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论希腊罗马神话对英语词汇的影响文献综述Greek and Roman mythology have played a significant role in shaping the English language. Countless English words have their roots in these ancient myths, reflecting the cultural impact that these stories have had on the development of language. From the names of planets like Mars and Venus to everyday words such as “echo” and “narcissistic,” the influence of Greek and Roman mythology on English vocabulary is undeniable.希腊和罗马神话在塑造英语词汇方面起着重要作用。
无数英语单词都源自这些古代神话，反映出这些故事对语言发展的文化影响。
从像火星和维纳斯这样的行星名称到日常单词如“回声”和“自恋”，希腊和罗马神话对英语词汇的影响是不可否认的。
The names of Greek and Roman gods and goddesses have been particularly influential in English vocabulary. For example, the term “chronology” is derived from Chronos, the Greek god of time, while “narcissistic” comes from Narcissus, the mythological character known for his self-admiration. These names not only adddepth and history to the English language but also serve as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage that underpins modern society.希腊和罗马神神和女神的名称在英语词汇中尤为重要。
北方民族大学学士学位论文论文题目:古希腊罗马神话对英语词汇的影响院(部)名称:外国语学院学生姓名: AAAAAA AA专业:英语语言文学学号:201020AA指导教师姓名:AAAAAAA论文提交时间: 2014年5月论文答辩时间:2014年5月学位授予时间:2014年6月北方民族大学教务处制On the Impact of Greco-Roman Mythology on EnglishVocabularyByAA LAASubmitted toThe School of Foreign Language and LiteratureBeifang University of NationalitiesIn Partial Fulfillment ofThe Requirements forThe Bachelor Degree of Arts in EnglishUnder the Supervision of ZAAAMay 2014AcknowledgmentsIn the process of composing this paper, I would like to extend my deepest and sincerest gratitude to all teachers in the foreign language department of Beifang University of Nationalities, especially my supervisor, Mrs. Zhang. She is really a very responsible, knowledgeable and kind-hearted scholar. During the course of writing the thesis, she has provided me with a lot of extremely valuable suggestions and delicate instructions with patience. Her serious attitude towards work and students has influenced me with heart and soul. She read and corrected my mistakes of this paper again and again very carefully. Without her instruction and assistance, it would be definitely impossible for me to complete this paper.Besides, I would also show my thanks to Mrs. Yang who in last semester was my teacher of the course Guidance on Writing Graduating Paper. She supervised me to finish the first draft of this paper and also gave me some helpful advice.At last, I would express my great appreciation to all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.摘要作为西方文化两大源头之一，古希腊罗马神话不仅对世界文化社会，而且对语言也产生了深远的影响。
论希腊神话对英语语言的影响希腊神话故事希腊是世界四大文明古国之一，历史悠久，文化源远流长。
希腊神话内容复杂，情节曲折动人，对英语语言的发展与词汇的丰富影响颇深。
英语中有大量的词语、成语和典故来源于希腊神话。
一与神有关的词语宇宙发端之时，天地一片混沌，自然神Chaos和妻子Nyx（尼克斯：司夜女神）统辖着世界。
混沌中诞生了大地女神Gaea（或为Gaia，该亚），她生出天空之神Uranus（乌产诺斯），又与之结合生出the Titans（巨人族或提坦族，据说有12位）和其他怪物，但Uranus将他们囚禁在地下，于是巨人之一Cronus（或为Kronus，库拉诺斯）在母亲的帮助下夺取父位，娶妹妹Rhea（瑞亚：多产女神，众神之母）为后，册封兄弟Hyperion （许帕里翁）为太阳神，姐姐Phoebe（福柏）为月亮神。
Cronus担心自己的儿女夺位，遂将其一一吞下，分别有Hestia （赫斯提：女灶神）、Demeter（德墨忒耳：谷物女神）、Hera（赫拉：天后）、Poseidon（波塞冬：海神）、Hades（哈得斯：冥王）落入他的腹中。
Rhea为保护最小的Zeus（宙斯：明亮的天空），用布包住石头交给丈夫吞下，而把Zeus送到克里特岛交给仙女抚养。
长大后Zeus 设计救出兄弟姐妹们，并展开与Titans的大战，最终大胜巨人族，将他们囚禁在Tartarus（塔尔塔罗斯：阴间）。
从此Zeus主宰着Olympus （奥林匹斯山）和世界，直到基督教兴起。
读过希腊神话的人还知道Mercury（墨丘利）是希腊神话中众神的信使，司职商业、手工技艺、智巧、辩才、旅游航行及欺诈盗窃的神，相当于希腊神话中的赫尔墨斯（Hermes）。
在艺术作品中他常常被描绘成足生双翼的美男子，行动迅速，疾如闪电。
古罗马人就以Mercury为水星命名，因为水星是九大行星中自转速度最快的星球。
二源于希腊神话的成语、典故许多英语的成语、典故来源于希腊神话，并且进入到人们的日常生活。
希腊神话对英语词汇影响Greek Mythology?s Influence on English V ocabularyIn the long-term historical process, English has absorbed a large amount of foreign words which has many Greek words because of events about culture, trade, diplomacy and invasion. Especially during the period of Renaissance Greek culture was more popular. As the most secularized, most complete and most rich mythology system, Greek mythology has a very important place. V ocabulary came from Greek mythology needs to be paid more attention when people study English.The vocabulary originated from Greek mythology can be seen everywhere in English-speaking countries. Nike is a well-known brand of sport shoes in America which borrowed the name of goddess of Victory. The names of characters in Greek mythology were also used in science and military. American scientist named the plan of exploring space as Apollo program. In addition, the vocabulary from Greek mythology often appea red in news. For example, “The National Aeronautic and Space Administration had called it a …success- oriented? schedule to get the space shuttle flying again, but the odyssey of …Discovery? was beset with various problems.”The word “odyssey”was used in th is news, and this word originated from a hero named Odysseus in Greek mythology. After the Trojan War Odysseus spent ten years and went through many hardships to get home. The “odyssey” here means the difficulties “Discovery”met in space exploration (Wu, 2006). From above all, Greek mythology presents its great influence on English vocabulary. The name of things, places and some English idioms were all influenced by Greek mythology. In addition, Englishvocabulary also inherited Greek mythology.Greek mythology?s influence on basic vocabulary mainly appeared in the reason whythings get their names. The words fate, echo and iris all came from the names of goddess in Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Helicon is where Muses lives, and helicon means the inspiration source of poem in modern English. Narcissus also has the meaning of somebody who loves himself. Narcissus is a beautiful young man in Greek mythology. Every goddess saw him was falling in love with him, including Echo. But Narcissus does not love any female. Soon Echo died of this. After Echo?s death, other goddesses make Narcissus fall in love with his own reflection as punishment. He fell in love with his reflection in the lake and did not want to leave. At last he died beside the lake. After his death, he changed into a flower and the flower were named as narcissus and because he fell in love with his own reflection the word narcissus has the meaning of somebody who loves himself. In addition, some names of months and the names of the nine planets in solar system except the earth were all come from gods? names in Greek mythology. (Luo, 2005)Place names belong to proper nouns in English. It is an important part in English vocabulary. Many place names originated from Greek mythology. The name of Europe came from Europa who was a princess in mundane world. Zeus fell in love with her and she had a son for Zeus on a piece of land. Then this land was named by her name. The name of Athens also came from Greek mythology. Athena and Poseidon both want to be the patron of a land in south of Attica and they asked Zeus as the intercessor of their competition. Poseidon brought a horse and Athena gave an olive tree as gifts. The local people chose Athenaas their patron and hence the land was name by Athena?s name. With the same, the name of Atlas Mountains in Africa was originated from the name of Atlas in Greek mythology. Atlas is Titans? offspring who is strong and huge that nobody can match him. After seeing Medusa, hechanged into mountains. The Atlantic?s name also came from this story because the ancient thought Atlas was in far west. (Luo, 2005)There are many idioms in English coming from Greek mythology. Hercules is a hero without equal in strength in Greek mythology. Hera let him to finish twelve very difficult tasks. People usually use herculean task to describe arduous tasks. A goddess called Eris threw a gold apple and let Hera, Athena and Aphrodite to fight for the honor of the most beautiful goddess. Zeus let them ask Paris the prince of Trojan to judge it. T o get the gold apple, they all promised to give good to Paris. Hera promised to give him a large kingdom and great power. Athens said she will give him wisdom and the honor of victory. However, Aphrodite promised to let the most beautiful woman be his wife. Paris chose Aphrodite. After that Paris spirited away Helen and leaded to the Trojan War. Since then, an apple of disorder means the cause of a misfortune of disaster (Sheng, 2010).The relationship between culture and vocabulary is not unidirectional, they have influenced each other. Greek mythology has influenced on the form of English vocabulary, while English vocabulary inherits Greek mythology (Luo, 2005). Lin H.B. and Jiang Y.M. said, “Language records and stores all the achievements of hum ane civilizations.”in their books (2002). The vocabulary came from Greek mythology has the plot of Greek mythology and cultural meaning. It records and reflects thethought of ancient Greeks. People use English broadly in daily dialogues, public speaking, affair comments and international communications. The cultural meanings of English vocabulary were spread by using English (Luo, 2005).Greek mythology has a close relationship with English vocabulary. Greek mythologyhas influenced English vocabulary greatly. This article is just a preliminary study of Greek mythology?s influence on English vocabulary. There are a lot of words have relationship with Greek mythology and have cultural meaning in English. Making advanced research about Greek mythology is helpful for us to learn English. Learn Greek mythology can help students have a better understanding of English vocabulary and their cultural background. It can also improve students? interests in learning English vocabulary. Culture can influence the form and development of vocabulary, while language is the carrier of culture. Knowing some knowledge of western culture is good for English vocabulary study, because vocabulary is deeply rooted in culture.Luo, X.L. “Greek Mythology and the Learning English V ocab ulary.”Journal of Hubei Institute of Education 22 (2005): 32-34 (CNKI)Sheng, J. “Discussion on Influence of Greek and Roman Mythology upon English Words.”SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 13 (2010): 205 (CNKI)Wu, G.T. “Preliminary Study of Greek Mythology?s Influence on English V ocabulary.”Journal of Suihua University 26 (2006): 132-134 (CNKI)。
希腊神话对英语词汇的影响自古以来，希腊神话一直得到广大人民的肯定和景仰，它影响着人们对希腊神话对英语词汇的影响。
希腊神话是一种充满了魔幻色彩的神话，它充斥着不同的神祗、人物及其异想天开的故事。
希腊神话存在于古希腊时期，至今仍影响着西方文化。
它受到广大人民的欢迎，并对英语有很大的影响，使它在英语语言中根深蒂固。
英语语言中希腊神话的影响是显而易见的。
一方面，许多希腊神话里的词语被用在英语中，如，“Elysium”(伊丽西俄斯)就是希腊神话中伊利俄斯洞窟的名字，指的是天堂之地；“Aphrodite”(阿芙洛狄忒)是希腊神话中的爱神，是美丽、性感和魅力的象征，同时也是指爱情和优雅。
另一方面，由于希腊神话中的人物及其角色，在英语语言中也产生了许多衍生词，如“Nemesis”(内梅西斯)源于希腊神话中复仇女神，用来描述受害者的复仇者；“Achilles”(阿喀琉斯)也源自希腊神话，指的是勇敢的英雄，用来描述一个勇敢无畏的人。
希腊神话对文艺创作也产生了重大影响，许多文学作品都借助希腊神话为主题，用其语言及其意义来引发心灵深处潜藏的思想，同时也是一种研究希腊神话的方式。
例如，《浮士德》这部杰作，深刻揭示了希腊神话中哲学思想的发展脉络，同时也为人们提供了许多关于希腊神话的知识。
希腊神话对英语语言的影响也表现在语言的使用上，它让英语也拥有了一种奇妙的魅力。
它的使用不仅限于文艺创作，在其他文体表征上也有着重要的作用，如许多英语哲学术语都源自希腊神话。
也就是说，英语语言中的一些哲学思想是来源于希腊神话的，尤其是涉及人们思考自然界和社会秩序的部分，例如“karma”（加玛）就源于希腊神话，用来指人自己行动所致的结果；“phobia”（恐惧症）源自希腊神话中世界末日的故事，指恐惧感，及人们对某种事物的恐惧症。
希腊神话对英语有着深远的影响，从语言到文学，从哲学到思想，这种影响可以在英语中看到。
它对英语语言中的文学、哲学等各方面都产生了深远的影响，为英语的演变和发展做出了重要贡献。
- 211 -校园英语 / 语言文化浅析希腊罗马神话对英语语言的影响石家庄精英中学/周庄津希腊罗马神话自它产生的那一天起，就以它独特的风格和丰富的内容成为西方文化的一块魂宝，其影响辐射到西方文明的每一个层面。
从语言学角度来看，它对英语语言的影响是巨大的。
现代英语中的许多典故、习语、月份、动植物名称等等都源于希腊罗马神话。
笔者将从以下几个方面浅析它对英语语言的影响。
一、 源于古希腊罗马神话的典故词语1.Dragon ’s teeth(龙牙，播下的仇恨与敌意)。
卡德摩斯是腓尼基王(King of Phoenicia)阿革诺耳(Age nor)之子。
他杀死一条凶龙后，把龙牙种在地里。
龙牙变成武士从地里冒出来，要杀死卡德摩斯。
Sow dragon ’s teeth 意为种龙牙、播下仇恨与敌意。
2.The torment of Tantalus(无法忍受的苦难，可望不可及引起的苦难)。
坦塔洛斯(Tantalus)是宙斯的宠儿，他会作为一个凡人参加众神会议和宴会，后因泄露宙斯决定被打入地狱。
坦塔洛斯被罚入冥界后，拘留在一个湖中央。
他口干舌燥，但要低头喝水时，水就向四周褪去，永远喝不到口，他头上的树结满水果，但刚伸手摘取，树枝马上抬高，使他永远吃不到嘴。
由Tantalus 产生了Tantalize 一词。
3.Achilles ’heel(阿喀硫斯的脚跟)。
阿喀硫斯是著名英雄。
他的母亲忒提斯是水神女儿。
出生后被其母亲抱到冥河去沐浴，因此他全身刀枪不入、永不受伤，但只有脚跟除外，因为他母亲捏在手里，未曾洗到。
在西方语言中常用为“致命伤”、“弱点”的代用语。
4.Media ’s kettle(美狄亚之壶，起死回生)。
美是科尔奇斯王埃厄特斯之女、伊阿宋之妻。
她善巫术，能使人起死回生、返老还童。
伊阿宋取回金羊毛后，其叔佩利阿斯(Pelias)仍拒绝把王位归还给他，美狄亚决定复仇，她把一只老羊切成碎片，扔进她的锅中，结果一只小羊羔诞生，在她的诱惑下，佩利阿斯的女儿们把父亲杀死，切成块，也想按此法使其恢复青春，但未成功，而美狄亚拒绝帮助她们。
2015届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目：古希腊罗马神话故事对英国文学的影响英文题目：The Influence of Greco-RomanMythology on English Literature学生姓名：曾育婷院系：外国语学院英语系届别：2015届专业、班级：英语专业1班学号：080520110003指导教师：常文彩完成日期：2015年6月5日二0 一五年六月AcknowledgementsIn the course of writing this thesis, I received a lot of help and support from my teachers and friends, and I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all who have helped me.First and foremost, I want to give my profound thanks to my supervisor, Chang Wencai, for her constant encouragement, critical instructions, great care and precious advice and suggestions. With her help, this thesis appears in the present form.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their support and helped me work out the problems I encountered when writing the thesis.Thank you very much.摘要古希腊罗马神话作为西方文明的源头之一，对西方文化产生了深远的影响。
古希腊神话对英语语言的影响英文来源：英语毕业论文 /词汇;单词;学习方法;希腊神话;载体Introduction“In the last years,the field of second language acquisitio n has seen t he reemergence of interest in o ne of language st udy,vocabulary,andt he appearance of a newly reco gnized aspectlearnerst rategieshas attracted a noticeable lack of attentio n”(Meare).The research,which hasbeen do ne o n vocabulary learning st rategies,hastended to deal wit h individual o r small number s ofst rategies,wit h very limited loo king at t he gro upas a whole.However,wit h my perso nal experience,so mewo rds do give me intense imp ressio ns and occupiedmy memo ry permanently even if I have seen t hemo nce.Here I want to indicate t hat mo st of t hesewo rds are read f ro m sto ries,t ypically f ro m GreekMyt holo gy,which is co nsidered to be t he o rigin ofEnglish literat ure.I wo uld like to call t he lo ng o rsho rt myt hs f ro m which I mastered wo rds firmly“carriers”.This article will fir st overview so me generalco nclusio ns abo ut vocabulary learning st rategies,which can be made p rio r to st rategy research.Then,carrier s in fo reign language vocabularylearning will be p ropo sed and t he mnemo nic met ho ds enlightened by wo rds f ro m Greek Myt holo gydiscussed in mo re detail.Finally,t heo retical aspect s of carrier s used will be analyzed.Mnemonic methods enlightened by words fromGreek MythologyGreek mythology and its linguistic influenceEverybo dy knows that t he myt hs told by t heGreeks and Ro mans are as impo rtant as histo ry fo ro ur under standing of what t ho se peoples,ancesto r s of o ur own civilizatio n,believed and t ho ughtand felt,and exp ressed in writing and in visualart.Fo r t heir myt holo gies were inext ricably interwoven,wit h t he whole fabric of t heir p ublic andp rivate lives.A nd t hen wit ho ut t hese myt hs,itwo uld be hard fo r us to under stand t he art s and literat ure and ways of t hinking of t he west,and ofmany ot her part s of t he wo rld as well,during t hecent uries t hat have passed since t he classical wo rldcame to an end.Time after time t hese p ro duct s ofancient imaginatio n have been used to inspire f reshcreative effo rt s,which amo unt to a substantial partof o ur whole cult ural inheritance.Such renewal sand adap tatio ns have of ten seemed far removed,f ro m t he o riginal t raditio n in character and spirit,yet t hey stem directly f ro m it,and are unimaginable wit ho ut it.Each myt h means so met hing different to everybo dy who reads and st udies it.The sto ries arehard to fo rget,feelings abo ut t hem co me unp redictably.Their underlying qualities do not easilyyield to definitio n o r classificatio n and still less toweird searches.Above all,Myt holo gy’s influenceis evident in o ur language.It is hard to imaginereading o r writing wit ho ut drawing upo n myt horiented adjectives o r idio ms.Therefo re,wo rds f ro mGreek myt holo gy enlightened me wit h so me met ho ds to st rengt hen vocabulary learning,such as pict ure o r imagery and gro uping.Categories of mnemonic methodsPict u re/I m a ge ry This is a way of remembering so me wo rds,which many st udent s find effective.Occasio nally t here is a wo rd t hat yo u havemet befo re which is o n t he tip of yo ur to ngue butyo u just cannot remember it.It may be a wo rd t hatseems difficult to remember,o r o ne,which yo uhave seen many times but still cannot remember att he right time.Think of a wo rd in yo ur own language t hat so unds similar,o r if t he English wo rd islo ng in spelling,choo se a wo rd in yo ur own language t hat so unds t he same as t he fir st part of t heEnglish o ne.Yo u sho uld t hen fo rm a pict ure inwhich t he t wo wo rds interact.Imagine,fo r example:TantalizePerhap s yo u have known t he wo rd“tantalize”befo re.However,if it is a new wo rd to yo u,howdo yo u acquire it s meaning?See what will be different after reading t he following sto ry.In GreekMyt holo gy,Zeus p unished Tantalus,a mo rtalking,who had co mmit ted t wo crimes.“Now hehangs,perennially co nsumed by t hir st and hunger, f ro m t he bo ugh of f ruitf ree which leans over amarshy lake.It s waves lap against his waist,andso metimes reach his chin,yet whenever he bendsdown to drink,t hey slip away,and not hing rmains but t he black mud at his feet.The t rees areladen wit h pear s,shinning apples,sweet figs,ripeolives and po megranates,which dangle against hissho ulder s,but whenever he reaches fo r t he luscio us f ruit,a gust of wind whirl s t hem o ut of hisreach.”This sto ry not o nly show s us t he o rigin ofTantalize,which means“to make(so meo ne)wantso met hing even mo re st ro ngly by keeping it justo ut of reach,”but al so gives us a carrier of vividpict ure.Imagery is o ne of t he carrier s t hat gives usa deep imp ressio n and has mo re effective reactio nst han learning t he wo rd wit h t heir dictio nary meaning.ArachnidThere was a co ntest in which a mo rtal dared toco me in co mpetitio n wit h Minerva,t he go ddess ofwisdo m.“That mo rtal was Arachne,a maidenwho had attained such skill in t he art s of weavingand embroidery t hat t he nymp hs t hemselves wo uldleave t heir gro ves and fo untains to co me and gazeupo n her wo rk.One wo uld have said t hat Minervaherself had taught a p upil even of a go ddess.‘L etMinerva t ry her skill wit h mine,’said she,‘ifbeaten,I will pay t he penalt y.’...“Arachne filled her canvas with similar subject s,wo nderf ully well do ne,but st ro ngly markingher p resump tio n and impiet y.Minerva co uld notfo rbear to admire,yet felt indignant at t he insult.She st ruck t he web wit h her shut tle and rent it inpieces;she t hen to uched t he fo rehead of Arachneand made her fell guilt and shame.She sp rinkledher wit h t he juices of aco nite,and immediately herhair came off,and her no se and ear s likewise.Herfo rm shrank up,and her head grew smaller yet;her finger s cleaved to her side and serves fo r legs.All t he rest of her is bo dy,o ut of which she spinsher t hread,of ten hanging suspended by it,in t hesame at tit ude as when Minerva to uched her andt ransfo rmed her into a spider.”So,arachnid is t hesyno nym of spider.New wo rds can be learned by st udying t hemwit h pict ures of t heir meaning instead of definitio ns.Alternatively,learners can create t heir ownmental images of a wo rd’s meaning.Imagery hasbeen shown to be mo re effective t han mere repetitio n fo r reading passages(Steingart and Glock)and sentences(Saltz and Do nnenwert hNolan)suggesting it co uld well be mo re effec2tive fo r vocabulary too.Here are ot her two sto2ries:Sisyphean labor“Sisyphus,son of Aeolus,married Atlas’sdaughter Merope,o ne of t he Pleiades,and owneda fine herd of cat tle o n t he Ist hmus of Co rint h...Itmay have been because he had bet rayed Zeus’s secret,o r because he had always lived by ro bberyand often murdered unsuspecting t raveler s;at anyrate,Sisyp hus was given an exemplary p unishment.The J udges of t he Dead showed him a hugeblock of sto ne and o rdered him to roll it up t hebrow of a hill and topple it down t he fart her slope.He has never yet succeeded in doing so.A s soo n ashe has almo st reached t he summit,he is fo rcedback by t he weight of t he shameless sto ne,whichbo unces to t he very botto m o nce mo re;where hewearily ret rieves it and must begin all over again.”Achilles’HeelAchilles now ro uted t he Trojans and p ur suedt hem towards t he cit y,but his co ur se,too,wasrun.Po seido n and Apollo,pledged to p unish certain insolent boast s t hat Achilles had ut tered overHecto r’s co rp se,too k co unsel to get her.Veiledwit h clo ud and standing by t he Scaean Gate,Apollo so ught o ut Paris in t he t hick of bat tle,t urnedhis bow and guided t he fatal shaf t.It st ruck t heo ne vulnerable part of Achilles’bo dy,t he rightheel.(Fo r Thetis his mot her had dipped him whenan infant in t he River St yx,which made every partof him invulnerable excep t t he heel by which sheheld him.),and he died in ago ny.So Sisyp hean labo r means hard and endlesswo rk and Achilles’heel means a small but impo rtant weakness,usually fatal.In t his way,newwo rds can be associated wit h a particular vivid story of t he underlying co ncep t.These are just examples.If yo u t ry to fo rm amental image of each wo rd interactingly,it mightbe so met hing very difficult.The essential point sare t hat it must be yo ur own image and t hat t heimage shows a relatio nship bet ween t he twowo rds.Yo u may decide t hat yo u like making mental images and t hat it help s yo u learn vocabulary,but if yo u t ry to learn every new wo rd in t his way,yo u will soo n be disappointed.Obvio usly yo usho uld use t he met ho ds yo u find usef ul and enjo y,but t ry different t hing:variet y is impo rtant.Grou pi n g Gro uping is an impo rtant way toaid recall and people seem to o rganize wo rds intogro up nat urally wit ho ut any aid to recall,and people seem to o rganize wo rds into gro up s nat urallywit ho ut p ro mp ting.In f reerecall st udies,subject swere given list s of wo rds to st udy and t hen recallin any order.Typically,wo rds belo nging to eachmeaning catego ry are recalled to get her,fo r example,wo rds f ro m Greek myt holo gy catego rized intot hree gro up s:wo rds of go ds’names,wo rds of co nstellatio ns and wo rds of mo nster s.Words of gods’namesCeres:go ddess of grains and harvest s and itco mes into t he wo rd cereal:which means a plantgrown to p ro duce grain fo r foo d.Chao s:t he oldest go d in t he universe,whenhe was bo rn,t he wo rld was in dark and diso rder sochao s al so means a state of co mplete and t ho ro ughdiso rder and co nf usio n.Hercules:t he great hero,who finished unbelievable difficult tasks and herculean means needing o r using very great st rengt h o r determinatio n.Iris:go ddess of rainbow and iridescencemeans showing changing colo r s as light fall s o n it.Nemesis:go ddess of revenge so nemesismeans unavoidable p unishment co nsidered as ago ddess.Words of constellationsAndro meda:co mes f ro m t he daughter of Cas2siopeia who married Per seusCentaurus:co mes f ro m t he of mo nster CentaurCep heus:co mes f ro m t he name of king Ce2p heusHercules:co mes f ro m HerculesPegasus:co mes f ro m t he ho r se Pegasus t hathas a pair of wingsPleiades:co mes f ro m t he names of Atlas’seven daughter sWords of monstersAtlas:A myt hical giant who suppo rted t heheavens o n his sho ulders.(The boo k of map sknown as an atlas is named after a legendary Af rican king,so metimes t ho ught to be descended f ro mt he Atlas of Greek myt h.)Chimera:an imaginary terrible female creat ure.(Chimerical means imaginary,fanciful.)Pan:Shep herd go d,so n of Hermes,wit h legsand ho rns of a goat.(Pan was co nsidered to be t hecause of t he sudden fear t hat so metimes co mes fo rno reason,especially in lo nely places.That’s whyit’s called“panic”.)Procrustes:Man who offered his“o nesizefit sall”bed to passing travelers,adjusting hisguest s to t he bed by st retching o r chopping t hemas app rop riate.(Procrustean means ask to be t hesame by fo rce into)Titans:An ancient race of giant s who were overco me by Zeus in a st ruggle t hat shoo k t hewo rld.(titanic)Wo rds can be gro uped to get her in a very nat ural way by using t he key wo rds in sentences.Similarly,wo rds can be gro uped to get her in a sto ry.The narrative chain met ho d has been shown to bemuch mo re effective wit h t his met ho d t han rotememo rizatio n.Carriers used methodIn o rder to search fo r a effective st rategy o nvocabulary learning,we co uld use carrier s tost rengt hen o ur memo ry.Enlightened by wo rds ofGreek myt holo gy,we can co nsider t he imagery o rpict ure as a carrier,t he root s and affixes are t ypical carrier s,t he gro uping can al so be regarded asanot her kind of carrier t hat cluster related wo rds.Acco rding to t he co nventio nal fo rmulatio n of t hecarrier s used met ho d,o ne sho uld t ry to find a carrier wit h a co ncrete meaning;t hat is,t he carriersho uld refer to o bject s in t he real wo rld t hat o necan see,feel o r imagine.This reco mmendatio nrest s o n t he claim t hat o ne can better rememberco ncrete co ncep t s t han abst ract co ncep t s.“In t hep sycholinguistic literat ure,it has been co nsistentlyfo und t hat subject s perfo rm bet ter o n co ncretewo rds t han abst ract wo rds,in labo rato ry taskssuch as paired associate learning,wo rd reco gnitio n,f ree recall of wo rds,lexical decisio n and p ronunciatio n(Nel so n and Schreiber).Summary and conclusionThe aim of t his article is to int ro duce mnemo nic techniques in vocabularylearning.To quotef ro m t he co ncluding paragrap h of Co hen’s reviewarticle:“At a time when t raining oflearners in languagelearning strategies is gainingmo ment um...it may be particularly fit ting to determine whet her st rategies fo r remembering wo rdshave a role wit hin such t raining.Such memo rytechniques wo uld not be intended to replace t heot her app roaches to vocabulary learning,but rat her co mplement t hem by p ro viding a link fo r facilitating ret rieval of a fo reign language wo rd o r it s native language meaning.”The carrier s used met ho d is not at variancewit h mo dern insight s in t he bilingual mental lexico n no r wit h t he co ntext ual met ho d in languagepedago gy.The carriers used and ot her mnemo nictechniques sho uld not replace t he mo re nat ural,co ntext ual met ho ds fo stering incidental learning.Instead,mnemo nics,fo stering intentio nal learning,sho uld be used fo r wo rds t hat,fo r whateverreaso n,have not been successf ully acquired.Alt ho ugh t he applicatio ns of mnemo nic techniques arelimited,t heir effect has been sufficiently p roven.To so me extent t hey can t ransfo rm t he vocabulary2learning task f ro m uninspired drudgery into newfo und delight.Reference[1] Coady J ames,Huckin Tho mas.Seco nd Language Vocabulary Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education PressGrant,Michael.Myt h of t he Greeks and Romans[M].New Yo rk:HarryN.Abrams,cey Collin.Increase Yo urVocabulary[M].Oxford:Oxford U niversity PressSchmitt Norbert,McCart hy Michael.Vocabulary:Description,Acquisition and Pedagogy[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Fo reign Language Education Press Tao J ie.100 Myt hs of Greece and Ro me[M].HongKo ng:The Commercial Press ZhuYuan.Longman Dictionary of Contempo rary English[M].Beijing:The Co mmercial Press（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
希腊罗马神话对西方影响Greek and Roman languages belong to the same Indo European language family, so Greek and Roman myths have a great influence on the national culture of other languages in the Indo European language family. Poetry, drama, sculpture, painting and customs in western culture are closely related to Greek mythology.希腊和罗马两个民族的语言同属印欧语系，因此希腊罗马神话对印欧语系中的其他语言的民族文化有很大的影响。
西方文化中的诗歌、戏剧.雕刻、绘画以及风俗习惯都与希腊神话有密切关系。
1、Influence on British and American LiteratureGreek and Roman mythology is a world cultural heritage. Since the Renaissance, Greek mythology has attracted extensive attention and strong interest in Europe. Poets and litterateurs all use myths and stories as their creation materials. In England, Shakespeare wrote tragedy Troilus and Cresida and long poem Venus and Adonis with Greek mythology. Milton's Comus is not long, but it mentions more than 30 Greek mythological characters and stories. In the 19th century, British and American Romantic poets praised the colorful Greek and Roman myths. Influenced by Greek mythology, romantic poets like to write poems with mythological materials. Shelley's "Ode to Apollo", "the song of Pan", Keats's "to Pu Xu Ke" are still popular beautiful poems praising mythological figures. The poet uses mythological allusions toexpress his thoughts and feelings. They often use the scenery to express their feelings, use the analogy to express their aspirations, express their worries and indignation, and criticize the current situation. Keats's Endymion, with the love story between mortal Endymion and moon goddess as the theme, expresses his pursuit of the best love and happiness. Shelley's "Adonis" expresses his mourning for Keats by using Venus' lover Adonis as the myth of boar killing. In Byron's works, Prometheus became the embodiment of the firm will and strength to resist oppression. The poem play "Prometheus liberated" of Xuecai created a new image of the unyielding fighter, full of strong flavor of the times. In the 20th century, writers prefer to express their depression and resentment with meaningful fairy tales, and attack the unreasonable phenomena in real life. The most famous is ts. Eliot's the waste land. This epoch-making work of Western literature in the 20th century makes use of a large number of myths and legends to compare Europe after the first World War to a wasteland, which fully shows the melancholy and despair of European and American intellectuals. Ulysses, a masterpiece of James Joyce, borrows Homer's epic Odysseus to set off his day and night wandering in Dublin with Odysseus's 10-year wandering, thus revealing the decadent decline of modern western society and the loneliness and despair of modern people. The American dramatist b.o'neill's "Mourning Becomes Electra" uses the story ofAgamemnon, a mythical hero, to describe the tragedy and the source of suffering of modern people.一、对英美文学的影响希腊罗马神话是世界文化遗产,从文艺复兴时期开始,希腊神话在欧洲引起广泛的注意和浓厚的兴趣。
【涨姿势！】古希腊神话对英语词汇的影响众所周知英语是一门典型的大杂烩语言，现代英语是在不断融合各个民族的语言文化并经历了漫长的历史发展过程后逐渐演变而来的。
而古希腊（罗马）神话对英语词汇的影响是巨大的，今天我们来说其中的两个影响：1.英语中的部分词汇由古希腊（罗马）神话故事直接演变过来的。
神话中的一些人物因为具备某种典型特征或者是有过特殊经历，他们的名字直接转化成了英语的普通名词。
比如： narcissus [nɑ:'sis?s]n.水仙花这种花用来装扮死者和坟墓，这一习俗源于神话中的一出悲剧：河神之子Narcissus 是一个美少年小鲜肉，自然女神因为他的美貌而坠入情网无法自拔，最终憔悴而死。
其他女神为了报复小鲜肉，让他爱上了自己的影子，所以narcissus的形容词narcissistic [,nɑrs?'s?st?k]还有“自恋的”的意思。
小鲜肉最后滑入水中溺死，死后的地方长出了金黄色的水仙花。
2.古希腊（罗马）神话对英语词根与词缀的影响已经深深植入到英语词汇之中，与英语原有的词根词缀融为一体不易辨别。
比如：Pluto是冥界之神，pluto-作为词根表示财富，大家都知道要烧纸钱给逝去的亲人，所以冥界也是冥财聚集的地方。
plutolgy ：pluto- 财富+ ology是学说，所以plutology是财富学；plutocrat：pluto-财富+crat是ruler,统治者的意思，所以pluocrat 是财阀。
Titan是一位力拔山兮气盖世的巨神，也曾统帅过世界，因为titan常指学术界、政界的巨头。
风靡一时的美国大片《泰坦尼克号》就是titan后加形容词后缀-ic组成的Titanic，表示力大无比的。
Prometheus 普罗米修斯是最早的泰坦神的后代，是最具智慧的神明之一，而且他的名字有“先见之明”的意思，所以词根pro-表示往前。
prospect: pro-往前+spect 看，往前看就看到的是前景和希望，所以prospect是前景，希望的意思。
希腊神话对英语的影响摘要：希腊神话对世界的影响是巨大而深远的，她是西方文明的摇篮，在语言方面希腊神话丰富了英语词汇,习语和文学作品的主题，每种语言都有它的文化背景，所以要想学好英语，了解希腊神话是必不可少的。
关键词:希腊神话;词汇;习语希腊神话应该说每个民族都有自己独特的神话，一般都包含人类的由来、日月星辰、风雨雷电的形成、灵魂归宿和地府的结构还有动植物的神灵、风俗及英雄的神话与传说。
这些都可以说是古代先民对宇宙、自然界和人类社会的朦胧认识，从哲学的角度来看神话无疑是古代先民把握世界的方法论。
而在这神话之林中希腊神话绝对是一朵娇艳的花朵，她对西方的影响乃至世界的影响超过了其他大多数神话。
希腊神话是远古时期的希腊人在原始氏族社会阶段创造的一种口头文学主要讲述了神的故事与英雄传说，值得一提的是希腊神话赋予神以人形人性神和人一样有很多缺点而我们国家中的神虽赋予了人形却没人性是完美无缺的。
最初希腊神话只是人们口头传诵的故事,后来大多数被描述在荷马的两部史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》之中，这两部史诗讲述了古代希腊人和特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特的经过以及希腊军返航途中的种种奇遇。
在14世纪到16世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动中被重新发掘出来。
希腊神话中有12位主神，以宙斯为中心组成奥林普斯神统体系，掌管自然和生活的各种现象和事物。
英雄传说的主人公大都是神与人的后代，它们英勇非凡，体现了人类征服自然的豪迈气概和顽强意志。
神话中的神和人同形，同性情。
很多神话故事讲述了神和很多普通人一样，有嫉妒心，自私，残忍，狡猾，报复心很强。
但也有像普罗米修斯那样造福人类的伟大的神。
神和人的基本区别在于神具有超人的特殊本领，常生不死，生活闲逸快乐；人类弱小，会死，生存艰辛。
“希腊神话里的神和英雄不受拘束，任性行事，个性张扬，重视个人的权利利益和价值。
他们的价值观就是我们现在所熟悉的个人主义，也正是美国人的价值观和人生观的核心。
希腊神话对英语的影响希腊众神名字对英语词汇的影响月份名词；一月january来源于神话中守户门的两面神janus三月march战神mars五月may 掌管生殖和生长的女神maia六月june来自天后junoCronos：宙斯的父亲。
古希腊神话对英国语言和文化的影响古希腊神话对英国语言和文化的影响古希腊神话是西方xxxx文化的源头,是西方文明取之不竭的源泉。
古希腊神话是欧洲最早的民间口头创作,产生于公元前十二世纪到公元前八世纪之间。
它融会了发生在小亚细亚、爱琴海地区及埃及等地的传说和故事。
古希腊神话包括神的故事和英雄传说两个部分。
古希腊诗人荷马（Homer）的两部史诗《伊利亚特》(Iliad)和《奥德赛》(Odyssey)包含了绝大多数的古希腊神话。
古希腊神话对英国语言和文化的形成和发展有深远的影响。
一、古希腊神话对英语单词的影响"语言是文化的载体,而词汇是语言的基本单位,它是承载文化最直接的工具"。
［１］现代英语中,很多词汇来源于古希腊神话中众神的名字,例如：(1)Flora,花神。
她的丈夫西风之神Zephyr送给她一座花园。
春天,他们手挽手在院子里散步,走过的地方百花齐放。
Flora作为词根,相当于植物plant。
同源的单词有floral(花的,植物的),florist（种花人）,flourish（繁荣,茂盛）。
(2)Zephyr,西风之神,是花神Flora的丈夫。
衍生词：zephyr(西风,和风,微风)。
(3)Pan,山林之神,他人身羊足,头上有角。
因长相怪异,一出生就被抛弃。
他喜欢在山林里游荡,用古怪的声音和长相吓唬路人,人们对他很恐惧。
恐惧来自于Pan,因此恐慌就是panic。
(4)Pluto,冥界之神,阴间之神。
因为具有"冥河之宝藏"而使得pluto作为词根表示财富wealth。
同源的单词还包括plutocracy（财阀政治）,plutolatry（拜金主义）。
(5)Psyche,一位美貌绝伦的公主,许多人为之倾倒。
这引起爱与美之神Aphrodite的嫉妒。
她指使儿子小爱神Eros惩罚Psyche爱上一个丑陋的人,但Eros对Psyche一见钟情,把爱情的箭射向自己。
Aphrodite知道后使Psyche备受折磨,但还是没能拆散他们。
希腊神话对英语词汇的影响（翻译）在英美国家日常生活中出现的源于希腊神话的词语可以说俯拾即是，随处可见。
橄榄枝(olive branch)象征和平已经世人皆知，该典故起源于希腊神话中的战神雅典娜(Athena)。
雅典娜在为雅典城命名时曾赠送一根橄榄枝，祝愿这座城市永远和平富饶。
我们常用的fatal一词是由希腊神话中三个命运女神(the Fates)演变而来的。
这三个生命女神掌管着生命之线，克罗梭(Clotho)司纺线，莱其希斯(Lachesis)编织；当她纺织完毕，把线交给阿特罗波斯(Atropos)时，阿特罗波斯就立刻割断生命之线，生命也就结束了。
因此，由命运女神派生而来的fatal 一词，不仅与死亡有关，也与整个生命过程有关。
奥林匹克主神的首领宙斯(Zeus)和太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)在西方社会是家喻户晓的人物，和他们有关的词语更是众人皆知的。
丘比特之箭(Cupid’s bow)和阿基耳斯的脚踵(Achilles’hee1)也是英美人民耳熟能详的典故。
英语广告中经常利用源于希腊神话的典故的关联意义满足英美人崇尚神话英雄和神灵的文化心态。
例如美国生产的一种高级运动旅游鞋商标是耐克(Nike)，就是借用希腊神话中胜利女神Nikc的名字。
希腊神话中的人物的名称还进入了科技和军事领域。
美国科学家把探索太空的计划命名为阿波罗计划，用海神的象征三叉戟(Trident)给潜水艇命名。
此外，源于希腊神话的词语由于具有独特的文化形象，也经常出现在新闻报道中。
例如，The National Aeronautic and Space Administration had called it a “success一oriented”schedule to get the space shuttle flying again，but the odyssey of “Discovery”was beset with various problem．这句话中作者灵活运用了“odyssey”一词，这个单词源于希腊神话中的英雄奥德修斯(Odysseus)。
古希腊神话对英语语言的影响英文来源：英语毕业论文 /词汇;单词;学习方法;希腊神话;载体Introduction“In the last years,the field of second language acquisitio n has seen t he reemergence of interest in o ne of language st udy,vocabulary,andt he appearance of a newly reco gnized aspectlearnerst rategieshas attracted a noticeable lack of attentio n”(Meare).The research,which hasbeen do ne o n vocabulary learning st rategies,hastended to deal wit h individual o r small number s ofst rategies,wit h very limited loo king at t he gro upas a whole.However,wit h my perso nal experience,so mewo rds do give me intense imp ressio ns and occupiedmy memo ry permanently even if I have seen t hemo nce.Here I want to indicate t hat mo st of t hesewo rds are read f ro m sto ries,t ypically f ro m GreekMyt holo gy,which is co nsidered to be t he o rigin ofEnglish literat ure.I wo uld like to call t he lo ng o rsho rt myt hs f ro m which I mastered wo rds firmly“carriers”.This article will fir st overview so me generalco nclusio ns abo ut vocabulary learning st rategies,which can be made p rio r to st rategy research.Then,carrier s in fo reign language vocabularylearning will be p ropo sed and t he mnemo nic met ho ds enlightened by wo rds f ro m Greek Myt holo gydiscussed in mo re detail.Finally,t heo retical aspect s of carrier s used will be analyzed.Mnemonic methods enlightened by words fromGreek MythologyGreek mythology and its linguistic influenceEverybo dy knows that t he myt hs told by t heGreeks and Ro mans are as impo rtant as histo ry fo ro ur under standing of what t ho se peoples,ancesto r s of o ur own civilizatio n,believed and t ho ughtand felt,and exp ressed in writing and in visualart.Fo r t heir myt holo gies were inext ricably interwoven,wit h t he whole fabric of t heir p ublic andp rivate lives.A nd t hen wit ho ut t hese myt hs,itwo uld be hard fo r us to under stand t he art s and literat ure and ways of t hinking of t he west,and ofmany ot her part s of t he wo rld as well,during t hecent uries t hat have passed since t he classical wo rldcame to an end.Time after time t hese p ro duct s ofancient imaginatio n have been used to inspire f reshcreative effo rt s,which amo unt to a substantial partof o ur whole cult ural inheritance.Such renewal sand adap tatio ns have of ten seemed far removed,f ro m t he o riginal t raditio n in character and spirit,yet t hey stem directly f ro m it,and are unimaginable wit ho ut it.Each myt h means so met hing different to everybo dy who reads and st udies it.The sto ries arehard to fo rget,feelings abo ut t hem co me unp redictably.Their underlying qualities do not easilyyield to definitio n o r classificatio n and still less toweird searches.Above all,Myt holo gy’s influenceis evident in o ur language.It is hard to imaginereading o r writing wit ho ut drawing upo n myt horiented adjectives o r idio ms.Therefo re,wo rds f ro mGreek myt holo gy enlightened me wit h so me met ho ds to st rengt hen vocabulary learning,such as pict ure o r imagery and gro uping.Categories of mnemonic methodsPict u re/I m a ge ry This is a way of remembering so me wo rds,which many st udent s find effective.Occasio nally t here is a wo rd t hat yo u havemet befo re whichis o n t he tip of yo ur to ngue butyo u just cannot remember it.It may be a wo rd t hatseems difficult to remember,o r o ne,which yo uhave seen many times but still cannot remember att he right time.Think of a wo rd in yo ur own language t hat so unds similar,o r if t he English wo rd islo ng in spelling,choo se a wo rd in yo ur own language t hat so unds t he same as t he fir st part of t heEnglish o ne.Yo u sho uld t hen fo rm a pict ure inwhich t he t wo wo rds interact.Imagine,fo r example:TantalizePerhap s yo u have known t he wo rd“tantalize”befo re.However,if it is a new wo rd to yo u,howdo yo u acquire it s meaning?See what will be different after reading t he following sto ry.In GreekMyt holo gy,Zeus p unished Tantalus,a mo rtalking,who had co mmit ted t wo crimes.“Now hehangs,perennially co nsumed by t hir st and hunger, f ro m t he bo ugh of f ruitf ree which leans over amarshy lake.It s waves lap against his waist,andso metimes reach his chin,yet whenever he bendsdown to drink,t hey slip away,and not hing rmains but t he black mud at his feet.The t rees areladen wit h pear s,shinning apples,sweet figs,ripeolives and po megranates,which dangle against hissho ulder s,but whenever he reaches fo r t he luscio us f ruit,a gust of wind whirl s t hem o ut of hisreach.”This sto ry not o nly show s us t he o rigin ofTantalize,which means“to make(so meo ne)wantso met hing even mo re st ro ngly by keeping it justo ut of reach,”but al so gives us a carrier of vividpict ure.Imagery is o ne of t he carrier s t hat gives usa deep imp ressio n and has mo re effective reactio nst han learning t he wo rd wit h t heir dictio nary meaning.ArachnidThere was a co ntest in which a mo rtal dared toco me in co mpetition wit h Minerva,t he go ddess ofwisdo m.“That mo rtal was Arachne,a maidenwho had attained such skill in t he art s of weavingand embroidery t hat t he nymp hs t hemselves wo uldleave t heir gro ves and fo untains to co me and gazeupo n her wo rk.One wo uld have said t hat Minervaherself had taught a p upil even of a go ddess.‘L etMinerva t ry her skill wit h mine,’said she,‘ifbeaten,I will pay t he penalt y.’...“Arachne filled her canvas with similar subject s,wo nderf ully well do ne,but st ro ngly markingher p resump tio n and impiet y.Minerva co uld notfo rbear to admire,yet felt indignant at t he insult.She st ruck t he web wit h her shut tle and rent it inpieces;she t hen to uched t he fo rehead of Arachneand made her fell guilt and shame.She sp rinkledher wit h t he juices of aco nite,and immediately herhair came off,and her no se and ear s likewise.Herfo rm shrank up,and her head grew smaller yet;her finger s cleaved to her side and serves fo r legs.All t he rest of her is bo dy,o ut of which she spinsher t hread,of ten hanging suspended by it,in t hesame at tit ude as when Minerva to uched her andt ransfo rmed her into a spider.”So,arachnid is t hesyno nym of spider.New wo rds can be learned by st udying t hemwit h pict ures of t heir meaning instead of definitio ns.Alternatively,learners can create t heir ownmental images of a wo rd’s meaning.Imagery hasbeen shown to be mo re effective t han mere repetitio n fo r reading passages(Steingart and Glock)and sentences(Saltz and Do nnenwert h Nolan)suggesting it co uld well be mo re effec2tive fo r vocabulary too.Here are ot her twosto2ries:Sisyphean labor“Sisyphus,son of Aeolus,married Atlas’sdaughter Merope,o ne of t he Pleiades,and ownedafine herd of cat tle o n t he Ist hmus of Co rint h...Itmay have been because he had bet rayed Zeus’s secret,o r because he had always lived by ro bberyand often murdered unsuspecting t raveler s;at anyrate,Sisyp hus was given an exemplary p unishment.The J udges of t he Dead showed him a hugeblock of sto ne and o rdered him to roll it up t hebrow of a hill and topple it down t he fart her slope.He has never yet succeeded in doing so.A s soo n ashe has almo st reached t he summit,he is fo rcedback by t he weight of t he shameless sto ne,whichbo unces to t he very botto m o nce mo re;where hewearily ret rieves it and must begin all over again.”Achilles’HeelAchilles now ro uted t he Trojans and p ur suedt hem towards t he cit y,but his co ur se,too,wasrun.Po seido n and Apollo,pledged to p unish certain insolent boast s t hat Achilles had ut tered overHecto r’s co rp se,too k co unsel to get her.Veiledwit h clo ud and standing by t he Scaean Gate,Apollo so ught o ut Paris in t he t hick of bat tle,t urnedhis bow and guided t he fatal shaf t.It st ruck t heo ne vulnerable part of Achilles’bo dy,t he rightheel.(Fo r Thetis his mot her had dipped him whenan infant in t he River St yx,which made every partof him invulnerable excep t t he heel by which sheheld him.),and he died in ago ny.So Sisyp hean labo r means hard and endlesswo rk and Achilles’heel means a small but impo rtant weakness,usually fatal.In t his way,newwo rds can be associated wit h a particular vivid story of t he underlying co ncep t.These are just examples.If yo u t ry to fo rm amental image of each wo rd interactingly,it mightbe so met hing very difficult.The essential point sare t hat it must be yo ur own image and t hat t heimage shows a relatio nship between t he twowo rds.Yo u may decide t hat yo u like making mental images and t hat it help s yo u learn vocabulary,but if yo u t ry to learn every new wo rd in t his way,yo u will soo n be disappointed.Obvio usly yo usho uld use t he met ho ds yo u find usef ul and enjo y,but t ry different t hing:variet y is impo rtant.Grou pi n g Gro uping is an impo rtant way toaid recall and people seem to o rganize wo rds intogro up nat urally wit ho ut any aid to recall,and people seem to o rganize wo rds into gro up s nat urallywit ho ut p ro mp ting.In f reerecall st udies,subject swere given list s of wo rds to st udy and t hen recallin any o rder.Typically,wo rds belo nging to eachmeaning catego ry are recalled to get her,fo r example,wo rds f ro m Greek myt holo gy catego rized intot hree gro up s:wo rds of go ds’names,wo rds of co nstellatio ns and wo rds of mo nster s.Words of gods’namesCeres:go ddess of grains and harvest s and itco mes into t he wo rd cereal:which means a plantgrown to p ro duce grain fo r foo d.Chao s:t he oldest go d in t he universe,whenhe was bo rn,t he wo rld was in dark and diso rder sochao s al so means a state of co mplete and t ho ro ughdiso rder and co nf usio n.Hercules:t he great hero,who finished unbelievable difficult tasks and herculean means needing o r using very great st rengt h o r determinatio n.Iris:go ddess of rainbow and iridescencemeans showing changing colo r s as light fall s o n it.Nemesis:go ddess of revenge so nemesismeans unavoidable p unishment co nsidered as ago ddess.Words of constellationsAndro meda:co mes f ro m t he daughter of Cas2siopeia who married Per seusCentaurus:co mes f ro m t he of mo nster CentaurCep heus:co mes f ro m t he name of king Ce2p heusHercules:co mes f ro m HerculesPegasus:comes f ro m t he ho r se Pegasus t hathas a pair of wingsPleiades:co mes f ro m t he names of Atlas’seven daughter sWords of monstersAtlas:A myt hical giant who suppo rted t heheavens o n his sho ulders.(The boo k of map sknown as an atlas is named after a legendary Af rican king,so metimes t ho ught to be descended f ro mt he Atlas of Greek myt h.)Chimera:an imaginary terrible female creat ure.(Chimerical means imaginary,fanciful.)Pan:Shep herd go d,so n of Hermes,wit h legsand ho rns of a goat.(Pan was co nsidered to be t hecause of t he sudden fear t hat so metimes co mes fo rno reason,especially in lo nely places.That’s whyit’s called “panic”.)Procrustes:Man who offered his“o nesizefit sall”bed to passing travelers,adjusting hisguest s to t he bed by st retching o r chopping t hemas app rop riate.(Procrustean means ask to be t hesame by fo rce into)Titans:An ancient race of giant s who were overco me by Zeus in a st ruggle t hat shoo k t hewo rld.(titanic)Wo rds can be gro uped to get her in a very nat ural way by using t he key wo rds in sentences.Similarly,wo rds can be gro uped to get her in a sto ry.The narrative chain met ho d has been shown to bemuch mo re effective wit h t his met ho d t han rotememo rizatio n.Carriers used methodIn o rder to search fo r a effective st rategy o nvocabulary learning,we co uld use carrier s tost rengt hen o ur memo ry.Enlightened by wo rds ofGreek myt holo gy,we can co nsider t he imagery o rpict ure as a carrier,t he root s and affixes are t ypical carrier s,t he gro uping can al so be regarded asanot her kind of carrier t hat cluster related wo rds.Acco rding to t he co nventio nal fo rmulatio n of t hecarrier s used met ho d,o ne sho uld try to find a carrier wit h a co ncrete meaning;t hat is,t he carriersho uld refer to o bject s in t he real wo rld t hat o necan see,feel o r imagine.This reco mmendatio nrest s o n t he claim t hat o ne can better rememberco ncrete co ncep t s t han abst ract co ncep t s.“In t hep sycholinguistic literat ure,it has been co nsistentlyfo und t hat subject s perfo rm bet ter o n co ncretewo rds t han abst ract wo rds,in labo rato ry taskssuch as paired associate learning,wo rd reco gnitio n,f ree recall of wo rds,lexical decisio n and p ronunciatio n(Nel so n and Schreiber).Summary and conclusionThe aim of t his article is to int ro duce mnemo nic techniques in vocabulary learning.To quotef ro m t he co ncluding paragrap h of Co hen’s reviewarticle:“At a time when t raining oflearners in languagelearning strategies is gainingmo ment um...it may be particularly fit ting to determine whet her st rategies fo r remembering wo rdshave a role wit hin such t raining.Such memo rytechniques wo uld not be intended to replace t heot her app roaches to vocabulary learning,but rat her co mplement t hem by p ro viding a link fo r facilitating ret rieval of a fo reign language wo rd o r it s native language meaning.”The carrier s used met ho d is not at variancewit h mo dern insight s in t he bilingual mental lexico n no r wit h t he co ntext ual met ho d in languagepedago gy.The carriers used and ot her mnemo nictechniques sho uld not replace t he mo re nat ural,co ntext ual met ho ds fo stering incidental learning.Instead,mnemo nics,fo stering intentio nal learning,sho uld be used fo r wo rds t hat,fo r whateverreaso n,have not been successf ully acquired.Alt ho ugh t he applicatio ns of mnemo nic techniquesarelimited,t heir effect has been sufficiently p roven.To so me extent t hey can t ransfo rm t he vocabulary2learning task f ro m uninspired drudgery into newfo und delight.Reference[1] Coady J ames,Huckin Tho mas.Seco nd Language Vocabulary Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai ForeignLanguage Education PressGrant,Michael.Myt h of t he Greeks and Romans[M].New Yo rk:HarryN.Abrams,cey Collin.Increase Yo urVocabulary[M].Oxford:Oxford U niversity PressSchmitt Norbert,McCart hy Michael.Vocabulary:Description,Acquisition and Pedagogy[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Fo reign Language Education Press Tao J ie.100 Myt hs of Greece and Ro me[M].HongKo ng:The Commercial Press Zhu Yuan.Longman Dictionary of Contempo raryEnglish[M].Beijing:The Co mmercial Press。
