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压力物理英语Stress physics, also known as pressure physics, is a branch of science that deals with the study of the behavior of materials under external forces that exert pressure or stress. This field of study is crucial in understanding the mechanical properties of materials and how they respond to different types of stress. In this article, we will delve into the fundamentals of stress physics, its applications, and its significance in various fields of science and technology.Fundamentals of Stress PhysicsStress physics is based on the principles of mechanics and materials science. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit area on a material in a specific direction. It is a measure of the internal resistance of the material to deformation or distortion caused by external forces. There are three main types of stress: normal stress, shear stress, and hydrostatic stress.Normal stress is the stress that acts perpendicular to the surface of the material, causing compression or tension. Shear stress, on the other hand, acts parallel to the surface and causes the material to deform by sliding or twisting. Hydrostatic stress isthe stress exerted uniformly in all directions, resulting in a change in volume without changing the shape of the material.Stress is typically represented by a stress tensor, a mathematical quantity that describes the distribution of stresses in a material. The stress tensor consists of nine components that correspond to the normal and shear stresses inthree-dimensional space.Applications of Stress PhysicsStress physics has numerous applications in various fields, including engineering, materials science, geology, and biology. In engineering, stress analysis is essential for designing structures and machines that can withstand the forces and loads they are subjected to. Understanding stress distribution helps engineers optimize the design of components to improve their strength and durability.In materials science, stress physics is used to study the behavior of materials under different loading conditions and predict their mechanical properties. This knowledge is critical for developing new materials with specific properties for a wide range of applications, from aerospace to automotive industries.In geology, stress physics plays a vital role in understanding the deformation of rocks and the formation of geological structures, such as faults and folds. Knowledge of stress distribution in the Earth's crust helps geologists assess seismic hazards and predict earthquakes.In biology, stress physics is relevant in studying the mechanical properties of biological tissues and cells. Understanding how stress affects living organisms can provide insights into the biomechanics of movement, growth, and development.Significance of Stress PhysicsStress physics is an essential field of study with significant implications for scientific research and technological advancements. By understanding how materials respond to stress, scientists and engineers can improve the performance and reliability of a wide range of products and processes.In the field of materials science, stress physics is crucial for designing new materials with tailored properties for specific applications. For example, lightweight composites used in aerospace structures are designed to withstand high stress conditions while minimizing weight.In the automotive industry, stress analysis is used to optimize the design of vehicle components to enhance safety and performance. Crash tests and simulations rely on stress physics to predict the behavior of materials under impact and deformation.In civil engineering, stress physics is instrumental in designing buildings, bridges, and other structures that can withstand environmental loads, such as wind, snow, and earthquakes. By considering stress distribution in structural elements, engineers can ensure the safety and stability of the built environment.In conclusion, stress physics is a fundamental branch of science that underpins our understanding of how materials respond to external forces. Its applications are diverse andfar-reaching, spanning disciplines from engineering to biology. By studying stress physics, scientists and engineers can unlock new possibilities for innovation and advancement in technology.。
构造地质学复习资料构造地质学Structural Geology第⼀节构造地质学的内涵、构造尺度以及构造变形场1. 构造地质学的内涵地质学的基础学科之⼀，主要研究组成类地⾏星（地球、⽔星、⽕星、⾦星）及其卫星的岩⽯、岩层以及岩体在⼒的作⽤下形成的各种变形(deformation)的构造样式(structural style)、组合型式(structural group patterns)和形成过程(process)，以及作⽤⼒的⽅式(mechanism)和⽅向(direction)；2.构造尺度(tectonic scale)：主要指构造的规模1）巨型构造、⼤型构造、中型构造、⼩型构造、微型构造、超微构造2）显微构造学、构造地质学、⼤地构造学、板块构造学、全球构造学等构造地质学⼀般以露头-区域尺度上的中、⼩型构造为主要研究对象巨型构造(megatectonics)：⼭系和区域性地貌的构造单元⼤型构造(macrostructure)：区域构造单元中的次级构造单元如川东褶皱带中型构造(mesoscopic structure)：⼀个地段上的褶皱和断层，在1:5万或更⼤⽐例尺上可见其全貌⼩型构造(minor structure)：出露于露头和⼿标本上的构造微型构造（microstructure）：偏光显微镜下显⽰的构造超微构造(ultrastructure)：电⼦显微镜下显⽰的构造3.构造变形场(tectonic deformation field)：某⼀主导构造应⼒作⽤形成的形变及其在空间上的分布。
1) 伸展构造（extensional tectonics）：⽔平拉伸形成的构造。
如裂⾕、地堑-地垒、盆岭构造、变质核杂岩等。
2)压缩构造(compressional tectonics)：⽔平挤压形成的构造。
如褶皱、逆冲推覆构造等。
3)⾛滑构造(strike-slip tectonics)：沿直⽴剪切⾯⽔平滑动、位移形成的构造。
岩土工程专业英语Fossil化石石灰岩limestone石英quartz管涌piping大地工程geotechnical engineering反分析法back analysis method 数值岩土力学numerical geomechanics土力学soil mechanics岩土工程 geotechnical engineering 应力路径stress path层理beding地质年代geological age断层 faultNormal，reverse断裂构造fracture structure花岗岩 granite滑坡 landslide节理 joint喀斯特 Karst泥石流 "mud flow, debris flow" 砂岩 sandstone岩爆 rock burst岩层产状 attitude of rock岩石构造 structure of rock岩石结构 texture of rock岩体 rock mass页岩 shale云母 mica褶皱 "fold, folding"饱和土 saturated soil非饱和土 unsaturated soil膨胀土 "expansive soil, swelling soil"碎石土 "stone, break stone, broken stone, channery, chat, crushed stone, deritus"未压密土（台） underconsolidated clay伊利土 illite原状土 undisturbed soil不均匀系数"coefficient of uniformity, uniformity coefficient"干重度 dry unit weight塑性指数 plasticity index含水量"water content, moisture content"达西定律 Darcy's law渗流 seepage渗透力 seepage force渗透性 permeability 变形 deformation变形模量 modulus of deformation泊松比 Poisson's ratio割线模量 secant modulus剪胀 dilatation蠕变 creep塑性变形 plastic deformation弹性变形 elastic deformation有效应力 effective stress最终沉降 final settlement巴隆固结理论Barron'sconsolidation theory次固结 secondary consolidation固结 consolidation残余强度 residual strength长期强度 long-term strength单轴抗拉强度uniaxial tensiontest峰值强度 peak strength抗剪强度 shear strength摩尔－库仑理论Mohr-Coulombtheory内摩擦角angle of internalfriction粘聚力cohesion极限平衡状态state of limitequilibrium临塑荷载critical edge pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest主动土压力active earth pressure毕肖普法 Bishop method条分法slice method土坡 slope挡土墙 retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retainingwall板桩结构sheet pile structure锚固技术anchoring管涌piping基底附加应力net foundationpressure抗滑桩 anti-slide pile摩擦桩 friction pile群桩效应 efficiency of pile groups复合地基 composite foundation桩土应力比 stress ratio地震烈度 earthquake intensity不固结不排水试验unconsolidated-undrained triaxialtest塑限试验 plastic limit test液限试验liquid limit test十字板剪切试验vane shear test 现场渗透试验 field permeabilitytest 原位试验in-situsoil test岩石力学英语专业词汇 anchored cables 锚索 forces in cables 锚索中的力 An-isotropy 各向异性，有向性，非均质性 Anticline 背斜 向斜（syncline ） arch dams 拱坝 arch gravity dams 重力拱坝，拱形重力坝 Austrian method 奥地利施工法 NATM （New Austrian Tunnelling Method ） 新奥法 ~ for tunnel lining 奥地利隧道支护法 Basalt 玄武岩 Bedding joints 层理 Biotite 黑云母 Bolts (同rock bolts) 锚杆 bore holes 钻孔 brittle fracture of rock 岩石脆性破坏，岩石脆性断裂 Calcite 方解石 classification of rocks 岩石分类 rock slides 岩石滑动，岩石滑移 Sandstones 砂岩 Strain-stress curves 应力-应变曲线 Cobble 大卵石 collapse of tunnel roof or wall 隧道冒顶或片帮 Concrete 混凝土 contour diagrams 等高线图，轮廓线图 convergence in tunnels 隧道中的收敛 Coulomb （Coulomb-Mohr ）law of shear 库仑（库仑-莫尔）剪应力定律或准则 crushing of rock masses 岩石破碎 ~ round tunnels 隧道周围的岩体破碎 dam foundations 坝基础 density of rock 岩石密度 Displacements 位移 dynamic tests 动态试验 effective stress 有效应力 failure of rock 岩石破坏，岩石断裂 brittle failure, shear failure, tensile failure, visco-plastic failure 脆性破坏，剪切破坏，拉伸破坏，粘-塑形破坏 progressive failure of rock mass 岩体的渐进破坏 finite element method （f. e. m.）of numerical stress analysis 岩石应力分析的有限元方法 fissure in rock 岩石中的裂纹，岩石中的裂缝 fractures of rock 岩石断裂，岩石裂缝 Friction 摩擦 angle of Friction 摩擦角 hardness of rocks 岩石的硬度 horizontal stress 水平应力 hydrostatic pressure 静水压力 in situ tests and measurements 现场试验与测量 International Society of rock mechanics 国际岩石力学协会，国际岩石力学学会 jack 千斤顶 ~ in toe of dam 位于坝趾的千斤顶 joint 节理 strength of ~ 节理强度 Jurassic rock 侏罗纪岩石 Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程 Macrofractures 宏观裂纹 Marble 大理石 Microfractures 微观破坏，、微观断裂 mining engineering 采矿工程 modulus of elasticity （Young modulus ）弹性模量（杨氏模量） Mohr circle 莫尔圆 moment ， 力矩 Mudstone 泥岩 Openings 峒室，巷道 circular ~ 圆形巷道，圆形峒室 Darcy ’s law for ~ 达西岩石渗水定律 permeability factor K 渗透性系数 Phyllite 千枚岩，硬绿泥岩 physical properties of rock 岩石的物理性质 plastic deformation of rock 岩石的塑性变形 Poisson ’s ratio 泊松比pore pressure 孔隙压力 power stations 地下电站pulvino (pressure distribution slab)压力分布板 rock quality designation 岩石质量指标 Quartz 石英rate of loading 加载率relaxation of rock masses 岩体的松弛 rock bolting 岩石锚杆，岩石锚杆支护 safety factor 安全系数 scale effect 尺寸效应 seismic wave tests on rock; on dam site 岩石的，坝址的地震波试验shear stress剪应力Shotcrete喷射混凝土Slope斜坡，边坡stability of ~边坡稳定性sonic waves声波Steel钢，钢材arches of ~钢拱形支架Survey测量geological ~地质测量geophysical ~地球物理测量tensile strength抗拉强度tension joint张节理，受拉接头triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验Tunnels隧道，巷道lining of ~隧道支护vertical stress垂直应力void ratio空隙比volumetric strain-stress curve体积应变-应力曲线water pressure水压water table水位，地下水位地震烈度 earthquake intensity 一:单词翻译①strain-stress activ应力-应变活动②seepage 渗透③cohesion内聚力④the texture and structure 结构和构造⑤consolidation 固结⑥angle of meternal friction内摩擦角⑦geotechnical engineering岩土工程⑧beding 层理⑨fault 断层⑩joint 节理11.fold褶皱 ndslide滑坡13.sandstone砂岩 14.illite 伊利土 15.Darcy’s law 达西定律 16.saturated soid 饱和土17.effective stress有效应力18.secondary consolidation次固结19. granite花岗岩 20.basalt玄武岩 21.marble大理岩22. passive earth pressure被动土压力23.earth pressure at rest静止土压力 24.active earth pressure主动土压力25.NATM新奥法26.RQD岩石质量系数 27.moment 力矩28.quaritz石英29.void vatio 空隙比30.couples力偶 31.failure破坏32.soil texture 土壤33.lining 支衬 34.bolts 锚钉35.cable 锚索 36.pile 桩37.IAEG(international association of engineering geology) 国际工程地质学会38.ISRM(International Societv of ReconstructiveMicrosurgery,Australia) 国际岩石力学学会39. ASCE(The American Society of Civil Engineers) 美国土木工程师学会40.anticlines 背斜41.synclines向斜42.normal 正断层43.reverse 逆断层44.left-lateral 平移断层环境与土木工程学院: College of Enviroment and Civil Engineering (Chengdu University of Technology )压缩法、混成法．符号法和宇母象形法．合成法由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词派生法通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词翻译过程一般经过三个阶段:理解、表达、校对a building project of high-rise apartment houses高层公寓大楼的建筑项目one of the common defects in tunnel maintenance隧道养护中普遍存在的问题之一二.简答或填空1.三大检索 SCI(科学引文索引) EI(工程索引) ISTP(科技会议录)2.岩石边坡破坏类型四大类①planar failure 极限平衡分析（平面型）②wedge failure 赤平投影法③rotational 条分法（圆弧型）④toppling 数值计算 3.岩土工程三门专业基础课 工程地质engineering geology 岩石力学rock mechanics 土力学oil mechanics 4.摘要四大部分 报道性摘要(informative abstract) (2)指示性摘要(indicative abstract) 报道-指示性摘要(informative- indicative abstract) ①背景信息，目的陈述what I want to do? ②方法论和语法how ido it ③研究结果/发现 what results did I get and conclusions can I draw? ④研究所带来的启示/结论what is and original this paper 5.岩土工程专业英语特点客观性（Objective ）、准确性（accuracy ）和精练性(conciseness) ①广泛使用被动语态①mathematics is used in many different fields, ②People use mathematics in many different fields, ②广泛使用非谓语形式The signal should be filtered before it is amplified. The signal should be filtered before being amplified ③省略句使用频繁If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system. ④It 句型和祈使句使用频繁 ⑤复杂长句使用频繁It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part ⑥后置形容词短语作定语多（of ） 省略句使用频繁 As already discussed 前已讨论If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时 Where feasible 在实际可行的场合 Where possible 在可能的情况下 As explained before 前已解释 As described above 如上所示 If possible (necessary)如果可能 （必要）6.地层产状要素 strike(走向) dip(倾角) dip direction(倾向)7.岩石圈的演化过程 igneous rock(岩浆岩) metamorphic(变质岩) sedimentary(沉积岩) 三，句子翻译 1.a building project of high-rise apartment house. 高层公寓大楼的建筑项目 2.one of the common defects in tunnel maintenance 隧道养护中的普遍存在的问题之一 3.the forces keeping the beam stranght must,by a fundamental law of statics, equal the load tending to fold it up. 根据静力学原理，使梁保持平直的力必定等于将其压弯的荷载 4.about one third of all accidents happen when it is dark ,although obriously there is more traffic during daytime 大约三分之一的事故发生在黑夜，尽管明显有更多的交通事故发生在白天 5.such construction procedure can increase producticity over 3 times 这种程序可以提高生产力的3倍以上 6.the production cost has reduced four times 生产成本降低了四倍四：英文摘要填空The results with high precision are hard to achieve rapidly by means of conventional method such as theoretical analysis and numerical calculation; slope engineering is a highly complicated nonlinear system. A new prediction method based on Gaussian process (GP), as a probabilistickernel leaning machine and a powerful tool for solving highly nonlinear problems,is proposed for slope stability evaluation. The GP model for slope stability evaluation is established and applied to the practical engineering. The results show that the method can find the nonlinear mapping relationship between classifications of slope stability and influencing factors easily. Furthermore, the reasonable, reliable and probabilistic results of slope stability evaluation can be obtained quickly by using the method. In conclusion, the method is feasible, effective and simple to implement slope stability evaluation and to provide a new way for fast design of slope engineering.针对边坡工程是复杂的非线性系统，采用常规的理论分析和数值计算方法难以满足对边坡稳定性评价的高精度与快速性的要求，为此，提出对处理非线性复杂问题具有很好的适应性一种有概率意义的核学习机—高斯过程机器学习方法来解决边坡稳定性的合理评价问题，建立了相应的边坡稳定性预测模型。
地质英语知识点总结1. Introduction to GeologyGeology is derived from the Greek words "geo" meaning Earth and "logos" meaning study. It is the study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes, and it provides valuable insights into the planet's history and the forces that continue to shape it. Geologists are tasked with understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes that have operated on Earth over billions of years.The field of geology can be divided into several sub-disciplines:- Petrology: The study of rocks and their origins, structures, and compositions.- Mineralogy: The study of minerals and their physical and chemical properties.- Geophysics: The study of the Earth's physical properties and processes using quantitative methods.- Structural Geology: The study of the deformation of rocks and the forces that cause them. - Stratigraphy: The study of rock layers and layering (stratification).2. Earth's StructureThe Earth can be divided into several layers based on composition and physical properties. These layers include the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.- Crust: The Earth's outermost layer, which is composed of solid rock and is relatively thin compared to the other layers. It can be divided into the continental crust, which is thicker and less dense, and the oceanic crust, which is thinner and denser.- Mantle: The layer below the crust, extending to a depth of about 2,900 kilometers. It consists of solid rock that is capable of flowing over long periods of time.- Outer Core: A liquid layer beneath the mantle, composed mostly of iron and nickel, with some lighter elements. The movement of this molten material is responsible for generating the Earth's magnetic field.- Inner Core: A solid sphere at the center of the Earth, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It is under immense pressure, which causes it to remain solid despite the high temperature.3. Plate TectonicsThe theory of plate tectonics revolutionized the field of geology by providing a unifying explanation for the formation of major geological features and the occurrence of seismic and volcanic activity. According to this theory, the Earth's lithosphere is divided into severalrigid plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. These plates are in constant motion, driven by the heat generated from the Earth's interior.- Divergent Boundaries: Locations where two plates are moving away from each other. This process often leads to the formation of new crust as magma rises from the mantle and solidifies at the surface, creating mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys.- Convergent Boundaries: Areas where two plates are moving towards each other. When an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate, the denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate, leading to the formation of deep-sea trenches, volcanic arcs, and mountain ranges. When two continental plates collide, they can create massive mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.- Transform Boundaries: Zones where two plates slide past each other. The frictional forces along these boundaries can cause earthquakes as the plates suddenly release accumulated stress.4. Earthquakes and Seismic ActivityEarthquakes are the result of the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, typically caused by the movement of tectonic plates along faults. The point within the Earth where an earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter, and the location on the Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter.Seismic waves, which are waves of energy that travel through the Earth, are responsible for the ground shaking and the damage associated with earthquakes. There are two primary types of seismic waves:- Body Waves: These waves travel through the Earth's interior and include P-waves (primary waves) and S-waves (secondary waves). P-waves are faster and can travel through solids, liquids, and gases, while S-waves only travel through solids, making them useful for determining the Earth's internal structure.- Surface Waves: These waves travel along the Earth's surface and are responsible for the most significant damage during an earthquake. They include Rayleigh waves and Love waves.The severity of an earthquake is measured using the Richter scale or the moment magnitude scale, which quantify the energy released by the earthquake. Seismographs, instruments that record seismic waves, are used to monitor and study earthquakes.5. Volcanoes and VolcanismVolcanoes are geological features that form when magma, gas, and ash are expelled from the Earth's interior through a vent or opening in the Earth's crust. This process, known as volcanism, can occur at various types of plate boundaries, as well as hotspots, where plumes of hot mantle material rise towards the Earth's surface.The type of volcano that forms is influenced by the composition of the magma, the presence of gas, and the eruptive style. Common types of volcanoes include:- Shield Volcanoes: These are broad, gently sloping volcanoes that result from the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava. They are commonly found at divergent boundaries and hotspots.- Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes): These are steep-sided cones formed by alternating layers of lava flows, ash, and other volcanic debris. They are associated with convergent plate boundaries and are known for their explosive eruptions.- Cinder Cone Volcanoes: These small, steep-sided volcanoes are formed from the accumulation of volcanic debris around a vent. They often have a single crater at the summit and are associated with episodic, explosive eruptions.The study of volcanism is crucial for understanding volcanic hazards, such as pyroclastic flows, lahars (mudflows), and ashfall, which can pose significant risks to human populations living near active volcanoes.6. Rocks and MineralsRocks are aggregates of minerals, and understanding their composition, structure, and formation processes is fundamental to the study of geology. There are three main types of rocks:- Igneous Rocks: These rocks form from the solidification of magma or lava. They can be classified into intrusive igneous rocks, which form beneath the Earth's surface, and extrusive igneous rocks, which form at the Earth's surface.- Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks are formed through the accumulation and lithification of sediments, such as sand, mud, and organic debris. Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in layers, or strata, and can contain fossils that provide valuable information about Earth's history.- Metamorphic Rocks: These rocks form from the alteration of pre-existing rocks under high temperature, pressure, or the presence of chemically active fluids. This process, called metamorphism, can lead to the development of new minerals and changes in the rock's texture and structure.Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. They are the building blocks of rocks and are classified based on their chemical composition and physical properties. Common mineral groups include silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, and sulfates.7. Geologic Time ScaleThe Earth's history is divided into a series of eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages that collectively make up the geologic time scale. This scale allows geologists to organize and interpret the Earth's history, and it provides a framework for understanding the sequence of geological events and the evolution of life on the planet.The current geologic time scale is divided into four eons: the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic eon is further divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic, each characterized by distinct geological, climatic, and biological events.Fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms, are critical for correlating and dating rock layers and for reconstructing the history of life on Earth. The study of fossils and the principles of stratigraphy provide valuable insights into the Earth's past environments, past climates, and the evolutionary history of plants and animals.8. Hydrogeology and Water ResourcesHydrogeology is the study of the distribution and movement of groundwater, as well as the interaction between groundwater and surface water. Groundwater, which represents a significant portion of the Earth's freshwater resources, is stored in rock layers known as aquifers and is influenced by factors such as porosity, permeability, and the hydraulic gradient.The extraction and use of groundwater for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes have significant implications for water availability, water quality, and the sustainability of aquifer systems. Over-extraction of groundwater can lead to land subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and the depletion of aquifers, while contamination from human activities can compromise water quality.9. Environmental GeologyEnvironmental geology focuses on the interactions between humans and the Earth, with an emphasis on mitigating natural hazards, managing natural resources, and understanding the impacts of human activities on the environment. It encompasses several key areas, including:- Hazard Mitigation: Assessing and managing the risks associated with natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, floods, and volcanic eruptions.- Resource Management: Evaluating and sustainably managing natural resources, such as minerals, water, and energy sources, to meet the needs of current and future generations. - Land Use Planning: Considering geologic factors in the planning and development of infrastructure, such as transportation networks, urban areas, and industrial facilities.- Environmental Impact Assessment: Evaluating the potential environmental consequences of human activities, such as mining, construction, and waste disposal, and developing strategies to minimize negative impacts.10. Economic GeologyEconomic geology is concerned with the discovery, extraction, and utilization of mineral and energy resources. It plays a crucial role in supporting modern industrial societies and encompasses the exploration and exploitation of materials such as:- Metals: Including precious metals (gold, silver, platinum) and base metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel).- Energy Resources: Such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and renewable energy sources (geothermal, wind, solar).- Industrial Minerals: Including materials used in construction (sand, gravel), ceramics (clay, limestone), and manufacturing (gypsum, talc).- Gemstones: Precious and semi-precious stones used in jewelry and ornamental purposes.Understanding the genesis and distribution of these resources requires knowledge of geological processes, mineral deposits, and exploration techniques. Economic geologists are responsible for identifying and evaluating potential resources, as well as assessing the environmental and economic feasibility of their extraction.11. Geologic Mapping and Remote SensingGeologic mapping is a fundamental tool for understanding the distribution of rocks, structures, and geological features in a given area. It involves fieldwork, data collection, and the creation of detailed maps that depict the surface and subsurface geology.Remote sensing techniques, such as satellite imagery, airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and aerial photography, have revolutionized the way geologists study and interpret the Earth's surface. These methods allow for the collection of large-scale, high-resolution data used for mapping, environmental monitoring, and resource exploration. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are powerful tools that integrate spatial data, such as geological maps, satellite images, and terrain models, to analyze and visualize geologic features, spatial relationships, and environmental processes.12. ConclusionThe field of geology encompasses a diverse range of topics, from the structure of the Earth's interior to the evolution of life on the planet. Its interdisciplinary nature touches upon aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science, making it a foundational science for understanding the Earth and its processes.Geologists play essential roles in addressing societal challenges, such as natural hazard preparedness, resource management, and environmental protection. Their work contributes to the sustainable use of Earth's resources, the preservation of natural environments, and the advancement of scientific knowledge about our planet. As our understanding of geology deepens, it continues to provide essential insights into the past, present, and future of the Earth and the life it supports.。
岩石力学英语专业词汇必备土木工程专业课程双语教学岩石力学英语专业词汇必备(主要选自CHARLES JAEGER 著, ROCK MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 之SUBJECT INDEX)戴俊西安科技大学建筑与土木工程学院二零零三年八月For bi-linguistic teaching of a course in civil engineering specialtyESSENCIAL ENGLISH GLOSSARYFOR ROCK MECHANICS(MAINLY FROM THE SUBJECT INDEX OF ROCK MECHANICS ANDENGINEERING BY CHARLES JAEGER)J. DAIArchitechure and Civil Engineering College of Xi?an University of Science and TechnologyAugust, 3002,Aabscissa 横坐标agar 岩石，石头，琼脂 age of rocks 岩石(地质)年代，岩石时效 void index，index of void 空隙系数aging of rock masses 岩体的时效 air，Permeability of rock to 岩石的透气性 altazimuth 高度方位角，地平经纬仪 alluvium 冲积土，冲积层，泥沙alteration of rock 岩石遍化，岩层变化 American Society of Engineering 美国工程地质协会 GeologistsAmerican Task Committee 美国特别工作委员会 amphibolite 闪岩amortization 阻尼anchorage of cables 索锚固，钢索锚固 anchored cables 锚索compression tests with cables 利用锚索进行的压缩试验 forces incables 锚索中的力 rock reinforcement 岩石加固， shear tests with cables 锚索剪切试验 anchored dams 锚固坝，锚杆支护坝体 anchors，steel(rock bolts) 钢锚杆andesite 安山石anisotropy 各向异性，有向性，非均质性 analysis of ~ 各向异性分析 ~of rock masses 岩体的各向异性 ~ of rock material 岩石材料的的各向异性anticline 背斜arch of rock，selfsustaining 自稳岩石(平衡)拱 arch dams 拱坝abutments of ~ 拱坝的基础，坝基，拱坝支撑结构 drainage for ~ 拱坝排水foundations of ~ 拱坝基础,reserve of strength of ~ 拱坝的强度储备 rotation of base of ~ 拱坝基础的旋转 arch gravity dams 重力拱坝，拱形重力坝 arching，degree of 成拱度，成拱性 argilolith (一种岩石) Austrian method 奥地利施工法 ~ for estimating rock jointing 奥地利岩石节理评估法 ~ for in situ tunnel tests奥地利隧道现场试验法 ~ for tunnel lining 奥地利隧道支护法 Austrian Society for Geophysics and 奥地利地球物理与工程地质协会 Engineering GeologyAustrian Society of Rock Mechanies 奥地利岩石力学协会autostabilization of rock slides 岩石滑坡自稳化 avalanches，comparison of rock slides 岩石滑坡与雪崩的对比 toazimuth 方位角，方位Bbasalt 玄武岩bedding joints 层理orientation of ~ 层理方向bending test，for tensile strength 弯曲拉伸试验 bentonite 优质粘土bibliography 文献，评述，参考书目 biotite 黑云母biotite gneiss 黑云母片麻岩 biotite schists 黑云母片岩 birefringence method of measuring 原岩应力双折射测试法 residual rock stress blasting，stresses caused by 爆破引起的应力，爆破应力 blow,out of rock masses under dam 坝基下的鼓出岩石 Bolts (同rock bolts) 锚杆bore holes 钻孔~ in grouting of dam foundations 坝基浇筑混凝土中的钻孔 measuring deformations of ~ 钻孔变形测量Boussinesq 鲍赛恩斯Boussinesq-Cerrutti equation 鲍赛恩斯-斯兰提方程,Boussinesq half-space 鲍赛恩斯半空间 Brazilian tensile test 巴西拉伸试验 brittle fracture of rock 岩石脆性破坏，岩石脆性断裂 ~ at surface 地表岩石脆性破坏 ~ under dams 坝基岩石脆性破坏 ~ at Vajont 威捷岩石脆性破坏 buckling strength 弯曲强度buttress 撑墙，支柱buttress dams 支撑坝buttresses，failure of 支撑体破坏Ccables，anchored 锚索consolidation by means of ~ 锚索加固~ for in-situ tests of deformation 用于现场变形试验的锚索 calcite 方解石Cambrian rocks 寒武纪岩石Carboniferous rocks 石炭纪岩石catchment 集水，汇水caving and subsidence 垮落与沉陷，塌陷与下沉 cavities，strains and stresses about 峒室周围的应变与应力 ~ Hayashi?s solution 哈亚斯的峒室周围的应变与应力解 cave 岩洞cavern 岩洞，大洞cement，grouting with 水泥注浆，水泥灌浆 cemented rock 胶结性岩石chalk 白垩characteristics 特性，特点，特征 ~ of rock masses 岩石的特征~ of rock material 岩石矿物的特性 chemical effects of water on rock 水对岩石的化学影响，水对岩石的化学作用chert 角石，黑硅石 chlorite 绿泥岩，亚氯酸岩 circular loaded plate，strains under 应变条件下的圆形加载盘 circumfrential stresses，round cavities 峒室周围的环向(或切向)应力,classification of rocks 岩石分类~ by crusning strength of rocks 依据破碎强度的岩石分类 ~ by radial permeability tests 依据径向渗透试验的岩石分类 cleft 劈裂conventional classification 传统分类法engineering classification of intact 完整岩石的工程分类 rocksgeological classification of rocks 岩石的地质分类 classification of rocks by age 依据地质年代的岩石分类 classification of rocks accordng to:依据硬度，密度，硅含量，岩石矿物，hardness，density，silicon content，rock 岩石质量指标的岩石分类 material，rock quality designation (Q.R.D) rock slides 岩石滑动，岩石滑移 sandstones 砂岩Strain-stress curves 应力-应变曲线 elastic rock masses，theory of stresses 弹性岩体中的应力理论 inclastic 碎屑的clay-shales 粘土质页岩clayey schists 粘土质片岩，含粘土片岩 clays 粘土，泥土shear strength of ~ 粘土的剪切强度 slopes of ~ 粘土边坡cleft water pressure 裂隙水压力~ on slopes 边坡裂隙水压力 ~ on tunnels 隧道裂隙水压力 ~ under dams 坝底裂隙水压力 coagutant 凝结剂coal 煤cobble 大卵石cohesion of rock 岩石的粘性loss of ~ 岩石粘性损失 low values of ~ 岩石粘性低值 collapse of tunnel roof or wall 隧道冒顶或片帮 compacted rock 压实岩石，压密岩石compactness of rock mass 岩体的压实度,compression(crushing)strength 压缩(破碎)强度 conglomerate 碎屑岩，砾石 correlations of ~ with elasticity 压缩强度与弹性的关系 ~ with rate of loading 压缩强度与加载率的关系~ with rebound 压缩强度与回弹的关系 compression(crushing)strength of dry 干燥和含水岩石的抗压(破碎)强度 and wet rockcompression strength tests 抗压强度试验 dispersion of result of ~ 压应力试验结果的离差 compression stress 压应力distribution of ~ 压应力分布~ in rock masses 岩体中的压应力~ on rock samples 岩石试件中的压应力分布 scale effect in compression strength 压应力试验的尺寸效应 testscompression chamber 压力室in-situ compression stress tests 现场压应力试验 Computer, use of 计算机的应用 concrete 混凝土boundary between rock and ~ 岩石与混凝土的边界 comparisons of rock and ~ 岩石与混凝土的比较 compression tests on ~ 混凝土压缩(力)试验 creep of ~ 混凝土蠕变elasticity of ~ 混凝土弹性shear tests on ~ 混凝土剪切试验 stabilization of potential rock slides 利用混凝土稳定潜在的岩石滑坡 by ~tunnels lined with ~ 混凝土支护的隧道uplift pressure in ~ 混凝土中的冻胀压力，混凝土中的向上水压力concreting:early concreting technique 混凝土浇筑:早期的混凝土浇筑技术，早期的混凝土应用技术 conglomerates 骨料，集料consolidation of rock masses by cades, 锚索岩体加固，岩体注浆加固 by groutingconsolidation of rock masses under load 载荷作用下的岩体加固continuum rock mechancs 连续岩石力学 contour diagrams 等高线图，轮廓线图,convergence in tunnels 隧道中的收敛correlations of rock characteristics 岩石特性的相关性counterfort 护墙，挡墙crushing strength，tensile strength，shear 破碎强度，抗拉强度，抗剪强度与空隙strength versus void index 度(性)dispersion of crushing strength versus 抗压强度与径向渗透试验的离散性 radal percolation testsdispersion of E (dynamic) versus E 与静态E，E/ E与波长λ，E动态Edsdsds(static), E/ E versus wave lenth λ, E ds(板加载试验)与横波波速的离散性 (plate load tests) versus transversal velocityCoulomb(Coulomb-Mohr)law of shear 库仑(库仑-莫尔)剪应力定律或准则counterforts 拱柱cracks in Griffith theory of rock rupture 格里菲斯岩石断裂理论中的裂纹 creep 蠕变~ of concrete 混凝土蠕变continuous ~ in the slide, of rock 滑坡中的连续蠕变，岩体蠕变，岩石矿masses, of rock material 物蠕变velocity of ~ 蠕变速度cretaceous rocks 白垩纪岩石cross joints 交叉节理，穿透节理~ in sedimentary rocks 沉积岩中的交叉节理 crushing of rock masses 岩石破碎~ round tunnels 隧道周围的岩体破碎 crushing strength 破碎强度crystalline rock 晶状岩石crystallography 结晶学Ddam abutment blocks 大坝侧向支撑体，大坝端部支撑体 dam abutments 大坝侧向支撑，大坝端部支撑 displacements of ~ 大坝侧向支撑的位移elasticity of ~ 大坝侧向支撑的弹性 failure of ~ 大坝侧向支撑的破坏models of 大坝侧向支撑模型reinforcement of ~ 大坝侧向支撑的加固 stability of ~ 大坝侧向支撑的稳定性 stresses in ~ 大坝侧向支撑中的应力,dam foundations 坝基础 anchorage of dams 坝体锚固 blow out of rock masses under a dam 坝下方得岩体爆裂 classical approach 经典方法consolidation of ~ 坝基加固 design and construction of ~ 坝基的设计与施工 displacements of ~ 坝基位移 drainage of ~ 坝基排水 grouting for ~ 坝基注浆 failures of ~ 坝基的破坏 geomechanical model tests of ~ 坝基的地质力学(岩土力学)模型试验grouting of ~ 坝基注浆 percolating water in ~ 坝基渗水reinforcement of ~ 坝基加固 rocks suitable for ~ 坝基岩石稳定性rotation of ~ 坝基旋转 stability of ~ 坝基稳定性 stratified foundations 层状基础 stresses in ~ 坝基中的应力 zone of tensile stresses 拉应力区dams 坝，大坝，水坝choice of sites for ~ 大坝位置选择grout curtain under ~ 坝下注浆帷幕model tests of ~ 大坝模型试验 profile of ~ 大坝剖面，大坝轮廓，大坝侧面settlement of large ~ 大坝沉降 deflectometers 挠度计，挠度仪deformability of rock 岩石变形能力，岩石变形性 deformation 变形irreversible ~ 不可逆变形，塑性变形measurement of ~ 变形测量 modulus of ~ 变形模量 reversible ~ 可逆变形，弹性变形 ~ in settlement of large dams 坝基沉降中的变形 density of rock 岩石密度,deviation(standard) 偏差，(标准)偏差 diabase 辉绿岩diorite 闪长岩dip of strata 地层倾向，岩层倾斜 detritus 岩屑，碎屑 discontinuities in rock 岩石中的断层，岩石中的间断面 displacement curves，in shear tests 剪切试验中的位移曲线 displacement vectors 位移矢量 displacements 位移~ in dam abutments 坝支撑位移 ~ in dam foundations 坝基位移 ~ under loading plates 加载板作用下的位移 ~ under point loads 点载荷下的位移Dogger limestone 朵格尔石灰岩 dolomite 白云岩，白云石…doorstopper? method of measuring 岩石中应变测量的‘门塞’法 strain in rock drainage 排水，排水装置~ of tunnels 隧道排水 dynamic tests 动态试验 dynamics of slides 滑坡动力学Eearth dams 土坝，泥土坝 earthquake 地震effective cohesion 有效内聚力，有效粘结力，有效凝聚力effective moduus and Poisson ratio 有效模量与泊松比 effective stress 有效应力~ in rock masses 岩体中的有效应力~ in rock material 岩石中的有效应力 effective shear stress 有效剪应力 effluent 渗漏，流出 elastic deformation of rock 岩石的弹性变形elasticity modulus E of concrete 混凝土的弹性模量E~ compared with that of rock 与岩石相比下的混凝土的弹性模量elasticity modulus E(static)of rock 岩石的(静态)弹性模量E ,,~ at depth 深部岩石的弹性模量 correlation of differerent 不同方法确定的弹性模量关系 determinations of ~elasticity 弹性，弹力determinations of ~ in dams 坝基设计中的弹性确定 designing foundationdeterminations of ~ by seismic wave 弹性的地震波法确定determinations of ~in investigation of 坝体现场研究中的弹性确定 dam sitesdeterminations of ~ by ultrasonic 弹性的超声波法确定 wave~ in strain-stress calcutalions 应变-应力计算中的弹性确定 elasticity modulus E(dynamid)of rock 岩石的(动态)弹性模量E ddratio of static modulus to ~ 岩石的静态模量与动态模量比 elasticity modulus E(ratio of values at 弹性模量E(50%极限强度与100%极限tt50, and 100, ultimate strength) 强度时的模量值比) elasticity modulus E (ratio of stress 弹性模量E(应力与变形比:体积寞totaltotalto deformation:bulk modulus) 量)electrical resistivity method of testing 岩体试验的电阻法 rock massesepoxy resin 环氧树脂coating or rock sample with ~ 环氧树脂涂层或涂有环氧树脂的岩石试件strength of ~ 环氧树脂的强度 equipotential 等位，等电位excavations 峒室，开挖rock movements caused by ~ 开挖引起的岩石位移(移动) extensometers 伸长计，变形测定仪 ~ for boreholes 钻孔伸长计，钻孔变形测定仪 sonor ~ 带声响的变形测定仪 extrados 拱背线，外拱线Ffailure of rock 岩石破坏，岩石断裂 brittle failure, shear failure, tensile 脆性破坏，剪切破坏，拉伸破坏，粘-failure, visco-plastic failure 塑形破坏progressive failure of rock mass 岩体的渐进破坏 failure of dam foundations 坝基破坏failure of rock slopes 岩石边坡破坏,,failure of tunnels and caverns 隧道与峒室破坏 failure criterion 破坏准则，断裂准则 failures 破坏fall of rock 岩石冒落，冒顶 faults in rock 岩石中的断层boling of ~ 岩石断层锚固~ and engineering works 岩石断层与工程施工 filling material in ~ 岩石断层中的冲填材料 slides along ~ 沿岩石断层的滑动 felspar 长石filling material 填充物，填充材料effect of percolating water in ~ 填充物中渗水的影响 tests on ~ 填充物试验 finite element method(f. e. m.)of 岩石应力分析的有限元方法numerical stress analysisfissuration porosity 破坏的多孔性 fissure in rock 岩石中的裂纹，岩石中的裂缝~ along dam heel 沿坝跟(踵)岩石裂缝 classification of ~ 岩石裂缝分类~ and compression strength 岩石裂缝与抗压强度 deformation of ~ 岩石裂缝变形~ and effective elasticity 岩石裂缝与有效弹性 estimates of extent of ~ 岩石破裂的程度估计 grouting of ~ 岩石裂缝注浆~ over pressure tumels 压力隧洞上方的岩石裂缝 rock slide along ~ 沿岩石裂缝的岩石滑动 ~ and stability 岩石裂缝与稳定性~ and stress distribution 岩石裂缝与应力分布 tensile strength and average length of 抗拉强度与岩石裂缝平均长度 ~water flow in ~ 岩石裂缝中的水流Water pressure in ~ 岩石裂缝中的水压力 flood, dam failure caused by 涌水引起的大坝破坏 flow of rock masses 岩体流，泥石流 continuous flow, discontinuous flow 连续流与间断流 flow of water in rock masses 岩石中的水流,,convergent or divergent flow 汇集流与发散流 foliation, plane of 生叶面，叶理面，分层面 foundation 基础fractures of rock 岩石断裂，岩石裂缝correlation between RQD and 岩石质量指标与岩石破裂频率的关系frequency of ~flow of water in ~ 岩石裂缝中的水流plane of ~ 岩石破裂面 friction 摩擦angle of ~ 摩擦角angle of ~ for different rocks 不同岩石的摩擦角 tests for angle of ~ 摩擦角试验coefficient of ~ 摩擦系数coefficient of ~ for filling material 填充材料的摩擦系数 internal ~, internal ~ angle 内摩擦，内摩擦角 friction factor 摩擦系数~ among faults 断层间的摩擦系数~ for rock on rock 岩石对岩石的摩擦系数~ and shear strength 摩擦系数与抗剪强度 friction force 摩擦力Ggabbro 辉长岩galleries 水平隧道，水平坑道，巷道discharge ~ 卸压隧道 pressurized ~ 压力隧道，受压隧道 gap 裂口，间隙，缝隙 gas, underground storage of 地下储油库 gauge 量规，量表，传感器strain ~ 应变传感器rosette of ~ 玫瑰花瓣的应变片丛 geodetic 测地的，大地测量学的，测地学的geological mapping 地质图geo1ogy 地质学，地质概况~ of dam sites 坝址的地质概况~ and rock grouting 地质概况与岩石注浆,,~ and rock mechanics 地质学与岩石力学~ of undersround power station 地下电站地质学，地下发电厂房的地质概况geomorphological 地形的geophone 小型地震仪，地音探测仪 geophysical tahniques 地球物理学方法Georgia Institute of Technology 乔治亚工业学院，乔治亚理工学院geothermal gradient 地热梯度，地温梯度 glacier 冰河，冰川gneiss 片麻岩~ for dam foundations 用于坝基的片麻岩effect of water on ~ 水对片麻岩的影响kaolinized ~ 高岭土化的片麻岩permeability of ~ 片麻岩的渗透性，片麻岩的渗水性 gouge 沟，凿孔，断层泥 granite 花岗岩compression strength of ~ 花岗岩的抗压强度creep curve of ~ 花岗岩的蠕变曲线rebound number of ~ 花岗岩的回弹数strain-stress curve for ~ 花岗岩的应变-应力曲线weathered ~ 风化花岗岩gravity dams 重力坝Griffith,Hoek theory of rupture of 岩石的格里非斯-虎克断裂理论 rocks grout curtains under dams 坝下的注浆帷幕water seepage through ~ 透过坝下注浆帷幕的渗水性 grouting 注浆，灌浆~ with cement 水泥注浆consolidation of rock by ~ 岩石注浆加固~ pressure 注浆压力~ of rock round tunnels 隧道周围的岩石注浆~ with silicates 硅酸盐注浆，注入硅酸盐浆液techniques of ~ 注浆技术~ of tunnels 隧道注浆gunite 压力喷浆，喷射水泥砂浆，砂浆 gypsum 石膏,,Hhalf-space homogeneous elastic 半空间均质弹性的elastic half-space 弹性半空间fissured and continuous ~ 裂隙及连续弹性半空间 loaded halfspace 受灾半空间hardness of rocks 岩石的硬度heat flow, equation for 热流动方程，热传递方程 Heim?s hypothesis 赫米假设Heim?s paradox 赫米自相矛盾论，赫米似是而非论 hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的 homogeneous zones 均质区horizontal stress 水平应力~ in dam foundation 坝基础中的水平应力~ zone from hydrostatic pressure 静水压引起的水平应力区 hydraulic gradient 水力梯度hydraulic potential lines 水力势线hydrodynamic force on rock mass 作用于岩体上的动水压力 hydrogeology 水文地质学hydro power tunnels 水力隧洞hydrostatic pressure 静水压力~ on dam foundation 作用于坝基础上的静水压力distribution of ~ 静水压力分布~ and residual stress in rock 岩石中的静水压力与原岩应力~ on rock mass 作用于岩体上的静水压力 ~ in rock salt 岩质盐矿中的应力 stresses round pressure tunnels 静水压力的压力隧洞周边应力 caused by ~Iice 冰discontinuous flow of ~ 不连续冰流~ in rock fissures 岩石裂隙中的冰 ideal stress 理想应力igneous rocks 火成岩,,immersed and partly immersed rock 侵入及部分侵入岩体 massesimmersion 浸水，浸入 impregnated 渗入的，饱和的 impregnation 注入，浸渗 in situ tests and measurements 现场试验与测量 in situ bore hole tests 现场钻孔试验 in situ compression tests 现场压力试验 in situ permeability tests 现场渗透试验，现场渗水试验 in situ plate bearing tests 现场承载板试验 induration 固结Intitution of Civil Engineering，London 伦敦土木工程研究所，伦敦土木工程学院International Committee on Large 国际大坝委员会 Dams(ICOLD)International Society of rock mechanics 国际岩石力学协会，国际岩石力学学会interstitial water 间隙水intrinsic curve 固有曲线，本质曲线definition of ~ 固有曲线的定义 intrinsic zone 固有区intrados 拱内圈，拱底面 ion 离子isotropic rock mass 各向同性岩石 Istituto Sperimentale Modelli e Structure(ISMES)Jjack 千斤顶cylindrical ~ 液压千斤顶 field tests with ~ 用千斤顶完成的现场试验 ~ in toe of dam 位于坝趾的千斤顶 jacking test 冲击试验，千斤顶加载试验joint 节理~ meter 节理测量仪 ~in rock 岩石中的节理 classification of ~ 节理分类~ and cohesion 节理与粘结力,,~ and critical angle of slopes 节理与边坡临界角 ~and differences between laboratory 节理与变形、弹性的实验室与现场试验and in-situ tests of deformation, of 结果之间的偏差 elasticityorientation of ~ 节理方向 shearing at ~ 节理面剪切 spacing of ~ 节理间距 strength of ~ 节理强度 ~ and strength of rock 节理与岩石强度Jurassic rock 侏罗纪岩石Kkaolinization 高岭土化作用，高岭石化作用 Kelvin,Voight model for rock 开尔文-维埃特岩石变形模型 deformationskinetic energy of rock masses 岩体的动能LLaboratoric Nacional de Engenharia 里斯本…… Civil，LisbonLaboratory tests 试验室试验 ~ on rock material or filling material 岩块或充填材料的实验室试验 ~ on crushing strength 试验室破碎强度试验 ~ on shear strength 试验室剪切强度试验 ~ on water percolation 试验是渗水试验 ~ on wave velocity 波速试验室试验 landslide 山崩，崩塌的泥石 Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程 Lasalle Research Laboratory，Montreal 蒙特利尔拉斯尔研究实验室 lava 熔岩，火山岩 leakage 漏，渗漏 lias 青石灰岩 limestone 石灰岩compression strength of ~ 石灰岩的抗压强度 ~ for dam foundations 用于坝基建造的石灰岩 elasticity of ~ 石灰岩的弹性 permeability of ~ 石灰岩的渗透性,,strain-stress curves of ~ 石灰岩的应变-应力曲线 swelling of ~ 石灰岩膨胀，石灰岩剪胀 line-load tests 线载荷试验 ~ for antisotropy 各向异性线载荷试验 ~ for tensile strength 抗拉强度线载荷试验 lining 支护，衬砌stresses in ~ 支护体中应力 ~ of tunnel 隧道支护 lip 边，缘lithology 岩石学，岩性学 load cells 压力盒，载荷传感器 load,strain diagram 载荷-应变图 loading 加载，载荷consolidation under ~ 施载加固rate of ~ in test 试验中的加载率 ~ on a slope 边坡上的载荷 loss of water 渗水，漏水~ under dam 坝体渗水~ from tunnels 隧道渗水 Lugeon 罗吉恩~ grouting techniques 罗吉恩注浆技术 ~ unit 罗吉恩系统Mmacrofractures 宏观裂纹~ and permeability 宏观裂纹与渗透性 malm 石灰质砂，泥灰砂 Malm limestone 马尔蒙石灰岩 manifestation 现象，体现，表现形式 manometer (流体)压力表 marble 大理石marl-clay sandstone 灰泥质砂岩 marls 泥灰，泥灰土 permeability of ~ 泥灰土的渗透性 power station in ~ 修建于泥灰土中的发电站,,mechanical properties of rock material 岩石矿物材料的力学性质Mercali scale 麦氏级metamorphic rock 变质岩mica schist 云母片岩 micaceous quartzite 云母石英岩 microfissures 微裂隙~ induced by compression 受压引起的微裂隙~ and permeability 微裂隙与渗透性 microfractures 微观破坏，、微观断裂 mining engineering 采矿工程 mineralogy 矿物学model testing 模型试验~ of dam abutments 坝体支撑的模型试验~ of dam 坝体模型试验 ~ of percolation of water 渗水性模型试验 ~ of reservoir basin 水库体模型试验 ~ of rock mass 岩体模型试验 ~ of sliding surface 滑动面模型试验 ~ of underground power station 地下电站模型试验modulus 系数，模数，模量 dynamic modulus 动态模量 effective modulus 有效模量 ~ in situ testing of rock mass 岩石模量现场试验 ~ laboratory tests模量试验室试验 static ~ 静态模量 ~ in stratified rock mass 层状岩体的模量 moduus of deformation or bulk 边形模量或体积模量 modulus modulus of elasticity(Young modulus) 弹性模量(杨氏模量) modulus of rigidity 刚度模量 Mohr circle 莫尔圆examples of use of ~ 莫尔圆应用实例 mole-for tunnel excavation without 全断面隧道掘进机-用于隧道的非爆破blasting 掘进moment， displacements caused by 力矩引起的位移 momentum equation 力矩方程,,moraine 冰碛，冰碛层 mortar，grouting with 注入砂浆，砂浆注浆mudstone 泥岩mylonite 糜棱岩NNational Coal Board，Britain 英国国家煤炭局(部) needle test, for anisotropy 各向异性针击试验 Newtons law for movement of rock 岩体运动的牛顿定律 massOodometer 里程表，测距仪 oozing 浸出，徐徐流出 openings 峒室，巷道 ~ in rock masses 岩体中巷道circular ~ 圆形巷道，圆形峒室 parallel circular ~ 平行圆形峒室rectangular ~ 方形峒室，矩形巷道 square ~ 四边形巷道 stress and strain about ~, due to 巷道周围的应力应变，原岩应力引起的residual stress; due to hydrostatic 应力应变，巷道中静水压引起的应力应pressure in the tunnel 变ophite 绿辉岩的一种 orthogonal 正交的，直角的 oval-shped 椭圆形的overburden 上覆岩层，抵抗线grout preesure and ~ 注浆压力与上覆岩层minimum ~ for pressure tunnel 压力隧道的最小上覆层厚度 overcoring method for measuring 岩石中原岩应力测量的向下垂直钻孔residual stresses in rock 取芯法overstrained rock，round tunnels 隧道周围的过渡应变岩石Pparallelepipeds 平行六面体 pegmatite 结晶花岗岩 penstock 闸门,,percolation 渗透percolation of water through rock 水渗透岩石 Darcy?s law for ~ 达西岩石渗水定律 Longitudinal ~ 岩石纵向渗水 primary and secondary ~ 主要和次要岩石渗水 radial ~ 径向岩石渗水 test for ~ under dam foundations 坝基础下岩石渗水试验 permeability of rock to air 岩石向大气的渗透性permeability of rock to water 岩石向水的渗透性 compression stress and ~ 抗压强度与岩石的渗水性correlation of ~ with mechanic 岩石渗水性与力学性质、波速的关系properties; with wave velocitygrouting and ~ 注浆与岩石渗透性 Lugeon nut for ~ 罗吉恩的岩石渗水难题 tensile stress and ~ 抗拉强度与岩石渗透性 tests for ~ 岩石渗透性试验permeability factor K 渗透性系数 Permian rocks 二叠纪岩石 perviousness渗透性，渗水性 perviousness of rock 岩石透水性 petroghaphic properitesof rocks 岩石的岩相性质 petrography 岩相学，岩石记述学 photoelastic methods 光弹性方法 phyllite 千枚岩，硬绿泥岩 phyllite quartzite 硬绿岩质石英石 physical properties of rock 岩石的物理性质 piezometers 压力计，压强计 piezometric line 压力线，自由水面线 pilot tunnels 导峒，超前导峒pipes，theory of thick elastic 厚壁弹性管理论，厚壁弹性筒理论 plastic blocks，transmission of stress 应力波穿过塑性区的传播 through plastic deformation of rock 岩石的塑性变形 plasticity of rock 岩石的塑性 plate,bearing tests for deformations 承载板变形试验 theory of ~ 承载板变形试验理论,,point,load test for anisotropy 点载荷各向异性试验 Poiseuille?sformula 泊赛尤尼公式 Poisson?s ratio 泊松比compression stress and ~ 压应力与泊松比 effective value of ~ in rock masses 岩体中泊松比的有效值 pore pressure 孔隙压力 test for ~ 孔隙压力试验 porosity 多孔性，孔隙性 ~ of grout curtain 注浆帷幕的孔隙性 ~ of rock, elasticity, erosion 岩石的孔隙性，弹性，腐蚀 porosity index 孔隙指数porous media,flow of water in 多孔介质中水的流动 porphyry 斑岩Portueuese National Research 葡萄牙国家研究实验室 Laboratorypower stations 地下电站different type of underground power 不同类型的地下电站 stationrock mechanics for underground 地下电站岩石力学 power stationprecast concrete 预制混凝土 pressure，relation of percolation to 渗透性与压力的关系 pressure cell 压力盒，压力传感器 pressure chamber test压力室试验 pressure gradient 压力梯度 pressure pipe 压力管，压力隧洞defective air valve in ~ 压力隧洞的安全气阀 pressure shaft 压力井pressure tunnel 压力隧道，压力隧洞 failures of ~ 压力隧洞的破坏grouting round ~ 压力隧洞周围注浆 minimum overuurden above ~ 压力隧洞的最小厚度上覆层~ adjacent to rock slopes 与岩石边坡临近的压力隧洞最小厚度上覆层,,~ for different types of rocks and 不同类型岩石和巷道的最小厚度上覆galleries; in rock liable to plastic 层;易于塑性变形岩石中的压力隧洞的deformation; under alluvium; 最小厚度上覆层;冲积层下压力隧洞的under horizontal rock surface 最小厚度上覆层;水平岩层表面下压力隧洞的最小厚度上覆层 seepage from ~ 压力隧洞的渗漏 stresses in ~ 压力隧洞岩石中的应力 stresses in ~ from hydrostatic 静水压力引起的压力隧洞岩石中的应pressure 力theory of ~ 压力隧洞理论 precipitation 沉淀，沉淀物 prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土 propane 丙烷pseudo,shear 准剪切pulvino (pressure distribution slab) 压力分布板 punching shear test 冲剪试验Qquality index 质量指标，质量指数 rock quality designation 岩石质量指标radial percolation index 径向渗透系数 quartz 石英permeability of ~ 石英的渗透性 quartz,diorite 石英-闪长岩 quartz-mica gneiss 石英-云母片麻岩 quartz-mica schist 石英-云母片岩 quartz-monzonite 石英-二长岩 quartzite 石英岩，硅岩 creep of ~ 石英岩的蠕变 ~ for dam foundations 用作坝基的石英岩 fissured ~ 裂隙石英岩 micaceous ~ 云母状石英岩 powdery ~ 粉状石英岩 strain-stress curves for ~ 石英岩的应变-应力曲线 quartzose phyllite 含石英的千牧岩 quartzose shale 含石英的页岩,,Rradial percolation test 径向渗透试验 ramp 斜面rate of loadng 加载率rayoliterebound number 回弹数rectangle 矩形，长方形 strains round a ~ 矩形洞室岩石中的应变strains under a loaded ~ 受载矩形洞室的应变 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 relaxation of rock masses 岩体的松弛 Repeatable Acoustic Seismic Source 可重复的声学地震源 reservoir 水库，蓄水池displacement of embankments of ~ 水库坝堤的位移 variation of water level in ~ 水库水面(位)的变化 residual stresses in rock 岩石中的残余应力，岩石原岩应力 ~ and elasticity 岩石原岩应力与弹性 measurements of ~ 岩石原岩应力测量 relaxation from ~ 原岩应力释放，原岩应力松弛static equilibrium method 静力平衡法 resins, impregnation of rock with 岩石中注入彩色树脂 colouredresistance quotient 阻力商，阻力系数~ of jointed rock 节理岩石的阻力系数 resistivity 阻力，抵抗力resonance waves 共振波reversible deformations 可逆变形，弹性变形 rheology 流变学，流变能力rigidity，modulus of 刚度模量rock arch 岩石拱rock bolt extensometer 岩石锚杆伸长仪，岩石锚杆变形测量仪rock bolting 岩石锚杆，岩石锚杆支护 rock bolts，different types of 不同类型的岩石锚杆 rock burst 岩爆rock fill dam 岩石土坝，岩石充填坝,,rock load 岩石载荷~ on lining 作用于支护体上的岩石载荷 ~ on steel supports 作用于刚支架上的岩石载荷 rock mass 岩体classification of ~ 岩体分类structure and anisotropy of ~ 岩体结构与各向异性 rock material 岩石，岩石矿物材料 rock quality designation(RQD) 岩石质量指标 rock slide 岩石滑坡rosette 应变片rupture of rocks 岩石破坏Griffith,Hoek theory of ~ 岩石破坏的格里菲斯-虎克理论point of ~ 岩石破坏点 Torre?s theory of ~ 托里岩石破坏理论Ssafety factor 安全系数~ against sliding 滑坡安全系数~ for dam 大坝安全系数 ~ for tunnel 隧道安全系数 salt mine 盐矿creep in ~ 盐矿蠕变sandstone 砂岩compressibility of ~ 砂岩的可压缩性 permeability of ~ 砂岩的渗透性stresses in ~ 砂岩种的应力 swelling of ~ 砂岩的膨胀，砂岩的剪胀saturation swelling stress 饱和膨胀压力 scale effect 尺寸效应~ in compression tests 压缩试验中的尺寸效应~ in deformation and displacement 变形和位移试验中的尺寸效应 tests ~ in elasticity tests 弹性试验中的尺寸效应 schist 片岩schistosity 片理，片岩性 plane of ~ 片理面,,scour 清理，净化sedimentary rock 沉积岩slopes in ~ 沉积岩边坡seepage 渗流，渗出~ from pressure tunnel 从隧道中渗出~ in rock mass 岩体中的渗流 ~ under dam 坝下渗流seismic wave tests on rock; on dam site 岩石的，坝址的地震波试验seismic wave tests for detecting 检测初始滑动，软弱岩石的地震波试验incpient slides; weakening rockseismic wave tests inside gallery 峒室内的地震波试验 sesmic wave velocity 地震波速度。
英汉工程地质学专业词汇(与双语教学讲义Engineering Geology 配套使用)黄雨选编同济大学地下建筑与工程系2009.10编写说明为了配合同济大学土木工程专业工程地质学双语教学改革的需要，我们于2009年，从F.G. Bell所编著的Engineering Geology(Second edition 2007)及Tony Waltham所编著的Foundations of Engineering Geology(Second edition 2001)两本书中选编了与工程地质学关系较密切的部分专业词汇，以英汉对照的形式刊出，便于学生使用。
以求对学生在双语教学课堂和课后学习时有所帮助。
使用过程中若发现不当之处，欢迎多提批评和建议，以便及时补充更正。
编者2009年10月ContentsChapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................... ..1 Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy .. (1)Chapter 3 Geological Structure (4)Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties and Classification (5)Chapter 5 Groundwater (7)Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineering (8)chapter 7 In-situ test (10)Chapter 8 Site investigation (10)Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering geology 工程地质学engineering practice 工程实践geomorphology 地貌学structural geology 构造地质学sedimentology 沉积学petrology 岩石学stratigraphy 地层学Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy earth crust 地壳the mantle 地幔the core 地核Mineral 矿物Rock 岩石Igneous rock 岩浆岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Luster 光泽Streak 条痕Cleavage 解理Fracture 断裂Mohs’ Scale of Hardness 莫氏硬度计Talc 滑石Gypsum 石膏Calcite 方解石Fluorspar 萤石Apatite 磷灰石Orthoclase feldspar 正长石Quartz 石英Topaz 黄玉Corundum 刚玉Diamond 金刚石Pyrite 黄铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Dolomite 白云石Olivine 橄榄石augite 普通辉石Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Hornblende 角闪石Plagioclase 斜长石anorthite 钙长石potash feldspar 钾长石Mica 云母Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母silica minerals 硅氧矿物felsic 长英矿物mafic 铁镁质矿物Kaolinite 高岭石Montmorillonite 蒙脱石Illite 伊利石Garnet 石榴子石Chlorite 绿泥石Serpentine 蛇纹石Magma 岩浆Batholiths 岩基Stock 岩株Lopolith 岩盆Sill岩床Dyke岩脉Vein纹理Lense 透镜体Plutonic rock深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Acidic igneous rocks 酸性岩Intermediate igneous rocks 中性岩Basic igneous rocks 基性岩Ultrabasic igneous rocks 超基性岩leucocratic rock 浅色岩mesocratic rock 中色岩melanocratic rock 暗色岩hypermelanic rock 深暗色岩degree of crystallinity 结晶度crystal 晶体phenocryst 斑晶Holocrystalline 全晶质Holohyaline 全玻璃质(非晶质) massive structure 块状构造rhyotaxitic structure 流纹状构造vesicular structure 气孔状构造amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造Merocrystalline 半晶质granular texture 粒状构造granular texture 等粒结构Inequigranular texture 不等粒结构Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Phanerocrystalline 显晶质Granite 花岗岩Pegmatite 伟晶岩Syenite 正长岩Diorite 闪长岩Gabbro 辉长岩Peridotite橄榄岩Pyroxenite 辉岩Porphyrite 玢岩Porphyry 斑岩Diabase 辉绿岩Rhyolite 流纹岩Trachyte 粗面岩Andesite 安山岩Basalt 玄武岩Pumice 浮岩lithify （使）岩化consolidation 固结作用cementation胶结作用component 成分classification 分类sediment 沉积物detrital sediment 碎屑沉积fragments of rock 岩石碎片volcanic ash 火山灰Clay mineral 粘土矿物aluminium silicate 硅酸铝hydrophilicity 亲水性plasticity可塑性dilatability 膨胀性Organic substance 有机物质size analysis 粒级分析Grading curve 级配曲线Conglomerate 砾岩Breccias 角砾岩sand stone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Mud stone 泥岩Shale 页岩Bed 岩层Chemical rock 化学岩Biochemical Rock 生物化学岩Stratum (pl. strata) 岩层Bedded 成层的Bedding 层理horizontal bedding 水平层理oblique bedding 斜层理cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理Stratigraphic 地层学的Bedding planes 层面Formation 组Deposit 堆积，沉淀Clastic Rock 碎屑岩Recrystallization 重结晶作用Metamorphism 变质作用metacryst texture变晶结构palimpsest texture变余结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶tabular structure 板状构造phyllitic structure千枚状构造schistose structure片状构造gneissic structure片麻状构造dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用contact metamorphism 接触变质作用regional metamorphism 区域变质作用mountain chain 山链Directional pressure 定向压力Brecciation角砾岩化cataclasis 碎裂作用mylonitization 糜棱岩化Mylonite糜棱岩Slate 板岩Cleavage 解理Schistosity 片理Foliation 叶理Gneiss 片麻岩Marble 大理岩Quartzite 石英岩Stratification 分层Geological time 地质时期Absolute Dating绝对年龄测定Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定Relative dating相对年代测定Stratigraphic correlation method地层对比法Law of Superposition地层层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石time unit 地质年代单位Geological Time Scale地质时标eon 宙Pre-Cambrian time 前寒武纪Phanerozoic time 显生宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Age 期Erathem 界System 系Series 统Cenozoic新生代Mesozoic中生代Palaeozoic古生代Quaternary第四纪Tertiary第三纪Holocene全新世Pleistocene更新世Chapter 3 Geological Structure Geological structure 地质构造Deformation 变形rock failure 岩石破裂Tectonic process 构造运动Discontinuity 不连续horizontal structure 水平构造Inclined structure 倾斜构造crustal movement 地壳运动vertical movement 垂直运动outcrop 岩层露头occurrence 产状dip 倾向dip angle 倾角True dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角strike 走向geological survey 地质勘探geological compass 地质罗盘Fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜Anticline 背斜Hinge 枢纽Limb 翼Hinge line 枢纽线Axial plane 轴平面axial surface 轴面Fold axis 褶轴Inter-limb angle 翼间角symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱overturned fold 倒转褶皱recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Monoclinal fold 单斜褶皱Isoclinal fold等斜褶皱Fan fold扇状褶皱Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold倾伏褶皱Dome 穹庐composite fold 复合褶皱drag fold 拖曳褶皱terrain 地形crest 脊tectonic basin 构造盆地fracture 断裂fault 断层joint 节理residual stress 残余应力structural fracture 构造裂隙tensile fracture 张性裂隙shear fracture 剪切裂隙external force 外力Joint rose map节理玫瑰花图Fault plane 断层面Fault dip 断层倾角Fault strike 断层走向Footwall下盘Hanging wall 上盘Fault scarp 断层崖Fault line 断层线Hade 断层倾角Fault distance 断距normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层strike-slip fault走向平移断层Triangular facet 断层三角面active fault 活性断层fault zone 断层带Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Slickenside 断层擦面Fault breccias 断层角砾岩conformity 整合Unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合Rock Mass 岩体structural plane 结构面Porosity 孔隙度Deformation 变形Elasticity 弹性Plasticity 塑性modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Poisson’s ratio泊松比transverse strain 横向应变axial strain 轴向应变Rock strength 岩石强度Compressive strength 抗压强度Unconfined Compression Test 无侧限抗压试验Tensile strength 抗拉强度Direct Pull Test 直拉试验Shear strength 抗剪强度triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验internal friction 内摩擦角mud crack 泥裂ripple mark 波痕Joint number in one cubic meter 体积裂隙数Over consolidated 超固结Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties andClassificationSoil 土tri-phase soil 三相土Solid particle 固体颗粒grain size 粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter 平均粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size 有效粒径grain size distribution 粒度分布Grain composition 颗粒组成Boulders 块石，漂砾Cobbles 粗砾Gravel 砂砾Sand 砂Silt 粉砂Clay粘土gradation test级配筛分试验semi-logarithmic scale半对数标度Grading curve 级配曲线Coefficient of Uniformity 不均匀系数Coefficient of Curvature,曲率系数well-graded 分选性好poorly graded 分选性差Primary mineral 原生矿物Secondary minerals 次生矿物Soluble salt 可溶盐类Organic materials 有机物质Soil Water 土壤水soil gas 土壤气体single-grained structure 单粒结构flocculent structure 絮状结构honeycomb structure蜂窝结构void ratio 孔隙比compactionness 密实度relative density, density index相对密度compressibility 压缩性coefficient of consolidation 压缩系数liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数Plasticity index 塑性指数shrinkage limit 缩限weight 重度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density密度relative density 相对密度maximum dry density 最大干密度Water content 含水量optimum water content 最优含水量specific gravity比重degree of saturation饱和度Eluvial soils 残积土Slope deposits 坡积物Pluvial deposits 洪积物Alluvial soil 冲击土lake deposit 湖相沉积Wind deposit 风成沉积物Glacial deposit 冰川沉积Chapter 5 Groundwater Groundwater 地下水Aquifer 含水层Infiltrate 渗透Seepage 渗流seepage force渗透力seepage velocity渗流速度Capillary water 毛细水Gravity water 重力水Bound water, combined water, held water 结合水Crystal water 结晶水Surface tension 表面张力Capillary pressure 毛细压力Wetting angle 润湿角Hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力Uplift pressure浮托力Pore pressure 孔隙压力Hydrodynamic pressure 动水压力Permeability 渗透率Unconfined aquifer orWater-table aquifer 非承压含水层Recharge 补给Confined or artesian aquifer 承压含水层Artesian well 自流井Water content 含水量Specific retention 持水度Specific yield 给水度Porosity 孔隙度Coefficient of permeability 渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity 水力传导率Hydraulic gradient 水力梯度Darcy's law达西定律Isotropic 均质Homogeneous 各向同性suspended water 包气带水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水karst water 喀斯特水（岩溶水）fracture water 裂隙水Pore water 孔隙水perched water上层滞水spring 泉水outcrop of spring 泉水出露contact spring 接触泉overflow spring 溢出泉eroded spring 侵蚀泉well 井artesian spring 自流泉carbonate 碳酸盐Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐carbonic acid 碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cation 阳离子sulphate 硫酸盐chloride 氯化物anion 阴离子solubility 溶解度compound 化合物Sodium salt 钠盐hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢organism 有机物Colloid 胶体Land subsidence 地面沉降Consolidation 固结Heterogeneous不均匀的Anisotropic 各向异性的Cone of depression降水漏斗Seepage failure 渗流破坏Piping 管涌seepage forces 渗流压力Quicksand 流沙flow net 流网Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineeringWeathering 风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化biological weathering 生物风化exfoliation 剥落parent rock 母岩coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数differential expansion不均匀[局部]膨胀Freeze–thaw action 冻融作用critical moisture content临界含水率oxidation 氧化作用hydration 水化作用hydrolysis 水解作用carbonation 碳酸化作用Solution 溶解作用Anhydrite 硬石膏River 河流Valley floor 谷底river bed 河床channel cross section河槽横断面river bank 河岸attrition 磨损corrasion 侵蚀corrosion 溶蚀meander 河曲alluvial flat 河漫滩oxbow lake牛轭湖river terrace 河流阶地tectonic valley 构造谷erosional valley侵蚀谷tectonic line 构造线master stream 主流lateral corrosion 侧向侵蚀vertical erosion 下切侵蚀accumulational terrace 堆积阶地erosional terrace 侵蚀阶地pedestal terrace 基座阶地Slope failure 边坡不稳Collapse 崩塌Landslide 滑坡shear failure 剪切破坏Sliding body 滑坡体slip surface 滑动面Slip zone 滑动带sliding bed 滑坡床Sliding cliff 滑坡后壁sliding terrace 滑坡台地Sliding tongue 滑坡舌Tension crack 拉张裂缝Shear cracks 剪切裂缝Retrogressive slide 牵引式滑坡Comprehensive treatment综合治理Drainage 排水Catch drain 集水沟Drainage channel 排水槽blind drain 盲沟retaining wall 挡土墙anti-sliding pile 抗滑桩anchoring bar (pin, rod) 锚筋（钉，杆）consolidation grouting 固结灌浆rockfall 岩崩limit equilibrium methods 极限平衡法Karst 喀斯特Lapie 岩沟Clint 石芽Funnel 漏斗corroded depressionpolje 溶蚀谷corroded plain.Sinkhole 落水洞karst cave 岩溶洞underground river 暗河natural bridge 天生桥stalactite钟乳石stalagmite 石笋denudation 剥蚀作用Vertical zoning 垂直分带Dissolution 溶解Scouring 冲刷Earthquake 地震Epicenter 震中earthquake focus 震源plutonic earthquake 深源地震shallow-focus earthquake 浅源地震strong motion earthquake 强烈地震submarine earthquake 海底地震tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake火山地震artificial earthquake 人工地震seismograph 测震仪tsunami 海啸Mercalli Scale麦氏震级Richter scale 里氏震级Footing 基础Foundation 地基Footing 基础foundation stability 地基稳定性natural foundation 天然地基artificial foundation 人工地基shallow foundations 浅基础deep foundations 深基础pile foundation 桩基础strip footing 条形基础ultimate bearing capacity极限承载力load intensity荷载强度allowable bearing capacity容许承载力liquefaction 液化sand boil 砂沸Underground engineering地下工程Overburden覆盖层Elevation 海拔Axis 轴线Hydrogeological condition水文地质条件Subgrade 路基cutting slope 路堑边坡Chapter 7 In-situ testIn-situ test 原位测试natural structure 天然结构natural moisture 天然含水量natural state of stress 天然应力状态Loading Test 静载荷试验plate loading test 平板载荷试验critical edge pressure 临塑荷载ultimate load 极限荷载deformation modulus 变形模量Coefficient of sub-grade reaction 基床反力系数P~s curve p-s曲线s~logt curve s-logt曲线Cone Penetration Test 静力触探试验piezocone penetration test 孔压静力触探penetrometer 贯入仪Standard Penetration Test 标准贯入试验penetration resistance贯入阻力blow count 击数sampling 取样sleeve 套筒Shear Vane Test 十字板剪切试验Chapter 8 Site investigation engineering geological investigation 工程地质勘查engineering geological profiles 工程地质剖面图bore histogram钻孔柱状图。
岩土工程专业词汇——A辑•absorbed water 吸着水•aging 老化abutment 桥台•allowable bearing capacity 容许承载力•acoustic emission of rock 岩石声发射•allowable settlement 容许沉降•acoustic prospecting 声学探测•alluvial fan 冲积扇•active earth pressure 主动土压力•alluvial soil 冲积土•alternating load 交变荷载•active fault 活断层•anchoring，bolting 锚固bolting（螺栓连接, 拧紧）•activity index 活动性指数•anchor slab wall 锚定板墙•additional stress,superimposed stress 附加应力•anticline 背斜•aquifer 含水层•adverse geologic phenomena 不良地质现象•artesian(自流井的) pressure head 承压水头•aeolian deposit 风积土•artificial fill 人工填土•aeration(通风) zone water 包气带水•attitude 产状•average thickness method 平均厚度法•aggregate for concrete 混凝土骨料岩土工程专业词汇——B辑•back analysis 反演分析•bearing capacity factor 承载力因数•base course 道路基层•bearing stratum 持力层•bed rock 基岩•berm 反压平台( 反压马道) •boulder(stone block) 漂石( 块石) •Biot consolidation theory 比奥固结理论•Boussinesq theory 布辛涅斯克理论•Bishop's somplified method of slices 毕肖普简化条分法•bridge pier 桥墩brittle failure 脆性破坏•bulk modulus 体积模量blasting 爆破•buoyancy 浮托力block theory 块体理论•buttress retaining wall 支墩式挡墙•body force 体积力borrow area 取土场•by-pass seepage 绕渗岩土工程专业词汇——C辑•Cahtornia Bearing Ratio(CBR) 加州承载比•cobble 卵石( 碎石) •coefficient of collapsibility 湿陷系数•cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式挡墙•coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数•capillary water 毛细管水•categortzatlon of geotechnical projects 岩土工程分级•coefficient of consolidation 固结系数•cemment stabilization 水泥加固•coefficient of curvature 曲率系数•central load 中心荷载( 轴心荷载) •coefficient of deformation due to leaching 溶滤变形系数•Cerruti‘ssolution 色卢铁解答•coefficient of permeability 渗透系数•check dam 谷坊chemical grouting 化学灌浆•coeffieient of secondary consolidation 次固结系数•coarse aggregate 粗骨料•coefficient of self-weight collapsibility 自重湿陷系数•coarse-grained soil 粗粒土•coefficient of uniformity 均匀系数•compression index 压缩指数•coefficient of viscosity 粘滞系数•compressive strength 抗压强度•coefficient of volume compressibility 体积压缩系数•concentrated load 集中荷载( 点荷载) •coefficient of weathering 风化系数•concrete faced rockfill dam 混凝土面板堆石坝•cohesion 粘聚力•cone penetration test(CPT) 静力触探试验•cohesionless soil 无粘性土•cohesive soil 粘性土•confined warer 承压水•collapsibility 湿陷性•consistency limit 稠度界限•collapsibility test of loess 黄土湿陷试验•consolidated-drained triaxial test 固结排水三轴试验•collapsible soil 湿陷性土•consolidated quick shear test 固结快剪试验•combined bolting and shotcrete 喷锚支护•consolidated - undrainbd triaxial test 固结不排水三轴试验•compaetibility 压实性•compaction by rolling 碾压法•compaction grouting method 挤密喷浆法•consolidation 固结•consolidation cure 固结曲线岩土工程专业词汇——C辑•compacting mechinery 碾压机械•consolidation grouting 固结灌浆•compaction test 击实试验•composite ground 复合地基•consolidation settlement 固结沉降•composite slip surface 复合滑动面•consolidation test 固结试验•comprehensive engineering geological map 综合工程地质图岩土工程专业词汇——C辑•constitutive relation of soil土的本构关系( 本构模型) •comoressibility 压缩性•constrained grain size 限制粒径•Coulomb's earth pressure theory库仑土压力理论•counterfort retaining wall 扶壁式挡墙•constrained modulus 压缩模量•crack growth 裂纹扩展creep 蠕变•contact pressure 基底压力( 接触压力) •critical edge pressure 临塑荷载•contour map of groundwater 地下水等水位线图•critical height of slope( 土坡) 临界高度•control of underground water 地下水控制•critical hydraulic gradient 临界水力梯度•core of rock 岩芯•core recovery 岩芯采取率•critical void ratio 临界孔隙比•core wall 心墙•corner-points method 角点法•cross - hole method 跨孔法•curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆•Coulomb - Navier strength theory 库仑—纳维强度理论•cushion 垫层cutting 路堑•cutoff wall 截水墙cyclic load 周期荷载岩土工程专业词汇——D辑•Darcy's law 达西定律•Degree of consolidation 固结度•debris flow 泥石流•degree of saturation 饱和度•deep mixing method 深层搅拌法•delayed elasticity 弹性后效•deep soil stabilization 深层土加固•densification by explosion 爆炸加密法•deep well method 深井法•degree of compaction 压实度•densification by sand pile 挤密砂桩•density 密度•depletion coefficient 疏干系数•dispersion coefficient 弥散系数•developing chart of exploratory drift坑洞展示图•dispersive clay 分散性粘土•disturbed soil sample 扰动土样•dewatering method 降水法•differential settlement 沉降差•diversion tunnel 导流洞•down-hole method 下孔法•dike ，levee 堤drainage method 排水法•dilatancy 剪胀性dynamic consolidation 强夯法•dilatancy of rock 岩石扩容•dynamic load 动荷载diluvial fan 洪积扇•dynamic penetration test 动力触探试验•diluvial soil 洪积土[ dai’lju:vjel ]•direct shear test 直剪试验•dynamic simple shear test 动单剪试验•disaster geology 灾害地质学•dynamic triaxial test 动三错轴试验•dislocation 位错岩土工程专业词汇——E辑•earth dam 土坝•effective grain size 有效粒径•earth material 土料•earth pressure at rest 静止土压力•effective porosity 有效孔隙率•effective stress 有效应力•earthquake engineering 地震工程学•effective stress analysis 有效应力分析•earthquake subsidence 震陷•elastic strain 弹性应变•electrical prospecting 电法勘探•earth — rock dam 土石坝•earthwork 土石方工程electro-osmosis 电渗法•eccentric load 偏心荷载embankment 路堤•engineering geologic columnar profile •工程地质柱状图•environmental geotechnics 环境岩士工程•engineering geologic exploration 工程地质勘探•equipotential line 等势线•engineering geologic drilling 工程地质钻探•equivalent opening size(EOS) 等效孔径•engmeering geologic evaluation 工程地质评价•excavating machinery 挖掘机械•engineering geologic map 工程地质图•excavation 挖方•excess pore water pressure 超静水压力•engineering geologic mapping 工程地质测绘•expanded polystyrene(EPS) [ ’poli ’staieri:n ]•聚苯乙烯发泡材料•engineering geologic profile 工程地质剖面图•expansive soil 膨胀土岩土工程专业词汇——F辑•fabric sheet reinforced earth 铺网法•fine-grained soil 细粒土fissuerd clay 裂隙粘土•factor of safety 安全系数fissure water 裂隙水•failure strength 破坏强度•flat jack technique 扁千斤顶法•fall of ground 冒顶fatigue strength 疲劳强度•flow line 流线fault 断层•flow net 流网•field identification of soil 土的现场鉴别•fold 褶皱fraction 粒组•field observation 现场观测•fracture mechanics 断裂力学•fill 填方fracture zone 断裂破碎带•filter 反滤层free face 临空面•final settlement 最终沉降•free swelling ratio 自由膨胀率•fine aggregate 细骨料free water 自由水•frost heave 冻胀freezing method 冻结法•frost — heave capacity 冻胀量•french drain 盲沟fresh rock 新鲜岩石•frost heaving pressure 冻胀力•friction — resistance ratio 摩阻比•frozen soil 冻土岩土工程专业词汇——G辑•gap — graded soil 不连续级配土•geosynthetics 土工合成材料•geotechnical centrifugal model土工离心模型试验•general shear failure 整体剪切破坏•geotechnical engineering 岩土工程•geocomposite 土工复合材料•geotechnical engineering investigation 岩土工程勘察•Geodrain/prefabricated（预制）strip drain 塑性排水带法•Geofabriform 土工模袋geogrid 土工格栅•geotextiles 土工织物•geologic environment 地质环境•gradation 级配grain size 粒径•grain size distribution curve 粒径分布曲线•geologic structure 地质构造•gravelly soil 砾类土gravitational water重力水•geomechanical model test 地质力学模型试验•gravity retaining wall 重力式挡墙•geomembrane 土工膜geomorphology 地貌•Griffith 's strength criterion 格里菲斯强度准则•geophysical exploration 地球物理勘探•ground fracturing 地裂ground water 地下水•ground treatment 地基处理•geostatic stress 自重应力岩土工程专业词汇——G辑•groundwater dynamics 地下水动力学•groundwater regime 地下水动态•groundwater storage 地下水贮藏量•groundwater hardness 地下水硬度•groundwater monitoring 地下水监测•groin，spur dike丁坝grouting 灌浆•groundwater pollution 地下水污染•grouting test 灌浆试验guide adit 导洞•groundwater recharge 地下水补给量岩土工程专业词汇——H辑•hardness degree of rock 岩石坚硬程度•hydrogeological drilling 水文地质钻探•hydrogeological investigation 水文地质勘查•hydraulic fracturing technique 水力劈裂法•hydrogeology 水文地质学•hydrostatic pressure 静水压力•hydraulic fill 水力冲填•hydraulic gradient 水力梯度•heaving of the bottom 基坑底隆胀•hydraulic tunnel 水工隧道岩土工程专业词汇——I辑•influence chart 感应图•influence chart 感应图•infra - red detection 红外探测•internal friction angle 内摩擦角•investigation stage 勘察阶段•isochrone 等时孔压线•isoline method 等值线法•interstrated water 层间水岩土工程专业词汇——J、K辑•jet grouting method 高压喷射注浆法•joint 节理•Kaiser effect 凯塞效应•karst land feature 喀斯特地貌•karst 喀斯特( 岩溶)•karst collapse 喀斯特塌陷•Ko — consolidation Ko 固结岩土工程专业词汇——L辑•Lamilar flow 层流line load线荷载•landform unit 地貌单元•liquefaction of sand 砂土液化•landslide 滑坡landslide mass 滑坡体•liquefaction potential 液化势•land subsidence 地面下沉laterite 红土•liquidity index 液性指数liquid limit液限•layerwise summation method 分层总和法•local shear failure 局部剪切破坏•loess 黄土/’louis/ lime pile method 石灰桩法•loess - like soil 黄土状土lime soil pile 灰土桩lime treated soil 灰土longitudinal dike 顺坝•limit equilibrium method 极限平衡法•long-term modulus 长期模量•linear shrinkage ratio 线缩率•long-term stability 长期稳定性•Lugeon unit 吕荣单位岩土工程专业词汇——M辑•magmatic rock(igneous rock) 岩浆岩( 火成岩)•modulus of elasticity 弹性模量( 杨氏模量)•marine soil 海积土•masonry retaining wall 砌体挡墙•modulus of pressuremeter 旁压仪模量•maximum dry density 最大干密度•Mohr-Coulomb law 摩尔库仑定律•mechanical properties of rock 岩石力学性质岩土工程专业词汇——M辑•monitoring of landslide 滑坡监测•mechanics of granular media 散体力学•monitoring of pore-water pressure孔隙水压力监测•metamorphic rock 变质岩•monitoring of settlement and deformation 沉降变形监测•method of slice 条分法micro-crack 微裂纹岩土工程专业词汇——M辑•Mindlin’s solution 明德林解答muck 淤泥•monitoring of surrounding rock deformation of tunnel 洞室围岩变形监测•modified Griffith 's criterion•修正的格里菲斯准则•mini pile 微型桩mud pumping 翻浆冒泥•modulus of deformation 变形模量岩土工程专业词汇——N辑•natural angle of repose 天然休止角•New Austrian Tunnelling Method(NA TM) 新奥法•natural building materials 天然建筑材料•non-uniform settlement 不均匀沉降•needle — punched geotextile 针刺土工织物•nonwoven geotextile 无纺土工织物•normalization 归一化•normally consolidation soil 正常固结土岩土工程专业词汇——O辑•optinum moisture content 最优含水率•overburden pressure 覆盖压力•organic soil 有机质土•overconsolidation soil 超固结土•osmosic pressure method 渗透压法•over consolidation ratio(OCR) 超固结比•out and cover method 明挖法•over coarse-grained soil 巨粒土•overbreak 超挖overburden layer 覆盖层岩土工程专业词汇——P辑•packed drain ，fabric-enclosed drain 袋装砂井•permeability 渗透性•parallel section method 平行断面法•phreatic line 浸润线phreatic water 潜水•parapet wall 防浪墙•peremeability test 渗透试验•particle size analysis 颗粒分析试验•physical properties of rock 岩石的物理性质•passive earth pressure 被动土压力•piezocone test(CPTU) 孔压静力触探试验•peak strength 峰值强度•piezometric head 测压管水头•peat 泥炭penetration resistace 贯入阻力•pipe jacking method 顶管法•perched water 上层滞水piping 管涌•plane strain test 平面应变试验•plastic failure 塑性破坏•plastic flow 塑流•porosity 孔隙率•plastic limit 塑限•preconsolidation pressure 先期固结压力•plastic strain 塑性应变•plastic zone 塑性区•preloading method 预压法•plasticity chart 塑性图•pressure bulb 压力泡•plasticity index 塑性指数•pressuremeter test(PMT) 旁压试验•plate loading test 平板荷载试验•primary stress 初始应力( 地应力) •point loading test 点荷载试验•primary consolidation 主固结•Poisson's ratio 泊松比•poorly-graded soil 不良级配土•principle of effective stress 有效应力原理•pore air pressure 孔隙气压力•progressive failure 渐近破坏•pore pressure 孔隙压力•prototype monitoring 原型监测•pore pressure parameter 孔隙水压力系数•punching shear failure 冲剪破坏•pore pressure ratio 孔隙压力比•pump — in test 压水试验•pore water 孔隙水•pumping test 抽水试验•pore water pressure 孔隙水压力岩土工程专业词汇——Q辑•quick sand 流砂•quick shear test 快剪试验岩土工程专业词汇——R辑•radial flat jack technique 径向扁千斤顶法•radius of influence 影响半径•radial wells 辐射井•Rankine's earth pressure theory•兰金土压力理论•rate of settlement 沉降速率•retaining wall 挡土墙( 挡墙) •retardation 滞后•rate of stripping 剥离比•rheology 流变学•rebound modulus 回弹模量•road pavement 道路路面•rebound of foundation 地基回弹•rockburst 岩爆•recharge area 补给区rechargerate 补给率•rock classification 岩石分类•rock engineering 岩石工程•recharge method 回灌法rock fall 岩崩•reclamation 围垦工程rockfill dam 堆石坝•reinforced earth 加筋土rock mass 岩体•reinforced soil wall 加筋土挡墙•rock mass basic quality 岩体基本质量•relative density 相对密度•rock mechanics 岩石力学( 岩体力学) •relaxation time 松弛时间relief well 减压井•rock quality designation(RQD) 岩石质量指标•remolded strength 重塑强度•rolled fill earth dam 碾压土坝•remote sensmg prospecting 遥感勘测•rolling compaction test 碾压试验•reserve of building material 建材储量•root pile 树根桩residual soil 残积土•rose diagram of joints 节理玫瑰图•residual strength 残余强度runoff area 径流区•resonant column test 共振桩试验•rupture，fracture 断裂岩土工程专业词汇——S辑•saline soil 盐渍土sandy soil 砂井土•sand drain 排水砂井saturation curve 饱和曲线•scale effect 尺度效应•shield driving method 盾构法•seasonally frozen soil 季节冻土•shortcrete 喷射混凝土•secondary consolidation 次固结•shrinkage index 缩性指数•shrinkage limit 缩限side ditch 侧沟•secondary consolidation settle ment 次固结沉降•simple shear test 单剪试验•sedimentary rock 沉积岩•seepage 渗流slaking 湿化•air slaking潮解, 风化dry slaking干式消化[熟化]•lime slaking石灰熟化; 石灰消化•seepage deformation 渗透变•slide — resistant pile 抗滑桩•slip surface 滑动面•seepage failure 渗透破坏slip zone 滑动带•seepage force 渗流力sloping wall 斜墙•seepage path 渗径•slow shear test 慢剪试验•soft clay 软粘土•self —boring pressuremeter 自钻式旁压仪•soil dynamics 土动力学•oil fabric 土的组构•semi 一infinite elastic body 半无限弹性体•soil flow 流土soil mass 土体•sensitivity 灵敏度soil mechanics 土力学•settlement 沉降soil nailing 土钉•settlement calculation depth 沉降计算深度•soil sampler 取土器soil skeleton 土骨架•settlement curve 沉降曲线special soil 特殊土•shear modulus 剪切模量soldier pile 排桩•shear strain 剪应变soil structure 土的结构•shear strength 抗剪强度sheet pile wall板桩墙•specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重•specific grout absorption•单位吸浆量(比吸浆量)•stress concentration 应力集中•specific penetration resistance 比贯入阻力•stress controlled test 应力控制试验•specific surface 比表面积•stress distribution 应力分布•specific water absorption 单位吸水量•stress history 应力历史•specific yield 给水度stress level 应力水平•split test 劈裂试验( 巴西试验) •stress path 应力路径•stress recovery method 应力恢复法•stability analysis 稳定分析•stability number 稳定数•stress relaxation 应力松弛•stable crack growth 稳定裂纹扩展•stress relief method 压力解除法•standard penetration test 标准贯入试验•stress space 应力空间•stip load 条形荷载•state of plastic equilibrium 塑性平衡状态•structural block 结构体•steady seepage 稳定渗流•structural plane 结构面stone material 石料•structural types of rock mass 岩体结构类型•stereographlc projection 赤平投影•subsurface runoff 地下径流•storage coefficient 储水系数•sureharge 超载surface force 表面力•strain controlled test 应变控制试验•surface soil stabilization 浅层土加固•strain hardening 应变硬化•surface water 地表水strain space 应变空间•surface wave vecosity method 表面波法•strain softening 应变软化•strength envelope 强度包线•surrounding rock 围岩•surrounding rock stress 围岩应力( 二次应力)•swelling force 膨胀力•swelling index 回弹指数•Swedish circle method 瑞典圆弧法•swelling ratio 膨胀率•syncline 向斜岩土工程专业词汇——T辑•tailings dam 尾矿坝•total stress analysis 总应力分析•tensile strength 抗拉强度•Terzaghi's consolidation theory太沙基固结理论•transducer 传感器transient load 瞬时荷载•texsol ，fibre soil 纤维土•transmissivity 导水系数•thaw collapsibility 融陷性trench 探槽•thick wall sampler 厚壁取土器•trench out method 挖沟法•triangular method 三角形法•thin wall sampler 薄壁取土器•triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验( 三轴剪切试验)•thixotropy 触变性three phase diagram 三相图•tieback wall ，anchored wall 锚杆挡墙•triaxial extension test 三轴伸长试验•time factor 时间因数•torsional shear test 扭剪试验•total mineralization of groundwater •lining 隧道衬砌turbulent flow 紊流•total stress 总应力•true triaxial test 真三轴试验•triaxial test 三轴试验岩土工程专业词汇——U辑•ultimate bearing capacity 极限承载力•unconfined compressive streng th test •无侧限抗压强度试验•underlying stratum 下卧层•unconsolidated undrained 不固结不排水•underpinning 托换技术•under-consolidated soil 欠固结土岩土工程专业词汇——U辑•undisturbed soil sample不扰动土样( 原状土样) •uniformly distributed load 均布荷载•underground diaphragm wall 地下连续墙•unit weight 容量•up — hole method 上孔法•underground opening 地下洞室•uplift pressure 扬压力岩土工程专业词汇——V辑•vacuum preloading 真空预压法•vertical shaft 竖井vibroflotation 振冲法•valley terrace 河谷阶地•void ratio 孔隙比•vane shear test 十字板剪切试验•volumetric strain 体应变•volume shrinkage ratio 体缩率•varved clay 带状粘土岩土工程专业词汇——W辑•water bearing capacity 容水量•weathered crust 风化壳•water content 含水率•weathered rock 风化岩石•water injeeting test 注水试验•weathered zone 风化带•weathering 风化作用•water retaining capacity 持水度•weathering degree of rock 岩石风化程度•weak intercalated layer 软弱夹层•well point 井点排水•well — graded soil 良好级配土•weak structural plane 软弱结构面。
《构造地质学》教学大纲《构造地质学》教学大纲（理科基地班和工科基地班适用）课程编号:14009 学时：64学分：4一、课程性质和目的:构造地质学是地质学理科基地本科生的必修课。
它是建立在普通地质学、古生物学、矿物岩石学和普通物理学、力学等基础之上的一门主要的专业基础课。
通过本课程的教学，让学生掌握一些构造地质学的基础知识和技能，初步掌握基础构造现象的观测、描述和分析方法，为进一步深入地学习构造分析、构造物理学、区域大地构造学、实验构造学、岩石圈流变学等课程和开展相关研究打下基础。
二、课程的基本内容课程基本内容主要包括断裂、褶皱、面理、线理等构造形态及其组合的描述和分析；面理、线理产状测量、V字形法则、极射赤平投影等构造几何学方法；构造应力分析、应变分析、流变分析的力学基础、典型构造力学分析示范以及基本构造现象的野外观测。
具体内容如下：绪论（2学时）构造地质学研究的目的、任务、内容、方法、意义概述第一章原生沉积构造与线理、面理产状（4学时）层理类型、岩层变新方向的确定、岩层接触关系及在地质图上的表现、原生沉积构造与软沉积变形；线理和面理产状要素、测量方法与图面表示第二章赤平投影、地质读图、图切剖面与构造等值线（12学时）赤平投影的原理方法与基本操作，赤平投影的应用与计算机实现；读地质图、V字型法则；图切剖面的基本要求与实践；构造等值线及其计算机实现第三章断裂构造基础（6学时）断层几何学、运动学、构造岩、断层面特征；节理及其组合第四章断裂系统分析（6学时）逆冲系统几何学、逆冲双重构造、反冲和冲起、逆冲推覆构造的扩展、逆冲系统中的转换断层；伸展系统几何学、伸展双重构造、犁式扇、半地堑、滚动背斜、伸展系统中的转换断层；走滑系统几何学、走滑断层尾端效应、拉分盆地、转换拉伸与转换压缩、花状构造、走滑双重构造第五章褶皱构造（10学时）褶皱几何要素、褶皱产状要素、褶皱面向、褶皱分类、等斜线及其编制方法、平行褶皱与相似褶皱、对称褶皱与不对称褶皱、褶皱倒向、寄生褶皱、轴隆区与轴陷区、协调褶皱与不协调褶皱、叠加褶皱、褶皱形成机制与褶皱系统、纵弯褶皱与横弯褶皱作用、弯滑与弯流第六章面理、线理与组构（6学时）面理与线理的基本术语；四类主要劈理：板劈理、破劈理、褶劈理与压溶劈理；透入性与非透入性；连续劈理与间隔劈理；缝合线构造；面理与褶皱的关系；线理主要类型：断面檫线与层面檫线、皱纹线理、拉伸线理、矿物生长线理、交面线理；杆状构造、窗棂构造与香肠构造；压力影构造；组构、自由组构、优选组构、均匀组构与非均匀组构；构造标本观察与描述第七章应力分析基础（6学时）应力、正应力、剪应力；主应力、主平面、主方向、最大主应力、中间主应力、最小主应力、最大剪应力；应力状态、应力椭圆、应力椭球、应力莫尔圆；应力场与应力轨迹、典型构造应力分析（以雁列脉与旋卷构造为例）第八章应变分析基础（4学时）应变、线应变、剪应变、无穷小应变与有限应变；岩石有限应变测量、应变椭球、主应变；简单剪切、纯剪切、递进变形、弗林图解；应变场第九章韧性剪切带（2学时）韧性剪切带的概念、韧性构造岩、韧性剪切带的应变场特征第十章岩石流变性质（2学时）应力与应变的关系；弹性、粘性、塑性、韧性、粘弹性；蠕变与松弛；温度、围压、应变速率、孔隙流体压力等对岩石变形的影响；岩石变形微观机制简介第十一章构造标本观测分析和构造模拟实验（4学时）观测分析脆性、韧性和脆韧性变形的构造标本，进行描述和初步的成因分析；了解构造模拟的方法，并进行简单的构造模拟方法和思路的学习。
