学术会议海报模板

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non-distress vocalizations 48%
other 38%
Berlin Los Angeles Beijing
38 20 17 36
gaze 10%
smile 4%
Delhi
Reactions to non-distress vocalizations
neutral vocalizations of low or middle intensity
Contingency toward infant signals in mother-infant dyads from Culture & different cultural environments development
Joscha Kärtner & Heidi Keller
Percentages of child events
SAMPLES
Child N Girls 47.4% 61.9% 64.7% 47.1% 57.7% Firstborn** * 73.7% 71.4% 100.0% 40.0% 26.9%
12
Mother Age*** 34.0a (3.0) 34.5a (3.0) 27.9b (2.8) 29.0b (3.4) 30.2 (6.2) 29.0b (8.4) Education* ** 15.2a (3.4) 17.0a (1.6) 15.2a/b (3.0) 15.5a (1.4) 12.9b (1.8) 6.6c (1.9)
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND • To react contingently toward a baby’s signals is part of the universal intuitive parenting repertoire (Papoušek & Papoušek, 1991). In two recent studies vocalizing was the dominant modality followed by touching (Hsu & Fogel, 2003; VanEgeren et al., 2001) • Furthermore, there are culture-specific modulations: • Gusii mothers from rural Kenya predominantly reacted by holding and touching whereas Boston middle-class mothers reacted primarily by looking and vocalizing (Richman et al., 1992) • Japanese mothers reacted more by touching as compared to Euro-American mothers who used facial expressions and vocalizing more often (Fogel et al.,1988) Our study addresses the general occurrence of contingent responsiveness as well as the specificity of reactions using a multicultural design with mothers who differ with respect to their interactional preferences: • Mothers with an independent model of parenting (Berlin and Los Angeles) should use distal modalities more often, • Mothers with an interdependent model of parenting (rural Nso) should use proximal modalities more often, and • Mothers with an autonomous relational model of parenting (Beijing, Delhi, urban Nso) should use both distal and proximal modalities equally often PROCEDURE • Families were visited at home • 10 minutes free play interaction between the caretaker and her 3-month old baby was videotaped METHODS – modalities for contingent responsiveness: 1.Body contact (holding) 2.Body stimulation (touching) 3.Gaze (looking) 4.Smile 5.Facial expression (raised eyebrows, mouth open) 6.Vocalization (talking) 7.Object stimulation (toys) 8.Acoustical stimulation (flipping, rattling)

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▪ The infants who more frequent and longer look to mother’s face in the interaction showed high emotional recognition in toddlerhood.
▪Findings from this longitudinal study suggest that infants’ social looking to their mothers during interactions may provide an opportunity to explore and percept others’ emotions.
Through social referencing, infants figure out how to feel and behave with respect to the many new events encountered everyday situations. As a spontaneous action for gathering social information, infants’ attention to others’ faces is expected to play an important role in the development of social cognition.
Method
▪Participants
Fifty-one 12-month-old infants and their mothers participated in a larger 3-year longitudinal study.
▪Procedure & Measures

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Pulse Duration
0.035 0.03
OTDR Saturation at Increased Pulse Durations
1 second 2 seconds 3 seconds
0.025
0.02
0.015
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0.01
0.005
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Travel Distance from Source (m)
Fiber optic characterization using a simulated Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Robb P. Merrill
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - University of Utah
Figure 5: Reflection patterns using various connectors (reduced Fresnel magnitudes inside yellow box)
Summary
Short fiber optic cables present many challenges that must be overcome in order to accurately detect fiber damage using OTDR. Pulse durations shorter than 1 microsecond, and Angled Physical Contact (APC) fiber connectors are recommended to provide the greatest reduction in Fresnel reflection. By performing OTDR simulations, an optical systems engineer could understand the behavior of a fiber network and detect potential problems before actual production.

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Acknowledgments
acknowledgments go here
Developed with funding from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Abstract
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Figure #1

Results
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