施工组织设计外文文献翻译中英文.docx

CHINA HARBOUR ENGINEERING COMPANYLIMITEDConstruction SchemeRio Grande BridgeK0+150～K0+240soft foundationreplacement treatmentWriter:_______________ Chief: ____________Unit:_________________ Date:_________________Directory1.project profile ------------------------------------------------------------------ 32.Construction preparation ---------------------------------------------------- 33.Construction scheme --------------------------------------------------------- 43.1construction technology --------------------------------------------- 43.2construction process ------------------------------------------------- 43.3construction method ------------------------------------------------- 53.4 water ditch excavation ---------------------------------------------- 63.5 clearance and excavation ------------------------------------------- 63.6 backfill and rolling compaction ------------------------------------ 74. Personal and machine arrangement ------------------------------------- 84.1 labor arrangement --------------------------------------------------- 84.2 machine and equipment -------------------------------------------- 95.Quality control precautions ----------------------------------------- 106. safety and environmental protection precautions ------------------ 136.1 safety protection precautions ----------------------------------- 146.2Environment protection precaution ---------------------------- 171.project profileThe soft foundation of this project is K0+150-K0+340, the surface is plough soil, soft plastic sludge fine sands with the max thickness of 3.0m, and backfilled with min thickness 0.3m and width 70m and the final elevation should not lower than the original ground, the backfilling material should adopt water permeability material like gravel and roadbed should be filled directly after that with a thickness 2.3~7.5m.According to the engineer geology of soft layer and roadbed elevation in design, it should take a comprehensive dispose to soft section, including first excavation of vertically and horizontally drain ditch, surface water, and backfill the water permeability material.The main project quality is soft foundation excavation 5700m3 and water permeability material gravel 5700m3.2.Construction preparationIt should check the onsite or underground obstacles like underground cables, high-tension wire, communication cables and clear them out according to conditions.2.1“four supplies and one leveling ”Supply of water, electricity and road and leveled ground should be done on the construction site. The construction water, domestic water should adopt local well water; the construction and household power should be supplied by special line; the shortcut should be used as road and be sure that varies of cars and person can pass through with a regular maintenance to keep unblocked.2.2technology preparationThe construction drawings should be reviewed first and explained to the construction stuff after approval.2.3material preparationIt should investigate the backfilling material resources around and make storage to make sure the continual construction.3.Construction scheme3.1construction technologyReview the construction drawings design and relevant documents—construction preparation (store exchange fill water permeability material)—survey layout—drainage ditch set—soft soil and sludge removal—foundation check—exchange fill the water permeability material by layer—compact by layer3.2construction process3.3construction method53.1.1survey layoutThe control point should be retest and encrypted according to the design cross point to ensure the quantity of the lead wire point and level point, in that case the mutual check work will be more convenient during construction. The calculation of pile coordinates should be made according to the horizontal curve data in drawings, the layout will be made after checking the data and the location of roadbed mid-pile and side pile should be marked with a space 20m by lime.3.4 water ditch excavationFirst the drain water ditch should be excavated at the sides and middle of the roadbed to make sure that watering unblocked before soft foundation dispose and excavated at the soft section vertically and horizontally connecting with the geography elevation, as to some individual section, it should dewatering by the sumps in the soft foundation scope to make a advantage for subsequent soft foundation dispose.The location of soft foundation dispose and temporary drainage ditch layout please see below drawings:3.5 clearance and excavation3.5.1 The soft soil or sludge should be removed and bottom should be leveled. It should set a step or gentle slope if the bottom of the soft soil has a big curve. The excavation width should not less than the width of embankment and direct excavation and 50 cm wider than the side ditch border. After the soft foundation removed, the next process can only be carried on after the supervisor’s approval.3.5.2With the increment of the excavation depth, the drainage ditch should be deepened, the pit dewatering should be used for the sectionwhere has drainage difficult to protect the roadbed from soaking.3.5.3 It should be dewatered first when there’s a slope on the bottom, the foundation should be made as a counter-slope step with a more than 1m width after the soft soil removal.3.6 backfill and rolling compactionThe thickness of every backfilling layer should be less than 30cm and the process is as follow:After finish the soft bottom excavation and approved, the bottom should be leveled, back cover by qualified material with a thickness of 30~50cm and compacted by a degree above 85%.3.6.1 Layout: it should layout before the first layer backfill and marks the loose pavement thickness by lime and surveys elevation of every point for future use.3.6.2 Material transport: it should adopt the dumper car and excavator to transport the backfilling material and keep the construction road unblocked. Try to short the transport duration to ensure the excavator and roller can work continuity. It should level every layer backfilling material and set 2% transverse slope at both sides and roll timely especially in rain season. The roadbed should be backfilled by layer with a thickness of 30cm at one time.3.6.3 Spread, level and roll: the backfilling material should be leveled by bulldozer first and by person at difficult places. During compaction, it should notice the backfilling transverse slope and roll by vibroll after leveling. When rolling, it should along the longitudinal line from low to high level and fast followed by slow, from sides to middle at the straight section, from inside to outside at the curve section. First it should be rolled without vibration by 3.0~3.5km/h, then light vibrationby 2.0~2.5km/h and rolled with heavy vibration by 1.5~1.8km/h. The special person should be arranged to time, observe and control the rolling speed, track to ensure the overlap between 40~50cm. It should check the compaction degree and survey point elevation, record and calculate the compaction degree and loosen coefficient from the third time rolling compaction (The individual data should not be used in the loosen coefficient calculation). Take the followed measures to the backfilling materials in order to meet the requirements of every test standards: when the water content of backfilling materials is lower it can watering in the material site; when closer to the best content it should be spread with soil and rolled as soon as possible; when higher it can be rolled until dry enough. The rolling width should be 0.3m wider than the design roadbed width at both sides until meets the requirements of the specifications. Draw the compaction degree and rolling times relation schema. It should record the required rolling times, the speed and vibrating mode of rollers, compare the compacted thickness and loose pavement thickness, and compare the adopted pavement thickness to get the loose pavement coefficient and adopted loose pavement thickness.4. Personal and machine arrangementSoft foundation disposal roadbed construction team is responsible for the construction and the chief principle is in charge. The main management stuff includes roadbed engineer, QC engineer, safety man, material man, tester, and surveyor. The personal and machine arrangement details , please see the below tables.4.1 labor arrangementTable 4-1 roadbed labor arrangement table4.2 machine and equipmentTable 4-2 quantity list of main machines and equipments5. Quality control precautions5.1 According to the project requirement, construction explanation should be conducted prior to the commencement of work. After the completion of each construction section, we should request inspection and evaluation. We should strictly obey the quality management assurance system which is shown as followsQuality management assurance system112. Material quality control1) Material department should draw up the purchase plan according to the material supply application and relevant regulations. The supplier should be qualified for productivity and quality.2) Material should be with quality certification and sampled before using. If testing items are beyond the ability of testing lab, these should be sent to other qualified testing center.3. Construction control1) Key quality controlMaterial quality and critical procedure quality should be the key parts of quality control. Quality inspection document should be in on the basis of relevant standards and specifications.2) Three-grade inspection system should be conducted. The three- grade inspection refers to self-inspection, acceptance inspection and particular inspection.3) establish quality double check system to eliminate quality accident. Quality control seminar should be carried out frequently to promote the increasing of quality4) rewards and penalty system should be formed and implemented.4. testingTesting center should be with qualified test clerk and equipment.5. survey and concealed work acceptance1) Survey equipment should be checked by responsible survey engineer. Qualified equipment should get the acceptance letter before using.Survey equipment should accept frequent check to insure its measurement.Survey crew should include a survey engineer who is the responsible person for new-tech training.Constructor, survey engineer as well as chief engineer should check the measurement one by one.6. concealed work acceptanceConstructor should request inspection for the concealed work. After acceptance it should be moved to the next construction step.7. measuring equipment checkingTesting equipment and measuring equipment should accept checking weekly to insure its accuracy.8. professional personnelAll the construction personnel should be the qualified skilled person.Prior to the commencement of construction, all the stuff should acknowledge the construction technical documents, drawing as well as specifications.9. quality recording logQuality log should be the reflection of real construction quality. after the inspection, It should be filled in proper format on time and kept by responsible person and stored in reference room.Progress: constructor should record the construction progress and conduct quality inspection. Quality engineer should conduct the double check and make evaluation. Chief engineer should exam the record and then pass it to the recording management personnel to bookbind. When it get the acceptance of owner, quality supervision center and superior department, it can be stored in the reference room.6. safety and environmental protection precautions6.1 safety protection precautions1)Safety control group composed of project manager who are as the group leader), vice manager, chief engineer, dispatcher, site engineer, site forman who are as the group member.2)One full-time safety administrator (with the qualified safety management license), two on-site full-time safety inspector should occupy in safety control works.3)The leader of construction team should be part-time safety control administrator and construction engineer should be part-time safety inspectors4)Safety control management system shows as following tree diagramSafety control management system155) On-site safety precautions i(1) On-site safety control mandatory requirementsProject department safety control plan and progress should submit to owners and supervision engineers and acquire their approval. Project department should agree the additional regulations put forward by owners or supervision engineers and the following mandatory requirements should be implemented on site:①if people(including visitors, party representatives, materials, transportation workers) didn’t wear protective articles, they should not be allowed to enter the construction site.②all the moving parts of machinery, equipment or electrical tools must be installed protective cover to prevent contact with the body.③all the temporary distribution box should be grounded and installed earth-leakage circuit-breaker.④all the equipment should be operated by qualified licensed operator.⑤all special equipment should be operated by qualified licensed operator.⑥before the commencement ,all equipments should be tested by qualified inspector and the equipments should attach check tag .（2）Power supply management①construction, maintenance as well as remove of temporary power line should operate by professional electrician②electrician should acknowledges equipment property and safe use of electricity.③Operator should wear protective articles before the commencement of operation and check electric apparatus as well.Equipment should be confirmed running in good condition④Switch should be turn off to stop the equipment and switch box need to be locked.⑤Equipment load line, zero line and switch box need to be inspected by professional personnel. If any problem was found, it should be reported and solved immediately.⑥Before any remove, power supply should be cut off .（3)Hurricane precautions①during hurricane season , project department should have a persons on duty to listen to weather ,tropical storm and hurricane forecast everyday.②project department should accept and obey the instruction of superior department.③ According to the weather forecast of hurricane or tropical storm, the leadership group should hold a meeting to establish a emergency measures against hurricane.④project section should form an anti-hurricane rescue team, if hurricane visited ,rescue team should take positive action according to plan.⑤communication should be smooth. Any progress should report to relevant department. If necessary, project department should ask for proper assistance.6.2Environment protection precautionGuidelinesStuff should comply with environmental and occupational health management laws and regulations, standards and procedures and conduct the duty and commitment which is covered in the contract.During construction work stuff should save energy and reduce resource consumption and prevent environmental pollution incidents.Everyone should participate in the complementation of environment protection precaution and eliminate hidden risks to prevent the accident.Environmental and occupational management system should be constantly improved.1）Environmental management of construction equipmentconstruction equipment should be operate by qualified personnel .Equipment should be running, loading by the required ways and procedures. Operation time should be limited to prevent the noise and air pollution, waste gas should be tested before discharge and oil cotton or other toxic trashes should be central treated. All construction equipments are not free to discharge sewage, oil or other wastes to prevent pollution of nearby water sources.2）Environmental protection precaution and work site amenityConstruction design should include the content of environmental protection precaution of gas, sewage, sludge, dust, radioactive substances, noise and other environmental pollution hazards.The awareness of environment protection, resources conserving and ecology balancing should be raised to minimize the negative construction impaction.The environment safety condition should be evaluated to eliminate the safety hazards. Construction site should be leveled and project department should be safe, tidy and sanitary and greening. no sludge water. Road access should be hardened and sewage-free with a sprinkler to reduce the dust.Construction machineries and Vehicles Park tidily at specified place, maintain daily to keep them in good condition. Fixing machineries need temporary shed; working plot needs flat and solid with no sundries.Daily safety inspection, entrance registration and flare approval system should be implemented on construction site, living zone and auxiliary zone. Fire-prevention warning sign and fire fighting facilities should be shown at the construction site and living zone .3）According to the pollution hazards have been identified and environment control goals, the enterprise and inferior leadership, work team shall sign their letters of responsibility for environmental control to ensure that tall environmental control indicators are under control.4）According to the identified environmental factors, environmental protection precautions and management programs should be established. During the construction progress, major environmental pollution factors are as follows: noise of pile boring, vibrating and heavy trucks; Air pollution of sand, cement transportation, storage and the use and waste gas discharged by vehicle .water pollution of kitchen, toilet, bathroom sewage; solid waste of construction waste living waste.5）Stuff environmental educationNew labor should accept safety education as well as environmental protection education to raise their pollution control awareness Before the construction commencement, all construction stuff should accept environmental protection education to raise the self awareness of environmental protection. Technicians and environment inspector should acknowledge the environmental pollution factors and make a detailed explanation to construction workers and all workers should sign and implement the environmental precaution acceptancenotification or environmental protection agreement. Every technician is in charge of the establishment and supervising of the environmental protection precaution.Waste water, garbage should be discharged into the required location that local government permitted.Dust should be controlled according to requirement of the local government and the dust should be less than 250mg per cubic meter.Fire accident and explosion accidents should be prevented.。

CONTENTS1.SCOPE ----------------------------------------------------------------------12.BASIS--------------------------------------------------------------------- --13.PROJECT DESCRIPTION-----------------------------------------------14.ENVIRONMENT OF FIELD CONSTRUCTION--------------------25.CONSTRUCTION PERIOD AND FIELD CONSTRUCTION-----26.RETEST OF BASE--------------------------------------------------------27.STEEL ELEMENTS ENTERING SITE AND ACCEPTANCE-----28.ERECTION PLAN OF DOOR TYPE STRCTURE STEEL---------29.ERECTION PLAN OF GRID STRUCTURE--------------------------410.FIELD WELDING---------------------------------------------------------411.FIELD PATCHING-UP----------------------------------------------------512.MIDDLE STRUCTURE ACCEPTANCE------------------------------513.INSTALLATION PLAN OF CLADDING SYSTEM-----------------5PLETION ACCEPTANCE-----------------------------------------615.CONSTRUCTION OVERALL ARRANGEMENT-------------------716.QUALITY GUARANTEE SYSTEM-----------------------------------817.QUALITY GUARANTEE MEASUREMENT------------------------918.QUALITY CONTROL AND GUARANTEE MEASUREMENTFOR SUBITEMS---------------------------------------------------------10 APPENDIX TABLE A: USING EQUIPMENT FORCONSTRUCTION--------------------------------------------------------------11 APPENDIX TABLE B: USING TOOL FOR CONSTRUCTION TABLEA--------------------------------------------------------------------------12 APPENDIX TABLE C：LABOR PLAN ARRANGEMENT TABLE----------------------------------------------------------------------------13 APPENDIX 1: FIELD GROUND PLANE DRAWING (WITH EXPLANATION)APPENDIX 2: CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PLAN TABLE1.SCOPEThis construction management plan is written for the construction management of Yanbu petrochemical Complex U&O project plant building steel structure and it is the guiding document in the course of construction of this project.This construction management plan is only valid after being checked and approved.2.BASISContract2.1.1Buying contract for structure steel2.1.2Installment contract for structure steel2.2Drawing2.2.1Approved structure drawing by owner2.2.2Approved fabrication drawing by owner2.3References:2.3.1AWS D 1.1: 20002.3.2GB-50205-20012.3.3GB/T 50326-20062.3.4A01-S022.3.5B02-S012.3.6B02-S022.3.7ASTM2.3.8MANUAL OF HSE3Project Description3.1Introduction of Project3.1.1Project Name:YanBu petrochemical complex u&o project plantbuilding steel structure3.1.2 Project site: Yanbu of Saudi3.1.3 Project contents: light steel structure shop, grid3.1.4 Main structure: door type steel frame with part of second floor and grid3.1.5 Construction area: approximate 20600㎡3.2 Structure Description:3.2.1 Unit maintenance shop: axis:25m×25.6m;area:625㎡;cornice height:6m; roof panel:630㎡;wall panel:450㎡.3.2.2 Chemical warehouse: axis: 49.2m×92.4m;area:4546㎡;cornice height: 7.935; roof panel:4550㎡;wall panel:2200㎡.3.2.3 Central warehouse building(temporary dimension):axis:76.9m×64m; area:4921㎡;with high and low span(cornice of high span is 14.95m and cornice of low span is 7.95m); roof panel:4800㎡;wall panel:3100㎡3.2.4 Central maintenance building: projective axis of first floor:103m×64m; projective axis of second floor:103m×28.9m; area:6592㎡+2977㎡; cornice of primary shop:9.7m; cornice of secondary shop:7.95m; roof panel:6700㎡; wall panel:3100㎡3.2.5Grid 1(temporary): elevation of canopy top:9.2m; 42m×41m 1722㎡; top panel is polycarbonate lighting panel3.2.6 Grid 2(temporary): elevation of canopy top:8.2m; 26m×43m 1118㎡; top panel is polycarbonate lighting panel3.2.7 EPS sandwich panel will be used for the cladding of this project (temporary)4. Environment of field construction4.1 Field environment requirements:Jobsite is located in petrochemical industrial area of Yanbu economic and technical development district, residential area and office are separated from jobsite. Residential area is equipped with electricity and water facility, dormitory, office and canteen, jobsite is well equipped with safety facility.4.2 Requirements for construction condition:Base bolts of Unit maintenance shop, central maintenance shop and chemical warehouse will be completed before Feb.10,2007, backfilling is completed. Concrete cure will satisfy the strength requirement of erection and movement of 25T crane and 8T lift truck in jobsite. There should besufficient space to pile up steel elements.5. Construction period and field construction5.1 The overall construction period of this project is 60 days. If every shop is constructed separately, the construction period should be counted as 45 days for each shop.5.2 The construction order of each shop is: base retest→erection of steel column→erection of bea m→forming of frame uni t→installment of brace, purlin, wall beam and tie ro d→adjustment of structur e→acceptance of structur e→applying of claddin g→installment and adjustment of flashing plat e→complete acceptance6. Base Retest6.1 Base retest must be conveyed before the erection of structure.6.2 Base retest should be done after receiving of measuring data of base bolts.6.3 Base construction accuracy should the following requirements:6.3.1 Allowable tolerance for base top elevation is±3mm.6.3.2 Base flatness should be less than L/1000.6.3.3 Central deflection of anchor bolt should be less than 5mm.6.3.4 Central deflection of pre-punched hole is less than 10mm.7. Steel elements entering jobsite and Acceptance7.1 The first batch of steel elements are elements of chemical warehouse,central maintenance shop and unit maintenance shop; The second batch of steel elements are elements of central warehouse and grid. The erection and construction should conform to this plan.7.2 The steel elements of this project will be transported by sea so the long and big elements will be bulk and short and small members will be transported in container.7.3 Check the packing list when the steel members are transported to jobsite and check the number of members according to packing list and goods sending list. If there are any discrepancies in the number, check with goods-delivery company.7.4 convey visual inspection, if there are any problems such as paint dropping or deflection caused by transportation, report it in time.7.5 Apply for inspection for jobsite entering materials and provide relative test data and report. Full-scale acceptance should be done for configuration and dimension of steel members and submit handling plan for unqualified items.8 Erection plan of door type structure steel8.1 Requirements for jobsite equipmentsLift truck and truck crane will be used in this project. For central maintenance building, two 25T cranes will be used in the same time to promote efficiency and one 25T crane for the erection of other threebuilding. In erection, there should be good driving condition for crane and lift truck to move on jobsite. Assure that the ground is flat and has been tamped and the base is up to design strength before erection.8.2 Preparation before erection:Before erection, make sure that positioning axis, base axis and elevation, anchor bolt diameter and length have been checked and transfer acceptance has been conveyed. Check the number, diameter, bolt hole position and diameter and place of connection plate; mark erection central line of column top and bottom end and horizontal elevation in 1m high position of column; check all mark of steel column. Construction will be started only after it conforms to the requirements of design drawing and any rectifications such as incorrect horizontal position and incorrectly setting connection bolts should be submitted in written documents to owner and be approved by owner.8.3 Auxiliary preparation before the erection of steel column:Before the erection of steel column, rig, rope and falling-resistance machine should be fixed on the column and wind bracing rope should also be prepared according to specification.8.4 The erection and rectification of steel column:8.4.1 Use crane to erect the steel columns after they have been put in the right position. In order to promote the efficiency, in transportation, uselifting truck to put the steel column in the right position according to its axis. In laying the column, try to let the bundling point, central point of base column and foundation in the same circle.8.4.2 In erection, hoist should slowly erect the bundled column away from ground about 20cm and then stop; check the stability of cable and hoist, open rotating brake then put down column about 40-100mm from ground; aim at the base line, direct the hoist then insert the column into anchored bolt for temporary fixation. Hoist can only be removed from cable after the column has been preliminarily rectified and the verticality tolerance is within 20mm. The verticality of steel column should be checked by theodolites and rectify it if there is any tolerance. In rectification, notice whether there is any separation between the bottom of column and elevation backing plate and avoid any horizontal tolerance caused in the course of rectification.18.4.3 Two theodolites will be installed on the longitudinal and transverseaxis to vertically rectify and measure the column. First, aim at vertical flange of column base plate or central line then gradually aim above to the top of column, the deviation of central line from sight indicates that the column is not vertical and make it vertical by adjusting the tie rope or bracing as well as knocking the column. In the actual practice, rectification often happens after rows of columns have been erected and at that time install the two theodolites on one side of longitudinal and transverse axis, the deviation from central line should not be large than 2m. Re-rectification of steel column should be done in erecting roof frame or vertical steel elements.8.5 The erection and rectification of steel beam8.5.1 The main testing item in this project is verticality and it can be tested by hung ball. After test, the qualified roof frame should be fixed with high strength bolts.8.5.2 Moveable platform should be used in the connection of bolts and the installment of close joint plate to ensure the safety of working in high place.8.5.3 Moveable platform should be used to fixation and final tweak of high strength bolts.8.6 Installment of purlin and bracing system8.6.1 Purlin and bracing system should be helpful for the erection of steelstructure and cross operation should be taken.8.6.2 Pulley will be used in the installment of purlins and the installment requirements should be: bolts’hole should be aimed corrected and tweaking and fastening extent should be reasonable. According to the specification of purlin and using location, it should be put in the relative position of roof and wall by manual work using pulley and then be installed.8.6.3 Bracing should be installed in time according to relative requirements and installment location should be correct and up to design requirements; ensure the overall rigidity and stability of steel structure. 8.6.4 Wind bracing rope shall be installed to ensure the stability of frame and avoid instability caused by strong wind.8.7 Structure rectificationAfter erection, rectification of verticality and flatness between steel members should be conveyed in time. In order to ensure the installment position correctness of continuous steel members, column and horizontal bracing should be installed in time and these bracing also need rectification. When adjusting column bracing, lock one end and loose another and in the time column has been rectify to vertical, lock the bracing to a tense condition but avoid cause any damage to elements by locking too tensely. Adjust horizontal bracing using ridge point as thecentral point from eaves to roof ridge system and rectify roof beam to keep roof vertical. Anyway, lock the oblique bracing only after all elements have been rectified to vertical position.8.8 Set life lineSet life line in time after frame has been completed, for detail safety plan, see EHS.8.9 Installment of corner bracingOrdinary beam corner bracing should be connected from ground to roof beam and fixed to roof purlin with bolts after erection.8.10 The installment of tie rod and barAdjust the flatness of purlin in the time of installing tie rod and bar of wall and roof and rectify the deflection of purlin caused by transportation or piling up.8.11 The connection of high strength bolts8.11.1 Fastening order of joint bolt: fastening order in the same plane: fasten from middle to two ends.8.11.2 Construction order of high strength boltsUnless required by design, Inserting direction of high strength bolts should be based on the convenience of construction. Bolts around the frame should be fixed into the interior side of steel structure; bolts inside frame should be fixed according to specification. Fixing direction of highstrength bolts in the same joint should be uniform.8.12. Construction of high strength bolts8.12.1 The high strength bolts are large hex head high strength bolts and “torque method” will be taken as the construction method.8.12.2 Use torque wrench in the construction of high strength bolts and control torque strictly in the course of construction.8.12.3 Initial tweak and final tweak will be used in the tweaking of high strength bolts and the torque of initial tweak is 0.5 time of construction torque.8.12.4 The test for torque coefficient of high strength bolts should be taken before the construction of high strength bolts.8.12.5 Torque inspection of final tweak should be done within 48h after 1h later of the completion of final tweak of high strength heavy hex head bolts set.8.12.6 The calculation equation of torque value: construction torque value=torque coefficien t×standard construction pretension valu e×bolt nominal diameter8.12.7 Record in the course of tweaking9. Erection plan for grid structure9.1 construction preparation9.1.1 Scaffold shall be used in the erection of grid and the advantage of itis convenient and fast, the platform of scaffold can also be used for the materials piling platform.9.1.2 In order to control and rectify the coordinate position, four controlling point should be set for each grid.9.1.3 Tamp the area around temporary platform of spliced grid to ensure the stability of scaffold.9.1.4Scoring and positioning: position the scaffold according to dimension and upper and low chord of grid.9.2 Erection order of grid:Preparatio n→scoring and positionin g→organization of scaffol d→install upper chord, fastening central chord and rectify small unit gri d→initial installment of grid complete d→rectificatio n→weld pedesta l→acceptance9.3 Splicing order of grid9.3.1 The method of splicing triangular support is: first, find the ball and rod in this position and then one installing worker find out the ball hole position, butt connect two central rod separately, tweak sleeve bolt with wrench or pipe tongs, then another worker install upper chord, the third worker aim bolt to relative ball hole, fasten the upper chord with wrench or pipe tongs. In the course of fastening, central chord installing worker shake the rod member to tweak the rod member to ball as tight as possible.After above procedure is completed, install another upper chord.9.3.2 The working method of pushing triangular support in the course of grid construction: dispatch two workers on the upper joint of chord and another two workers on the lower joint of chord; these four workers find out ball holes correspondent with member bar and quickly fasten the bolt between member bar and ball. The four workers should work at the same time and cooperate dexterously and last two works install lower chord bar and ball.10. Field welding10.1 Groove weld shall be used for the field welding of this project and for the welding connection type, refer the construction drawing.10.2 For welding material and workmanship, refer general explanation of design drawing.10.3 weld rods should be baked before welding and keep in insulate bucket in the time of field welding.10.4 Check the mark of the steel members before welding and begin to weld after making sure there are no mistakes.10.5 Strictly control the quality of welds in the course of welding and operate in strict accordance with welding workmanship.10.6 Clear away slag after the completion of each weld; grind the welds and stamp the number of welder.10.7 Nondestructive flaw detection test will be used for welds.10.8 Weld the base plate after the rectification of steel structure.10.9 The welding of platform beam will be carried out only after it has been rectified and the final tweak of high strength bolt has been completed.10.10 For the welding of backing plate of crane beam, weld the surrounding area of backing plate after the crane beam has been erected and rectified. Safety measure such as “hung basket” shall be used in the process of welding.11. Field patching up11.1 Field patching up should be done if there is any damage to paint caused by delivery, loading, unloading, cutting or electric welding and patching up must conform to SES A01-02.11.2Sample areas of each finish shall be provided before proceeding with remainder of field painting.11.3 Sample areas shall be retained as project standard for the remainder of work.11.4 Areas used as project standard shall be one (1) square meter minimum surface area.11.5 Surrounding area of damaging place shall be grinded to smooth transitional layer to ensure the smooth transition of patching-up place.11.6 Evaluate the damaged paint film and make out a patching-up plan before the start of patching up.11.6 .1 Finish damaged(primer in good condition): grind with abrasive paper or grinding sheet and clean surface with thinner, patch up intermediate paint to design thickness then patch up finish paint.11.6.2 Primer damaged (without rust): grind with abrasive paper or grinding sheet, patch up primer to design film thickness then patch up intermediate and finish paint.11.6.3 Damage to plate and the place of burning out paint film rusted: grind to St 3 grade with grinding sheet, patch up the primer to design dry film thickness and then patch up intermediate and finish.12 Acceptance of intermediate structure12.1 Inform owner to check and accept the steel structure in written form after the erection and rectification has finished and the final tweak of high strength bolt has been completed.12.2 Provide relative structure acceptance data in the time of check and acceptance.13. Installment plan of cladding system13.1 Jobsite-entering inspectionCladding panel shall be transported in container and by sea. Check the cladding panel seriously according to goods-sending list and packing listafter it enters into the jobsite, the damage and deflection condition of plate is the focus of inspection.13.2 General requirements for installment13.2.1 The installment of cladding panel should take account of normal wind direction and lap connection of rib plate shall be against normal wind direction.13.2.2 Fix self drilling screw vertically to cladding panel and purlin, aim the center on purlin and make sure that the screws are drilled in one line.13.2.3 Check the flatness of two ends of plate after installing every 5-6 plates and rectify in time if tolerance occurs.13.3 Piling and delivery of material13.3.1 Handling: Professional shoulder pole and erecting band shall be used for the erection and delivery of bundled sandwich plate. Erection style such as triangle type formed by lifting hook and sandwich is forbidden. Begin to erect only after finding erecting balance point and erect one bundle after another, put on ground lightly. During erection, put plate on roof in the installment direction and avoid unnecessary turning of panel. For the handling of single panel, according to the length and weight of panel, use 3-5 workers to handle to avoid the deflection of panel. During handing, don’t drag panel on other panels or objects to avoid causing damage to finish.13.3.2 Field storage: Sleeper, foamed plastics or other materials shall be used to underlay panels and don’t put sandwich panels on the ground. 13.3.3 Piling up place of sandwich panels should be far away from other naked material to avoid the rusting materials of those steel materials float on the color panels and contaminate it.13.3.4 When sandwich panels are piled up, heavy objects are forbidden to put on panels and stomping on panels is forbidden to avoid any damage to finish. Roof panels should be put nearby the roof frame and piling up other materials on the installed panel is forbidden.13.3.5 Lighting panel should be placed separately and steel plate or other objects are forbidden to put on it.13.4 Installment of roof and wall panel13.4.1 Check the verticality and spacing of roof purlin and wall beam in accordance with dimensions on drawing.13.4.2 Be familiar with drawing and typeset according to the requirements of drawing.13.4.3 Self drilling screw shall be used in the fixation of roof and wall panels.13.5 Other notes13.5.1 Only nailless and flat soft shoes are permitted to wear when walking on the roof panel.13.5.2 The fixing order of screw should be in the same direction of panel installment and fixing screw in the opposite direction is forbidden.13.5.3 Field cutting or treating of plate ends is advised to be done on the ground and it is forbidden to cut adjacent to other plates. In the condition of operation on the roof, cutting on other roof panels is forbidden. When cutting, the face of panel should face to ground and clear away the swarf on the panel and neighboring panel in time. Electric scissor may be used to clear away the rusted swarf caused by cutting.13.5.4 Clear away all swarf and sundries on the roof and wall everyday after the finish of daily installment.13.5.5 The panel that has been erected to roof and waited to be installed next day needs to be bundled.13.6 The installment of flashing plateColorful plate shall be used for the flashing plate of roof and wall and it shall be fixed to the roof and wall panels with self drilling screw and rivet. For the specification, spacing and number of flashing plate and self drilling screw, see construction drawing.13.7 The installment of gutterDuring the installment of gutter hung outside of colorful plate, care should be taken for the connection between gutter and roof panel, waterproof treatment of lap joint between gutters.14. Completion acceptance14.1 Completion acceptance may be submitted in written form after the application of cladding panel has finished and local defects have been patched up.14.2 Completion acceptance of steel structure is the symbol of finish of steel structure.14.3 Whole steel structure data need to be submitted in the time of completion acceptance.15. Construction overall arrangement15.1 For Construction management institution, see following diagram15.2 The arrangement of field personnel:One project manager of jobsite project department, five managerial staff, 30 installment workers dispatched from China for field installment. If there is any need, Employ workers from local labor market at the busy time of construction.15.3 The responsibility of project managerial staff15.3.1 Project manager15.3.1.1 Responsible for organizing and directing the application of this project and responsible for owner.15.3.1.2 Responsible for establishing project management department; manage production factor needed for this project, such as talent, capital, material and equipment.15.3.1.3 Responsible for handling exterior relationship relative for this project.15.3.1.4 Responsible for the cooperation relationship between contractor and subcontract.15.3.1.5 Overall responsible for quality, safety, construction period, cost and civilized construction of project.15.3.2 Constructor and quality inspector15.3.2.1 responsible for field management and cooperation in the course of construction and handle other things under the leading of project manager.15.3.2.2 Responsible for labor management, civilized construction, equipment maintenance and the management of operator.15.3.2.3 Responsible for quality management and control in the course of construction.15.3.3 Technician who are also in charge of data:15.3.3.1 Responsible for the coordination and handling of technology in the whole course of construction.15.3.3.2 Responsible for compiling of construction plan, construction technology management data and statistics plan.15.3.3.3 Responsible for quality inspection and test data of all sub-items in the process of construction; collection and settling of all quality records data; collection, settling and package of construction completion data.15.3.4 People in charge of materials15.3.4.1 Responsible for buying and counting of steel members, the check of members’ mark and the management of piling up area.15.3.4.2 Responsible for summing up, counting and check of installmentproject volume.15.3.4.3 Responsible for the usage and management of jobsite materials and installment equipments.15.3.5 People in charge of safety15.3.5.1 Responsible for the safety inspection and control in the whole course of construction, check the reliability and effectiveness of safety technology measurements.15.3.5.2 Responsible for checking the hidden danger of jobsite and compiling and carrying out rectification measures.15.3.5.3 Supervise and control safety measures such as operation in high place, edge operation, power cut, providing electricity and sparking caused in operation and ensure the construction safety of this project. 16. Quality assurance system16.1 For the quality assurance system, see following diagram16.2 Quality responsibility of managerial staff:16.2.1 Quality responsibility of project manager:As the most senior leader of project, project manager should be responsible for the whole project and on the base of guaranteeing quality, project manager balance the completion situation of progress plan and economic effectiveness and urge all other managerial staff to bear the “quality first” idea in mind and ensure the implement of quality plan. 16.2.2 Quality responsibility of people in charge of project technology AS the executor of quality control and management of this project, the people who in charge of project technology should be responsible for the whole quality work of this project, such as compiling of quality plan, settlement and implement of quality assurance system, organize and convene technology analysis meeting, carrying out of quality responsibility of all managerial staff and he is also the quality assurance manager.16.2.3 Quality responsibility of constructorAs the project leader who is responsible for production, constructors should take construction quality of project as the primary task and should take account of the impact that construction difficulties bring to construction quality in arranging construction tasks. In normal production inspection, the constructor should carry out inspection according to planand guideline book and organize internal acceptance such as self check, mutual check, shifting check according to specification.16.2.4 Quality responsibility of quality inspector:As the main staff carrying out overall inspection of project construction quality, quality inspectors are required to have relative rich experience and should be hard working, they should have independent handling ability for the discovered quality problems and have relative foreseeing ability in the course of quality inspection. They should provide correct and whole check data, send rectification informing list for discovered hidden danger in time and supervise rectification to let it conform to relative quality requirements.16.2.5 Quality responsibility of construction foreman:As the jobsite director, construction foreman must himself bear in mind the idea “quality first” and carry out quality inspection for construction groups at any time and point out irregular operation. Supervise rectification if the quality can’t be up to grade. Construction foreman is the main compiler of all sub-item construction plan and operation guiding book and conduct the technology communication of every sub-item. 17. Quality assurance measures17.1 quality aim17.1.1 contract performing rate: 100℅。

CONSTRUCTION PLANNINGConstruction planning is a basic and challenging activity in the management and execution of project construction. It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of resources and duration required for a single task, and the identification and definition of the interweaving of different work tasks. A good construction planning design is the basis for the budget and work plan. Even if the plan is not written or the plan is formally recorded in other ways, developing a construction planning design is a key task in construction management. In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning design, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project participants, and even the relationships between organizations to be included in the project. For example, the extent to which subcontractors are used on a project is often determined during the design of the construction planning.Developing a construction planning design is a very challenging task. The planner starts with the result (that is, the design of the facility) and must synthesize the steps needed toarrive at the result. The basic aspects of construction planning design include generating the required activities, analyzing the meaning of these activities, and choosing among various other ways of performing the activities. Construction planners are also faced with the normative issue of choosing the best of many alternatives. The planner must imagine the final facility described in the plan and specifications.When designing the construction planning, it usually focuses on cost control or schedule control, as shown in the figure below.Some projects are mainly divided into expense categories with associated costs.In these cases, the construction planning design is cost or expense oriented. In the expenditure category, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the execution of anactivity and costs indirectly used to complete the project. For example, borrowing costs for project financing and indirect projects are often considered as indirect costs. For other projects, it is important to schedule work activities over time and to emphasize this during the planning process. In this case, planners will ensure that proper priority is maintained between activities and that effective resources are effectively scheduled. Traditional schedulers emphasize maintaining task priorities (causing a critical path scheduler) or efficient use of resources over time (causing a job shop scheduler). Finally, most complex projects need to consider both cost and schedule, so planning, monitoring, and record keeping must consider both. In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major issue.施工组织设计施工组织设计是项目施工的管理和执行中的一项基本且具有挑战性的活动。

英文译文与原文学院工程技术学院专业、班级土木工程1011 姓名杜军斌学号 ********** 指导老师刘强职称教授第一篇Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.[key words] : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities areinseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. [1]Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, andthe structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 ~ has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and underthe upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures.[3]As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become theflesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, inthe future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated. This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I one's life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility. Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic... But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.译文：土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。

Construction of the Project Management of the importance of organiza tion designAbstract: The construction organization is a construction project and guide the importanttechnical and economic documents。

Can regulate the construction workers，machinery ，raw materials, environment, technology，equipment, construction, installation, ma nagement, production and other conflicts, to supervise the construction and control of organizational design in order to ensure scientific and rational project high -quality，low cost, less the completion of energy。

Keywords: project management; construction organization；design; importance Construction design and project construction is an important document guidin g construction, construction enterprises are able to high-quality, high speed，low cost, low consumption of completed building projects to ensure effective measures ，but also strengthen the management, the importance of improving economic effici ency means, is also properly handle the construction workers，machinery，raw mat erials，methods，environment and technology and equipment，civil works and insta llation of collaboration，consumption and supply, management and production and ot her kinds of contradictions，scientific and rational，planned and orderly , the equilibrium organization of production and an important guarantee for project con struction.With the establishment of socialist market economy，an increasingly compe titive construction market，the objective situation of construction enterprises hav e become increasingly demanding, not only in technology and equipment, personnel q uality, the construction put forward higher requirements of the organizers, and en gineering economic management Pre—settlement work in the project is also facing new challenges. Strict construction market situation，some construction companies are not actively taken measures, p rofessional and technical staff is not updated，training, science and technology management level is very backward, with the preparation of construction design rev iew did not attract enough attention, so there will be the following common situ ations：(1）audit is not compiled before the start of construction organization d esign: not to pursue the construction of floor plans, materials, cluttered，movin g out of import of machinery and equipment, unplanned demand for labor, quality, security，construction without assurance measures，resulting in nest Workers ser ious waste management lower。

外文原文Stage of construction cost controlConstruction enterprises in engineering construction of a construction project cost management is the foundation of the enterprise survival and the development and the core of the construction stage does well the cost control to achieve the purpose of increasing earnings is the project activities more important link, this paper will carry on the elaboration to this question, so that in enterprise production and management play a directive role.So in the project construction cost control what are the content? The author through 10 years of work experience, and analysis has the following aspects: contract aspects: according to construction drawing, contracting contract as the basis, according to the requirements of the contract project, quality, progress index, compiled in detail the construction organization design, this as the basis of cost plan. The project is in the contract and the existence of the change of component project, report to. As far as possible increases the project income. Use contract rights granted reasonable increase income and reduce expenditure.technical aspects: first of all, according to the actual situation of construction site, scientific planning of the construction site layout, to reduce the waste and save money to create conditions; Based on its technical superiority, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of management personnel, and carry out the mention reasonable suggestion activities, the expansion of nearly may cost control of scope and depth.quality and security; In strict accordance with the engineering technical specifications and rules of safe operation management, reduce and eliminate quality and safety accidents, make all sorts of loss is reduced to the minimum.machinery management: according to the requirements of project scientific, reasonable selection of machinery, give full play to the mechanical performance; Be reasonable arrangement construction in order to improve the utilization rate of the machinery, reduce machine fee cost; Regular maintenance machinery, improve the integrity rate of the machinery, provide guarantee for the whole progress. For the rent must be the mechanical equipment, to improve market research touch bottom the material aspects: material purchasing should be abided by "quality, low price and short distance of the principle of" approach to correct materials measurement, serious acceptance, the maximum limit reduced purchasing management in the process of consumption. According to the construction schedule science organization the use of material plan, avoid downtime should phenomenon; Material drawing shall be strictly controlled, regular inventory, grasps the actualconsumption and the progress of the projects contrast data; For in the recovery turnover materials, sorting, completed with timely and exits, like this is advantageous to the turnover use and reduce the lease fees, and reduce the cost.and administrative management: first to streamline management institutions, avoid overstaffing, reduce unnecessary salary expenses; Control business expenses and so on each unproductive spending Numbers. The administrative office of the materials with property, all on the card USES, prevent damage and loss, and financial aspects: the financial department is an important part of the cost control, mainly through the spending review all the expenses, balance scheduling funds and establishing various auxiliary records and hard working with all department cost implementation method such as the inspection and supervision, and the engineering cost analysis of all-round and provide feedback to decision-making departments, in order to take effective measures to correct the deviation of the project cost.More from seven aspects of simple described the content of the responsibility cost management, so in the construction of how to specific implementation, which we need to master the dynamic control of the construction project cost.In short, the construction project cost control is a complicated system engineering. Construction project cost control, the need for flexible use of, the actual operation should adjust measures to local conditions, different project size, different construction enterprise, different management system have differences, but no matter how construction enterprise to manage production is the consumption of human resources, material resources and cost, guidance, supervision and regulation and restrictions译文施工阶段成本控制建筑施工企业在工程建设中实行施工项目成本管理是企业生存和发展的基础和核心，在施工阶段搞好成本控制，达到增收节支的目的是项目经营活动中更为重要的环节，本文将对这一问题进行论述，以便在企业的生产经营中起指导作用。

施工组织管理外文文献In the construction progress plan executes the concept analytic method and the construction organization plan, which the construction section arrangement optimizesAbstractThe construction organization plan constructs the entire process each activity technical economy Platform as the instruction, is constructs technical and the construction project management organic synthesis product, after it is the project begins to construct the activity to be able to have the foreword, to be highly effective the guarantee which, the science reasonably carries on.。

As the development of our country s economy and the consummating of market-economy system gradually. Many construction corporations are facing the much opportunity, but at the same time, they are facing much difficulty, such as profit-ratio dropping, higher technique. So ,it becomes more important to construct more reasonably to subdue the cost.After looking up much material, the author of the article has done much work, such as generalizing the system of net-plan, the effect and principle of low-construction and illuminating the means of making the construction-plan more preferential. The author also has done much work in researching the superiority way of construction-sequence deeply, based on years experience in construction management ,he start with fundamental concepts and raise the concept analysis way superiority means to line up the steps and achieve it on computer in C .Finally he adduces two project examples to verify it and explain its effect. They manifest that the means dose not only shorten the period, but 6work content, to the manpower, the fund, the material, the machinery and the job practice and so on carries on the science reasonable arrangement, in the coordinated construction between each construction, various kinds of work in a factory, the resources and the time, each item of resources reasonable relations. In the entire construction process, according to the objective technologyeconomic law, makes the science reasonable arrangement, by causes the project construction to obtain the relative most superior effect.Looked from the construction organization plan establishmentcharacteristic that, The construction organization plan is carries on theestablishment take the single project as the object, has the very strong technical nature and the comprehensive nature, needs the establishment of strength to have the enough architectural engineering rationale and the certain experience. The construction organization plan content must adapt the engineering project and the owner, the design, the overseeing special request, at the same time also must conform to the national relevant law, the laws and regulations, the standard and the place standard request. The construction organization plan establishment must satisfy a final basic request namely to get up to the construction process to the instruction and the control action, realizes theengineering project technology economic efficiency under the certain resources condition, achieved the construction benefit and the economic efficiency double win goal.The construction organization plan establishment exists at present flaw:1. at present accumulates the construction technological resource cannot obtain, the full application effectively, especially intelligence resources, this on the one hand is establishment of strength own quality and is insufficiently experienced creates; On the other hand is disseminates the channelinsufficiency not to be the result of. To the success experience that already has not carried on the model, establishes the content lacks the new technology, the new craft, to the enhancement labor efficiency, reduces the resourcesconsumption the function.2.Some construction organization plan establishments ofstrength lack of the technology rationale and the concrete construction experience, in the establishment only are imitate to the technology standard copy verbatim, but has not carried on to the concrete project characteristic has the pointed plan and the design, does not have to the instruction construction function.3.The construction organization plan must carry on the establishment to each project one by one, by adapts the different project characteristic, but the different establishment of strength while carries on the establishment work regarding the similar construction craft, has made the massive nonessential repetitions work, reduced the working efficiency.4. Now establishes the construction organization plan only took thetechnical management system a work, it mainly pursues the construction benefit but very little to consider the economic efficiency, the existence only pays great attention to the organization technology measure, but has not paid greatattention to the economical management the content, down to does not speak the cost in the implementation process, has not achieved the economic efficiency goal.5. At present the construction organization plan establishment is frequently the design and the implementation separates, down to create the construction organization plan only is a form, cannot be。

嘉兴学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目：君山二期工程施工组织设计一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building and technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be leftto the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in quality and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist building firms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other critical parts of the building.1.6 DocumentationThe quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late,and in poor quality.1.7 CommunicationIt is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from deadlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date documents and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team should have access to central scheduling and work monitoring, including reporting. These systems link those involved in the project, control the workflow, and distribute news, documents and information.2 Planning and building costs2.1 Quantity surveyingChinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the realization phase the quantity surveyor evaluates the level of work completed so that part payments and supplementary demands can be fixed, assists in warding off complaints, or evaluates and negotiates with the company over justifiable additional demands. Effective cost control is carried out within the project management framework. All the costings are noted in a cost monitoring system. Cost monitoring is not a passive system. Precise project control means that cost changes can be identified even in the initial phase. Causes and effects of measures affecting costs are conveyed to the project management team at an early stage so that counter-measures can be introduced where necessary.Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded and during the realization phase.Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commercially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even though the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project management will be indispensable in future if building investment is to accomplish its aims.二、外文译文：1.1选择一个切实可行的规划方式选择一个切实可行的规划方式是很重要的。

English Abstract(1) The building is a college building , located in Yancheng(NEIghborhood,Tinghu) , the gross floor area for 4800m2and land of structurion for 1800m2，six-storey low – rise, high levels of 3.2m,total building height of 22.05m , well – designed structure of the service life of 50years , seismic intensity 7 , wall materials for the Ceramsite cocerte hollow block .(2) Constrction of the ride south , construction isa flat – shaped ,symetrical layout . Dormitory on the south side of the other on the north side of the arrangement , reasonable layout , better lighting .(3) The construction organization plan is constructs the construction organization's core and the soul, is conceives to the engineering construction project entire process idea with the concrete arrangement, uses for to instruct construction item entire process each activity the technology, the economical and organization's comprehensive document. the this construction organization plan is aims at Yancheng students’ building project construction the Platform. When establishment to the project managementorganization establishment, the construction overall deployed that the construction preparation, the main branch sub-item project job practice, the project quality safeguard measure, the security and the civilized construction measure, the job location management measure and so on many factors considered fully as far as possible, prominent scientific nature, serviceability and pointed, is guaranteed that high quality, the low consumption, the security, civilized, complete completely the construction work important economical technical paper high speed. this design mainly includes the following content: The project construction organization designs, the Chinese and English translation, the construction floor-plan. In order to guarantee that the time, the quality and the security, the civilized work site, save conditions and so on cost, establishes the pointed construction organization plan, each branch sub-item project's characteristic, the structural feature, the construction difficulty degree time and the quality requirement, establish the practical and feasible plan of construction. Instructs the construction smoothlycost engineering project the construction, the control engineering cost, the foundation high quality project. key word: Project, construction.(4) Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be aleap-style development.People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than themechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture.The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present.The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel.From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out hightensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers.From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle.In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, materialmechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering.During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.。

施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献施⼯组织设计外⽂翻译参考⽂献(⽂档含中英⽂对照即英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)施⼯组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑⼯程在施⼯过程中，施⼯组织⽅案的优劣不仅直接影响⼯程的质量，对⼯期及施⼯过程中的⼈员安全也有重要影响。

施⼯组织是项⽬建设和指导⼯程施⼯的重要技术经济⽂件。

能调节施⼯中⼈员、机器、原料、环境、⼯艺、设备、⼟建、安装、管理、⽣产等⽭盾,要对施⼯组织设计进⾏监督和控制,才能科学合理的保证⼯程项⽬⾼质量、低成本、少耗能的完成。

关键词：项⽬管理施⼯组织⽅案重要性施⼯组织设计就是对⼯程建设项⽬整个施⼯过程的构思设想和具体安排，是施⼯组织管理⼯作的核⼼和灵魂。

其⽬的是使⼯程速度快、质量好、效益⾼。

使整个⼯程在施⼯中获得相对的最优效果。

1．编制施⼯组织设计重要性的原因建筑⼯程及其施⼯具有固定性与流动性、多样性与单件性、形体庞⼤与施⼯周期长这三对特点。

所以，每⼀建筑⼯程的施⼯都必须进⾏施⼯组织设计。

这是因为：其它⼀般⼯业产品的⽣产都有着⾃⼰固定的、长期适⽤的⼯⼚。

⽽建筑施⼯具有流动性的特点，不可能建⽴这样的⼯⼚，只能是当每⼀个建筑⼯程施⼯时，建⽴⼀个相应的、临时性的，如同⼯⼚作⽤性质的施⼯现场准备，即⼯地。

施⼯单件性特点与施⼯流动性特点，决定了每⼀建筑⼯程施⼯都要选择相应的机具和劳动⼒组织。

选择施⼯⽅法、拟定施⼯技术⽅案及其劳动⼒组织和机具配置，统称为施⼯作业能⼒配置。

施⼯周期的特点，决定了各种劳动⼒、机具和众多材料物资技术的供应时间也⽐较长，这就产⽣了与施⼯总进度计划相适应的物资技术的施⼯组织设计内容。

由此可见，施⼯组织设计在项⽬管理中是相当重要的。

2．施⼯组织设计⽅案的重要性建筑产品作为⼀种商品，在项⽬管理中⼯程质量在整个施⼯过程中起着极其重要的作⽤。

⼯程建设项⽬的施⼯组织设计与其⼯程造价有着密切的关系。

施⼯组织设计基本的内容有：⼯程概况和施⼯条件的分析、施⼯⽅案、施⼯⼯艺、施⼯进度计划、施⼯总平⾯图。

文献出处: Phillip Yetton. The Study of Construction Organization Design [J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2015, 9(2): 33-43.原文原文The Study of Construction Organization DesignAuthor: Phillip YettonAbstractBuilding construction is a complex work, huge building products, the production cycle is long, is a collection of architectural art, architecture, function, structure, decoration, water supply, power supply, intelligent system for a wind. Need to complete a project unit, type of work well together, and in the process of implementing, also under the influence of various subjective and objective conditions around. In order to meet the quality, cost, time limit for a project, under the premise of safety goal task to complete a project, must according to the requirement of the construction unit and the characteristics of the proposed construction project, the various raw materials on the basis of full investigation, compile an used to guide the whole process of technology, economy and management of project construction comprehensive document, this document is the construction organizationKeywords: Construction; Organization design; Project cost1 IntroductionConstruction organization design is a construction project for the object establishment, to guide the project bidding, construction contracts, construction preparation, construction installation until the whole process of the final acceptance of the technology, economy and management comprehensive document, is to ensure that project smooth implementation effective programmatic document. Construction organization design is proper or not, will directly relate to the quality of the proposed construction project, cost, time limit, safety, etc. The smooth realization of the intended target. With the development of The Times, modern engineering project scale and the demand is higher and higher, project management has become increasingly complex, and the construction organization design also put forward higher requirements. The construction organization design, construction organizationdesign in the bidding documents, also known as technical standard, but the construction organization design not only contains the content of the constructiontechnology, but also covers the project management and investment control, is acomprehensive document. In the beginning used for planned economy in our countrys construction organization design, during the course of decades of operation, tostandardize the project management has played a vital role. At present, theconstruction organization design has become a indispensable in the bidding and the construction of the organization of a file. But in the process of establishment and implementation of the construction organization design, try to guide due to lack of special specifications, different regions, different enterprises of different construction organization and design of the proposed requirements, combined with different construction enterprise management level, the differences between the technology and equipment, and personnel quality, leading to the establishment and management of construction organization design is uneven, at present still exist, such as the contents stylized, generalization, and perform a series of problems such as too casual, these are seriously affecting the normal role in the construction organization design and construction enterprise trans-regional management bring certain difficulties.2 Construction organization designs of the application and developmentIn 1928, the Soviet union in the process of building the Diaper river hydropower station, construction personnel compiled the first relatively complete construction organization design, through the implementation has obtained the remarkable result, then set up the specialized research institute for the study of the theory of the construction organization design and promotion to the practice of project management step by step. In the 1940 s, the United States will develop the first atomic bomb mission as a project to manage, named "Manhattan project", but only pay attention to the project management plan and coordination. Appeared in the late 1950 s, the United States on the key route method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT), and other new technology, marked the project management method has formed some scientific system, but this time is mainly used in national defense industry. Will promote system research project management as a discipline began inthe 1960 s, in Europe as the main body of international project management association (IPMA) and American project management institute (PMI) in which alarge amount of effective work, in order to promote the development of projectmanagement has played a positive role. In the 70 s of the 20th century, projectmanagement rapidly around the world, the application scope is from the military andaerospace project extended to the general civil projects. In addition to plan, coordinate,control, project management of contracts, progress, safety, cost, quality, risk, etc are given more attention, gradually formed the framework of modern project management. At present, the project management to become the international architectural project construction management general form.In the field of engineering construction, the appearance of many new changes in the construction organization and management: the project legal person responsibility system, the establishment of the system of bidding and project supervision system, combining government guidance price and the market price of construction market price reform, such as "FID1C contract conditions", computer application as the core of the development of modern management mode, etc., this a series of changes have put forward the new requirements of construction organization design, construction organization design is a new trend of development. Main show is: combined with design; With the advanced construction technology, construction method; The widely used of computers and network, the development trend of construction organization design, is to meet the needs of the construction enterprise market share. In a word, the requirement of the construction contract and the requirements of the construction enterprise benefit maximization.3 The basic theory of construction organization design3.1 The construction organization design task and roleConstruction organization design is planning to guide the whole process from construction preparation until the completion inspection and acceptance of the proposed construction project of the technology, economy and management of comprehensive files. It should reflect the design and use requirements of the proposed construction project on the one hand, on the other hand and accords with the objectivelaw of construction, the construction process have the effect of strategy or tactics. Overall planning, formulation of construction organization design must fully considerthe actual situation and construction of the proposed construction projectcharacteristics, scientific and reasonable organization construction, make full use ofspace, time and other factors, the use of advanced construction methods andconstruction technology, strive for with the minimum consumption of manpower andmaterial resources and other resources to obtain the best economic benefits.3.2 The content of the construction organization designAccording to the engineering properties, scale, structure characteristics, technicalcomplexity, construction conditions and demands of the construction unit, the depth ofthe construction organization design and content is also different, but a complete profile should include compilation basis, project construction organization design, construction deployment, construction progress plan, construction preparation and resource allocation plan, main construction scheme, construction site layout and construction management plan, etc.Compilation basis is an important part of the construction organization design, isto determine the construction organization design, the premise of other content on thebasis of accurate or not is related to the establishment can work smoothly and the quality is good or bad, related to the construction organization design can better play the role of guidance in the construction. Project summary is equivalent to the total of the proposed construction project, this paper mainly introduces general situation of engineering construction, the professional design and construction conditions. Deployment of construction is the construction organization design of the programmatic document, is to the whole project implementation process to make overall planning and reasonable arrangement, including project managementorganization, project management goal, the construction task partitioning, the period of the division of water and the construction process, key and the difficulty in the construction and countermeasures, etc. The construction organization design construction deployment for other content, you need to write. Construction schedule plan is to ensure to achieve the goals of the construction period, starting and endingtime of various construction process of the construction sequence, and the mutual connection relationship of overall planning and arrangement, generally in the form ofcrossing graph or network graph to express, is the basis of all kinds of resourceallocation plan, etc.4 The implementation of the construction organization designThe compilation of construction organization design is only for theimplementation of the proposed project provides a feasible scheme. How the plan detailed technical and economic effect, but also must through the implementation of the project to verify. The enforcement of the construction organization design, which will develop a plan of the static scheme, in a constantly changing dynamic construction environment, whether the inspection effect to the expected goal. So the construction organization design and implement of far-reaching significance for the realization of the project goals should do the following several aspects:4.1 Clarification construction organization designAfter the construction organization design has been verified, before formallystarted to make a detailed technical clarification step by step and fill in the"construction organization design disclosure form". Disclosure by clarification will,written disclosure forms, such as focus on the content of the construction organization design, requirements, difficulties and guarantee measures step by step to implement down, at the same time for all involved in the project construction under the guidance of related units in total control, to develop a more detailed work plan, ensure the implementation of the construction organization design.4.2 Improve the system of enterprise managementPractice has proved that construction organization design can be implementedsmoothly, to a large extent depends on the construction enterprise technology,management of quality and enterprise management level, establish and perfect the management system of the construction enterprises of various or not is the sign of enterprise quality and staff level. Only by construction enterprises to establish and perfect the reasonable management system and strictly enforced, to ensure the normal implementation of construction projects, ensure the smooth implementation ofconstruction organization design.4.3 Establish strict appraisal systemConstruction enterprises shall implement situation of the construction organization design into construction project assessment category, clear the responsibility of the personnel at all levels, set up technical and economic contract responsibility system, in the process of construction inspection on the implementation of construction organization design, construction technology, economic responsibility and material interests of the worker, such as the calculation technology progress prize, the time limit for a project in advance award, etc., to ensure that comprehensively implement the construction organization design.4.4 To be prepared for constructionConstruction preparation is important to ensure the smooth implementation of the construction organization design. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the engineering and the normal conduct of construction activities, not only before the start, and in the whole construction process is to do well the preparation of the corresponding human, material and financial resources, actively for the construction of the project is to create favorable conditions, the construction of the initiative, guarantee the construction systematically, thus ensuring the construction organization design be carried out in a timely manner, improve the construction enterprise economic benefits and social benefits.译文译文施工组织设计问题研究施工组织设计问题研究Phillip Yetton摘要摘要建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑工程施工是一项复杂的工作，建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个建筑产品体积庞大，生产周期长，是一个集建筑艺术、建筑功能、建筑结构、装饰装修、供水供电、釆暖通风、智能系统为一身的综合体。

外文文献翻译文献出处：Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 2015,3(2):281-294.英文原文Importance of construction organization designG BaeckerAbstractDuring the construction process of a construction project, the advantages and disadvantages of the construction organization scheme not only directly affect the quality of the project, but also have an important impact on the duration and the safety of the personnel during the construction process. The construction organization is an important technical and economic document for the project construction and guidance of project construction. Can adjust the contradiction of personnel, machinery, raw materials, environment, process, equipment, civil construction, installation, management, production, etc. in construction. It is necessary to supervise and control the construction organization design so as to ensure the project quality with high quality, low cost, and less Energy consumption is completed.Key words: Project Management, Construction Organization, Program ImportanceConstruction organization design is the conception and specific arrangement of the entire construction process of the engineering construction project. It is the core and soul of the construction organization management work. Its purpose is to make the project faster, better quality, and more efficient. Make the whole project get relatively optimal results in the construction.1.The reason for the importance of the design of construction organizationThe construction project and its construction have three characteristics: fixed and fluidity, diversity and individuality, large body and long construction period. Therefore, the construction of each construction project must be carried out. This is because: The production of other general industrial products has its own fixed, long-term factory. The construction of the building is fluid, and it is impossible to establish such a factory. It is only when each construction project is constructed that a corresponding, temporary construction site preparation like the nature of the plant is employed. The unique features of construction and the characteristics of construction mobility determine that each construction project must select the appropriate equipment and labor organization. The selection of construction methods, the formulation of construction technology plans, and the organization of workforces and implements are collectively referred to as construction work capacity allocation. The characteristics of the construction cycle have determined that the supply of various labors,equipment and many materials and materials technologies will take a long time. This will result in the construction and design of materials and technologies that are compatible with the overall construction schedule. From this we can see that construction organization design is very important in project management.2.The importance of construction organization designAs a product, building products play an extremely important role in project management throughout the construction process. The construction organization of the engineering construction project has a close relationship with its engineering cost. The basic contents of the construction organization design include: project overview and construction condition analysis, construction plan, construction process, construction schedule plan, and general plan of construction. There are also economic analysis and construction preparation work plans. Among them, the determination of the construction plan and construction process is more important. For example, the selection of construction machinery, the selection of horizontal transportation methods, the construction methods of the earthwork, the construction methods of the main structure and the selection of the construction technology all directly affect the project budget. The price changes. Under the premise of guaranteeing project quality and satisfying the owner's use requirements and construction period requirements, optimizing the construction plan and construction process is an important measure and method to control investment and reduce construction projectcost.2」The construction organization plan affects the quality of the project to a great extent. Therefore, a reasonable project organization plan is not only the basis for ensuring the successful completion of the project, but also the basis for project safety. The construction organization design is an important part of the construction engineering design documents. It is the main basis for preparing the project investment budget and the main reference for the preparation of bidding documents. Therefore, careful construction of the construction organization will have a very important role in detennining the project cost and reducing the investment in the project, which will help control the construction cost.2.2The construction organization plan is an important means for scientific management of construction activities. It has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It embodies the requirements for realizing the basic construction plan and design, provides the contents of the construction preparation work in each phase, and coordinates the mutual relations between each construction work area, each construction work type, and each voluntary work in the construction process. The construction organization plan must be able to determine the basic combination of various factors of production based on the characteristics and requirements of the engineering product and the current and possible winning construction conditions. It is impossible to carry out any production without effectively solving the problem..3.Index calculation and analysis of construction organization designAt present, what indicators should be established in the construction organization design are not uniform and the calculation method is not standardized. As it is a yardstick for evaluating the overall effect of construction organization design and evaluation of implementation status, it is also the basis for examining the level and effect of production, operation and management of the unit (project department) that undertakes construction. We should pay attention to the following suggestions.3. 1 indicator system. The index system should be set up to reflect the level reached by the construction organization's design goals and provide convenience for evaluation, assessment, and implementation.3. 2 Index calculations. (1) Construction preparation period. From the start of site preparation to the full time of formal project start-up. (2) Unit project duration. The construction period arranged by the unit construction schedule. (3) Labor imbalance coefficient. The ratio of the peak number of construction period to the average number of people. (4) Reduce the cost. Technical organization measures to lower the cost of price results. (5) Reduce the cost rate. The percentage of cost reduction in contracted costs. (6) The degree of construction mechanization. The ratio of the completion value of mechanical construction to the project contracting cost. (7) The degree of factory construction. Prefabrication plant (quarry, quarry) The ratio of the completed production value to the engineering contracting cost. (8) Proportion of temporary engineering investment. The ratio of all temporaryengineering investment and project contracting cost. (9) Proportion of temporary engineering expenses. All Temporary Project Cost Reducing Ratio of Charges and Engineering Contract Costs.3.3 Indicators Analysis. Compared with the historical actual level of similar projects, the construction organization design index can evaluate the effect of the construction organization design; The comparison of indicators of different construction organization design schemes can be used to optimize the program; The weighted values of previous indicators of the same type of previous projects can be analyzed, which can be used as the future The basis of bidding.4.Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of a socialist market economy, the competition in the construction market has become increasingly fierce, and the objective situation has become increasingly demanding for construction companies. Not only does it require higher requirements in terms of technical equipment, personnel quality, and construction organizers, but it also faces new challenges in engineering economic management. In the rigorous construction market situation, some construction companies did not actively take response measures and did not update or train employees1 professional skills. The management level of science and technology is quite backward. In addition, it did not pay enough attention to the preparation of auditing construction organization design. Therefore, the following common situations will occur:4.1There is no preparation of auditing before the commencement of the construction of the organization design: do not engage in the layout of the construction plan, the material indiscriminately put. There are no guarantee measures for the shipment of earth moving in and out, mechanical equipment, unplanned labor demand, project quality, and safe construction. The phenomenon of wasting waste from workers is serious and the management level is low.4.2Whether it is a professional to compile the construction organization design: In order to deal with the inspections of the superior department and supervision unit and Party A, the construction personnel shall design the construction organization design on behalf of the construction worker or the information officer. Because the data was not known about the current constnjction management but was recently arranged by the leadership, it had to be created and dealt with indiscriminately.4.3The level of construction organization design is low: Some construction companies do not understand the importance of the construction organization in the construction process, write down the subitem construction process, draw the floor plan, and the project schedule, and they think that it is the constmction organization, designed.4.4Technology Abandonment Economy: A considerable number of construction enterprise units are preparing the construction organization design. Only pay attention to the technical measures of each sub-project in the construction organization. The content of the economic indicators of the。

施工组织设计英文书籍English:Construction Organization Design is a comprehensive book that covers the fundamentals and advanced topics in construction organization and management. It provides a detailed understanding of the principles and techniques of construction organization design, including project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and risk management. The book also discusses the integration of technology and innovation in construction organization design, emphasizing the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and other advanced tools for improving construction productivity and efficiency. Additionally, it addresses the environmental and sustainability aspects of construction organization design, highlighting the importance of green construction practices and waste management. The book includes case studies and practical examples to enhance the reader's understanding and application of construction organization design principles in real-world projects.Translated content:《施工组织设计》是一本全面介绍施工组织和管理基础和高级主题的书籍。

Importance of construction organization designSummary:Construction work in the construction process, the construction organization scheme will not only directly affect project quality, duration and safety also has an important impact in the construction process. Construction organization projects and mentoring inconstruction of key technical and economic documents. Can regulate the construction people, mac hines, materials, environment, technology, equipment, construction, installation, management, pro duction and other conflicts , monitoring and control of the construction organization design , scien tific and reasonable assurance the completion of project of high quality, low cost, low energy cons umption.Key words:Project management construction management programme the importance Construction organizat ion design is the idea of the whole construction process of engineering construction project ideas a nd specific arrangements, organization and management of construction work is the heart and soul . Its aim is to enable high speed, high quality, efficiency. Engineering-best results when working in construction as a whole.1． Because of the importance of preparation of construction organization design Architectural engineering and construction with a fixed and liquidity, diversity and one-piece, for m a large and long construction period the three characteristics. Therefore, each construction engin eering construction organization design of construction must be carried out. This is because other general industrial products have their own fixed, long-term application factories. Building constru ction is characterized by mobility, impossible to build such a plant, only when each of the construc tion, and establishing an appropriate, provisional, as factory construction site preparation, namely, site. Constructioncharacteristics and construction of single pieces of mobility features, decided to select appropriate equipment for each construction and labor organizations. Construction technology of construction method of selecting, developing programmes and labour organizations and equipment configuratio n, collectively known as operation capacity configuration. Construction cycle features determines the labour supply of many material, equipment and technology is a long time, which raises the tota l progress plan of construction material that is appropriate for the construction organization design of technology content. It can be seen that is of considerable importance in construction organizati on design in project management.2 .Importance of construction organization designConstruction products as a commodity and engineering quality in project management plays a vita l role in the entire construction process. Construction organization design and engineering cost of construction projects has a close relationship. Construction organization design of basic content: p roject overview and analysis of construction conditions, implementation plan, construction technol ogy, construction progress plan and general plan of construction. Further economic analysis and c onstruction preparation plans. , Scheme and construction technology in construction of more impo rtant , such as : levels of selection, selection of transport method of construction machinery, earth-moving construction method and construction method and construction technology of main structu re of choice and so on , are directly affecting the estimated project price changes. In ensuring proje ct quality and meet the owners subject to the requirements and duration requirements , optimizingconstruction scheme and construction technology are important measures to control investment and reduce project cost and means.2.1 Construction organization scheme is to a large extent affect project quality, reasonable constru ction programme is not only to ensure that the basis for successful completion of the construction, safety basis. Construction organization design is an important part of construction design documen ts, is the main basis for preparation of the project investment budget and preparation of tender doc uments, the main frame of reference. Therefore, good job in construction organization design, corr ectly determine project cost, reduce engineering investment, thus enabling to control project cost would have a very important role.2.2 Construction organization plan of construction activities is an important means of implementing scientific management, it has the dual role of strategic deployment and tactical arrangements. It r eflects the requirements of implementing the capital master plan and design provides all phases of construction preparation, coordination of construction during the construction project, the construc tion trade, the relationship between voluntary. Construction organization scheme must be accordin g to the product's characteristics and requirements, based on existing and possible securing constru ction conditions, realistic, determine how the basic combination of various factors of production, d oes not solve problems, it is impossible for any production.3 Construction design calculation and analysis of indicators Construction organization design sho uld be to establish which indicators are not unified, calculation or specification. Because it is the e valuation of construction organization design of the overall assessment of the effectiveness and the status of implementation, as well as project construction units ( project ) production and managem ent levels and to test the effectiveness of the basis. Must be given to, and made the following com ments.3 .1 Index system. Sets as far as possible reflect the construction organization design of index syst em of the target level of, and to facilitate the evaluation, examination, implementation.3 .2 Index calculation. (1) construction preparation phase. Starting from site preparation to the offi cial project for all time. (2) project duration. Arranged by unit engineering construction progress pl an of construction. (3) labour imbalance coefficient. During peak and the average ratio of the num ber of. (4) reduce the cost amount. Technical measures to reduce the cost of results. (5) reduce the cost rate. Cost reduction percentage of total contract costs. (6) construction mechanization. Mecha nical construction completed production and engineering contract cost ratio. (7) the level of indust rial construction.Precast factory ( sand excavation, quarries ) completed production and engineering contract cost ra tio. (8) the investment proportion of temporary works. All temporary works investment and engine ering contracts cost ratio. (9) cost of temporary works. All temporary works cost recovery fees and contract cost reduction ratio.3.3 Indicator analysis. Construction organization design of indicators as compared to similar proje cts historical actual levels, can assess the impact construction organization design; different indicat ors of construction organization design in contrast to optimum programme; analysis of the weighte d numerical indicator of previous similar projects could serve as a reference for future bidding aga in.4 Management of construction organization designWith the establishment of the Socialist market economy , building increasingly fierce market com petition , objective conditions on the construction enterprise requirements getting higher and higher. Not only in terms of technical equipment, quality of personnel, organizer of construction put for ward higher requirements, but also in engineering economics and management work engineering b udget and settlement also faces new challenges. Strict construction market situation, some constru ction companies do not have a positive response , had no update on staff expertise and training. Sc ience and technology management level quite backward. And for the preparation of construction o rganization design of audit did not attract enough attention. Therefore, there will be several comm on scenarios:4.1 Before commencement of construction organization design of auditing has not been prepared : not to engage in the construction of floor plans , materials of rubble lying around. Earthwork out of transport, machinery and equipment, quality of labor demand planning, engineering, constructio n without guarantees of security. Caused the serious waste of idling , lower levels of management.4.2 Is the professional preparation of construction organization design: to cope with higher autho rities and supervision units, the customer shall check and construction construction organization d esignfor information or addendum. Because the information simply don't know about now, construction management and leadership has recently arranged, had to make up indiscriminately to deal with.4.3 Low levels of construction organization design preparation: some construction units, do not understand the importance of construction organization in the construction process, write about th e construction process, draw a floor plan, project schedule , is considered to be construction organi zation plan.4.4 Abandoned technology economy: a considerable number of units at the time of preparation of construction organization design in construction enterprise. Only importance to the construction of the project of technical measures. Content does not take into account economic indicators , leadin g to projects completion settlement of disputes continue , causing economic losses. Therefore, the management of construction organization design: (1) the introduction of dynamic m anagementConstruction process, inevitably will encounter unexpected problems, such as impact, natural fact ors such as design changes, change field programmes of each stage of the construction process adj ustments must therefore be based on dynamic management of engineering field, not suitable for co nstruction organization design section must be modified, supplemented, optimization, to reach the established goal.(2) Implementation of hierarchical managementProject law construction of introduced, management layer and job layer separation, and fixed wo rkers gradually reduced of situation, will leads total contract and points package of phenomenon, b id units from past of directly management, and directly technology low-down, becomes indirect m anagement, and indirect technology low-down, therefore should according to construction organiz ation design for tiered management, clear total package and points package units, and managemen t layer and job layer of technology permission, and duties and work program.5 ． Closing remarksIn the construction of the project, be sure to oversight and control of the construction organization design to ensure project construction in order to prevent construction organization design of forma lity. Progress of the construction organization design of project quality, security, strong measures o f protection. In conditions of considerable resources to achieve economic benefit of the project an d achieve the win-win purpose construction and economic benefit.施工组织设计的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工过程中，施工组织方案的优劣不仅直接影响工程的质量，对工期及施工过程中的人员安全也有重要影响。

施工组织设计英文文献翻译Construction Organization Design - English Literature TranslationConstruction organization design is an essential aspect of construction project management. It involves the planning, coordination, and control of various activities and resources to ensure the successful execution of a construction project. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature on the subject.1. IntroductionConstruction organization design refers to the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, authorities, communication, and resources within a construction project. It aims to optimize project performance while considering factors such as project objectives, scope, constraints, and available resources.2. The Importance of Construction Organization DesignEfficient construction organization design is crucial for the successful completion of a construction project. It helps in optimizing resource allocation, reducing project delays, improving communication, and enhancing overall project performance. A well-designed construction organization structure ensures that project tasks are assigned to the right individuals or teams, thereby maximizing productivity.3. Factors Influencing Construction Organization DesignVarious factors influence the design of construction organization, including project size, complexity, location, contractual agreements, and stakeholder requirements. The project manager must assess these factors and develop an organizational structure that fosters effective coordination, communication, and collaboration among project participants.4. Construction Organization Design ApproachesSeveral approaches can be adopted for construction organization design, depending on the project's unique characteristics. These include functional, project-based, matrix, and hybrid organizational structures. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the project's specific requirements.4.1 Functional OrganizationIn a functional organization, employees are grouped based on their areas of expertise, such as engineering, procurement, and construction. This structure promotes specialization and allows for efficient resource utilization. However, it may result in limited communication and coordination between functional units.4.2 Project-Based OrganizationIn a project-based organization, teams are assembled specifically for each project. This structure promotes effective communication and coordination among team members. However, it may lead to duplication of resources and increase project costs.4.3 Matrix OrganizationThe matrix organization combines the functional and project-based structures. It involves a dual reporting system, where employees have both functional and project managers. This approach enhances communication and coordination while maintaining functional expertise. However, it can also create conflicts between functional and project managers.4.4 Hybrid OrganizationA hybrid organization structure is a customized approach that combines elements from various organizational structures. It allows for flexibility and can be tailored to meet the specific needs of a construction project. The hybrid structure may combine functional, project-based, or matrix elements.5. Challenges in Construction Organization DesignDesigning an effective construction organization structure is not without challenges. These challenges include the need for interdepartmental coordination, the dynamic nature of construction projects, changing stakeholder requirements, project uncertainties, and cultural differences among workers. Project managers must address these challenges to ensure the smooth functioning of the construction organization.6. ConclusionConstruction organization design plays a vital role in the successful execution of construction projects. It involves the systematic arrangement of responsibilities, communication, and resources, considering various project factors. The choice of organizational structure depends on factors such as project size, complexity, and stakeholder requirements. By addressingchallenges and adopting a suitable organizational structure, project managers can optimize project performance and achieve project objectives.In conclusion, construction organization design is a critical aspect of construction project management. This article aimed to provide an understanding of the concept by translating relevant English literature. It discussed the importance of construction organization design, factors influencing the design, different approaches, challenges, and the significance of effective organization design in construction projects.。

目录Contents一、编制说明Explanation to the Compilation (2)二、工程概况Project Profile (6)三、施工准备Preparations for the Commencement (9)四、项目组织管理机构The Project Administration Organization (14)五、土建部分主要施工方法The Main Construction Method for the Civil Work (21)六、装饰装修工程主要施工方法The Main Construction Method for Finishing Work (46)七、安装部分主要施工方法Main working plan for installation (52)八、季节性施工措施Working plan for seasonality (65)九、质量保证措施Quality guarantee measurement (68)十、工期保证措施The steps for time limitation guarantee (73)十一、安全生产措施Security Production Measurement (76)十二、现场文明施工措施Field civilization working measures (86)十四、工程资料的整理及归档project material settling and filing (90)十五、工程回访维修制度Project revisit repair system (91)十六、施工总平面布置图The layout of the jobsite (92)十七、形象进度计划表Schedule Chart (94)附图:施工现场平面布置图附表：总的施工进度计划表一、编制说明Explanation to the Compilation1.1综合说明Comprehensive Explanations首先，我们诚恳地表示：我们将全心全意为业主服务，服从业主、监理的管理，和设计单位、各分包单位一起共同完成本项目的建设任务.我们通过认真学习和研究招标文件及有关图纸资料,并踏勘施工现场，在分析了各种外部环境和内部条件，以及工程施工的特点以后,我们有充分的信心保证高质量、如期、全面完成本工程招标文件规定的工程范围的任务。

施工组织设计摘要中英Abstract of Construction Organization Design施工组织设计摘要Introduction:引言Construction organization design is a crucial aspect of any construction project. It involves planning and coordinating various activities to ensure the smooth execution of the project. In this article, we will discuss the importance of construction organization design and its key components.施工组织设计是任何建筑项目的重要组成部分。

它涉及规划和协调各种活动，以确保项目的顺利执行。

在本文中，我们将讨论施工组织设计的重要性及其关键组成部分。

I. Project Planning:一、项目规划1.1 Pre-construction phase:1.1 前期准备阶段During the pre-construction phase, it is essential to establish clear project objectives and goals. This includes determining the scope of work, setting project timelines, and identifying resource requirements. Proper planning in this phase helps in organizing the construction process effectively.在前期准备阶段，建立清晰的项目目标和目标至关重要。