毕业论文范本(非外语类专业)
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《非英语专业大学生作文元话语应用的研究》篇一一、引言随着教育水平的提高和跨文化交流的频繁,英语作文成为了非英语专业大学生不可或缺的一项技能。
元话语作为一种辅助语言表达的重要手段,在学术写作和日常写作中扮演着关键角色。
然而,对于非英语专业学生来说,如何在作文中恰当运用元话语、提升文章的质量,仍然是一个需要探索和学习的课题。
本文旨在研究非英语专业大学生在作文中元话语的应用情况,探讨其影响因素及提升策略。
二、元话语的定义与功能元话语是指在语言表达中,用来组织、引导、解释或评价话语的特殊语言形式。
它包括一些用于标明语篇结构、阐述观点、引出论据、明确语篇意图等功能的词语和短语。
元话语具有指明焦点、提供背景、强化论点、构建逻辑关系等功能,对于提升文章的质量具有重要意义。
三、非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用现状(一)应用特点在非英语专业大学生的作文中,元话语的应用呈现出多样化的特点。
一方面,学生能够运用元话语来标明文章结构,如使用“首先”、“其次”、“最后”等词来构建文章的整体框架。
另一方面,元话语的使用有助于强化观点,如通过使用“因此”、“由此可见”等词来引出结论。
然而,也存在一些问题,如部分学生过度使用或滥用元话语,导致文章显得冗长和重复。
(二)影响因素非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用受多种因素影响。
首先是教师的指导作用,教师的写作教学和指导对于学生掌握元话语的技巧和运用方法具有重要影响。
其次是学生的语言素养和写作能力,较高的语言素养和写作能力有助于学生更有效地运用元话语。
此外,学科特点和文章类型也会影响元话语的使用,如文学类文章可能更注重语言的表达和修辞,而学术类文章则更注重逻辑性和论证的严密性。
四、提升非英语专业大学生作文中元话语应用的策略(一)加强教师的指导和教学教师应在写作教学中强调元话语的重要性,指导学生正确运用元话语来构建语篇结构和表达观点。
同时,教师还应通过示例、讲解和练习等方式,帮助学生掌握不同类型文章的元话语运用技巧。
大一非英语专业作文Title: The Significance of Learning English in Non-English Majors。
In today's globalized world, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated, even for students majoring in fields other than English. English has emerged as the lingua franca of the modern era, playing a pivotal role in various aspects of international communication, business, academia, and culture. Therefore, it is essential for non-English majors to recognize the significance of mastering the English language. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why learning English is crucial for students from diverse academic backgrounds.First and foremost, proficiency in English opens up a plethora of opportunities for non-English majors in terms of employment and career advancement. In many industries, English proficiency is not just a desirable skill but a prerequisite for success. For instance, multinationalcorporations often require employees who can communicate effectively in English to engage with clients, collaborate with colleagues from different countries, and navigate the global market. Moreover, many academic journals, conferences, and research publications are predominantly in English, making it indispensable for scholars and researchers across various disciplines to have a strong command of the language.Furthermore, learning English enhances one's access to knowledge and information. The vast majority of online resources, including educational materials, scholarly articles, and research databases, are available in English. By mastering English, non-English majors can broaden their intellectual horizons, stay updated with the latest developments in their respective fields, and engage with a global community of scholars and experts. Additionally, English proficiency facilitates cross-cultural communication and fosters a deeper understanding of different cultures, perspectives, and ideas, thereby promoting intercultural competence and global citizenship.Moreover, proficiency in English equips non-English majors with valuable communication skills that areessential for personal and professional success. English is not only a means of conveying information but also a toolfor persuasion, negotiation, and collaboration. Through language learning, students develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills, which are highly sought after by employers in today's competitive job market. Moreover, proficiency in English enables individuals to express themselves confidently, articulate their ideas effectively, and connect with people from diverse backgrounds, thus enriching their personal and social lives.Additionally, learning English enhances mobility and facilitates international exchanges and mobility. Many universities offer exchange programs, study abroad opportunities, and international internships that allow students to immerse themselves in a different linguisticand cultural environment. By acquiring English proficiency, non-English majors can seize these opportunities to broaden their horizons, expand their networks, and develop a global mindset. Moreover, English proficiency enhances one'smobility in the job market, as it enables individuals to pursue career opportunities both domestically and internationally, thereby increasing their employability and earning potential.In conclusion, learning English is of paramount importance for non-English majors, as it opens up a world of opportunities, enhances access to knowledge and information, fosters communication skills, promotes intercultural competence, and facilitates international exchanges and mobility. Therefore, non-English majors should embrace English language learning as a valuable investment in their personal and professional development, recognizing its significance in today's interconnected and multicultural world.。
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非英语专业学士学位英语电子邮件累作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Non-English Major Bachelor's Degree English Email WritingHey there! I'm a final year student majoring in Business Administration, and I've been asked to share my thoughts on English email writing for those of us who aren't studying English. Well, as someone who's had to navigate this whole professional email terrain, I've got plenty to say!Let's start with why learning to write effective emails in English is so crucial, even if you're not an English major. In today's globalized world, the ability to communicate clearly and professionally in English is an indispensable skill. It doesn't matter what field you're in – be it business, technology, healthcare, or anything else – chances are you'll need to correspond with colleagues, clients, or stakeholders from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.That's where English comes in as the common language that bridges those gaps. And email? Well, it's often the primary mode of written communication in professional settings. So nailingthat English email game can be a total game-changer for your career prospects and overall professional development.Now, I won't lie – when I first started having to write formal emails in English, it was a bit of a struggle. Coming from anon-English speaking background, I found myself grappling with things like tone, formality levels, vocabulary, and those pesky grammar rules that never seemed to stick.But over time, and with a lot of practice (and probably too many cringeworthy email flubs to count), I've picked up a few tricks of the trade that have really helped me level up my English email writing game.First up, let's talk about tone. This is something that can be super tricky to navigate, especially when you're writing in a language that isn't your native tongue. The key thing to remember is that professional emails in English generally call for a more formal, polite tone.That means avoiding overly casual language, slang, or contractions (like "can't" or "won't") unless you're corresponding with someone you know very well. Instead, opt for complete sentences, a respectful greeting (like "Dear [Name]," or "Hello,"), and polite sign-offs (my personal favorite is the classic "Best regards,").Of course, you'll want to adjust the level of formality based on the specific context and your relationship with the recipient. Emails to your professor or a high-level executive will likely need to be more formal than those to a classmate or coworker around your level.Another biggie when it comes to nailing that polished, professional tone? Watching out for those pesky typos, grammar goofs, and weird phrasing that can make your emails look sloppy or unprofessional. I've found that reading my emails out loud before hitting "send" can really help catch those kinds of mistakes.Speaking of grammar, that's been one of my biggest hurdles as a non-native English writer. From mastering those troublesome tenses to figuring out when to use "who" versus "whom" (still not 100% sure on that one, if I'm being honest), there's a lot to keep track of.My advice? Don't be afraid to lean on tools like grammar checkers or have a friend proofread your important emails. And when it comes to really nailing down those tricky grammar concepts, I've found that taking practice quizzes and making liberal use of grammar resources online can work wonders.Okay, next up on the English email mastery checklist: vocabulary. Building up your repertoire of professional, context-appropriate English vocabulary is key for writing clear, effective emails.Instead of using overly simplistic words or trying to directly translate idioms from your native language (trust me, it rarely works out well), take the time to learn common English phrases and expressions used in professional contexts. Things like "As per our previous discussion..." or "I would like to follow up regarding..." can go a long way in making your emails sound more polished and on point.Of course, you'll also want to make sure you understand the precise meanings and connotations of the words you're using. There's nothing worse than using a word incorrectly and completely changing the meaning or tone of your message (don't ask me how I know this – just take my word for it).When in doubt, double-check definitions and examples to make sure you're using that fancy new vocab word properly.Another vital aspect of strong English email writing? Structure and organization. Unlike texts or casual emails to friends, professional emails generally follow a more formal structure.You'll want to start with a clear, specific subject line that gives the recipient an idea of what the email is about. Then, in the body of the email, begin with a polite greeting, followed by a brief introduction that states the purpose of your message.From there, organize the main content of your email into concise, clearly delineated paragraphs or sections. Don't forget to back up any requests, claims, or key points with relevant details, examples, or data as needed.Finally, wrap things up with a polite closing remark, reiterating any next steps or action items, and an appropriate sign-off.Following this basic structure – intro, body, conclusion – can really help make your emails easier to scan and understand, which is crucial when you're communicating across cultures and languages.Oh, and one more quick tip on the organizational front: make liberal use of bulleted or numbered lists when you need to break down multiple points or steps. It makes your content way more skimmable and digestible.Last but not least, let's talk about one of the trickiest aspects of English email writing: accounting for cultural differences in communication styles.See, what might be considered a perfectly polite, normal email in one cultural context could potentially come across as blunt, overly casual, or even rude in another. It's a total linguistic and cultural minefield that us non-native English speakers have to carefully navigate.My advice? Do your research on common cultural norms and expectations around professional communication styles for the regions or audiences you'll be emailing with. Don't be afraid to ask colleagues or professors for guidance if you're unsure about how to appropriately frame a message.And when in doubt, erring on the side of politeness and formality is usually your safest bet. You can always adjust your tone to be more casual later once you've established a rapport with someone.Well, there you have it – my hard-earned insights and tips for mastering the art of English email writing as a non-English major. It's been a long, winding journey filled with plenty of embarrassing email flubs and languagelearning woes, but I've finally arrived at a point where I feel confident in my ability to communicate professionally via email.Is it perfect? Definitely not – there's always room for improvement, especially when you're writing in a non-native language. But as long as you stay focused on clarity, formality, organization, and cultural awareness, you'll be well on your way to becoming an English email writing pro.So keep practicing, keep learning, and don't be afraid to make mistakes along the way. That's all just part of the wild, wonderful process of developing this crucial skill that'll serve you well no matter what career path you end up on.Cheers to way more polished, professional English emails in your future! You've got this.篇2Subject: My Journey with EnglishDear Professor,As I reflect on my time pursuing a bachelor's degree as a non-English major, I can't help but feel a sense of accomplishment mixed with nostalgia. English has been a constant companion throughout this journey, presentingchallenges and rewards in equal measure. Allow me to share my experiences and thoughts on this remarkable language that has become an integral part of my academic and personal life.When I first stepped onto the university campus, English was a subject that intimidated me. Having studied it primarily as a requirement in school, I never truly grasped the depth and beauty of this language. However, as I delved into my chosen field of study, I quickly realized that English proficiency was not just a necessity but a valuable asset. From comprehending complex academic texts to articulating my ideas clearly during presentations, English became an indispensable tool.Initially, the thought of taking English courses filled me with trepidation. I vividly remember the first few classes, where I struggled to keep up with the rapid pace of discussions and the intricate nuances of vocabulary and grammar. It was a humbling experience, reminding me that language acquisition is a continuous journey, and there is always room for improvement.Fortunately, my dedication and the support of my professors and peers made a significant difference. Each class was a stepping stone, gradually building my confidence and expanding my linguistic horizons. I found myself captivated by the richnessof English literature, the power of persuasive writing, and the intricacies of academic discourse.One of the most rewarding aspects of my English studies was the opportunity to explore diverse cultures and perspectives. Through the lens of literature, I journeyed to distant lands, immersing myself in the lives of characters from different backgrounds and eras. This exposure broadened my understanding of the world and fostered a deep appreciation for the universality of human experiences, regardless of language barriers.Writing assignments were another area where I experienced tremendous growth. Initially, constructing coherent andwell-structured essays was a daunting task. However, with patience and guidance from my professors, I learned to craft arguments, organize my thoughts, and express myself with clarity and precision. Each essay became a testament to my progress, and the positive feedback I received fueled my motivation to continue improving.Of course, the journey was not without its challenges. There were moments when I felt discouraged, overwhelmed by the complexities of English grammar or the vastness of its vocabulary. Yet, these obstacles only strengthened my resilienceand taught me the importance of perseverance. I learned to embrace mistakes as opportunities for growth and sought out resources, such as tutoring sessions and language exchange programs, to enhance my skills.As I neared the end of my degree program, I found myself reflecting on the profound impact English has had on my personal and academic development. It has become more than just a language; it is a gateway to a world of knowledge, a means of self-expression, and a bridge connecting diverse cultures. I am grateful for the opportunity to have studied English alongside my major, as it has equipped me with invaluable communication skills that will undoubtedly serve me well in my future endeavors.Looking ahead, I am excited to continue my English language journey, constantly refining my skills and expanding my linguistic horizons. Whether it's through readingthought-provoking literature, engaging in stimulating discussions, or exploring new avenues of self-expression, I am committed to embracing the beauty and complexity of this remarkable language.In closing, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to you, my professors, and the entire English department for your unwavering support and guidance throughout thistransformative experience. Your dedication and passion for teaching have ignited within me a lifelong love for the English language, and for that, I am forever grateful.Sincerely,[Your Name]篇3The Trials and Tribulations of Writing Email Assignments in EnglishAs a student majoring in something other than English, writing assignments in English can feel like a daunting task. It's like being asked to traverse a vast and unfamiliar landscape, armed with only a basic map and a limited understanding of the terrain. The email assignment, in particular, presents a unique set of challenges that test not only our grasp of the English language but also our ability to craft a coherent and compelling narrative within the constraints of digital communication.From the moment the dreaded email assignment is announced, a sense of apprehension settles in. The first hurdle is deciphering the prompt itself, which often seems to be written in a language all its own. It's a delicate dance of interpreting the instructions, ensuring that we truly understand what is beingasked of us, and resisting the urge to simply nod along in feigned comprehension.Once we've mustered the courage to begin, the blank page (or, in this case, the empty email composition window) stares back at us, taunting our every attempt to formulate a cohesive thought. The cursor blinks incessantly, as if mocking our struggles to find the right words, the perfect turn of phrase, to convey our ideas with clarity and eloquence.As we tentatively begin typing, each word feels like a battle, a skirmish against the forces of grammar, syntax, and idiomatic expression. We fumble through sentence structures, grasping at the scattered fragments of English vocabulary we've acquired over the years, trying to piece together a coherent narrative that would make sense to a native speaker.And just when we think we've stumbled upon a promising idea, the dreaded spell-checker rears its unforgiving head, mercilessly highlighting our every misspelling and typo with a condescending shade of red. It's a humbling reminder that mastery of the English language remains an elusive goal, one that requires constant vigilance and a willingness to learn from our mistakes.But the challenges don't end there. In the realm of email assignments, we must also contend with the art of tone and formality. How do we strike the right balance between professionalism and approachability? Should we opt for a more formal register, replete with academic jargon and complex sentence structures, or should we embrace a more conversational approach, risking the potential for informality?Then there's the matter of cultural nuances and idioms, those linguistic landmines that can derail even the mostwell-intentioned attempts at communication. How do we ensure that our words won't be misconstrued or inadvertently offend someone from a different cultural background? It's a delicate tightrope we must walk, ever mindful of the potential pitfalls that lie in wait.Despite these challenges, there is a certain sense of accomplishment that comes with successfully completing an email assignment in English. It's a testament to our perseverance, our willingness to embrace the unknown, and our determination to expand our linguistic horizons.Each assignment serves as a stepping stone, a building block upon which we can construct a more robust understanding of the English language. With every email we compose, we gainvaluable experience in navigating the intricacies of written communication, honing our skills in expressing ourselves clearly and effectively in a language that may not be our mother tongue.And perhaps most importantly, these assignments teach us valuable life lessons that extend far beyond the realm of language acquisition. They instill in us the importance of resilience, of not letting setbacks or struggles deter us from pursuing our goals. They remind us that growth often comes through embracing challenges, through stepping out of our comfort zones and facing our fears head-on.So, as we brace ourselves for the next email assignment, let us approach it with a sense of determination and a willingness to learn. Let us embrace the stumbles and missteps as opportunities for growth, and let us revel in the small victories that come with each successfully crafted sentence, each coherent paragraph.For in the end, the true value of these assignments lies not in the grades or accolades they may garner, but in the journey itself – a journey that takes us beyond the confines of language and into the vast expanse of personal growth, self-discovery, and cultural understanding.。
四川外语学院非外语专业毕业论文范本本科毕业论文中文题目:从社会分层角度分析我国大众传播中的“知沟”现象 外文题目:Social Stratification Angle of View to Analyze the Phenomenonof “Knowledge Gaps" in China Mass Communication系 别 × × × 专 业 × × × 年 级 200×级学 号 × × × 学生姓名 × × × 指导教师 × × × 结稿日期 2006年5月10日四川外语学院教务处制大小和位置不允许调整不留空线换行处左对齐,Times New Roman ,实词首字母大写线右对齐宋体,三号(空一行)到来。
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本论文是从社会宏观纵向结构——社会分层的角度来分析“知沟”现象成因并结合我国目前的,由此找出解决方案。
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《非英语专业大学生作文元话语应用的研究》篇一一、引言随着社会的发展和科技的进步,元话语的应用越来越受到人们的关注。
元话语作为语言交际的重要手段,不仅在专业领域中发挥着重要作用,而且在非英语专业大学生的作文中也日益显现其价值。
本文旨在探讨非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用情况,分析其使用特点和影响因素,以期为教育者和学生提供有益的参考。
二、元话语概述元话语是指说话者用于组织语言和交流过程中的各种方式、方法和策略,主要包括引言、连接、转折、强调等。
在非英语专业大学生的作文中,元话语的应用对于提高文章的可读性、逻辑性和连贯性具有重要意义。
元话语的恰当使用能够帮助学生更好地表达自己的观点和想法,提高写作水平。
三、非英语专业大学生作文元话语应用现状(一)使用特点在非英语专业大学生的作文中,元话语的应用呈现出以下特点:1. 引言部分常使用过渡性词汇或短语,为文章开篇提供铺垫;2. 连接部分常使用并列、递进等关系词,使文章结构更加清晰;3. 转折部分常使用转折词或句式,使文章更加生动有趣;4. 强调部分常使用语气词或反复句式,突出文章的重点内容。
(二)影响因素非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用受多种因素影响:1. 教师指导:教师的指导和鼓励对学生元话语的使用具有重要影响;2. 写作任务:不同的写作任务对元话语的使用有不同的要求;3. 学生个人因素:学生的语言素养、思维能力和写作习惯等也会影响元话语的使用。
四、非英语专业大学生作文元话语应用的问题与对策(一)问题在非英语专业大学生的作文中,元话语的应用存在以下问题:1. 使用不当:部分学生过于依赖元话语,导致文章显得生硬和牵强;2. 缺乏多样性:部分学生使用的元话语类型单一,缺乏变化;3. 理解不准确:对元话语的理解不准确,导致使用不当。
(二)对策针对上述问题,本文提出以下对策:1. 增强元话语意识:教育者应加强对学生元话语意识的引导,使学生明确元话语的重要性和应用价值。
《非英语专业大学生作文元话语应用的研究》篇一一、引言随着现代教育理念的不断深入,语言教育已经逐渐超越了单纯的语言知识和技能的传授,而更多地关注到语言的实际运用和交流。
元话语作为一种特殊的语言现象,在学术写作、演讲报告、日常交流等语言交际活动中具有重要的作用。
尤其是在大学生作文中,元话语的应用不仅能提升文章的可读性和逻辑性,还能帮助学生更好地表达自己的观点和想法。
因此,本文旨在研究非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用情况,以期为提高大学生的写作能力和语言交际能力提供一定的参考。
二、元话语的定义与分类元话语是指在语言交际活动中,用来组织和表达交际意图、指引听者或读者理解信息、调控交际过程的话语。
元话语可以分为三种类型:互动元话语、自我修正元话语和概念元话语。
其中,互动元话语主要用于与他人交流,包括表达作者态度、指示他人注意、寻求反馈等;自我修正元话语则是用于修正或完善作者自身表达;而概念元话语则涉及到话题和信息的组织和解释。
三、非英语专业大学生作文中元话语的应用(一)应用现状通过对非英语专业大学生的作文进行分析,发现大部分学生在写作过程中会不自觉地使用元话语。
在写作中,学生使用元话语来组织文章结构、引导读者理解作者的观点和意图,以及在写作过程中进行自我修正。
这些应用不仅使文章更加有条理,也使作者的意图更加明确。
(二)应用策略1. 互动元话语的应用:在作文中,学生可以使用“我认为”、“我认为这很重要”等句式来表达自己的观点和态度,同时也可以通过“请注意”、“从另一方面来看”等句式来引导读者注意不同的方面。
2. 自我修正元话语的应用:在写作过程中,学生可以使用“也许”、“可能”等词汇来对观点进行修饰和补充,使文章更加严谨。
同时,学生还可以使用“我刚刚想说的……”等句式来对文章进行自我修正。
3. 概念元话语的应用:在组织文章结构时,学生可以使用“首先”、“其次”、“最后”等词汇来明确文章的逻辑顺序。
此外,还可以使用“定义”、“分类”等词汇来对文章中的概念进行解释和分类。
中国非英语专业本科生和研究生书面语体的多特征多维度调查(居中,二号宋体,用退格键删除后写作)(论文标题行与提要行之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)提要:本研究采用多维度宏观分析和多特征微观分析相结合的方法,从五个维度对比分析四个中国英语学习者书面语语料库与LOCNESS之间的语体差异。
研究发现:与美国大学生议论文相比,中国学习者书面语语体的交互性和说服性较强,信息性、叙事性、指代明确性和抽象性都偏低。
研究揭示出中国学习者的整体信息整合能力比较薄弱,也证实中国学习者作文确实存在明显的“口语化”倾向。
在使用与特定交际功能相关的语言特征时,中国学习者表现出不同程度的偏离。
研究还显示出学习者内部的语体意识差异很大。
(五号宋体;整个提要缩进两个汉字或四个空格;提要至少要包括研究内容、研究方法和研究发现、结论或/和启示)关键词:多特征多维度分析、语料库、书面语、语体特征(五号宋体;“关键词”三个字与上面的“提要”二字对齐;关键词一般3~6个,关键词之间用顿号隔开;关键词要体现论文题目中的主要词语和论文正文中的占主导地位和复现率较高的词汇)(关键词行与研究回顾行之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)1.引言(正文全部使用小四号宋体;说明与本论文相关的一些研究现状)对本研究做一个全面而简要的说明,2-3段即可。
2.研究回顾(正文全部使用小四号宋体;说明与本论文相关的一些研究现状)近二十年来,应用语料库对二语学习者书面语进行研究在国内外语言学界引起广泛关注,但绝大多数这方面实证研究都属于微观研究,侧重对学习者某项语言特征进行调查,如词汇、搭配、时态、被动语态、连接手段等(Flowerdew 2005;Nesselhauf 2005;卫乃兴2006)……Biber(1998)创建了多特征多维度分析法……(本节与下节之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)2.研究设计(说明与本论文相关的研究问题、语料、问卷设计、分析工具等;根据实际需要确定本节分为多少个小节或进行适当变化,可采用拷贝的方式增加或减少小节))2.1 研究工具和语料库本研究使用的软件有研究使用的软件有研究使用的软件有研究使用的软件有研究使用的软件有……(本节与下节之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)2.2 多特征多维度分析法为揭示口笔语之间的差别,Biber(1998)从LOB和LLC语料库中选取了覆盖23类口笔语语域的文本……(本节与下节之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)2.3 研究问题本研究拟回答以下问题:1)在交互性、叙事性、指代明确性、说服性和抽象性五个维度上,四类中国英语学习者书面语体与本族语议论文之间有何差异?中国学习者书面语是否存在口语化倾向?2)在使用与特定交际功能相关的同一组共现语言特征时,中国学习者和本族语者有何共性和差异?3)各类学习者书面语体在同一维度上的内部一致性如何?(本节与下节之间空一行,使用时用退格键删除)3.数据分析与讨论(分析和讨论本论文的相关数据。
Content1. Introduction (3)2. Literature Review (3)2.1. Communication (3)2.2. Nonverbal communication (4)3. Manifestations of Nonverbal Communication (4)3.1. Body language (4)3.2. Space language (6)3.3. Paralanguage (6)3.4. Chronemics (7)4. Discussions and Analysis (7)4.1. The Function of Non-verbal Communication (7)4.2. Influence of Cultural Differences on Non-verbal Communication (8)4.3. The Ways to Promote Nonverbal Communication (8)5. Conclusion (10)5.1. The Findings of the Study (10)Nonverbal communication in International CommunicationJi Xuefen (Tutor: Li Cheng)(College of Foreign Language, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, 435002)ABSTRACT:When people talking about communication, they always think about language, which is just one way of communication. People still have many other ways to express their feelings, thoughts and send messages. Any communication that does not use any language is called nonverbal communication. It is include eye contact, hand signal, gesture, smile, facial expression, cloth, silence, body contact, body distance, volume, time sense and the use of space, etc. During intercultural communication, we do not need to look up one kind of culture or look down other kinds of culture. We should address every culture as our equal. Every kind of culture is special; we should learn other kind of culture and develop our culture during intercultural communication.In this article, I will introduce some kinds of nonverbal communication and their origin, functions and some analysis about these kinds of nonverbal communication.Key words: intercultural communication, nonverbal communication摘要:通常人们谈交际时,总是首先想到语言,殊不知语言只是人们交际的一种手段。
外语学院非外语专业毕业论文本
本科毕业论文
中文题目:从社会分层角度分析我国大众传播中的“知沟”现象 外文题目:Social Stratification Angle of View to Analyze the
Phenomenon of “Knowledge Gaps ” in China Mass Communication 系 别 × × ×
专 业 × × ×
年 级 2002级
学 号 × × ×
学生 × × ×
指导教师 × × ×
结稿日期 2006年5月10日
外语学院教务处制
大小和位置
不允许调整 不留空线
换行处左对
线右对齐
(空一行)
到来。
它为社会各个阶层提供了充分接触与分享信息的机会,使信息在全社会得以均衡流通。
而信
公平社会的必要条件。
但事实上,即会产生
“知沟”现象。
这不仅仅是传播中的问题,是由于社会分层的存在。
本论文是从社会宏观纵向结构——社会分层的角度来分析“知沟”现象成因并结合我国目前的社会
(空一行)
It provides different social stratum with the information, thus information can
flow fluently among of for each citizen democratic guarantees. Most term for building “Knowledge Gaps ” .It is not so far a problem in mass communication .It is a social problem .The most influential factors in resulting in knowledge gaps is social stratification .With the aim of finding the ways to solve the problem of “Knowledge Gaps ” ,this paper analyze this phenomenon from the aspect of macro-lengthwise social structure and explain it based on the fact of China today ’s social stratification .
(空一行)
一、
..1
1
(二)
“知沟”假设的缘起 (1)
(三)“知沟”假设的诞生 (2)
(四) 我国“知沟”
假设的实证研究 (2)
二、..3
3
4
1、爱
好 (4)
2的传播技
能 (5)
3.信息储备
量 (5)
4.社会交
往 (5)
5.(三)两层面的互联性分析——社会因素最素 (5)
三、我国社会分层及其“知沟”现象分析 (6)
1.我国社会分层现状 (6)
2.我国社会分层下的“知沟”现象 (7)
四、关于“知沟”现象的对策与解决方案 (9)
1.发展教育 (9)
2.提高媒介素养 (10)
3.提高技术使用水平 (10)
4.改进媒介宣传策略 (10)
五、结语 (11)
knowledge )“学问、博学””“的经验性知识有些接近,但更接近于中文的“知晓”“了解”“熟悉”,因此,它与我们平时所理解的“知识”——尤其是系统的理论知识有相当的差距。
” [1]在英文的语境中,knowledge 同样有两种不同的意义,“知沟”假设的提出者在《大众媒介功能,知识与社会控制》一文中曾对“knowledge of ”与“knowledge about ”作了区分;“前者指的是对一个主题或事件有关的事物的熟悉与了解,后者则是包括分析性知识和正规知识。
”[2]作者明确指出,文中所指的是knowledge of 而不是knowledge about 。
综上所述knowledge gap 指对所传播的信息的知晓、了解方面的鸿沟,(gap 实际上指的是差异或差距),故译为“知沟——它比较接近于“知晓沟”。
在此,有必要对“信息”和“知识”两个概念作基本区分。
科学家认为人们在获取了信息之后,再经过大脑的加工,信息就转化成了知识,信息是知识的原料,知识则是经过加工的信息产品、是系统的信息。
用最简单的话理解:信息是独立于个体而存在的资料、数据,而知识是个体经过大脑学习和储存的信息。
在本文的论述中,信息是指所有由媒介发出的材料,知识则专指受众通过媒介获知的信息。
由此,我们可以将“知沟”现象理解为:不同的社会受众群体在知晓及获取由大众传播媒介发出的信息时,会产生差异或差距。
(二)“知沟”假设的缘起
“知沟”……
二、
(一)社会宏观层面分析
“分层”本来是个地质学概念,指地质构造的不同层面。
社会学家借用这一概念来分析社会的纵向结构。
在社会生活中,由于种种差别和社会不平等,人们总是生活在不同层次的社会水平上,这就构成了人们在社会中的上下位置。
据美国社会学家爱戴维·波普诺定义:“社会分层是一种根据获取有价值物的方式来决定人们在社会中的群体等级或类属的一种持久模式。
”[4]产生社会分层的原因是社会差别与社会地位的存在。
社会学常用社会经济地位(social economic status) SES 来对社会地位进行度量。
“SES是以个人教育程度,收入水平,职业声望作为关键维度。
” [5]个人作为社会存在,必然要受到社会等级分类的制约,归属于不同的社会层面。
社会阶层呈梯形状由低到高排列,成为一个序列,构成分层体系。
……
(二)个体微观层面分析
对于个体层面的分析属于微观分析。
大众传播的受众是一个个具有自我特征的个体。
在接收大众传播的同时,由于自身的因素也会造成不同程度的“知沟”现象。
1.兴趣、爱好
个人的兴趣、爱好往往会支配其对哪类信息的偏好。
比如,喜欢足球的人往往对足球信息感兴趣;女士一般偏向美容,服饰等方面的信息。
就某一信息来说,可能符合自己的口味就更加关注,不符合的可能就无暇顾及。
2.所掌握的传播技能
随着传播媒介技术的发展,对受众媒介使用能力的要求不断地提高,传播媒介技能
越高,获取信息的渠道越多,从而所获得的……
注 释
[1]
[2] G.A. Donohue, P.J. Tichenor and C.N. Olien
. Mass Media Function , Knowledge and Social Control [J]. Journalism Quartly , 1973, (5): 36.
[3] P. J. Tichenor. Mass Communication and differential Growth in Knowledge [J]. Public Opinion Quartly , 1970, (4): 158-160.
[4] [美] 波普尔.社会学[M]. :中国人民大学,1999. 239-242.
[5] 丁未.社会结构与媒介效果——“知沟”现象研究[M].:复旦大学,2003. 8.
[6] 成文.社会学[M].:师大学,2005. 136.
[7] Elina Suominen. Who need information and why? [J].Journal of Communicaton , 1976 (Autumn).
[8] .:复旦大学,2003. 113-126.
[9] 苗力田.1994. 7.
[10] [11] .:复旦大学,2003. 46-50. [12] [M].:复旦大学,2003. 50.
[13] 陆学艺2004. 2.
[14] 陆学艺. 当代中国社会流动[M].:社会科学文献,2004.15-23.
[15] 俞虹.当代中国社会阶层变迁与电视传播价值取向[J].现代传播.2003, (6).
[16] 杭生.杭生文集[M]. :人民,1998. 127.
[17] 金文.新闻、传媒、传媒素养[M].:社会科学院,2004. 69-72.
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