英国文学选读1

杨岂深英国⽂学选读Book1笔记和考研真题详解第1章 复习笔记第1单元 杰弗⾥·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（杰弗⾥·乔叟）1. Life（⽣平）In 1340, Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, a son of a wine merchant who had connectionswith the Court. He is the founder of English poetry.Chaucer was a royal butler and had several occasions to Belgium, France and Italy. Thus, French culture and Italy humanist literature represented by Dante, Pytlak and Bio had a great influence on him.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”.1340年，杰弗⾥·乔叟出⽣于伦敦，是⼀个与宫廷有联系的酒商的⼉⼦。

他是英语诗歌的创始者。

乔叟曾充任王室管家，数度出使⽐利时、法国和意⼤利。

乔叟早年受法国⽂学和以但丁、彼特拉克与薄伽丘为代表的意⼤利⼈⽂主义⽂学的影响。

乔叟逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，“诗⼈⾓”开始出现。

2. Main works（主要作品）Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385)《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》3. Chaucer’ s Literary Career（⽂学⽣平）Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods. The first period consists of works tra nslated from French, the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Cris eyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.乔叟的⽂学⽣平可划分为三个阶段。

Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方窗户中出现轻声那边窗子里亮起来的是什么光那就是东方朱丽叶就是太阳起来吧美丽的太阳赶走那妒忌的月亮她因为她的女弟子比她美得多已经气得面色惨白了既然她这样妒忌着你你不要忠于她吧脱下她给你的这一身惨绿色的贞女的道服它是只配给愚人穿的那是我的意中人啊那是我的爱唉但愿她知道我在爱着她她欲言又止可是她的眼睛已经道出了她的心事待我去回答她吧不我不要太卤莽她不是对我说话天上两颗最灿烂的星因为有事他去请求她的眼睛替代它们在空中闪耀要是她的眼睛变成了天上的星天上的星变成了她的眼睛那便怎样呢她脸上的光辉会掩盖了星星的明亮正像灯光在朝阳下黯然失色一样在天上的她的眼睛会在太空中大放光明使鸟儿误认为黑夜已经过去而唱出它们的歌声瞧她用纤手托住了脸那姿态是多么美妙啊但愿我是那一只手上的手套好让我亲一亲她脸上的香泽朱丽叶唉罗密欧她说话了啊再说下去吧光明的天使因为我在这夜色之中仰视着你就像一个尘世的凡人张大了出神的眼睛瞻望着一个生着翅膀的天使驾着白云缓缓地驰过了天空一样朱丽叶罗密欧啊罗密欧为什么你偏偏是罗密欧呢否认你的父亲抛弃你的姓名吧也许你不愿意这样做那么只要你宣誓做我的爱人我也不愿再姓凯普莱特了罗密欧旁白我还是继续听下去呢还是现在就对她说话朱丽叶只有你的名字才是我的仇敌你即使不姓蒙太古仍然是这样的一个你姓不姓蒙太古又有什么关系呢它又不是手又不是脚又不是手臂又不是脸又不是身体上任何其他的部分啊换一个姓名吧姓名本来是没有意义的我们叫做玫瑰的这一种花要是换了个名字它的香味还是同样的芬芳罗密欧要是换了别的名字他的可爱的完美也决不会有丝毫改变罗密欧抛弃了你的名字吧我愿意把我整个的心灵赔偿你这一个身外的空名罗密欧那么我就听你的话你只要叫我做爱我就重新受洗重新命名从今以后永远不再叫罗密欧了朱丽叶你是什么人在黑夜里躲躲闪闪地偷听人家的话罗密欧我没法告诉你我叫什么名字敬爱的神明我痛恨我自己的名字因为它是你的仇敌要是把它写在纸上我一定把这几个字撕成粉碎朱丽叶我的耳朵里还没有灌进从你嘴里吐出来的一百个字可是我认识你的声音你不是罗密欧蒙太古家里的人吗罗密欧不是美人要是你不喜欢这两个名字朱丽叶告诉我你怎么会到这儿来为什么到这儿来花园的墙这么高是不容易爬上来的要是我家里的人瞧见你在这儿他们一定不让你活命罗密欧我借着爱的轻翼飞过园墙因为砖石的墙垣是不能把爱情阻隔的爱情的力量所能够做到的事它都会冒险尝试所以我不怕你家里人的干涉朱丽叶要是他们瞧见了你一定会把你杀死的罗密欧唉你的眼睛比他们二十柄刀剑还厉害只要你用温柔的眼光看着我他们就不能伤害我的身体朱丽叶我怎么也不愿让他们瞧见你在这儿罗密欧朦胧的夜色可以替我遮过他们的眼睛只要你爱我就让他们瞧见我吧与其因为得不到你的爱情而在这世上捱命还不如在仇人的刀剑下丧生朱丽叶谁叫你找到这儿来的罗密欧爱情怂恿我探听出这一个地方他替我出主意我借给他眼睛我不会操舟驾舵可是倘使你在辽远辽远的海滨我也会冒着风波寻访你这颗珍宝朱丽叶幸亏黑夜替我罩上了一重面幕否则为了我刚才被你听去的话你一定可以看见我脸上羞愧的红晕我真想遵守礼法否认已经说过的言语可是这些虚文俗礼现在只好一切置之不顾了你爱我吗我知道你一定会说是的我也一定会相信你的话可是也许你起的誓只是一个谎人家说对于恋人们的寒盟背信天神是一笑置之的温柔的罗密欧啊你要是真的爱我就请你诚意告诉我你要是嫌我太容易降心相从我也会堆起怒容装出倔强的神气拒绝你的好意好让你向我婉转求情否则我是无论如何不会拒绝你的俊秀的蒙太古啊我真的太痴心了所以也许你会觉得我的举动有点轻浮可是相信我朋友总有一天你会知道我的忠心远胜过那些善于矜持作态的人我必须承认倘不是你乘我不备的时候偷听去了我的真情的表白我一定会更加矜持一点的所以原谅我吧是黑夜泄漏了我心底的秘密不要把我的允诺看作无耻的轻狂罗密欧姑娘凭着这一轮皎洁的月亮它的银光涂染着这些果树的梢端我发誓朱丽叶啊不要指着月亮起誓它是变化无常的每个月都有盈亏圆缺你要是指着它起誓也许你的爱情也会像它一样无常罗密欧那么我指着什么起誓呢朱丽叶不用起誓吧或者要是你愿意的话就凭着你优美的自身起誓那是我所崇拜的偶像我一定会相信你的罗密欧要是我的出自深心的爱情朱丽叶好别起誓啦我虽然喜欢你却不喜欢今天晚上的密约它太仓卒太轻率太出人意外了正像一闪电光等不及人家开一声口已经消隐了下去好人再会吧这一朵爱的蓓蕾靠着夏天的暖风的吹拂也许会在我们下次相见的时候开出鲜艳的花来晚安晚安但愿恬静的安息同样降临到你我两人的心头罗密欧啊你就这样离我而去不给我一点满足吗朱丽叶你今夜还要什么满足呢罗密欧你还没有把你的爱情的忠实的盟誓跟我交换朱丽叶在你没有要求以前我已经把我的爱给了你了可是我倒愿意重新给你罗密欧你要把它收回去吗为什么呢爱人朱丽叶为了表示我的慷慨我要把它重新给你可是我只愿意要我已有的东西我的慷慨像海一样浩渺我的爱情也像海一样深沉我给你的越多我自己也越是富有因为这两者都是没有穷尽的乳媪在内呼唤我听见里面有人在叫亲爱的再会吧就来了。

1.George Meredith●an English novelist and poet.●One of the forerunners of the contemporary novels.●His writing was characterized by a fascination with imagery and indirect references●Modern Love《现代爱情》one of the first psychological poems.●Essay on Comedy《喜剧的观念及其精神的效用》a keen understanding of comedy●Diana of the Crossways 克劳斯威的黛安娜●The Ordeal of Richard Feverel《理查·弗维莱尔的苦难》The Egoist《利己主义者》●tragicomical novel realist novel●the novel presents an ironic subversion of texts（文本的颠覆）that had shaped the pattern ofVictorian femininity(柔弱性）●the difficulty Of being a woman in Victorian era●the turning point in George Meredith‘s careerThe Victorian eraThe Victorian era of the United Kingdom refers to Queen Victoria's rule which began in June 1837 and concluded in January 1901. Under the rule of Queen Victoria, the British people enjoyed a long period of prosperity. Profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop.SatireSatire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; In satire, human or individual vices, follies(罪恶）, abuses（陋习）, or shortcomings are gathered together by means of ridicule, derision(嘲弄）, irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of wit. A common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony （反语）or sarcasm（挖苦，讽刺）.Tragicomical novelTragicomical novel is fictional work that blend aspects of the genres of tragedy and comedy. In English literature, from Shakespeare's time to the nineteenth century, tragicomedy refers to a serious play with a happy ending).RealismRealism is an aesthetic mode which broke with the classical demands of art to show life as it should be in order to show life “as it is.” The work of realist art tends to avoid the elevated （崇高的）subject matter of tragedy in favour of the ordinary, the average, the commonplace, the middle classes and their daily struggles with the mean verities(一般的事实）of everyday existence——these are the typical subject matters of realism.（平常人的平常生活）。

英国文学选读一．Medieval Literature(5世纪—1485)/Dark Ages(1)1.Anglo-Saxon——Beowulf(England’s National Epic)Facts: Continuous warfare/Unstable/Spiritual confusion/Education deficiency/Lack of record Epics：A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes,in a grand, ceremonious style.Features: Alliteration Caesura(行诗中间的停顿) Kennings2.Anglo-Norman——Ge0ffeory Chaucer1066,the Norman Conquest ended the Anglo-Saxon period.French influence: 1)the body of customs and ideals known as chivalry\knight was introduced by the Normans into England.(The Knightly code:modest,honest,compassion,brave,just,sacrifice,honor)2) religion:Pagan and Christian/ Politically:a feudalist systemRomance：Sir Gawain and the Green Knightconcerned with courtly age of chivalric conduct /Often written in verseGe0ffeory Chaucer:“Father”of English poetry/ The first important realistic writerheroic couplet:iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格）Literary career:The French period (The Book of the Duchess) /The Italian period (Troilus and Criseyde) /The mature period (The Canterbury Tales)Buried in Poet’s corner in Westminster AbbeyThe first important realistic writer:Present a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society/ Create a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of lifeHumanism:Affirm man's right to pursue earthly happiness /Praise man's energy, intellect and love of life /Expose and satirize the social vices二．Renaissance（15后—17初）1.Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) :The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus (The first important Elizabethan dramatist before Shakespeare)2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616):wrote 38 plays, about 154 sonnets1).Major comedies:Midsummer Nigh t’s Dream /Merchant of Venice /As You Like It /Twelfth Night The Taming of the Shrew The 4 Great Tragedies:Hamlet/ Othello / King Lear / Macbeth Romeo and Juliet 2).Sonnet 18:Why does the persona “I”compare his lover to a summer’s day?Mild, gentle and lov ely as a lovely summer’s day in England Why is the lover more lovely and more temperate than a summer’s day?Rough winds do shake the darling buds of MayAnd summer’s lease hath all too short a dateWhat is the persona’s opinion of beauty, immortal or temporary? How can youth and beauty ever last?And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or natures’changing course untrimmed:But “When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st”.What’s the theme of the sonnet?Power of art, power of manBeauty and youth can be everlasting with the help of literature, which is eventually created by human being. The sonnet begins with a comparison between the lover and summer day to celebrate lover’s beauty, which will unavoidably declinesome day. But in the last couplet, the poet glorifies the power of artistic creation---literature to give life to man and finally, essentially a glorification of the power of man.What is Shakespearian sonnet?Four-part sonnet: beginning; development; transition; conclusion (couplet)Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef dd, in according with the four divided part in structureWhat is Humanism? How do the sonnet 18 and Hamlet show the author’s humanistic ideas?Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Human values are greatly emphasized in this period. Humanism see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Humanists also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this world, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.3.Francis Bacon(1561-1626):Advancement / New Instrument / New AtlanticEssays(Of Studies / Of Marriage and Single Life )三.17th century literatureCavalier Poets (骑士派诗人）/Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）:.were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century .intellect rather than emotions / rational discussion instead of reliance on intuition1.John Donne:metaphysical conceitJohn Donne, Anne Donne, UndoneSongs and Sonnets/ Holy Sonnets(Death Be Not Proud)/TheFlea2.John Milton:a Puritan /a Latin Secretary for Cromwell /A prominent prose pamphleteer /A blind poetLycidas (1638) 《列西达斯》/Areopagitica 《论出版自由》Paradise Lost (1667)《失乐园》:It is Milton’s greatest work (masterpiece)./It is the greatest English epic. /It is the only epic (史诗) since Beowulf. /It was written in blank verse (无韵体) Paradise Regained (1671) 《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671) 《力士参孙》四．Enlightenment(启蒙时期)（17后—18中）Adventure Fiction Writers1.Daniel Defoe:Pioneer novelistsbusinessman writer ——Wide range of topic Pioneer novelistsAnti-protestant(新教徒) ——Three months in Newgate prison /Standing in pillory(颈手枷) for three daysRobinson Crusoe /Captain Singleton /Moll Flanders(Memoirs 回忆录)/ A Journal of the Plague Year /Roxana2.Jonathan Swift:The Satirist(讽刺作家)Born in Dublin, Ireland /Dean of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in DublinA Tale of a Tub /The Battle of the Books / The Drapier’s Letters /A Modest Proposal /Gul liver’s Travels(Lilliput Brobdingnag Laputa Houyhnhnms)/ Journal to Stella 五．Romantic period(1798—1832)Romantic poets.1.William Blake:Literarily the first important Romantic poet.Artist and Poet—Combining Visual Art with LiteraturePoetical Sketches /Songs of Innocence (The Lamb)/Songs of Experience(The Tyger) /The Marriage of Heaven and Hell /The Book of Thel /Vision of the Daughters of Albion /The Song of Los/ The Sick Rose2.Robert Burns:Grassroot Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk literatureAuld Lang Syne(昔日时光) / A Red,Red Rose /Poems,Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect /The Tree of Liberty /Holy Willie’s Prayer / The Twa Dogs / My Heart’s in the Highlands /John Anderson, My Jo3.William Wordsworth:Lake Poets( Robert Southey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge)、Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人)Daffodils(水仙)Contribution：started a new tradition in poetry（the poetry of the growing inner self./ advocating a return to nature.）Lyrical Ballads(with Coleridge—英国浪漫主义的宣言) /Lucy Poems /Tintern Abbey/Ode: Intimations of Immortality /I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (Blissful Solitude、Melancholic loneliness) /The Solitary Reaper/ The Prelude (序曲)4..Samuel Taylor Coleridge—Lake Poets 、Literary CriticismA Hopeless Idealist—Pantisocracy (理想的平等社会）Biographia Literaria 《文学传记》/The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (古舟子咏)/ Kubla Khan / Christabel5.Jane Austen—An English novelist /A Realist in the Romantic PeriodSense&Sensibility /Pride&Prejudice(First Impressions) /Northanger Abbey/Mansfield Park/Emma /Persuasion.6.George Gordon Byronan ancient aristocratic familydeparts on his grand tour Joins the Greek war of independence.Hours of Idleness /English Bards and Scotch Reviewers /Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage /The Giaour / The Bride of Corinth/ The Siege of Corinth/ Manfred /Don Juan.(唐璜A satirical epic) /Cain(mystery play) /She Walks in Beauty /When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home(Byronic hero)7.Percy Bysshe ShelleyThe Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》(expelled from Oxford /Disinheritance断绝父子关系) /Queen Mab《麦布女王》/The Revolt of Islam /(Lyrical Drama)Prometheus Unbound /The Cenci /Adonais (mourn Keats)/Ode to the West Wind /The Defense of Poetry /England in 1819(In the first stanza, the autumn wind scatters dead leaves and seeds on the forest soil, where they eventually fertilize the earth and take root as new growth.Both "Destroyer and Preserver," the wind ensures the cyclical regularity of the seasons. These themes of regeneration and the interconnectedness of death and life, endings and beginnings, runs throughout "Ode to the West Wind.")8.John KeatsLowly origin Surgeon(外科医生) Griefs and troubles crowded in upon himEndymion /Isabella /The Eve of St. Agnes /Hyperion / Ode on a Grecian Urn古瓮颂/Ode to a NightingaleA major concern in "Ode to a Nightingale" is Keats's perception of the conflicted nature of human life, i.e., the interconnection or mixture of pain/joy, intensity of feeling/ numbness of feeling, life/death, mortal/ immortal, the actual/the ideal, and separation/connection.This poem has two movements. One is towards a fantastic world, of mythology, sensory pleasure, music, sensation, ecstasy. As the nightingale has no physical location, the geography of this world is hard to catch.It is just a longing for sth indescribable, inexact, infinitely seductive, with enormous power, sth remembered and yet not remembered: sth repressed. It is the unconscious.Beneath this longing there is a deeper longing, a climactic desire.六．Realism Period (19世30年—1918)The Victorian Age：coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. Background :1） A Period of Growth,Development and Reform :Urbanization /Industrialization /England became the "workshop of the world". /The Empire2)Conflicts Between Capital and Labor The Chartist Movement (1836-1848) (宪章运动）Utilitarianism功利主义3)Changes in Ideology（意识形态的转变）Darwin: Origin of Species4)The “Problem”of Women :In this period, sexual inequality in politics, economic life, education and social positions still prevailed; women were still regarded as second-class citizens. brought hundreds of thousands of women intofactory jobs and half the usual payLiterature:realism rather than of romanticism1)Novel carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass.2)Poetry1.Charlotte Bront?: IrishCharlotte: Jane Eyre(gothic novel) /Shirley《雪莉》/Villette 1853《维莱特》/The Professor 《男教师》Emily: Wuthering Heights(呼啸山庄)Anne: Agnes Grey /The Tenant of Wildfell Hall 《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell.Jane only has an intense feeling, a ready sympathy and a strong sense of equality and independence..A ground breaking novel?The heroine is small, plain, & poorThe heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions .Jane Eyre is written in the first person (“I”) which functions as follows:indicates the characteristic of autobiography.be favorable to reveal intense, fierce and sharp feelings directly and powerfully.provides a full and complete thoughts of the whole event and the other characters from the angleof vision of the narrator..The use of verb, adjective and adverb reinforces the strength of emotions. It makes the sentence more intense and reflects the sharp anguish and inner struggles of the characters. While reading, we can’t help temporarily identifying ourselves withthe characters. It proves especially in Jane’s declaration.2.Charles Dickens :Critical Realism (criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point).the son government navy clerk. /shoe-blacking factory /Parliamentary reporterThe Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克传》/Oliver Twist /The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》/Dombey and son (董贝父子）/David Copperfield /Bleak House《荒凉山庄》/A Tale of Two Cities /Great Expectations.Dickens is a great humorist. /He believes that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief. /He gives readers bright merriments and dark gloom at the same time, mingling tears and laughter's as in real life.3.Lord/Alfred TennysonFather and friend diedthe Victorian Age witnessed ' the at least temporary decline of English poetry'In Memoriam(poetic diary is rather a representation of the poet's thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality) / The Princess /Ulysses / Idylls of the King /The Eagle/ Break, Break, Break.express his grief over the death of Arthur HallamIn this poem, he contrasts his own feeling of sorrow with the carefree joys of the children at play and the young sailor at works and with the unfeeling movements of the ship and the sea waves. The repetitive beginning of the first and the last stanza indicates not only the indifferent, mechanical movement of the sea waves but is also an echo of the rushes of grief of the heart-broken poet.The five "O" are the exclamations of one whose mourningheart is filled with an unutterable and yet uncontrollable longing and sorrow and of one who wishes "that my tongue could utter the thoughts that arise in me". And the lines after "O" in the second and the third stanza are unfinished as is suitable for a deep-mourning man.There is good reason for them--the children and the sailor lad--to shout and sing with joy, but there is no chance for me to feel the touch and hear the voice of my dear friend again!4.Robert Browning :Bold (大胆的)and unconventional home schooledParacelsus / Strafford /Pippa Passes / Dramatic Lyrics /Dramatic Romance and Lyrics /Men and Women /Dramatic Personae /The Ring and the BookMy Last Duchess (Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白）/ Meeting at Night ,Parting at Morning / 5.Thomas Hardy:last important novelist and poet of the 19th centurypoetry and novels are pessimistic/autobiographical informationUnder the Greenwood Tree 《绿林荫下》/A Pair of Blue Eyes 《一双湛蓝的眼睛》/Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》—first critical and financial success./The Return of the Native(还乡—转向悲剧)Mayor of the Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》Tess of the D’Urbervilles /Jude the Obscure (无名的裘德) /The Dynasts(列王) /Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave?Epic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style.。

Unit1 Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer （1343-1400）1.<the canterbury tales》When in April the sweet showers fallAnd pierce the drought of march to the root ,And allThe veins are bathed in liquor of such powerAs brings about the engerdering of the flower engerdering :come out2.the young sun his half-course in the sign of the ram has run3.and though so distinguished,he was wiseAnd in his bearing modest as a maid.He never yet a boorish thing had saidIn all his life to any, come what might ;He was a truly perfect gentle-knight.4.Full wise is he that can himself know-----Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer was the first to use current english in writingLondon dialectThe heroic couplect(偶句) in poety Geoffrey Chaucer was the master of word-picturesFather of english poetryUnit2 William Shakespeare（1564-1616）1.William Shakespeare is one of greatest literary giants of alltimes.2.35plays 2 narrative poems 154 sonnets(十四行诗)3.Tragedy comedy trage-comedy and history plays4.He created his own form of sonnets the Shakespearean sonnets5.He was a great master of blank verse (无韵诗)6.He successfully potrayed many characters7.Hamlet’s hesitation shows him as a man of renaissance8.The so-called hesitation of hamlet is means to reform the society as awhole not his personal revenge.9.To die or not to be,that is a question---hamlet10.So long as men can breathe or eyes can seeSo long life this ,and this gives life to thee(you)---sonnet 18 of ShakeSpeare11 rhyme scheme(韵式) abab cdcd efef gg12 what a piece of work is a man ,how noble in reason ,how infinite in faculties ,in form and moving ,how express and admirable in action ,how like an angle in apprehension ,how like a god !The beauty of the word ;the paragon(best example) of animals;and yet to me /what is this quitessence(best part) of dust? Willam shakespeareUnit 3 Fancis Bacon（1561-1626）1.Fancis Bacon was founder of modern science2.Fancis Bacon Was great essayist3.Wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,andold men’s nurses,so as a man may have a quarrel(reason)to marry when he will.-----of marriage and single life4.Studies serve for delight,for ornament ,and for ability.their chief usefor delight is in privateness and retiring ;for ornament ,is in discourse ;and for ability ,is in the judgementand disposition of business.------of studies5.Histories make men wise,poets, witty;---- of studies（读书使人明智，读史使人聪慧）6.Studies go to form one’s character.7.Knowledge is power.------francis bacon.Unit 4 17th-century british poets1.17th-century British poets:Jone Donne(1572-1631)2.Jone Milton’S writing style is:sublimity of thought and magisty of expression3.No man is island ,entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent,a part of the main…Any man’s death disminishes me,because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls ;it tolls for thee.-------Jone Danne4.Truth is compared …. to a streaming fountain; if her waters flow not ina perpetual progression,they sicken into a muddy pool or conformity and tradition.-------Jone MiltonUnit 5 Adventure fiction writers1.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731):<<the life and the strange surprisingadventure of ronbinsoncrusoe>> .2.He wrote the first realistic novel in english literature3.He is father of english novel.4.He combined bold imagination with realism and made his storyconvincing.5.He’s writing style:proper words in proper places,make the truedefinition of a style.6.Robinson cruce is a typical example of english bourgecissie at theearlier stage of development ,full of pioneering spirit.7.All evils are to be considered with the good that is in them,and withwhat worse attends them.(塞翁失马焉知非福)8.Every clound is silver lining.(与6意思相同)Jonathan swift (1667-1745)1.以讽刺见长，是讽刺文学的一代宗师。

英国文学选读Of Studies P181.We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s< of studies> in our access to information?Our planet is developing forward. The fast-moving development of science and technology makes it more convenient for students to get sufficient and effective information by countless ways. That is the external condition for our study, which we can appropriately make full use of. But what we have to keep in mind is that the eternal master of study is no one but ourselves in the process of studying.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Reading makes a full man. Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Reading histories makes people learn lessons from the ancient time, avoid making the same mistakes and predict the development of things. People who read histories will be wiser than these who just act according to their own preferences without learning from histories. Reading poem s makes people learn the beauty of language, the beautiful classical style of art and live a poetic life. People who read poems will be wittier than these who haven’t feel the beautiful mood and pure life. Reading mathematics makes people focus on the accurate calculation, develop a scientific attitude, and form a pragmatic spirit. People who read mathematics will be more subtle to consider things from all aspects and do things from the drop carefully than these who don’t read. Reading natural philosophy makes people pursue truth, explore the unknown mystery, and practice actively. People who read natural philosophy will be deeper than these who don’t learn the theory of reflecting the truth. Readingmoral makes people learn the way of harmony living, form the principle of ethical behaviors and develop correct outlooks on values. People who read moral will be graver than these who behave without correct principles and can’t deal with different relationships.Reading logic makes people master the rules of thinking, dealing with different things and exploring objective reality. People who read logic will be more contend to have clear ideas, mater the principles of objective truth than these who don’t act according to rules.Different kinds of reading materials play different roles in making a full man. People should get into different reading fields and train themselves to become a comprehensive talent. Reading will do good to one’s physical health according to some reading materials of physical training. What’s more important, reading promotes the development of logic thinking and morality. People can be called a full man on condition that they have fine quality, delicate self-cultivation and strict morality. Try to read extensively and become a full man .Poems:Hamlet P81.Why is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”? Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you can’t comeback,. If he dies, Hamlet 's can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind. Hamlet didn’t know at all. He isfrightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil.2.Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…Because people hold the same idea "to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but that the dread of something after death-the undiscover’d country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of?”People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.3.What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They don’t know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself . So Hamlet was hesitated.Sonnet 18 P131.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? (Page 14) The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing “thee” to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer days are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the poet gives the feeling again that the summer months are often too short by saying, "And summer lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6) as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various aspects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die.At last two lines , the poet explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike summer days. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13) the poem is outwardly a simple statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer.At last , the poet starts to praise that the beloved is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this andthis gives life to thee.”(line 13 、 14 ) that the beloved is deserving to live on forever. 2. What makes the poet think that “thou”can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”Then he gives an answer: “Thou art more lovely and more temperate.”On the one hand, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date;” on the other hand, “Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.”So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that “thou”can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, “And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed.”Compared with immortal, “But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou grow’st.”Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” In this poem, the poet makes “thou” more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, “thou” in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or “thou” can be referredto male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting. Even “thou” can be abstract “love”or “beauty” which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.The Tiger P501. Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?The Tyger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the author implies that the Tiger is created by God as well as the Lamb. So either the Tiger or the Lamb is essential to God.I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. Although the Lamb can represent the kind “innocent society”, it will be lack of enough motivation to make progress. While the Tiger will cause social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can make people release their creativity. So the poet believes that the Tiger is the symbol of strength and courage. And he also praises its passion, desire and all the lofty beauty.2.What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express? The symbol of the Tyger is one of the two central mysteries of the poem (the other being the Tyger’s creator). It is unclear what it exactly symbolizes, but scholars have hypothesized that the Tyger could be inspiration, the divine, artistic creation, history, the sublime (the big, mysterious, powerful and sometimes scary. Read more on this in the "Themes and Quotes" section), or vision itself. Really, the list is almost infinite. The point is, the Tyger is important, and Blake’s poem barely limits the possibilities The tiger is the embodiment of God's power in creation: the animal is terrifying in its beauty, strength, complexity and vitality. The poem is divided into six parts. In the first part, the author imagined that he met a terrible tiger on a dark night and was frightened by its awful eyesight. There are creations and creators. How great the creatoris that he could create such an awful creation like tiger! In the second part, the author continues to ask, where comes the eyesight like fire, sea or sky? The following two parts, the author describes the creator as a smith. He creates the tiger. What behind the questions is the frightening and respect of the author to the creator. In the fifth part,the author changes his tone and asks when the stars throw down their spears, why they are not happy? The last part is as same as the first part, the creator is too mysterious to understand.The tiger shows its outstanding energy. It’s the vitality which the author thinks highly of. The key sentence of the poem is "Did he who made the Lamb make thee?" It challenges the one-track religious views of the 18’s century. The view only concluded that god create the lame, he is so kind a father. But it didn’t know god also create the tough tiger. He can also be very serious. The god is someone who can’t be truly understood by human beings.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud P571.What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?<Reference>Theme of Man and the Natural World : Wordsworth is the granddaddy of all nature poets, and he’s in top form in "I wandered lonely as a Cloud." In her journal entry about the day in question, Wordsworth's sister Dorothy wrote about their surprise at finding so many daffodils in such a strange place, next to a lake and under some trees. "How’d those get there?" she wondered, even guessing that maybe the seeds floated across the lake. The event is one of the minor miracles that nature produces all the time, as anyone who has seen the documentary Planet Earth or the Disney movie Earth knows. Wordsworth’s nature is full of life and vitality. He appreciates its wildness and unpredictability, but he humanizes the landscape and fits it to his own mind.Theme of Happiness"I wandered lonely as a Cloud" is a poem that just makes you feel good about life. It says that even when you are by yourself and lonely and missing your friends, you can use your imagination to fine new friends in the world around you. As John Milton famously wrote, "The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make heaven of Hell, and a hell of Heaven." The speaker of this poem makes a heaven out of a windy day and a bunch of daffodils. His happiness does not last forever – he’s not that unrealistic – but the daffodils give him a little boost of joy whenever he needs it, like recharging his batteries.Theme of SpiritualityThe 19th century Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle coined the phrase "natural supernaturalism," which has been used by later critics to describe how the Romantic poets, and especially Wordsworth, viewed the natural world as a spiritual realm. The idea is that Heaven comes down to earth and is viewed as part of the world. This poem illustrates the principle of natural supernaturalism. The daffodils are like angels and twinkling stars, and the "bliss" of heaven occurs in speaker’s imagination. He uses Christian ideas and images to make an ode to nature without any reference to God.Theme of Memory and the Past"I wandered lonely as a Cloud" is almost like a simpler version of " Tintern Abbey ," one of Wordsworth’s other most famous works. In both poems, the memory of beautiful things serves as a comfort to the speaker even after the experience of viewing them has ended. He can always draw on his imagination to reproduce the joy of the event and to remember the spiritual wisdom that it provided. In the case of "I wandered lonely as a Cloud," we do not realize just how far in the future the speaker’s perspective is located untilthe fourth stanza, when he describes just how often the daffodils have comforted him.2.Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly. Let’s imagine a scene. At the very beginning, we felt a little sad. Then, we place ourselves at a peaceful and clean lake. We sit on the comfortable and green grass. There are several wild flowers on the grass. Some little birds are walking near us with chirp. We can breathe the smell of the earth. When we are watching it glistening in the sunshine, there may be a smile on our face again. Nobody will be not touched in this condition unless there is something wrong with his mind. It is just like a picture. Or it is just like a clean bracing and ethereal melody. We can close our eyes to listen to it without any distracting thoughts. It always can comfort our hearts, and we will not feel that desperate. Every time I feel not happy I will listen to a piece of piano music. That makes me good, all my fidgeting will go away from me. Sometimes I will reflect where the problem is. Peaceful music is just like the nature. Both they can give me a kind of feeling like mother. Do not be scared at all. Sometimes I suppose if the criminal can live in the nature and experience it, they will not do that evil. In another hand, those artists maybe can not create the works. As the author said, a host of golden daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The memory made him excited and brought his lonely heart happiness. If a writer does not watch any beautiful scenery, I believe he or she can’t be a good writer. Peaceful nature is a place people can release themselves and remove the unhappiness. In this circumstance, the writer digs their inspiration.Yes, I think so. Some people may think that our nature has been highly polluted by our human beings. And it won’t have any effects on us. The others may think the nature has bad influence on our bodies because of the contamination. But I think nature must have a lot of healing effect on mind. As the development of the society, people may meet more and more difficulties, and it may lead to more stress. For example, when a person has worked for a long time, it is hard for him to do more. He would like to spend sometime travelling to somewhere. The place is best to be beautiful, clean, comfortable, with clear sky and green grass. People can breathe the fresh air there. When he lies on the grass and watches the sky, he may forget all the stress on work. The only thing he can do is to enjoy the charming scenery and great nature.Nature also can affect people when they are ill especially serious disease. The patient may feel their life meaningless. At that time, their families will take them to a remote place. They may also let the patient have a pet. During the feeding period, the patient may feel that a life is so difficult to bring up. He will heal the spirit to live. Different people have different ideas. I can’t say that nature doesn’t have mischief, but in my opinion, its good effects are more.Novels:The Canterbury Tales1.How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales?Early spring. General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.2.Character of the Knight?The knight displays many traits which make him seem almost too good to be true, and a true gentleman that rarely exists in reality. The knight holds four main admirable traits, making him the most liked traveler in "The Canterbury Tales," and also amplying the doubt of his realism. From the characters impressive introduction, it is clear that this man is the most valued and honorable traveler among the group. This perfect gentleman holds a love of ideals that are often not displayed by people. First and foremost, he believes in the ideals of chivalry, and always stays true to its principles. He also feels that one should be honest, truthful and faithful, which many people are not all of these ideals. The knight thinks one should only do what is right, and what will gain him honor and reputation. This character also believes in freedom and generosity towards all, and displays this ideal repeatedly throughout the novel. And lastly, the knight also strongly feels that any proper person should display courtesy and elegance at all times. Another aspect of this character's life which makes him seem too prestigious to be truthful is his impressive military career. He fought in the holy war, The knight obviously held a very respectable reputation, and was treated with much honor and respect. He was a perfect gentleman, showing kindness and understanding to everyone he came in contact with. The knight was extremely well-mannered, always being on his best behavior. His appearance was the "finishing touch," adding honor and integrity to his courageous and gentle spirit. This main character was clothed still in his armor, wearing a tunic of harsh cloth and his coat of mail is rust-stained, clearly showing remaining signs of past battles.The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe P331.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?A good way. He doesn’t want to forget time. For a civilized man, time is precious.2.From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted).Pride and Prejudice P651.Do you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What’s the relationship between money and marriage?I do not agree with the statement. I think it is wrong to get married for money and position, but at the same time it is idiot to do not consider money and position. In this novel, we can see the hero Darcy proposed marriage to Eliza but failed every time. Because Eliza has prejudice on Darcy and hated his pride actually. This kind of pride is a reaction from position’s differences. Unless the pride disappears, it will be possible that they could get married. Then Eliza observed Darcy’s doing, especially found his changing on his pride. She removed her prejudice and got married with Darcy. From the distinct attitudes to Darcy, It’s not difficult to find Eliza maintained women should pursue their right of personality independence and fairness. And this attitude reflected Austen’s view of marriage as well. Therefore, she maintained that we can not get married for money and see marriage as a game. She stressed the significance of ideal marriage, and loveis the cornerstone. Through this novel Jane Austen tried to tell people must take some action and reflect, then there will be hope. Because respection is not native, we can only get it from our action and reflection. Here, we can easily discover author thought women should have self respect and be independent. What women want is not just money, they also need the respect and right. Marriage is not a trade. It is impossible that I give you money, then you will marry me. There is a third thing——love. If two people love each other, they will not break up because of how much money he own..2.What do you think of Mrs. Bennet? How can you characterize her?Mrs. Bennet’s mind was less difficult to understand. She was a woman of poor understanding, little information and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she imagined herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married, the solace of her life was visiting and news. Mrs Bennet is a woman who cares for nothing more than to have her daughters married off. A reference from the last chapter book which supports this statement is "Happy for all her maternal feelings was the day on which Mrs. Bennet got rid of her two most deserving daughters." I also see that Mrs Bennet is extremely fickle and changes her mind quickly. Mrs Bennet is a woman who thrives on gossip . It is almost all she cares about.3.What makes Elizabeth feel so grateful to Darcy? How does Darcy respond to her.( P71) Elizabeth ’s sister Lydia has always been frivolous and she runs away with Wayne , who is poor and hypocritical. This behavior is not recognized at that time which destroys the Bennet’s reputation. The whole family feels ashamed, especially Elizabeth. Although Lydia has the plan to marry Wayne, Wayne, as a playboy, considers everything as a game. Elizabeth is so worried with her poor sister, so she decides to leave her hometown to find her sister. Fortunately, Darcy gives a helping hand. He finds them and tries his best to convince Lydia to come back. Faced with Wayne’s greedy, he doesn’t flinch. He pays the debts for Wayne and gives Lydia a large amount of money. In order to help them, he also buys an official post for Wayne. Besides these, Darcy is also very gentle, he doesn’t expose Wayne so as to protect the whole family’s reputation. He does everything for Elizabeth, he doesn’t want her to be harmed. Darcy is proud at the beginning, which makes Elizabeth hate him so much, but after he has done so many things, Elizabeth’s prejudice is eliminated and she feels so grateful to Darcy.Darcy feels sorry at the beginning. He is also surprised and excited. Originally, Darcy doesn’t want Elizabeth to know everything. He doesn’t help her sister for certain purpose. Generally, he is delighted that Elizabeth is not so indifferent to him as before. He has never wanted to get her gratitude, but this time he feels hopeful. He tells Elizabeth that all his done was for her only, because it’s only her in his heart. He shows his affections to her again which makes Elizabeth so embarrassed. Darcy also apologizes for his pride in the past time. Now, they have cleared up the misunderstanding. It’s a turning point of their emotional journey.参考资料：Unit 1Chaucer ---The Canterbury Tales1.Symbol: Springtimethe beginning of things is exactly what the poem emphasizes in its description of springtime, talking about how the wind spreads the seeds that peek their heads above the soil as they begin to grow into crops, and how birds begin their mating season. The poem might start this way in order to remind us how pilgrimages are also a start of new beginnings. See, the idea of a pilgrimage is that you start on a journey of repentance, beginning a new life, one free from sin. In the beginning of the poem, then, the springtime is a symbol of the new beginnings and the creation of new lives the pilgrims are about to undertake.2.Allegory 寓言 : Pilgrimage from London to CanterburyIt's probable that the pilgrims' journey from London to Canterbury represents another journey that was very important to a medieval person:the journey from Earth to Heaven. As the journey begins, we have a sinful group of pilgrims, many of whom are hiding various vices and dirty secrets. Their pilgrimage is meant to be a journey of repentance, so that by the time they reach Canterbury, they will be fully cleansed of these sins. Thus, in this allegory, the tavern 客栈 represents the sinful life on Earth, while Canterbury represents the sin-free life in heaven all people are trying to reach3. Social significance of the poemThe Canterbury Tales is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time, as the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of judge and so on. With especially formidable force Chaucer attacks the corruption of the church.Unit 2Shakespeare----Hamlet哈姆雷特是莎士比亚精心塑造的人文主义者的形象，他对人自身、对人类的明天满怀热爱和信心 , 有着无比的智慧 , 人文主义教育使他胸怀远大抱负但突破其来的巨变，使他遭受了那样多的不快，他无忧无虑、明朗爽快的性格发生了变化。

英国文学史及选读1翻译第一部分：英国文学史概述英国文学拥有悠久的历史，自中世纪晚期开始至今，经历了多个重要时期的发展和变革。

本文档旨在概述英国文学史的主要阶段，并进行部分重要作品的选读翻译。

1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，主要以教会为中心。

其中最著名的作品之一是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales），由乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）创作于14世纪末。

本书以描绘各式各样的故事和人物为特色，反映了当时社会的面貌。

部分作品翻译示例：•坎特伯雷故事集（精选）–故事一：“骑士故事”（The Knight’s Tale）在古代雅典，有两位骑士为了同样的女性而展开激烈的角逐。

–故事二：“约翰故事”（The Miller’s Tale）一位老蠢材告诉了关于一位受骗的年轻学者和一个花心的妻子的故事。

2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时期，涌现出许多重要的作家和作品。

莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）是这一时期的代表性人物，他的作品包括戏剧、sonnet 等多种形式。

此外，约翰·密尔顿（John Milton）的《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）也被认为是文艺复兴时期的经典之作。

部分作品翻译示例：•莎士比亚戏剧选读-《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）-《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）-《麦克白》（Macbeth）•约翰·密尔顿《失乐园》（选读）探讨人类起源、罪恶和救赎的叙事诗，描述了亚当和夏娃被逐出伊甸园的故事。

3.18世纪启蒙运动18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙运动的时期，以理性和思想自由为核心。

重要的作家包括弥尔顿（John Milton），斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）和詹姆斯·麦克菲尔（James Macpherson）。

部分作品翻译示例：•斯威夫特《格列佛游记》（选读）这本小说通过一个航海家的冒险旅程，揭示了社会和政治问题，具有强烈的讽刺意味。

新编英国文学选读(上册)翻译英国文学史（上册）第一章安格鲁-撒克逊时期（450-1066）1.历史背景不列颠群岛最早的居民是凯尔特人。

他们最初居住在莱茵河上游地区，大约在公元前600年，他们移居到了不列颠群岛。

在公元前400年到公元前300年时，凯尔特人的一个分支——布立吞人，来到了不列颠群岛，“不列颠”这个名字便是由他们所取。

凯尔特人的文化属于铁器文化的早期阶段，他们知道如何铸造铁剑和种植庄稼。

至于他们的，我们所知甚少，但是我们可以了解到他们五月节的宗教典礼和槲寄生（一种植物）的祭奠仪式，这些已经成为英国民族传统的一部分。

公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。

当时，罗马帝国是奴隶社会，统治了整个欧洲，并且有很高的文明水平。

罗马人打败了凯尔特人，成为了不列颠群岛的主人，伦敦就是在罗马人的统治时期内建成的。

第一个来到不列颠的罗马将领是著名的XXX。

公元55年，在他取得高卢战役的胜利后，带领一万名士兵跨过英吉利海峡来到那里。

但他只在那里待了几个星期。

虽然他在第二年又来到了不列颠，但他并没有在岛上驻扎军队，因为他当时正忙于平息欧洲大陆的叛乱，还有罗马帝国的内战。

在罗马人对不列颠扩大征服之前，就这样过去了一个世纪。

罗马人统治了不列颠三个半世纪，他们建造了寺庙、修建了大路、砌城墙、建造军营。

但是，对凯尔特人的文化生活却影响不大。

他们建成了四、五十个城邑。

如今，如果你在英国听到一个城镇的名字是以“XXX”或“XXX”结尾的，那么毫无疑问，它一定是坐落在一个罗马军队曾经的屯兵之地上。

因为这样的词来源于拉丁语“卡斯楚”，它的意思是“要塞、堡垒”。

大部分我们所知道的罗马统治时期的不列颠，都来源于XXX的《高卢战记》和XXX的《日耳曼尼亚志》。

在XXX文学史中，出现了两个重要的时期。

第一个时期是诺森伯兰学派，该学派以诺森伯兰修道院和修道士为中心，与之密切相关的是生活在7世纪的诗人XXX。

他将中的故事转化为诗歌形式，并创作了《释义》。