雅思听力词汇807雅思听力常用词汇雅思听力词汇807attend vt. 出席, 参加, 照顾, 护理, 注意vi. 专心, 留意eventually adv. 最后, 终于memorise v.< 主英> = memorize 记住, 记忆share n. 共享, 参与, 一份, 部分, 份额, 参股vt. 分享, 均分, 共有, 分配vi. 分享[ 计] 使DOS 支持文件共享和锁定cancel vt. 取消, 删去reviewpromptly adv. 敏捷地, 迅速地difficult to take down everything & nbsp; space out for saving time&nbs p;space out v. 隔开stress n. 重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音vt. 着重, 强调, 重读advise vt. 劝告, 忠告, 警告, 建approach n. 接近, 逼近, 走进, 方法, 步骤, 途径, 通路vt. 接近, 动手处理vi. 靠近familiar with v. 熟悉discuss the seminar讨论研究会semester 学期confident 自信的, 确信的education system 教育系统assign vt. 分配, 指派v. 赋值choose 选择, 选定injure损害, 伤害include vt. 包括, 包含cause n. 原因, 导致某事发生的人或事, 动机, 理由, 根据, 目标, 理想, 事业vt. 引起, 惹起, 使( 发生), 促成Monday 星期一Tuesday 星期二Wednesday 星期三Thursday 星期四Friday 星期五Saturday 星期六Sunday 星期曰January 一月( 略作Jan) February 二月( 略作Feb) March 三月April 四月( 略作Apr)May 五月June 六月( 略作Jun)July 七月( 略作Jul) August 八月September 九月( 略作Sep) October 十月( 略作Oct)November 十一月( 略作Nov)December 十二月( 略作Dec)雅思听力词汇807 关于教育term 学期, 期限, 期间, 条款, 条件, 术语semester 学期session n. 会议, 开庭lecture n. 演讲, 讲稿, 谴责, 教训vt. 演讲, 训诫, 说教vi. 讲演tutorial n. 指南course n. 过程, 经过, 进程, 方针, 路线, 跑道, 课程, 一道菜v.追猎, 急行, 运行, 流动雅思听力词汇807 学业compulsory course 必修课obligatory co 必修课orientation n. 方向, 方位, 定位, 倾向性, 向东方summary 摘要, 概要accommodation n. 住处, 膳宿, ( 车, 船, 飞机等的) 预定铺位, ( 眼睛等的) 适应性调节, ( 社会集团间的) 迁就融合reception n. 接待, 招待会, 接收enrollment 登记, 注册, 入伍, 入会, 入学registration n. 注册, 报到, 登记breakfast 早餐vi. 进早餐lunch 午餐supper 晚餐dinner 正餐, 宴会university ( 综合) 大学institute n. 学会, 学院, 协会vt. 创立, 开始, 制定, 开始( 调查), 提起( 诉讼)college ( 综合大学中的) 学院, ( 独立的) 学院, < 美> 大学, < 英> 公学, 书院, 高等专科学院, 大学, 学会school n. 学校, 学院, 学习, 授课, 求学, 全体学生, 学派vt. 锻炼, 教育professor 教授, 公开表示信仰的人associate professor 副教授assistant professor 助理教授lecturer 演讲者, 讲师coordinator n. 协调者, 同等的人或物counselor n. 顾问, 法律顾问adviser n. 顾问, < 美> ( 学生的) 指导老师tutor n. 家庭教师, ( 大学) 指导教师, 助教, 监护人, 辅导教师v. 辅导supervisor n. 监督人, 管理人, 检查员, 督学, 主管人nationality 国籍, 国家, 部落, 民族, 民族性administration building 学校行政楼lecture n. 演讲, 讲稿, 谴责, 教训vt. 演讲, 训诫, 说教vi.演culture 文化, 文明local music 本土音乐scientific research 科学研究school facilities 学校设施notice board 布告牌library 图书馆, 藏书室, 库pink slip 解雇通知书information desk n.[ 计] 服务台pence n. penny 的复数essay plans ?research papers 研究论文documental adj. 公文的, 文件的quiz n. 测验, 提问, 恶作剧v. 对 ... 进行测验, 盘问, 挖苦sports 有关运动的corporation crime 集团犯罪individual n. 个人, 个体adj. 个别的, 单独的, 个人的companyoil explosion ？serious result 严重的后果mass media 大众传播媒体，大众传媒, 海量媒体数据academic adj. 学院的, 理论的intentionally adv. 有意地, 故意地aware adj. 知道的, 明白的, 意识到的literary theory？system 系统, 体系, 制度, 体制, 秩序, 规律, 方法astrology n. 占星术, 占星学( 以观测天象来预卜人间事务的一种方术)astronomy n. 天文学雅思听力词汇807 关于休闲活动dollar 元, 美元pound n. 磅, 英镑, 重击, 鱼塘, 兽栏, 拘留所vt. 强烈打击, 捣烂, 监禁, 关入栏vi. 连续重击, 连续敲打, 苦干pence penny 的复数snacks n. 小吃, 快餐, 一份v. 吃快餐( 小吃)drinks n. 饮料, 酒, 酗酒, 一口( 或一些) 饮料v. 喝, 喝酒, ( 植物、土壤等的) 吸水, 举杯庆贺music 音乐, 乐曲games [ 计] 游戏decoration n. 装饰, 装饰品map n. 地图, 图v. 绘制地图transportation 运输, 运送雅思听力词汇807 地点common room 公共休息室classroom 教室telescope n. 望远镜v. 压缩location 地点café ?department store 百货公司restaurant 餐馆, 饭店criminal n. 罪犯, 犯罪者adj.雅思听力词汇807 犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的thief 小偷, 贼case n. 事, 病例, 案例, 情形, 场合, 讼案, 容器, ( 语法) 格witness n.[ 律] 证人, 目击者, 证据, 证明, 证词vt. 目击, 为 ... 作证, 证明, 表明vi. 作证, 成为证据雅思听力词汇807 street 街, 街道avenue 林荫道, 大街, 方法, 途径, 路boulevard n.< 美> 林荫大道road 路, 道路, 公路, 大道雅思听力词汇807upset vt. 颠覆, 推翻, 扰乱, 使不适, 使心烦vi. 翻倒, 倾覆n. 翻倒, 混乱purse 钱包door-key 门锁匙feature 人物特征appearance n. 出现, 露面, 外貌, 外观hair color 头发颜色scar n. 伤痕, 疤痕v. 结疤, 使留下伤痕, 创伤curly adj. 卷曲的, 卷毛的, 弯曲的, ( 木材) 有皱状纹理的slim adj. 苗条的, 纤细的, 不足取的, 无价值的, 细长的v. 变细, 减肥distinguishing feature 特点, 特征chins n. 下巴, 下颚wings n. 飞行章, 女童军戴的一种翼形章helicopter n. 直升( 飞) 机, 直升机wing design 机翼设计？solution n. 解答, 解决办法, 溶解, 溶液解决方案New Zealand 新西兰( 太平洋南部岛国)Australia 澳洲, 澳大利亚United States 美国South Africa 南非( 非洲南部的一个国家)previous data 先前的数据？wind tunnel n. 风洞engine n. 发动机, 机车, 火车头efficiency n. 效率, 功效plant . 植物, 庄稼, 工厂, 车间, 设备vt. 种植, 栽培, 培养, 安置vi. 种植function n. 官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [ 数] 函数vi.( 器官等) 活动, 运行, 行使职责dampness n. 潮湿, 湿气environment 环境, 外界advantages 优势, 有利条件, 利益disadvantages 不利, 不利条件, 缺点, 劣势temperature 温度university resources ？cassettes n. 盒子, 盒式磁带videos 电视, 录象, 视频book in advance ？record n. 履历, 档案, 诉状, 最高纪录, 报告, 唱片vt. 记录, 标明, 将 ... 录音vi. 录音, 被录音adj. 创纪录的data datum 的复数, [ 计] 资料, 数据Wind Design ？Sydney 悉尼[ 雪梨]( 澳大利亚东南部港市, 新南威尔士州首府) similar experiments 相似的实验benefits n. 利益, 好处vt. 有益于, 有助于vi. 受益reduce 减少, 缩小, 简化, 还原windy 有风的, 刮风的, 多风的, 风强的, 腹胀的, 吹牛的maintain humidity 保湿less dangerous 没那么危险的centigrade. 分为百度的, 百分度的, 摄氏温度的low noise frequency 低噪音频率evaporates water. 使水蒸发掉factors for 对于~~~ 的因素tree evaporation 树木水份的蒸发sunlight 日光, 阳光, 日照water 水, 雨水, 海水, 水位, 水面, 流体vt. 喷淋, 供以水, 注入水, 使湿vi. 流泪, 加水adj. 水的, 水上的, 水生的, 含水的new surroundings 新环境distant deadline 遥远的最终限期impression n. 印象, 感想, 盖印, 压痕library building 图书馆frequency n. 频率, 周率, 发生次数living condition 生活状况weekends 在每个周末special n. 特派员, 专车, 专刊adj. 特别的, 特殊的, 专门的, 专用的report 报告, 传说, 谣言, 声誉, 名声, 爆炸声v. 报导, 汇报, 报到, 告发price 价格, 价钱, 代价vt. 给 ... 定价, 问 ... 的价格, 标明价格lecture 演讲, 讲稿, 谴责, 教vt. 演讲, 训诫, 说教vi. 讲演adult n. 成人, 成年人adj. 成人的, 成熟的children 孩子, 孩子们touch table ？blind adj. 瞎的, 盲目的vt. 使失明, 缺乏眼光或判断力visitors 访问者, 来宾, 游客expensive 花费的, 昂贵的restaurantrare adj. 稀罕的, 杰出的, 珍贵的, ( 肉类) 半熟的adv. 非常lions狮子, ( 剽悍的人) 社交场合的名流condition n. 条件, 情形, 环境, 社会地位vt. 以 ... 为条件, 使达到要求的情况animals 动物design n. 设计, 图案, 花样, 企图, 图谋, ( 小说等的) 构思, 纲要v. 设计, 计划, 谋划, 构思interview vt. 接见, 会见n. 接见, 会见medicine n. 药, 医学, 内科学, 内服药vt. 给 ... 用药language 语言, 语言文学, 术语psychology n. 心理学, 心理状态parents’ wishes 父母的期望high score in school 在学校有高学分friends 朋友, 赞助者, 助手rules n. 规则, 惯例, 统治, 章程, 破折号, 准则, 标准, 控制vt. 规定, 统治, 支配, 裁决vi. 统治, 管辖, 裁定n. 规则, 水线century世纪, 百年, 百个, 板球中的一百分, 百元( 钞票) Intervention n. 干涉royal commission ( 英国) 皇家专门调查委员会monopoly of education 教育垄断Scientists 科学家Prime Ministers 总理, 首相public n. 公众, ( 特定的) 人群, 公共场所adj. 公众的, 公共的, 公立的, 公用的private 私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的standard 旗, 军旗, 标准, 规格, 本位adj. 标准的, 权威, 第一流的Booklist ( 某个题目或学科的) 推荐书目, 书单Faculty-based ?funny 有趣的, 好笑的, 滑稽的, 奇异的, 古怪的n. 滑稽人物intelligent 聪明的, 伶俐的, 有才智的, [ 计] 智能的video project 录象投映fields system ？commuter n. 通勤者, 经常往返者financial advices 财政咨询instrument n. 工具, 手段, 器械, 器具, 手段second-hand 二手的student union ( 大学的) 学生活动大楼, 学生会occupation n. 职业, 占有, 占有( 房屋等) 期间director 主任, 主管, 导演, ( 机关) 首长, ( 团体) 理事, ( 公司) 董事, 指挥仪, 控制器photographer 摄影师n. 摄影师interviewer 会见者interviewee n. 被接见者, 被访问者quality 质量, 品质, 性质reform n. 改革, 改善, 改良运动, 感化vt. 改革, 革新, 重新组成vi. 革新, 改过, 重组Greece 希腊Britain 英国teacher 教师Russia 俄国, 俄罗斯, 苏联blond hair 金发intelligent 聪明的, 伶俐的, 有才智的, [ 计] 智能的reporters 记者, 通讯员railway worker 跌路工人beautiful 美丽的, 很好的equipment 装备, 设备, 器材, 装置Title n. 头衔, 名称, 标题, 冠军, 资格, 字幕, 权利, 扉页vt. 赋予头衔, 加标题于adj. 标题的, 用作书名的Designer 阴谋家, 设计家, 制图师writer 作者, 作家, 复写器overhead view 俯视college close-up close-up n. 特写镜头, 从近处仔细的观察, 小传Interviewee: teacherclear & informative ？coffee break 外国人在工作中喝咖啡休息时间？kindergarten 幼儿园PARKING 停车LECTURE ROOMS ？home-stay 在国外住在房东家里的那种Surname 姓v. 用姓称呼Passport . 护照personal consulting个人顾问available time 有效时间, 有用时间，可利用时间work systematically systematicall y adv. 系统地, 有系统地extensive writing ？good results 好的结果/ 成绩practical materials ？focus on 集中leisure time 休闲时间Advanced English Study ？non-smoker 不吸烟者non-drinker 不渴洒者pet n. 宠物, 受宠爱的人, 不悦adj. 宠爱的, 亲昵的vt. 宠爱vi.雅思听力词汇807 拥抱, 爱抚, 生气, 发脾气favorite food 最喜欢的食物sea food 海产食物, 海鲜tennis n. 网球运动adj. 网球的, 用于网球运动的vi. 打网球preferred transportation 首选的运输方式(train) 火车, 列车, 行列, 后果, 顺序, 长队, 长袍( 裙) 拖地的部分, 导火线vt. 训练, 培养, 瞄准, ( 园艺) 整枝vi. 锻炼Visa n. 签证vt. 签准雅思听力词汇807 维萨信用卡currency form 货币形式？embassy 大使及其随员, 大使的派遣, 大使馆transportation card ？Student ID Card 学生身份证International Student Card 国际学生证passport photos 护照大小的相片accepted currency 认可的货币Australian dollars and Yen 澳元跟日圆？a survey n. 测量, 调查, 俯瞰, 概观, 纵览, 视察vt. 调查( 收入, 民意等) 测量, 勘定, 审视, 视察, 俯瞰, 通盘考虑vi. 测量土地Occupation 职业cashier出纳员big department store 大的百货商场jeans 斜纹布裤, 牛仔裤books, 书, 书籍sportswear 运动装, 休闲活动穿着的衣服trousers 裤子, 长裤STATIONERY n. 文具, 信纸Goal 目的, 目标, 守门员, 球门, ( 球赛等的) 得分Intention n. 意图, 目的Efficiently adv. 有效率地, 有效地Consultation n. 请教, 咨询, 磋商, [ 医] 会诊Financial source 财源, 资金来源Radio station 广播站campus radio station 校园广播站student fund 学生基金participate vi. 参与, 参加, 分享, 分担Partner 合伙人, 股东, 舞伴, 伴侣professor 教授和teacher 老师ground floor 第一层cost n. 成本, 价钱, 代价vt. 价值为, ( 使) 花费( 金钱, 时间, 劳力等), 使失去( 生命, 健康等), 令人付出vi. 花费overseas student 外国学生reading ability 阅读能力vacation n. 假期, 休假, ( 房屋等的) 腾出v.< 美> 度假, 休假part time job 兼职English language system 英语语言系统Tax 税Castle城堡common houses ？advertisement n. 广告, 做广告donation n. 捐赠品, 捐款, 贡献topic 话题, 主题conference n. 会议, 讨论会, 协商会assignment n. 分配, 委派, 任务, ( 课外) 作业volunteer n. 志愿者, 志愿兵adj. 志愿的, 义务的, 无偿的v. 自愿various 不同的, 各种各样的, 多方面的, 多样的varied 杂色的, 各式各样的unusual 不平常的, 与众不同的, 不寻常的pop music 流行音乐current affairs 时事, 新闻phone-in 〈广播、电视〉听众热线电话直播节目local news 当地新闻time table 时间表schedule n. 时间表, 进度表v. 确定时间the title 标题seafood restaurant 海洋餐馆passage 通过, 经过, 通道, 通路, ( 一) 段, ( 一) 节aisle n. 走廊, 过道corridor走廊lift n. 举起, 电梯, 起重机, 搭车vt. 升高, 提高, 举起, 空运vi. 升起, ( 指雾等) 消散, 耸立cocktail n. 鸡尾酒, ( 第一道用杯盛的) 开味食品adj. 鸡尾酒的receptionist n. 招待员, 传达员delegate fee ？guest n. 客人, 来宾, 旅客vt. 招待, 款待vi. 作客, 寄宿steak n.( 供煎, 烤等的) 肉, 鱼, 肉片, 鱼片, 肉排, 牛排fish n. 鱼, 鱼肉, 鱼类, 接合板vt. 钓, 钓鱼, 查出, 用接合板连接vi. 捕鱼, 钓鱼, 用钩捞取, 间接探听, 拉摸索寻找barbecue n. 吃烤烧肉的野餐seminar 研究会, 讨论发表会campus life 校园生活home country 家乡archaeology n. 考古学tribute n. 贡品, 礼物, 颂词, 殷勤, 贡物goods 货物, < 美俚> 工具historian n. 历史学家, 史家rapid population 快速增长的人口cultivate vt. 培养, 耕作evidence 明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, [ 物] 证据, 证物stores and temple s ？imported n. 进口货( 常用复数), 进口, 输入, 意思, 重要性vt. 输入, 进口, 含 ... 的意思, 重要, 引入vi. 有关系, 有重要性rich-colored 色彩丰富的pottery n. 陶器, 陶器场marketing system 销售系统exchange in craft goods 工艺货物的交易noble houses 贵族房common residents 普通居民？precious stones. 宝石expiry n. 满期, 呼气, 终了, 终结injection n. 注射, 注射剂, ( 毛细血管等的) 充血, ( 人造卫星, 宇宙飞船等的) 射入轨道Yellow Fever 黄热病mosquito net 蚊帐walking boots ？comfortable shoes合穿的鞋子checks 支票in US Dollarscredit card 信用卡, 签帐卡present n. 赠品, 礼物, 现在, 瞄准adj. 现在的, 出席的, 当面的vt. 介绍, 引见, 给, 赠送, 上演, 提出, 呈现vi. 举枪瞄准plastics n. 整形外科, 外科修补术chemist’s n. 化学家, 药剂师Silent Island 孤岛Rain Forest 雨林coffee shop 咖啡店(=coffee house)waste of time 浪费时间notes n. 笔记, 短信, ( 外交) 照会, 注解, 注释, 票据, 纸币, 音vt. 注意, 记录, 笔记stress n. 重压, 逼迫, 压力, 重点, 着重, 强调, 重音vt. 着重, 强调, 重读pressure 压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫unsociable adj. 不爱交际的influenced n. 影响, 感化, 势力, 有影响的人( 或事), ( 电磁) 感应vt. 影响, 改变business 商业, 买卖, 交易, 生意, 事情, 事物, 营业, 商行local food 当地食品interest-free 免利息long term loan 长期贷款furniture 家具, 设备, 储藏物refreshment n. 点心, 饮料, 精力恢复, 爽快career n.( 原意：道路, 轨道) 事业, 生涯, 速度increase rate 上升/ 增加率inflation rate 通货膨胀率deflation rate 通货紧缩率deflation n. 放气, 缩小, 通货紧缩, 物价低廉( 尤指成本不降低时的反常情形)therapy n. 治疗therapy method 治疗方法psychological patient 心理病人examine the record 检查档案/ 记录in clinical circle 以临床循环模式diploma n. 文凭, 毕业证书, 证明权力、特权、荣誉等的证书, 奖状Master’s Degree 硕士学位presentation n. 介绍, 陈述, 赠送, 表达heart disease心脏病roommates n. 同屋者, 室友disturbance n. 骚动, 动乱, 打扰, 干扰, 骚乱, 搅动moustache n. 小胡子, ( 哺乳动物的) 触须moustache [ 简明英汉词典]dark hair 黑发beard 胡须light colored hair ？bathroom 浴室, 盥洗室diary 日记daughter女儿traffic jam 塞车, 交通拥塞ambitions 野心, 雄心law n. 法律, 诉讼, 法学, 法治, 司法界, 规律v. 对 ... 起诉, 控告abbr.[ 军] Light Anti-Tank Weapon, 轻型反坦克武器reform the reform n. 改革, 改善, 改良运动, 感化vt. 改革, 革新, 重新组成vi. 革新, 改过, 重组voting system 投票系统heart rate 心率disordered adj. 混乱的, 害了病的, 发狂的maximum n. 最大量, 最大限度, 极大adj. 最高的, 最多的, 最大极限的beats. n. 敲打, 拍子, 巡逻区域v.打, 打败（心脏跳动）unhealthy diet 不健康的饮食festival 节日concert 音乐会, 一致picnic n. 野餐vi.( 去) 野餐performance n. 履行, 执行, 成绩, 性能, 表演, 演奏louder speakers 扬声器performance time 表演时间date location 约会场所？Drama Theatre 戏剧, 院,Town Hall 市政厅Harbour n.(=harbor) 海港(chest) infection n.[ 医] 传染, 传染病, 影响, 感染prescribed v. 指示, 规定, 处( 方), 开( 药)antibiotics n. 抗生素, 抗生学Spoon n. 匙, 调羹, 勺子remarks n. 备注, 评论, 注意, 注释vt. 评论, 注意, 谈及vi. 谈论side effects 负作用penicillin n.[ 微] 青霉素（一种抗菌素，音译名为盘尼西林）before meals 饭前cough medicine 止 . 咳药drowsiness n. 睡意tutor about their presentationsPresentation n. 介绍, 陈述, 赠送, 表达confident 自信的, 确信的unsatisfied 不满意的，未得到满足的sense of relief.？sense of satisfaction. 满足感consulted v. 商量, 商议, 请教, 参考, 考虑reference books 参考书lack of vocabulary 欠缺词汇reading speed 阅读速度environmental study adj. 周围的, 环境的n. 环境论public health .1. 公共卫生2. 公共卫生设施engineering 工程( 学)reading strategy 阅读策略migration n. 移民, 移植, 移往, 移动tones found existing in Chinese ？the initial migration 最初的移民lock windows 锁窗户Address n. 地址, 致辞, 演讲, 说话的技巧vt. 向 ... 致辞, 演说, 写姓名地址, 从事, 忙于empty for ？clean woman ？rent v. 租, 租借, 出租n. 租金water heater 热水器fridge 电冰箱midnight 午夜details 详细资料landlady 女房东, 女地主, ( 旅馆等的) 老板娘research and education 研究与教育forest area 森林区market garden 商品菜园purpose 目的, 意图,period n. 时期, 学时, 节, 句点, 周期, （妇女的）经期adj. 过去某段时期的int. 没有了species n. 种类, ( 原) 核素n.[ 律] 式样n.[ 宗] 圣餐物rare animal 稀有动物goats, horses, hens goat n. 山羊, < 俚> 色鬼, < 美俚> 替罪羊demonstration of fishing Demonstration& nbsp; n. 示范, 实证Soft drinks 软饮料books about animals 关于动物的书soft toys ？variety of food 食品的种类Variety n. 变化, 多样性, 种种, 品种, 种类survey research 调查研究London 伦敦University Pres 大学出版社[ 部]Subjects n. 题目, 主题, 科目, 学科, 国民, [ 语法] 主语adj. 受他国统治的, 未独立的, 受制于 ... 的, 受 ... 影响的, 以 ... 为条件的vt. 使屈从于 ..., 使隶属sun report ？home 、bone 、grandGrand adj. 盛大的, 豪华的, 重大的, 主要的, 极重要的the tribe n. 部落, 部族painting n. 上油漆, 着色, 绘画, 油画v. 描绘temple walls ？bones 骨骼, 尸体women and children 妇女与孩子female 女性corpse n. 尸体teeth, fingers, bonesbig toe TOE n. 趾, 脚趾, 足尖vt. 以趾踏触, 用脚尖走vi. 动脚尖abbr.[ 军] Tables of Organization and Equipm ent, 编制及装备表small stones 舰上人员的自费零星用品research time 研究时间Mills bomb 蛋形手榴弹Mill n. 压榨机, 磨坊, 磨粉机, 工厂, 制造厂vt. 碾磨, 磨细, 搅拌, 使乱转, 打vi. 乱转, 被碾磨teeth 牙齿decay vi. 腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退n. 腐朽, 腐烂, 衰减, 衰退v. 衰落sugar 糖, 食糖cold drink 冷饮coffee 咖啡problemAmerican n. 美国人, 美洲人adj. 美国的, 美洲的bus system 公交车系统food and drink 食品与饮料Tuition n. 学费Scholarship 奖学金Educational level 教育水平enrollment time enrolment 登记, 入学art gallery艺廊cathedral n. 大教堂market n. 市场, 销路, 行情vt.在市场上交易, 使上市vi. 在市场上买卖conference 会议, 讨论会, 协商会term paper 学期报告consultation n. 请教, 咨询, 磋商, [ 医] 会诊assignment 分配, 委派, 任务, ( 课外) 作业reasonable 合理的, 有道理的, 通情达理的, 讲道理的deadline n. 最终期限useful 有用的, 有益的, 有帮手的limited value有限的价值only read the first section 只读第一部分conclusion 结束, 缔结, 结论quieter place ？Quieter [ 机] 防音装置内燃机的消音装置消声器un-coorperated landlord 不合作的房东attractive neighbour有魅力的邻居environment 环境, 外界parental teaching 家长的教育average n.平均, 平均水平, 平均数, 海损adj. 一般的, 通常的, 平均的vt.平均为, 均分, 使平衡, 达到平均水平vi. 买进, 卖出information technology 信息技术bus routes公车路线Malaysia 马来西亚specialized sport facilities 专门的体育设施educational standard 教育标准full time 全日制information engineering technology &nbs p; 讯息工程技术illness or accident 生病或发生遇外method 方法interpret v. 解释, 说明, 口译, 通译, 认为是 ... 的意思immigrate to other placeslack opportunity n. 机会, 时机locationinvestigation n. 调查, 研究exotic adj. 异国情调的, 外来的, 奇异的working dress 工作服cream 乳酪, 奶油, ( 护肤) 面霜cheque 支票lovely view 有趣的观点pool 池, 撞球, 联营, 石油层vt. 合伙经营, 共享, 共有, 集中( 钱、力量等), 采掘, 汇聚成vi.汇合成塘, 郁积, 联营desk 书桌, 办公桌computer 计算机, 电脑computing 计算，处理traveling v. 移动, 滑动adj. 旅行的assessment n.( 为征税对财产所作的) 估价, 被估定的金main lecture hall ？student union building 学生会楼full-time ,part-time 全职，兼职distance 距离, 远离, 一长段时间, 远方, 远景, 遥远, ( 时间的) 间隔, ( 时日的) 经过statistics n. 统计学, 统计表peregrine falcons 外来猎鹰migrate vi. 移动, 移往, 移植, 随季节而移居, ( 鸟类的) 迁徙vt. 使移居, 使移植flying ability 飞行能力height 高度hunt 打猎general health ？mineral water 矿泉水exchangeNew York Bus Route Map 纽约公交车线路图chocolate 巧克力soft towel软手巾splashing light 发散光splashing 喷洒, 泼洒support tutor ？length 长度Forest森林single room 单人房twin room 双人房triple room 三人房flat 公寓house 房子stadium apartment &n bsp; ？deposit n. 堆积物, 沉淀物, 存款, 押金, 保证金, 存放物vt. 存放, 堆积vi. 沉淀phone- bills 电话交费单festival . 节日, 喜庆日, 音乐节, 戏剧节, 喜庆, 欢宴, 欢乐adj.节日的, 快乐的duration n. 持续时间, 为期circus performance 马戏团表演circus 马戏团, 杂技团, 马戏场, 杂技场theatre 剧场, 戏院, 电影院a tent n. 帐篷stadium n. 露天大型运动场city garden 城市花园lightning n. 闪电(“ 闪电”) 英国第一种超音速喷气式战斗机，英60 年代的主力机种。
Mass mediaMass media are institutions of mass communication; they serve as the channels through which messages are passed from the source to the destination. From the founding of the United States to the present day, mass media have played an important role in nearly all the important events of the nation. Nowadays, new media has become a significant element in everyday life. The global network of the Internet connects people and information via computers. Mass media unquestionably influence every dimension of people’s lives.Mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nationwide radio networks,mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use for centuries.Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda.The term public media is less used and is defined as "media whose mission is to serve or engage a public." Marshall McLuhan, one of the biggest critics in media's history, brought up the idea that "the medium is the message".Mass media are very important tools of communication, through which information is passed to even the farthest end of the world. They enable us to communicate with each other by helping us to overcome the barriers of time and apace.Kinds1、TVAfter World War II, people’s homeswere invaded by a powerful new force --television. The idea of seeing "live" showsin the living room was immediatelyattractive. The effects of this powerfulmedium are still being measured.Television has developed since World WarII into the most popular medium in the USand UK, one that has had great influenceon American way of life. Virtually everyAmerican household -- 98% in 1999 -- has at least one TV set. Seven in ten Englishmen in 1991 reported getting most of their news from TV. Three large privately-owned networks -- NBC, CBS and ABC -- claimed 90 percent of the TV market from the 1950s through the 1970s with free broadcasts.Cable TelevisionHowever, the rapid spread of pay cable TV in the 1980s broke the hegemony of the big three. By 1999, close to 70% of American households had subscribed to cable TV. Cable TV, carried by coaxial and fiber-optic cables, originated in 1948 to better serve individuals in mountainous or geographically remote areas who could not receive over-the-air TV stations. The genesis of cable as it is known today stems from development of the domestic communications satellite, approved by the Federal Communications Commission in January 1973.The new technology offered cable programmers a cost-effective method of national and international distribution. In December 1975, Home Box Office, an all-movie channel owned by Time, Inc., became the first programmer to distribute its signal via satellite. The next service to use the satellite was a local television station in Atlanta owned by Ted Turner. It became known as the first "superstation," bouncing its signal off a satellite to reach a nationwide audience. The same technology allowed Turner in 1980 to found the Cable News Network, CNN, the world's first 24-hour all-news channel. By early 1993, MTV, the leading American rock music TV network, had an audience of 46 million in the United States and 32 other countries. Cable television has also been successfully used to reach very defined audiences. Beginning in the late 1970s, a growing number of U.S. cable systems began "narrowcasting" or offering television programming with an entire channel tailored to a narrow section of the audience.Advancing digital technology and increasing wiring of U.S. cities with fiber-optic cable that permits massive transmission of digital signals are giving cable TV subscribers a host of new interactive services. The convergence of the computer with TV is permitting a host of new "interactive" services in which the viewer no longer watches passively, for example "Movies on demand" which allows a viewer to choose between several thousand videos is one interactive service. Another example is "shop-at-home" channels.Public TelevisionU.S. public television stations are independent and serve community needs. All public television organizations are linked nationally, however, through three national organizations: the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), created by Congress in 1967 to channel federal government funding to stations and independent producers; the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), formed in 1969 and which today distributes programming and operates the satellite system linking all public TV stations; and the Association of Public Television Stations (APTS), which helps member public TV stations with research and planning. In addition to these public TV stations, there area growing number of noncommercial stations run by Christian evangelistic ministries, which are, for the most part, supported by donations from viewers and member churches.2、MagazinesThe late 1800s saw the start of opinion journals still influential a century later, including the Atlantic Monthly, the Nation, and Harper's. The largest readerships were won, however, by magazines that catered to people's increasing leisure time and appetite for consumer goods, magazines such as Cosmopolitan, the Ladies Home Journal, and the Saturday Evening Post. Publishers were no longer just selling reading material; they were selling readers to advertisers. Because newspapers reached only local audiences, popular magazines attracted advertisers eager to reach a national audience for their products. By the early 1900s, magazines had become major marketing devices.At the same time, a new breed of newspaper and magazine writer was exposing social corruption. Called "muckrakers," these writers sparked public pressure for government and business reforms. Yet magazines did not truly develop as a powerful shaper of news and public opinion until the 1920s and 1930s, with the start of the news weeklies. Time was launched in 1923 by Henry Luce (1898-1967). Intended for people too busy to keep up with a daily newspaper, Time was the first magazine to organize news into separate departments such as national affairs, business and science. Newsweek, using much the same format, was started in 1933. Other prominent news weeklies are Business Week and U.S. News and World Report.Magazine publishers have increasingly tried to appeal to clearly-defined audiences. Computer technology has helped publishers to target special-interest audiences. As a result of this specialization, the number of periodicals published in the United States jumped from 6,960 in 1970 to close to 10,000 in 1999.3、RadioThe beginning of regularcommercially licensed sound broadcastingin the United States in 1920 ended theprint monopoly over the media andopened the doors to the more immediateand pervasive electronic media. By 1928,the United States had three national radionetworks - two owned by NBC (theNational Broadcasting Company), and oneby CBS (the Columbia BroadcastingSystem).Though mostly listened to for entertainment, radio's instant, on-the-spot reports of dramatic events drew huge audiences throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt recognized the potential of radio to reach the American public, and during his four terms (1933-1945), his radio "fireside chats" informed the nation on the progress of policies to counter the Depression and on developments during World War II. After World War II, television's visual images replaced the audio-only limitation of radio as the predominant entertainment and news vehicle. Radio adapted to the new situation by replacing entertainment programs with a format of music interspersed with news and features. In the 1950s, automobile manufacturers began offering car radios as standard accessories, and radio received a big boost as Americans tuned in their car radios as they drove to and from work.The expansion and dominance of FM radio, which has better sound quality but a more limited range than traditional AM, represented the major technical change in radio in the 1970s and 1980s. FM radio, aided by the invention of ever smaller portable radios and inexpensive "Walkman" headsets, dominates music programs, while AM has shifted to "talk" and news formats. Barely in existence 25 years ago, "talk radio," in which celebrities and experts from various fields answer listener "call-in" questions and offer their advice on various topics, has grown spectacularly in recent years. It has contributed to the comeback of AM radio. Both FM and AM radio have become increasingly specialized. Music formats, for instance, comprise a variety of specializations -- the top five in 1991 being "country and western," "adult contemporary," "top 40," "religious" and "oldies."In an era in which TV is clearly the glamour medium, the reach of radio is still awesome. Ninety-nine percent of American households in 1999 had at least one radio; the average is five per household. Every day, radio reaches 80 percent of the U.S. population at one time or another. Revenues more than doubled from $8.4 billion in 1990 to more than $17 billion in 1999.In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations in the United States. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public and/or private funds, subscriptions and some underwriting. NPR (National Public Radio) was incorporated in February 1970 under the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act. NPR was created to provide leadership in national newsgathering and production and to act as a permanent nationwide interconnection of noncommercial stations.4、NewspaperThe first U.S. newspaper, PublickOccurrences: Both Foreign andDomestick, first published on September25, 1690 lasted only one day before itwas suppressed by British colonialauthorities. Other newspapers quicklysprang up, however, and by 1730, thecolonial press had gained sufficientstature to seriously challenge Britishgovernors. Historians consider the birthof America's free-press tradition to havebegun with the 1734 trial of John PeterZenger for seditious libel. After theRevolutionary War (1775-1783), thisconcept found a home in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The First Amendment states: "Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press..." These 14 words made it possible for a free press to develop over the next two centuries as one of America's strongest watchdogs over government actions and protectors of individual rights. In fact, one of America's greatest political journalists was one of its first, Thomas Paine. Paine's stirring writings urging independence made him the most persuasive "media" figure of the American Revolution against Britain in 1776.By the early 1800s, the United States had entered a period of swift technological progress that marked the real beginning of the "modern media." The inventions of the steamship, the railroad and telegraph brought communications out of the age of windpower and horses. The high-speed printing press was developed, driving down the cost of printing. Expansion of the educational system taught more Americans to read. Publishers realized that a profitable future belonged to cheap newspapers with large readerships and increased advertising. The press went from a small upper class readership to mass readership in just a few years. It was a time that shaped a breed of editors who set the standard for generations of Americanjournalists. Many of these men were hard-headed reformers who openly sided with the common men, opposed slavery and backed expansion of the frontier. They combined idealism with national pride, and their papers became the means by which great masses of new immigrants were taught the American way of life.By the 1820s, about 25 dailies and more than 400 weeklies were being published in the United States. Horace Greeley founded the New York Tribune in 1841, and it quickly became the most influential newspaper in America. Other important dailies, such as the New York Times, Baltimore Sun, and Chicago Tribune were founded in the 1850s. Two media giants, Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, began building their newspaper empires after the Civil War (1861-1865). Their fierce competition produced "yellow journalism" -- sensational and often inaccurate reporting aimed at attracting readers. "Chain" newspapers under the same ownership became a dominant feature in the early 20th century. In addition to the front-running Hearst chain, the Scripps-Howard and Cowles chains grew following World War I. That trend accelerated after World War II, and in 1990, a total of 135 groups owned 1,228 daily newspapers, accounting for about 75 percent of all U.S. dailies. In 1971, there had been 66 cities with two or more dailies owned by separate companies, while in 1995 there were only 36.In spite of the serious competition from television after World War II, more than two-thirds of American adults read a daily newspaper on an average weekday. The top five daily newspapers by circulation are: the Wall Street Journal, USA Today, the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Washington Post. The number of dailies dropped from 1,763 in 1946 to 1,438 in 1999. However, the number of Sunday papers rose from 497 in 1946 to 905 in 1999, bringing total daily and Sunday papers to 2,388. This figure represents the highest number of newspapers with the highest total circulation -- 115 million -- for any country in the world.Today, American newspapers face competition not only from network TV, but from a whole spectrum of targeted and specialized media, including personalized web services, local cable programming, interactive television, special-interest publications, catalogs and other direct-mail initiatives. Newspapers are relying on new technology to meet the challenge. Through the Internet, electronic newspapers can be transmitted to hand-held computers and printed using personal computers.FunctionMass media function in various ways. Below are listed the most commonly seen.First, mass media keep us well informed of the happenings of the world which would otherwise remain unknown.Second, mass media persuade us mostly through advertisements. As we can see, newspapers, magazines and TV are filled with all kinds of colourful, persuasive advertisements which tempt us to buy their products.Third, mass media give us entertainment. Television and radio broadcasting provide us with a big variety of programmes every day. Films, books, magazines, etc. give us daily amusement.In a word, mass media will be all the more important in the future and their fufietions will enormously expand. Limited by apace, only a few examples are mentioned here.。
