国外化学方程式的书写
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【高中化学】化学方程式的书写方法和注意点书写化学方程式要遵守两个原则:一是必须以客观事实为基础,绝不能凭空臆想、臆造事实上不存在的物质和化学反应;二是要遵守质量守恒定律,等号两边各原子种类与数目必须相等。
1.化学方程式的编写步骤以编写碳与氧化铁在高温下反应的化学方程式为例,概括步骤如下:①根据反应的事实(该反应生成铁和二氧化碳气体),在式子的左边写出反应物的化学式,在式子的右边写出生成物的化学式。
反应物或生成物不止一种,就分别用加号把它们连接起来(反应物之间的“+”号表示“……跟……反应”,生成物之间的“+”号表示“……跟……”),并在式子左、右之间划一条短线段。
在这一步里,一定要注意把各种物质的化学式写正确,否则,写出的式子无意义!c+fe2o3──fe+co2② 根据质量守恒定律,采用匹配系数法使同一元素左右两侧的原子数相等(即平衡),然后将短线段改为等号(等号表示“生成…”)。
需要注意的是,匹配级别只能选择合适的系数,化学式不能更改。
3c+2fe2o3=4fe+3co2③在等号或箭号上、下方注明反应条件,如点燃、通电、高温、加热(用“△”号表示)、催化剂等,同时,标明生成物中的气体或沉淀产物的状态。
生成物是气体的在其化学式的右边加上“↑”号(反应物中如有气体,则气态生成物不再标“↑”符号);产物是沉淀的加“↓”号。
3c+2fe2o34fe+3co2↑概而言之,在书写化学方程式时,必须要符合化学反应的客观规律,不能凭空臆造。
书写程序一般是:写好化学式―系数要配平―中间联等号―条件要注清―生成气体或沉淀,要用箭号来标明。
要写好化学方程式,还要熟练掌握和运用酸、碱、盐的溶解性表,金属活动性顺序和常见元素、原子团的化合价,以及书写物质化学式的技能。
写作方法及注意事项写出符号表达式例:h20=电解=h2+o2(水通电生成氢气和氧气)2.配平例:2h2o=电解=2h2+o23.注明反应条件和物态等例:2h2o=电解=2h2↑+o2↑反应条件1.热化学方程式不写反应条件。
1、锂电池一型:(负极--金属锂、正极--石墨、电解液LiAlCl4 -SOCl2)化学方程式8Li+3SOCl2 === Li2SO3 +6LiCl +2S2.镁---铝电池(负极--Al、正极--Mg 电解液KOH)化学方程式:2Al + 2OH– + 2H2O =2AlO2–+ 3H23.铝–空气–海水(负极--铝、正极--石墨、铂网等能导电的惰性材料、电解液--海水)总反应式为:4Al+3O2+6H2O===4Al(OH)3(铂网增大与氧气的接触面)4. LiFePO4电池(正极—LiFePO4,负极—石墨,含Li+导电固体为电解质)总化学方程式 FePO4 + Li LiFePO45.氢--镍电池:(负极-LaNi5储氢合金、正极—NiOOH、电解质KOH+LiOH)总化学方程式LaNi5H 6 + 6NiOOH LaNi5 + 6Ni(OH)2 6.高铁电池:(负极—Zn、正极---石墨、电解质为浸湿固态碱性物质)总化学方程式3Zn + 2K2FeO4 + 8H2O3Zn(OH)2 + 2Fe(OH)3 + 4KOH 7.锂电池二型(负极LiC6、正极含锂的二氧化钴LiCoO2、充电时LiCoO2中Li 被氧化,Li+还原以Li原子形式嵌入电池负极材料碳C6中,以LiC6表示)总反应方程式 Li(1-x)CoO2 + LiC6 LiCoO2 + Li(1-x)C6 8.钠硫原电池总反应方程式2Na+n/8 S8Na2S n答案:1.负极:8Li -8e-=8 Li + (氧化反应)正极:3SOCl2+8e-=SO32-+2S+6Cl-(还原反应)2.负极(Al):2Al + 8 OH–- 6e- =2AlO2–+4H2O (氧化反应)正极(Mg):6H2O + 6e- =3H2↑+6OH–(还原反应)3.负极:4Al-12e-==4Al3+ (氧化反应)正极:3O2+6H2O+12e-==12OH-(还原反应)4.放电时负极:Li -e— ==Li + (氧化反应)正极:FePO4 + Li+ + e—== LiFePO4 (还原反应)充电时:阴极:Li+ + e—== Li (还原反应)阳极:LiFePO4-e—== FePO4 + Li+ (氧化反应)5.放电时负极:LaNi5H 6-6e—+ 6OH–== LaNi5 + 6H2O (氧化反应) 正极:6NiOOH +6e—+ 6H2O ==6 Ni(OH)2 + 6OH–(还原反应)充电时阴极:LaNi5 +6e—+ 6H2O== LaNi5H 6+ 6OH–(还原反应)阳极:6 Ni(OH)2 -6e—+ 6OH–== 6NiOOH + 6H2O (氧化反应)6.放电时负极:3Zn -6e- + 6 OH–== 3 Zn(OH)2 (氧化反应)正极:2FeO42—+6e-+ 8H2O ==2 Fe (OH)3 + 10OH–(还原反应)充电时阴极:3Zn(OH)2 +6e-==3Zn + 6 OH– (还原反应) 阳极:2Fe(OH)3-6e-+ 10OH–==2FeO42—+ 8H2O (氧化反应) 7.放电时负极: LiC6 – xe- =Li(1-x)C6 + x Li+ (氧化反应)CoO2 + xe- + x Li+ == LiCoO2(还原反应)正极:Li(1-x)充电时阴极:Li(1-x)C6 + x Li+ + xe- =LiC6 (还原反应)阳极:LiCoO2 – xe-=Li(1-x)CoO2 + x Li+(氧化反应)8.放电时负极: 2Na– 2e-== 2Na+(氧化反应)正极:n/8 S8 + 2e- == S n2-(还原反应)充电时阴极:2Na+ + 2e- == 2Na(还原反应)阳极:S n2- –2e- == n/8 S8(氧化反应)。
国外化学⽅程式的书写国外AP⽆机化学⽅程式常考总结写出下列反应的⽅程式,能写离⼦⽅程式的尽量写离⼦⽅程式。
1. A solution of ammonia is added to a dilute solution of acetic acid(醋酸).2.Solutions of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid are mixed.3.Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.4.Write the successive(连续的)ionization equations for H2S.5.Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water6. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.7. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.8. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen to give two kinds of oxides.9.Lithium metal is burned in air.10.Excess concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to solid aluminum hydroxide.11. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated.12. A solution of hydrogen peroxide(过氧化氢) is catalytically decomposed.13. A solution of potassium chloride is electrolyzed.14.A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.15.A solution of copper(II) chloride is added to a solution of sodium sulfide.16. Solutions of manganese(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfide are mixed.17. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution ofpotassium hydroxide.18. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.19. A strip of copper is immersed in a concentrated nitric acid solution.20. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(II) oxide powder.21. Acidified(酸化)potassium permanganate is added to a solution of sodium nitrite. (hints:under acidic solution ,MnO4-can be reduced into Mn2+;NO3-can be oxidized into NO3-).22. A solution of sodium bromide is added to an acidified solution of potassium bromate.23.Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.24. Excess chlorine gas is passed over hot iron filings.25. Magnesium metal is added to nitrogen gas.26. Solid lithium hydride is added to distilled water.(LiH中H的氧化数为-1,很容易升⾼)27. Solid lithium oxide is added to excess water.28.Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide as a catalyst.29. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.30. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same number of moles of each compoundhas been added.31.Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.32. A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(Cr2O72-). (hints:under acidic solution , Cr2O72-can be reduced into Cr3+;I-can be oxidized into I2).。
化学方程式的正确书写化学方程式是描述化学反应的重要工具,它以化学符号和化学式的形式表现化学反应中发生的物质转化过程和能量变化。
正确书写化学方程式是化学学习中的基础,下面来详细介绍化学方程式的正确书写方法。
一、化学式的书写在化学方程式中,化学式是表示参与反应的物质的重要组成部分,正确书写化学式包括以下几个方面:1.元素符号的书写元素符号是表示元素的缩写,正确书写元素符号应符合国际化学命名规则。
例如,氢的符号是H,氧的符号是O,二氧化碳的符号是CO2等。
2.元素符号后的下标下标表示元素在化合物中的原子个数,它应写在元素符号的右下方。
例如,H2O表示水,其中2表示氢原子的个数。
3.括号和下标的配合使用当分子中含有多个原子时,需要利用括号和下标的组合表示分子中不同的原子数目。
例如,在铁酸钾分子中,由于氧元素的数量不确定,需要先用KFeO表示,再在O后面加括号并标明下标,如KFe(OH)3。
二、化学方程式的书写在书写化学方程式时,需要考虑到物质的化学式、状态和反应条件。
下面分别介绍这几个方面:1.物质的化学式在化学方程式中,应写出反应物和生成物的化学式。
反应物和生成物的化学式应分别写在反应物和生成物的符号之后,并用“+”表示两者相加。
例如:2H2+O2→2 H2O 表示氢气和氧气反应生成水。
2.物质的状态化学反应发生时,反应的物质可能处于不同的状态,例如气态、液态、固态等。
为了在方程式中准确地描述反应物料的状态,通常在反应物料符号后用括号标示状态,如(s)表示固态,(l)表示液态,(g)表示气态等。
例如:H2O(l)表示水为液态。
3.反应条件不同反应条件下的反应产物也会有所不同,因此需要在方程式中标示出反应条件。
常用的反应条件包括温度、压力、催化剂等。
例如:2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g); ΔH=-484kJ/mol表示燃烧产生水同时放出热量。
总之,正确书写化学方程式至关重要,它能对化学学习和实验中的阅读理解、实验设计和变量控制等都有很大帮助。
化学方程式英文写法Chemical equations are written to represent chemical reactions in a concise and standardized way. They show the reactants on the left side and the products on the right side, with an arrow in between to indicate the direction of the reaction. Each substance is represented by its chemical formula or symbol, and the numbers in front of the formulas indicate the relative amounts of each substance involved.Chemical equations are important because they provide a way to communicate the details of a chemical reaction in a clear and systematic manner. They allow chemists to understand the stoichiometry of a reaction, which is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products. This information is crucial for predicting the outcomes of reactions and for designing new chemical processes.In order to write a chemical equation, you need to first identify the reactants and products of the reaction. Then, you need to balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients in front of the chemical formulas so that the same number of each type of atom is present on both sidesof the equation. This is done using the principles of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions.For example, let's consider the reaction betweenhydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O). The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2OIn this equation, the numbers in front of the formulas indicate that two moles of hydrogen react with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of water. This balancedequation shows that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation, satisfying the lawof conservation of mass.Chemical equations can also include additional information, such as the physical state of the substances (solid, liquid, gas, or aqueous solution) and theconditions under which the reaction occurs (temperature, pressure, catalysts, etc.). This additional information is often included in parentheses next to the chemical formulas.In summary, chemical equations are a vital tool for understanding and communicating chemical reactions. Theyallow chemists to analyze the stoichiometry of reactions and to predict the outcomes of chemical processes. By following the principles of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportions, chemical equations provide a concise and systematic way to represent chemical reactions.化学方程式是用来简洁和标准化地表示化学反应的。
书写化学方程式的步骤
书写化学方程式的原则:
①以客观事实为依据;
②遵循质量守恒定律
书写化学方程式的步骤:
“写”、“配”、“注”“等”.
“反应物”→“──”→“反应条件”→“生成物”→“↑或↓”→“配平”→“──改为══”.
常见的反应条件:点燃、加热(△)、高温、催化剂等.
“↑”“↓”的使用范围:在反应物中无气体参加反应,如果在生成物中有气体,则在气体物质的化学式的右边注“↑”;在溶液中进行的无固体参加的反应,如果生成物中有固体,则在固体物质的化学式右边注“↓”. 例赤热的铁跟水蒸气反应生成四氧化三铁和氢气.
H2O+Fe——Fe3O4+H2
显然,Fe3O4里的三个铁原子来自反应物里的铁原子,而Fe3O4里的四个氧原
子又来自反应物水蒸气分子里的氧原子.因此,在反应物水蒸气化学式前必须写一化学计量数4,而铁原子前必须写一化学计量数3.
4H2O+3Fe——Fe3O4+H2
不难看出,在生成物氢的化学式前写一化学计量数4,才能使化学方程式配平.然后注明反应条件.
4H2O+3Fe==高温== Fe3O4+4H2
也就是,
观察法配平化学方程式
有氢以氢作标准,无氢以氧为准绳;
调整只能改系数,原子各等就配平.
氢氧全无找一价,变单成双求配平;
配平系数现分数,全式乘2必平整.。
化学化学方程式Chemistry Chemical Equation化学,作为一门研究物质及其变化的科学,对于我们理解世界的运作至关重要。
Chemistry, as a science that studies substances and their changes, is crucial for us to understand the workings of the world.在化学中,化学方程式是表示化学反应的图示方法。
In chemistry, chemical equations are a graphical representation of chemical reactions.例如,水是由氢和氧元素组成的,其化学方程式为2H2 + O2 = 2H2O。
For example, water is composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen, and its chemical equation is 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O.化学方程式不仅显示了反应物和生成物,还显示了它们之间的相对比例。
Chemical equations not only show the reactants and products but also the relative proportions between them.通过化学方程式,我们可以预测化学反应是否会发生,以及生成物的数量和性质。
Through chemical equations, we can predict whether a chemical reaction will occur, as well as the amount and properties of the products.总的来说,化学方程式是化学中的基础工具,它使我们可以量化地理解物质的变化。
国外AP无机化学方程式常考总结
写出下列反应的方程式,能写离子方程式的尽量写离子方程式。
1. A solution of ammonia is added to a dilute solution of acetic acid(醋酸).
2.Solutions of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid are mixed.
3.Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.
4.Write the successive(连续的)ionization equations for H2S.
5.Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water
6. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.
7. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.
8. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen to give two kinds of oxides.
9.Lithium metal is burned in air.
10.Excess concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to solid aluminum hydroxide.
11. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated.
12. A solution of hydrogen peroxide(过氧化氢) is catalytically decomposed.
13. A solution of potassium chloride is electrolyzed.
14.A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.
15.A solution of copper(II) chloride is added to a solution of sodium sulfide.
16. Solutions of manganese(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfide are mixed.
17. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of
potassium hydroxide.
18. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.
19. A strip of copper is immersed in a concentrated nitric acid solution.
20. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(II) oxide powder.
21. Acidified(酸化)potassium permanganate is added to a solution of sodium nitrite. (hints:under acidic solution ,MnO4-can be reduced into Mn2+;NO3-can be oxidized into NO3-).
22. A solution of sodium bromide is added to an acidified solution of potassium bromate.
23.Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.
24. Excess chlorine gas is passed over hot iron filings.
25. Magnesium metal is added to nitrogen gas.
26. Solid lithium hydride is added to distilled water.(LiH中H的氧化数为-1,很容易升高)
27. Solid lithium oxide is added to excess water.
28.Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide as a catalyst.
29. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.
30. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same number of moles of each compound has been added.
31.Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.
32. A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(Cr2O72-). (hints:under acidic solution , Cr2O72-can be reduced into Cr3+;I-can be oxidized into I2).。