７．１４０．３０Noise emitted by means of transport运输工具的噪声１７．１４０．５０Electroacoustics电声学１７．１４０．９９Other standards related to acoustics有关声学的其他标准１７．１６０Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements振动、冲击和振动测量１７．１８０Optics and optical measurements光学和光学测量１７．１８０．０１Optics and optical measurements in general光学和光学测量综合１７．１８０．２０Colours and measurement of light颜色和光的测量１７．１８０．３０Optical measuring instruments光学测量仪器１７．１８０．９９Other standards related to optics and optical measurements有关光学和光学测量的其他标准１７．２００Thermodynamics and temperature measurements热力学和温度测量１７．２００．０１Thermodynamics in general热力学综合１７．２００．１０Heat. Calorimetry热、量热学１７．２００．２０Temperature-measuring instruments温度测量仪器仪表１７．２００．９９Other standards related to thermodynamics有关热力学的其他标准１７．２２０Electricity. Magnetism. Electrical and magnetic measurements电学、磁学、电和磁的测量１７．２２０．０１Electricity. Magnetism. General aspects电学、磁学一般特性１７．２２０．２０Measurement of electrical and magnetic quantities电和磁量值的测量１７．２２０．９９Other standards related to electricity and magnetism有关电学和磁学的其他标准１７．２４０Radiation measurements辐射测量１９TESTING试验１９．０２０Test conditions and procedures in general试验条件和规程综合１９．０４０Environmental testing环境试验１９．０６０Mechanical testing机械试验１９．０８０Electrical and electronic testing电工和电子试验１９．１００Non-destructive testing无损检测１９．１２０Particle size analysis. sieving粒度分析、筛分２１MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE机械系统和通用件２１．０２０Characteristics and design of machines, apparatus, equipment机器、装置、设备的特性和设计２１．０４０Screw threads螺纹２１．０４０．０１Screw threads in general螺纹综合２１．０４０．１０Metric screw threads米制螺纹２１．０４０．２０Inch screw threads英制螺纹２１．０４０．３０Special screw threads特殊螺纹２１．０６０Fasteners紧固件２１．０６０．０１Fasteners in general紧固件综合２１．０６０．１０Bolts, screws, studs螺栓、螺钉、螺柱２１．０６０．２０Nuts螺母２１．０６０．３０Washers, locking elements垫圈、锁紧件２１．０６０．４０Rivets铆钉２１．０６０．５０Pins, nails销、钉２１．０６０．６０Rings, bushes, sleeves, collars环、套管、管接头、承插２１．０６０．７０Clamps and staples卡箍和Ｕ形环２１．０６０．９９Other fasteners其他紧固件２１．０８０Hinges, eyelets and other articulated joints铰链、孔眼和其他关节连接件２１．１００Bearings轴承２１．１００．０１Bearings in general轴承综合２１．１００．１０Plain bearings滑动轴承２１．１００．２０Rolling bearings滚动轴承２１．１２０Shafts and couplings轴和联轴器２１．１２０．０１Shafts and couplings in general轴和联轴器综合２１．１２０．１０Shafts轴２１．１２０．２０Couplings联轴器、离合器、磨擦器２１．１２０．３０Keys and keyways, splines键和键槽、花键２１．１２０．４０Balancing and balancing machines平衡和平衡机２１．１２０．９９Other standards related to shafts and couplings有关轴和联轴器的其他标准２１．１４０Seals, glands密封件、密封装置２１．１６０Springs弹簧２１．１８０Housings, enclosures, other machine parts机箱、外壳、其他机械部件２１．２００Gears齿轮及齿轮传动２１．２２０Flexible drives and transmissions挠性传动和传送２１．２２０．０１Flexible drives and transmissions in general挠性传动和传送综合２１．２２０．１０Belt drives and their components带传动及其零件２１．２２０．２０Cable or rope drives and their components缆索或绳索传动及其零件２１．２２０．３０Chain drives and their components链传动及其零件２１．２２０．９９Other flexible drives and transmissions其它挠性传动和传送２１．２４０Rotary-reciprocating mechanisms and their parts旋转－往复式机构及其部件２１．２６０Lubrication systems润滑系统２３FLUID SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR GENERAL USE流体系统和通用件２３．０２０Fluid storage devices流体存储装置２３．０２０．０１Fluid storage devices in general流体存储装置综合２３．０２０．１０Stationary containers and tanks固定容器和罐２３．０２０．２０Vessels and containers mounted on vehicles车载槽罐和容器２３．０２０．３０Pressure vessels, gas cylinders压力容器、气瓶２３．０２０．４０Cryogenic vessels低温容器２３．０２０．９９Other fluid storage devices其他流体存储装置２３．０４０Pipeline components and pipelines管道部件和管道２３．０４０．０１Pipeline components and pipelines in general管道部件和管道综合２３．０４０．１０Iron and steel pipes铁管和钢管２３．０４０．１５Non-ferrous metal pipes有色金属管２３．０４０．２０Plastics pipes塑料管２３．０４０．４０Metal fittings金属配件２３．０４０．４５Plastics fittings塑料配件２３．０４０．５０Pipes and fittings of other materials其他材料的管和配件２３．０４０．６０Flanges, couplings and joints法兰、管接头及其连接件２３．０４０．７０Hoses and hose assemblies软管和软管组件２３．０４０．８０Seals for pipe and hose assemblies管和软管组件的密封２３．０４０．９９Other pipeline components其他管道部件２３．０６０Valves阀门２３．０６０．０１Valves in general阀门综合２３．０６０．１０Globe valves球阀２３．０６０．２０Ball and plug valves球闸阀和旋塞阀２３．０６０．３０Gate valves闸阀２３．０６０．４０Pressure regulators压力调节器２３．０６０．５０Check valves止回阀２３．０６０．９９Other valves其他阀门２３．０８０Pumps泵２３．１００Fluid power systems流体动力系统２３．１００．０１Fluid power systems in general流体动力系统综合２３．１００．１０Pumps and motors泵和马达２３．１００．２０Cylinders缸２３．１００．４０Piping and couplings管道和管接头２３．１００．５０Control components控制部件２３．１００．６０Filters, seals and contamination of fluids过滤器、密封垫和流体杂质２３．１００．９９Other fluid power system components其他流体系统部件２３．１２０Ventilators. Fans. Air-conditioners通风机、风扇、空调器２３．１４０Compressors and pneumatic machines压缩机和气动机械２３．１６０Vacuum technology真空技术２５MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING机械制造２５．０２０Manufacturing forming processes制造成型过程２５．０４０Industrial automation systems工业自动化系统２５．０４０．０１Industrial automation systems in general工业自动化系统综合２５．０４０．１０Machining centres机械加工中心２５．０４０．２０Numerically controlled machines数控机床２５．０４０．３０Industrial robots. Manipulators工业机器人、机械手２５．０４０．４０Industrial process measurement and control工业过程的测量与控制２５．０４０．９９Other industrial automation systems其他工业自动化系统２５．０６０Machine tool systems机床装置２５．０６０．０１Machine tool systems in general机床装置综合２５．０６０．１０Modular units and other devices组合单元和其他装置２５．０６０．２０Dividing and tool-workpiece holding devices分度和刀具／工件夹持装置２５．０６０．９９Other machine tool systems其他机床装置２５．０８０Machine tools机床２５．０８０．０１Machine tools in general机床综合２５．０８０．１０Lathes车床２５．０８０．２０Boring and milling machines镗床和铣床２５．０８０．２５Planing machines刨床２５．０８０．３０Broaching machines拉床２５．０８０．４０Drilling machines钻床２５．０８０．５０Grinding and polishing machines磨床和抛光机２５．０８０．６０Sawing machines锯床２５．０８０．９９Other machine tools其他机床２５．１００Cutting tools切削工具２５．１００．０１Cutting tools in general切削工具综合２５．１００．１０Turning tools车刀２５．１００．２０Milling tools铣刀２５．１００．２５Tools for planing and broaching machines刨床、拉床用刀具２５．１００．３０Drills, countersinks, reamers钻头、锪钻、铰刀２５．１００．４０Saws锯２５．１００．５０Taps and threading dies丝锥和板牙２５．１００．６０Files锉刀２５．１００．７０Abrasives磨料磨具２５．１００．９９Other cutting tools其他切削刀具２５．１２０Chipless working equipment无屑加工设备２５．１２０．０１Chipless working equipment in general无屑加工设备综合２５．１２０．１０Forging equipment. Presses. Shears锻压设备、冲压机、剪切机２５．１２０．２０Rolling, extruding and drawing equipment轧制、挤压和拉制设备２５．１２０．３０Moulding equipment模制设备和铸造设备２５．１２０．４０Electrochemical machines电化学加工机床２５．１２０．９９Other chipless working equipment其他无屑加工设备２５．１４０Hand-held tools手持工具２５．１４０．０１Hand-held tools in general手持工具综合２５．１４０．１０Pneumatic tools气动工具２５．１４０．２０Electric tools电动工具２５．１４０．３０Hand-operated tools手动工具２５．１４０．９９Other hand-held tools其他手持工具２５．１６０Welding, brazing and soldering焊接、钎焊和低温焊２５．１６０．０１Welding, brazing and soldering in general焊接、钎焊和低温焊综合２５．１６０．１０Welding processes焊接工艺２５．１６０．２０Welding consumables焊接消耗品２５．１６０．３０Welding equipment焊接设备２５．１６０．４０Welded joints焊接接头２５．１６０．５０Brazing and soldering钎焊和低温焊２５．１８０Industrial furnaces工业炉２５．１８０．０１Industrial furnaces in general工业炉综合２５．１８０．１０Electric furnaces电炉２５．１８０．２０Fuel furnaces燃油炉２５．２００Heat treatment and coating热处理２５．２２０Surface treatment and coating表面处理和涂覆２５．２２０．０１Surface treatment and coating in general表面处理和涂覆综合２５．２２０．１０Surface preparation表面预处理２５．２２０．２０Surface treatment表面处理２５．２２０．４０Metallic coatings金属镀层２５．２２０．５０Enamels搪瓷２５．２２０．６０Organic coatings有机涂层２５．２２０．９９Other treatments and coatings其他处理和涂覆２７ENERGY AND HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING能源和热传导工程２７．０１０Energy and heat transfer engineering in general能源和热传导工程综合２７．０２０Internal combustion engines内燃机２７．０４０Gas and steam turbines, Steam engines燃气和蒸汽轮机、蒸汽机２７．０６０Burners. Boilers燃烧器、锅炉２７．０６０．０１Burners and Boilers in general燃烧器、锅炉综合２７．０６０．１０Liquid and solid fuel burners液体和固体燃料燃烧器２７．０６０．２０Gas fuel burners气体燃料燃烧器２７．０６０．３０Boilers and heat exchangers锅炉和热交换器２７．０７０Fuel cells燃料电池２７．０８０Heat pumps热泵２７．１００Power stations in general电站综合２７．１２０Nuclear energy engineering核能工程２７．１２０．０１Nuclear energy in general核能综合２７．１２０．１０Reactor engineering反应堆工程２７．１２０．２０Nuclear power plants. Safety核电站、安全２７．１２０．３０Fissile materials裂变物质２７．１２０．９９Other standards related to nuclear energy有关核能的其他标准２７．１４０Hydraulic energy engineering水力工程２７．１６０Solar energy engineering太阳能工程２７．１８０Wind turbine systems and other alternative sources of energy风力发电系统和其他能源２７．２００Refrigerating technology制冷技术２７．２２０Heat recovery. Thermal insulation热回收、绝热２９ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING电气工程２９．０２０Electrical engineering in general电气工程综合２９．０３０Magnetic materials磁性材料２９．０３５Insulating materials绝缘材料２９．０３５．０１Insulating materials in general绝缘材料综合２９．０３５．１０Paper and board insulating materials纸和纸板绝缘材料２９．０３５．２０Plastics and rubber insulating materials塑料和橡胶绝缘材料２９．０３５．３０Ceramic and glass insulating materials陶瓷和玻璃绝缘材料２９．０３５．５０Mica based materials云母基材料２９．０３５．６０Varnished fabrics涂层织物２９．０３５．９９Other insulating materials其他绝缘材料２９．０４０Insulating fluids绝缘流体２９．０４０．０１Insulating fluids in general绝缘流体综合２９．０４０．１０Insulating oils绝缘油２９．０４０．２０Insulating gases绝缘气体２９．０４０．９９Other insulating fluids其他绝缘流体２９．０４５Semiconducting materials半导体材料２９．０５０Conducting materials导体材料２９．０６０Electrical wires and cables电线和电缆２９．０６０．０１Electrical wires and cables in general电线和电缆综合２９．０６０．１０Wires电线２９．０６０．２０Cables电缆２９．０８０Insulation绝缘２９．０８０．０１Electrical insulation in general电绝缘综合２９．０８０．１０Insulators绝缘子２９．０８０．２０Bushings套管２９．０８０．３０Insulation systems绝缘系统２９．０８０．９９Other standards related to insulation有关绝缘的其他标准２９．１００Components for electrical equipment电工设备元件２９．１００．０１Components for electrical equipment in general电工设备元件综合２９．１００．１０Magnetic components磁性元件２９．１００．２０Electrical and electromechanical components电工和机电元件２９．１００．９９Other components for electrical equipment电工设备用其他元件２９．１２０Electrical accessories电工器件２９．１２０．０１Electrical accessories in general电工器件综合２９．１２０．１０Conduits for electrical purposes导线管２９．１２０．２０Connecting devices连接装置２９．１２０．３０Plugs, socket-outlets, couplers插头、插座、联接器２９．１２０．４０Switches开关２９．１２０．５０Fuses and other overcurrent protection devices熔断器和其他过载保护装置２９．１２０．７０Relays继电器２９．１２０．９９Other electrical accessories其他电工器件２９．１３０．０１Switchgear and controlgear in general开关装置和控制器综合２９．１３０．１０High voltage switchgear and controlgear高压开关装置和控制器２９．１３０．２０Low voltage switchgear and controlgear低压开关装置和控制器２９．１３０．９９Other switchgear and controlgear其他开关装置和控制器２９．１４０Lamps and related equipment电灯及有关装置２９．１４０．０１Lamps in general电灯综合２９．１４０．１０Lamp caps and holders灯头和灯座２９．１４０．２０Incandescent lamps白炽灯２９．１４０．３０Fluorescent lamps. Discharge lamps荧光灯、放电灯２９．１４０．４０Luminaires照明设备２９．１４０．５０Lighting installation systems照明安装系统２９．１４０．９９Other standards related to lamps有关灯的其他标准２９．１６０Rotating machinery旋转电机２９．１６０．０１Rotating machinery in general旋转电机综合２９．１６０．１０Components for rotating machines旋转电机部件２９．１６０．２０Generators发电机２９．１６０．３０Motors电动机２９．１６０．４０Generating sets发电机组２９．１６０．９９Other standards related to rotating machinery有关旋转电机的其他标准２９．１８０Transformers. Reactors变压器、电抗器２９．２００Rectifiers. Convertors. Stabilized power supply整流器、转换器、稳压电源２９．２２０Galvanic cells and batteries电池和蓄电池２９．２２０．０１Galvanic cells and batteries in general电池和蓄电池综合２９．２２０．１０Primary cells and batteries原电池和蓄电池２９．２２０．２０Acid secondary cells and batteries酸性副电池及蓄电池２９．２２０．３０Alkaline secondary cells and batteries碱性副电池及蓄电池２９．２２０．９９Other cells and batteries其他电池和蓄电池２９．２４０Power transmission and distribution networks输电网和配电网２９．２４０．０１Power transmission and distribution networks in general输电网和配电网综合２９．２４０．１０Substations. Surge arresters变电站、电涌放电器２９．２４０．２０Power transmission and distribution lines输电线路和配电线路２９．２４０．３０Control equipment for electric power systems电力系统用控制设备２９．２４０．９９Other equipment related to power transmission and distribution networks其他有关输电网和配电网的设备２９．２６０Electrical equipments for working in special conditions特殊工作条件用电气设备２９．２６０．０１Electrical equipments for working in special conditions in general特殊工作条件用电气设备综合２９．２６０．１０Electrical installations for outdoor use户外用电气设备２９．２６０．２０Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres易爆环境用电气设备２９．２６０．９９Other electrical equipment for working in special conditions特殊工作条件用其他电气设备２９．２８０Electric traction equipment电力牵引设备３１ELECTRONICS电子学３１．０２０Electronic components in general电子元件综合３１．０４０Resistors电阻器３１．０４０．０１Resistors in general电阻器综合３１．０４０．１０Fixed resistors固定电阻器３１．０４０．２０Protentiometer, variable resistors电位器、可变电阻器３１．０４０．３０Thermistors热敏电阻器３１．０４０．９９Other resistors其他电阻器３１．０６０Capacitors电容器３１．０６０．０１Capacitors in general电容器综合３１．０６０．１０Fixed capacitors固定电容器３１．０６０．２０Ceramic and mica capacitors陶瓷电容器和云母电容器３１．０６０．３０Paper and plastics capacitors纸介电容器和塑料膜电容器３１．０６０．４０Tantalum electrolytic capacitors钽电解电容器３１．０６０．５０Aluminium electrolytic capacitors铝电解电容器３１．０６０．６０Variable capacitors可变电容器３１．０６０．７０Power capacitors电力电容器３１．０６０．９９Other capacitors其他电容器３１．０８０Semiconductor devices半导体器件３１．０８０．０１Semiconductor devices in general半导体器件综合３１．０８０．１０Diodes二极管３１．０８０．２０Thyristors晶体闸流管３１．０８０．３０Transistors三极管３１．０８０．９９Other semiconductor devices其他半导体器件３１．１００Electronic tubes电子管３１．１２０Electronic display devices电子显示器件３１．１４０Piezoelectric and dielectric devices压电器件和介质器件３１．１６０Electric filters滤波器３１．１８０Printed circuits and boards印制电路和印制电路板３１．１９０Electric component assemblies电子器件组件３１．２００Integrated circuits. Microelectronics集成电路、微电子学３１．２２０Electromechanical components for electronic and telecommunications equipment电子电信设备用机电零部件３１．２２０．０１Electromechanical components in general机电零部件综合３１．２２０．１０Plug-and-socket devices. Connectors插头和插座装置、连接器３１．２２０．２０Switches开关３１．２２０．９９Other electromechanical components其他机电零部件３１．２４０Mechanical structures for electronic equipment电子设备用机械构件３１．２６０Optoelectronics. Laser equipment光电子学、激光设备３３TELECOMMUNICATIONS. AUDIO AND VIDEO ENGINEERING电信、音频和视频技术３３．０２０Telecommunications in general电信综合３３．０３０Telecommunication services. Applications电信业务、应用３３．０４０Telecommunication systems电信系统３３．０４０．０１Telecommunication systems in general电信系统综合３３．０４０．２０Transmission systems传输系统３３．０４０．３０Switching and signalling systems交换和信令系统３３．０４０．３５Telephone networks电话网络３３．０４０．４０Data communication networks数据通信网络３３．０４０．５０Lines, connections and circuits线路、连接和电路３３．０４０．９９Other equipment for telecommunication systems其他电话、电报和电信系统用设备３３．０５０Telecommunication terminal equipment电信终端设备３３．０５０．０１Telecommunication terminal equipment in general电信终端设备综合３３．０５０．１０Telephone equipment电话设备３３．０５０．２０Paging equipment寻呼设备３３．０５０．３０Equipment for telex, teletext, telefax用户电报、可视图文、传真设备３３．０５０．９９Other telecommunication terminal equipment其他电信终端设备３３．０６０Radiocommunications无线通信３３．０６０．０１Radiocommunications in general无线通信综合３３．０６０．２０Receiving and transmitting equipment接收和发射设备３３．０６０．３０Radio relay and fixed satellite communications systems无线中继和固定卫星通信系统３３．０６０．４０Cabled distribution systems电缆分配系统３３．０６０．６０Mobile services, Terrestrial Trunked Radio(TETRA)移动业务、地面无线中继线路３３．０６０．６５Mobile services, paging systems移动业务、寻呼系统３３．０６０．７０Mobile services, Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications(DECT)移动业务、数字增强无绳电信系统（ＤＥＣＴ）３３．０６０．７５Mobile services, Satellite移动业务、卫星３３．０６０．８０Mobile servies, Global System for Mobile Communication(GSM)移动业务、移动通信用全球系统（ＧＳＭ）３３．０６０．９９Other equipment for radiocommunications其他无线通信设备３３．０８０Integrated Services Digital Network(ISDN)综合业务数字网（ＩＳＤＮ）３３．１００Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)电磁兼容性（ＥＭＣ）３３．１００．０１Electromagnetic compatibility in general电磁兼容性综合。
