初中英语语法—助动词
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初中英语语法专项复习之助动词与系动词助动词be的用法1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
说明:这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见,例如:How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?d. 表示相约、商定,例如:We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
助动词have的用法1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:I have been studying English for ten years.3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:English has been taught in China for many years.中国教英语已经多年。
助动词do的用法1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
中学英语语法助动词与情态动词在中学英语语法中,助动词和情态动词都是常见的语法助词,它们在句子中起到不同的语法作用。
一、助动词(Auxiliary verb)是一种没有实际意义的动词,它的作用是帮助构成其他动词的各种时态和语态,或者用于否定、疑问、祈使等语态。
在英语中,常见的助动词包括be动词、do动词、have动词、will动词等。
1. be动词(am, is, are, was, were, been, being)2. do动词(do, does, did, done)3. have动词(have, has, had, having)4. had better (最好)5. would rather (宁愿)6. should (应该)7. ought to (应当)8. need (需要)9. dare (敢)10. used to (过去常常)这些助动词在英语语法中起到非常重要的作用,学生需要掌握它们的基本用法和常见用法,并且能够正确地运用它们来构成正确的句子。
二、情态动词(Modal verb)是一种表示说话人态度、意愿、推测、能力等的动词,它们通常用于表示说话人的主观态度或对某个行为的看法。
在英语中,常见的情态动词包括can、could、may、might、shall、should、will、would等。
情态动词是英语语法中的一类特殊动词,它们用于表达说话人的态度、意愿、推测、能力等。
情态动词通常不单独使用,而是和实义动词一起构成谓语动词,用于表达各种语态和时态。
以下是一些常见的英语语法情态动词:1. can (能够)2. could (过去能够)3. may (可能)4. might (可能)5. shall (将要)6. should (应该)7. will (将会)8. would (会)9. must (必须)10. need (需要)11. dare (敢)12. used to (过去常常)情态动词的使用可以表达说话人对某种情况或行为的看法、意愿、推测、能力等,因此在英语语法中非常重要。
Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?(构成疑定句)He is studying English.他正在学英语。
(表示时态)A building was built beside the school.学校旁边建了一座大楼。
(表示语态)Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定要来参加聚会。
(加强语气)英语中的助动词主要有:do,does,did;be;have,has,had,will,would,shall,should等。
1.助动词 do,does,did的7种用法(1)do,does,did用来构成一般疑问句do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语是第三人称单数的句子中。
如:Do you want to have a try?你想要试一试吗?Does she have any good idea?她有好主意吗?Did you study German?你们学德语了吗?(2)do,does,did+not 构成否定句do,does用于一般现在时态,did用于一般过去时态;do用于主语为非第三人称单数形式的句子中,does只用于主语是第三人称单数的句子中。
如:I do not want to go there now.我现在不想去那里。
He doesn't like playing the guitar.他不喜欢弹吉他。
In the past,many students did not know the importance of English.过去,许多学生不知道英语的重要性。
注意:①do not可以缩写为don't;does not可缩写为doesn't;did not可缩写为didn't。
②助动词do,does,did后要用动词原形。
第十三章助动词和情态动词要点概览◎助动词和情态动词的定义◎can(could),may(might),must,need◎Will you? 和Shall I/we?◎would和should◎have to◎易混易错点剖析知识讲解一、助动词和情态动词用法1.助动词是协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词。
汉语中只有助词,而没有助动词。
这又是英汉两种语言的一大差别。
英语的助动词,就是起辅助作用的动词,本身没有独立的词义,不能单独做谓语,在句子中只起语法作用,和实意动词一起构成谓语(叫复合谓语),表达否定,疑问,时态,语态和其他语法关系。
其2.情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语,没有人称和数的变化。
把情态动词放在句首、句尾用问号便构成疑问句;在其后加上not或never等否定词就构成否定句。
如:My mother can drive. 我妈会开车。
My mother can’t drive. 我妈不会开车。
Can your mother drive? 你妈会开车吗?Can’t your mother drive? 你妈不会开车吗?You needn’t look at me like that. 你不必那样瞧着我。
常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must; should; need; dare; ought to 等。
【即时体验】1. —Do we have to finish our homework this afternoon?—Yes, you ________.A. mustB. canC. mayD. need【解析】A 情态动词的用法。
情态动词have to为“不得不”,其肯定回答为“Yes, you must”,否定回答为“No, you needn’t”。
故选A。
2. –Look at that girl! Is it Susan?—No, it _______ be her. She has gone back to her hometown.A. mustn’tB. can’tC. needn’tD. wouldn’t【解析】B 情态动词的用法。
初中英语语法知识梳理——动词一、连系动词:连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不统统,不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成合成谓语。
(一)状态类:表示具有或保持某种特征或状态。
多见的有:be(是),keep(保持),stay(保持),remain(保持,依然),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎,显得)如:The man seems surprised about the question I asked.*keep, stay, remain的区别:1、keep“保持……状态”,后接adj.或介词短语,其后多见:alive,awake,silent,fit,fine,close,clean,happy等。
如:In order to keep fit, all students play sports.Keep in touch with sb.“和……保持联系”2、remain“仍然存在……状态”,后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语,强调某种状态前后无变化。
如:The door remained closed.3、stay“保持……状态”,后接形容词、介词。
如:The door stayed closed.(无比较的的持续状态)(二)感官类:主要指与感官有关的词:look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来,感到)如:The story sounds true.(三)变化类:多见的有turn(变成),grow(变得),get(变成),become(变成,成为),fall(进入某种状态)1、become和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化,另外它们还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势。
如:它们后常接angry, famous,ill, old, well, deaf, strong等。
如:get dressed穿衣服2、grow“渐渐变得……起来,长得”,主要表示逐渐变化,强调变化的过程。
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初中英语语法助动词
来源:初中英语考试资料大全
什么是助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。
被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing.他在唱歌。
He has got married.他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England.他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here?你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him.我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do nete to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that.他的确知道那件事。
3)最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would。
初中英语语法学习之常考助动词用法分析(二)will的用法:1)用于将来时态(各种人称后都可以用):I’ll give you a definite answer tomorrow. 明天我将给你个明确回答。
We will never again be separated. 我们再也不会被分开。
Will you be taking your leave in South Africa? 你准备在南非度假吗?By this time next year she will have taken her university degree. 明年这时她将已获得大学学位。
It looks as if he won’t be in time for the train. 看来他好像赶不上火车了。
2)用于疑问句表示请求:Will you tell her that I’m Mrs. Pater? 你可否告诉她我是佩特夫人?Will you have a little soup? 你要不要喝点汤?Bring me the paper, will you? 把报纸拿给我好吗?Will you please sit down, everybody? 请大家坐好。
Won’t you take off your overcoat? 你要不要把大衣脱掉?3)用于各个人称,表示:a. 愿意,肯:I will have nothing to do with this matter. 我不愿和这事扯上关系。
I meant to reason with you, but you won’t reason. 我是想和你讲道理,但你不听劝。
She won’t so much as look at David. 她连看大卫一眼都不肯。
Go where you will. 你想去哪里就去哪里。
If you will allow me, I will see you home. 如你允许,我愿意送你回家。
初中英语语法专题动词语常用短语初中英语语法专题动词一、概念及分类动词(Verb)一般就是用来表示动作或状态的词汇。
我们接触的动词包括实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Linking Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary)、情态动词(Modal Auxiliary)。
二、动词的用法1. 实义动词按照句法作用可以分为及物动词和不及物动词;按照动词的持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
及物动词(Transitive Verb) :本身意义不完整,后面直接跟宾语。
例:I like the book very much. 我非常喜欢这本书。
You can call me Lucy. 你可以叫我Lucy.Give me a glass,please. 请给我一个杯子。
不及物动词(Intransitive Verb):本身意义完整,后面不可以直接跟宾语,若要跟宾语,必须先在其后加上某个介词。
例如: She dances well. 她舞跳得很好。
Look at me. 看着我。
延续性动词(Durative Verb):表示动作是可以持续的,可以和表示时间的状语连用。
例如:We have lived here for 20 years. 我们已经在这里住了20年了。
非延续性动词(Non-durative Verb):表示瞬间动作,动作一旦发生立即结束,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,要用其它的词代词。
例如: She has kept the book for 2 months. 她借这本书已经2个月了。
(这里不能用has borrowed)2. 系动词系动词本身有词义,但不能单独使用,和表语在一起组成主系表结构,说明主语的状态、性质、特征和身份。
常见的系动词如下:be 动词am/is/are/was/were变化系动词get/turn/come/go/become/grow感官系动词feel/sound/look/smell/taste后面必须加形容词保持系动词keep/remain/stay似乎系动词seem例如: I am a student. 我是一个学生。
初中英语动词的分类知识及语法速记口诀一、实义动词1. 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
2. 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。
如:go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive, hall等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。
如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
3. 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。
如:study, sing, speak等。
例如:Who is going to speak at the meeting?谁打算在会上发言?(speak作不及物动词)Few people outside China speak Chinese.在中国以外很少人讲汉语。
(speak作及物动词)4. 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。
如:know, wash等。
例如:It’s your turn to wash dishes.轮到你洗碗了。
I had to wash and dress in a hurry.我得赶紧洗漱穿衣。
5. 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。
如:listen, reply, wait, look等。
二、连系动词连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。
1. 表示“是”的动词be。
这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have / has been等要特别予以注意。
例如:He is a teacher.他是个教师。
We are Chinese.我们是中国人。
2. 表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等。
例如:She looked tired.她看一去很疲劳。
初中英语语法归纳动词概说(思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼)思维导图知识梳理一、实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词动词是表示动作、状态或性质等的词,根据其词义及在句中的作用可分为实义动词(亦称行为动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类.(一)实义动词实义动词又称为行为动词,表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,在句中能独立作谓语.实义动词又可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.).1.及物动词,它后面必须跟宾语才有完整的意义I like none of the books.这些书我全不喜欢.I know little about the subject.我对这个问题知道得很少.She killed the locust with a newspaper.她用张报纸把蝗虫打死了.I gave him some books.我给了他几本书.He often reads an English book.他经常看英文书.注意及物动词可用于被动语态.2.不及物动词本身意思完整,其后无须跟宾语My father often comes back late.我父亲经常晚回来.The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂.不及物动词不能直接接名词,如果要接名词,要在动词和名词之间加介词或副词.I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.我到处找我的表,但是没找到.I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.我将等你到八点钟.有一些动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词.如何区别它们,就看它们后面是否直接接名词作宾语.She sings very well.她歌唱得很好.(用作不及物动词)She sings English songs very well.她唱英语歌唱得很好.(用作及物动词)(二)连系动词它本身有一定词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须与表语一起构成系表结构.连系动词可以分为三类:1.单纯表示一个特征或状态用得最多的是be(是、在),另外还有feel(觉得、摸上去),look(看起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),seem(似乎是),appear(显得、看来好像)等.The flowers look beautiful.这些花看上去很漂亮.She is a very good student.她是个非常好的学生.The cake smells strange.这蛋糕有怪味.Her voice sounds sweet.她的嗓音很甜美.I'm not feeling well. I often feel tired.我感觉不舒服.我常常感到疲劳.The medicine tastes terrible.这种药太难吃了.2.表示变成某种状态这样的动词有become(变成),come(成为),fall(变得),get(变得),grow(渐渐变得),run(变成),turn(变为),go(变成),prove(证明),make(变为).His grandma is growing very old.他的祖母年纪很大了.It's getting darker and darker.天越来越黑了.He became a doctor three years ago.他3年前当上了医生.His face turned pale. He must be ill.他的脸变得苍白,他一定是病了.He fell asleep.他睡着了.The meat has gone bad.肉变坏了.The river ran dry(=stopped flowing)during the drought.这条河在干旱期间断流了.3.表示保持某种状态这样的动词有continue(仍旧是),keep(保持),lie(处于······状态),remain(仍是),,stand(处于···状态),stay(继续处于······状态)等.Keep quiet, please.请安静.You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你要照顾好自己,保持身体健康.The weather continued fine for several days.一连好几天天气都很好.Shops remained open till late in the evening.商店开到晚上很晚的时候.The window stayed open all the night.窗子整夜开着.The house stood empty for a long time.那所房子空了好长一段时间.4.表示感觉或知觉的连系动词常用来表示人的感觉或知觉的连系动词有feel, taste, smell, sound和look,分别相当于汉语中的“摸起来,感觉”“尝起来”“闻起来”“听起来”“看上去”的概念.后面通常接形容词作表语,也可接介词短语like.The music sounds beautiful.这段音乐听起来很优美.The rock looked like a tiger.这块岩石看上去像只老虎.(三)助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式.常见的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等.She is doing her homework now.她现在正在做家庭作业.What have you been doing these days?你这些天一直在做什么?I'll be meeting them at the station.我将去车站接他们.Does anyone ever take them to school?有人送他们去上学吗?Did anyone sharpen this knife?有人把刀磨利了吗?(四)情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,或表示主观设想.情态动词有实际的词义,但词义不完全,不可单独作谓语,须同动词原形连用,不随人称和数而变化.情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、需要等.初中阶段应掌握的情态动词有:can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need.如:Ask Miss Gao. She may tell you why,去问高老师.她可能会告诉你原因.Need we hand in our exercise-books before class?我们需要在上课前交练习本吗?You shouldn't do that.你不该做那件事.二、单词动词和短语动词动词根据其构成方式还可分单词动词和短语动词(一)单词动词就是由一个单词构成的动词,如:live, work, study, learn, come, go, hit, strike等.(二)短语动词主动词还可由两个或两个以上的单词构成,这就是“短语动词”.短语动词大多由动词与介词/副词等搭配而成.在使用中,我们要将短语动词当作一个整体来使用.短语动词主要有以下几种类型.1.动词+介词go over复习,listen to 听,think about 考虑,look for寻找,rely on依靠,depend on 依靠,look into 调查,play with和······一起玩,send for派人去请,consist of由·····组成,arrive at 到达等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,须跟宾语.Stop talking and listen to me carefully.停止说话,认真听我讲课.Who is waiting for you?谁在等你?2.动词+副词eat up 吃光,give up 放弃,hold up 举起,put on穿;上演,take place 发生,turn on打开,try on试穿,等它们构成新的词义,有的用作及物动词,有的用作不及物动词.Please wake me up at 5:00 tomorrow morning.请在明天早晨5点钟唤醒我.Let me try it on.让我试穿一下.Please turn on the radio=Please turn the radio on.请打开收音机.点拨(1)如果动词+副词结构的宾语是代词,就必须把宾语插在动词和副词之间.Let him in.让他进去.He turned it on.他把它打开.(2)如果宾语是名词,该名词既可放在动词和副词之间,也可放在副词之后.They put the meeting off till next week.他们把会议推迟到下周召开.He turned off the light before he left the room.他离开房间前关上了灯.3.动词+副词+介词catch up with 赶上,get on with 与某人相处,go on with 继续,keep up with 跟上,do away with 废除,look down upon 轻视,look forward to 期待,keep away from脱离,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.How are they getting along with their work?他们工作进展如何?Li Ping works hard all the time to catch up with the others.李平一直努力学习,目的是想赶上其他同学.If we don't finish painting the room today, we can go on with it tomorrow.要是今天房间粉刷不完,我们明天接着干.4.动词+名词+介词catch hold of(on)抓住,握住,give lessons to给······上课,make friends with 与······交朋友,take care of照料,pay attention to 注意,等.这类动词短语相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.We made friends with them during the trip.我们在旅途中和他们结为朋友.Take care of yourself.保重!5.动词+形容词+介词be fond of爱好,be familiar with 熟悉,be suitable for适合,be late for迟到,be good at 善于,be afraid of害怕,等.这类短语动词相当于及物动词,后面须跟宾语.My parents are strict with me.我父母对我要求严格.My brother is good at swimming.我弟弟擅长游泳.I'm looking forward to seeing you.我高兴地期望和你见面.Are you afraid of snakes?你怕蛇吗?I'm very fond of dancing.我很喜欢跳舞.Many people are fond of showing off.有许多人喜欢炫耀.三、延续性动词和非延续性动词英语中表示动作的动词,按其动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词.(一)延续性动词又叫持续性动词,它所表示的动作是一种延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久的影响.延续性动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,如“for+一段时间”“since+从句(一般过去时)”“since+时间点”,how long等.这样的动词有learn, work, stand, lie, walk, keep, have, wait, smoke, watch, sing, read, sleep, live等.We have known each other since childhood.自孩提时代我们就认识.I have been living here for years.我在这里住了多年了.They've been working from morning to night.他们从早到晚一直在干活儿.点拨延续性动词通常(如一般过去时)不可以和一个表示短暂的具体时间状语连用;若用于进行时态,则可以和表示具体时刻的时间状语连用.正:The boy was reading at six yesterday afternoon.正:The boy began to read at six yesterday afternoon.误:The boy read at six yesterday afternoon.(二)非延续性动词这种动词表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生后立即结束,产生某种结果.这样的动词有close, die, arrive, post, come, fall, leave, go, break, lose, give, join, receive,buy, borrow, become, start, happen, begin, finish, kill, marry等.The boy broke his arm yesterday.这男孩昨天把胳膊弄折了.He went to Shanghai two weeks ago.两个星期前,他去上海了.It happened after three years.事情发生于三年后.如上所述,非延续性动词的肯定式不能与for, since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用.点拨(1)用“(一段时间)+ago”代替“for+-段时间”或用“It is+(一段时间)+sin ce”或用“(一段时间)+has passed+ since”.(2)将非延续性动词(词组)改成be+形容词(副词、名词、介词短语等)或相近的延续性动词.四、限定性动词和非限定性动词英语动词还可以根据其与主语的关系分为限定动词和非限定动词.限定动词在句子中起谓语作用,可与助动词或情态动词连用,但必须与主语在人称和数上保持一致.(一)限定性动词The coat is much too big for me.这衣服我穿太大了.They haven't arrived at an agreement.他们尚未达成协议.He goes to school every day.他每天上学.They were preparing for the party last week.上周他们正为聚会做准备.(二)非限定性动词英语主动词有三种非限定形式,它们是不定式(包括带to的和不带to的不定式),-ing分词和-ed分词,它们在句中不起谓语作用,而可以起主语、宾语、补语、状语、定语等作用.它们不受主语的人称和数的制约.I want Bill to come with me.我想要比尔跟我一道去.I heard him lock the door.我听到他锁门了.I must get my bike repaired.我必须叫人修一下我的自行车.Doing this can save a lot of time and money.这样做可以节省很多时间和钱.I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了.好题精练一、选择填空1.No one knew why Miss Black_________ the new boxes.A. has brokenB. had brokenC. would have brokenD. have broken2.-Where are you_________?-At the Grand Hotel.A. stayingB. livingC. remainingD. stopping3.Don't keep on_________ the book.A. findingB. seeingC. borrowingD. reading4.What a fine day, _________.A. what are theyB. won't itC. isn't itD. No, it isn't5.The stranger told us his name after we_________ him twice.A. askedB. have askedC. were askingD. had asked6.Today is Saturday. Tomorrow_________ Sunday.A. is going toB. willC. will beD. is going to be7.Don't worry, the train_________ yet.A. arrivedB. won't arriveC. has arrivedD. hasn't arrived8.Tim_________ the army for three years.A. has joinedB. has taken part inC. has attentedD. has been in9.I believe she'll always keep what you_________ her.A. have just givenB. just gaveC. won't giveD. had given10.One morning while I_________ along the street, I_________ an old man crying.A. walking; heardB. walked; heardC. was walking; was hearingD. was walking; heard答案:1-5BADCD 6-10CDDAD二、改正下列句中的错误1.The old man is dieing._________________________________________________________________________ ___2.They entered into the hall one after another._________________________________________________________________________ ___3.Before liberation the Yellow River often overflew its banks._________________________________________________________________________ ___4.She married with a rich man at the age of twenty._________________________________________________________________________ ___5.The cake tasted well._________________________________________________________________________ ___6.What did they discuss about at the meeting?_________________________________________________________________________ ___7.The sun raises in the east._________________________________________________________________________ ___8.We ought study hard for the people._________________________________________________________________________ ___9.I have put up the map on the wall an hour ago._________________________________________________________________________ ___10.Do you agree me on this point?_________________________________________________________________________ ___答案:1.dieing→dying2.去掉into3.overflew→overflowed4.去掉with5.well→good6.去掉about7.raises→rises8.ought→ought to9.have put up→ put up10.agree后加with。