专题03 第三讲主旨大意题---阅读理解题型突破【考点解读】主旨大意题主要涉及记叙文、议论文和说明文。
话题广泛，如人物故事类、科普说明类、社会文化类等都可以考查主旨大意。
【命题方向】【设问方式】1.What is the text mainly about?2.What does the passage focus on?3.What message does the author convey in the text?4.What’s the best title of the passage?【选项特征】正确选项：1.范围恰当2.概括性强3.精准到位干扰项：1.以偏概全2.概括过度3.偷梁换柱4.无中生有【解题策略】【主题句定位策略】文章是由段落组成的。
段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。
理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。
找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。
有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。
观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。
以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。
【解题步骤】【解题步骤】标题正确项特点：1. 概括精准；2. 统领全文；新颖醒目标题干扰项特点：1. 以偏概全；2. 范围过大，超出文章内容3. 主观臆断，无中生有1.（2022年6月全国甲卷D篇）Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,......He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. Sydney’s striking architecture.B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.C. The key to Sydney’s development.D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.2.(2022年全国高考新高考I卷)......Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.3. (2022年全国高考新高考II卷)Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. ""Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driverhad just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws."We need something on the books that can change people's behavio r,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?A. Ineffective.B. Unnecessary.C. Inconsistent.D. Unfair.9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?A. Where a driver came from.B. Whether a driver used their phone.C. How fast a driver was going.D. When a driver arrived at the scene.10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?A. Advice.B. Data.C. Tests.D. Laws.11. What is a suitable title for the text?A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You StartB. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the TextalyzerC. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-1.【福建省莆田第一中学2022-2023学年模拟】Elizabeth Spelke, a cognitive (认知的) psychologist at Harvard, has spent her career testing the world's most complex learning system-the mind of a baby. Babies might seem like no match for artificial intelligence (AI). They are terrible at labeling images, hopeless at mining text, and awful at video games. Then again, babies can do things beyond the reach of any AI. By just a few months old, they’ve begun to grasp the foundations of language, such as grammar. They’ve started to understand how to adapt to unfamiliar situations.Yet even experts like Spelke don’t understand precisely how babies — or adults, for that matter — learn. That gap points to a puzzle at the heart of modern artificial intelligence: We're not sure what to aim for.Consider one of the most impressive examples of AI, Alpha Zero, a programme that plays board games withsuperhuman skill. After playing thousands of games against itself at a super speed, and learning from winning positions, Alpha Zero independently discovered several famous chess strategies and even invented new ones. It certainly seems like a machine eclipsing human cognitive abilities. But Alpha Zero needs to play millions more games than a person during practice to learn a game. Most importantly, it cannot take what it has learned from the game and apply it to another area.To some AI experts, that calls for a new approach. In a November research paper, Francois Chollet, awell-known AI engineer, argued that it’s misguided to measure machine intelligence just according to its skills at specific tasks. “Humans don’t start out with skills; they start out with a broad ability to acquire new skills,” he says. “What a strong human chess player is demonstrating is not only the ability to play chess, but the potential to fulfill any task of a similar difficulty.” Chollet posed a set of problems, each of which requires an AI programme to arrange colored squares on a grid (格栅) based on just a few prior examples. It’s not hard for a person. But modern machine-learning programmes-trained on huge amounts of data — cannot learn from so few examples.Josh Tenenbaum, a professor in MIT's Center for Brains, Minds & Machines, works closely with Spelke and uses insights from cognitive science as inspiration for his programmes. He says much of modern AI misses the bigger picture, comparing it to a cartoon about a two-dimensional world populated by simple geometrical (几何形的) people. AI programmes will need to learn in new ways — for example, by drawing causal inferences rather than simply finding patterns. “At some point —you know, if you’re intellige nt — you realize maybe there's something else out there,” he says.32．Compared to an advanced AI programme, a baby might be better at _______________.A．labeling images B．identifying locationsC．playing games D．making adjustments33．What does the underlin ed word “eclipsing” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Stimulating. B．Measuring. C．Beating. D．Limiting.34．Both Francois Chollet and Josh Tenenbaum may agree that _______________.A．AI is good at finding similar patternsB．AI should gain abilities with less trainingC．AI lacks the ability of generalizing a skillD．AI will match humans in cognitive ability35．Which would be the best title for this passage?A．What is exactly intelligence?B．Why is modern AI advanced?C．Where is human intelligence going?D．How do humans tackle the challenge of AI?2.【湖北省高中名校联盟2022-2023学年高三试题】Thrown away electronics are piling up fast, pushing researchers to explore creative ways to reduce the resulting trash, known as e-waste. Now one team has crafted a water-activated disposable battery made of paper and other sustainable materials.The wires, screens and batteries that make up our devices are filling up landfills with dangerous pieces. “It’s these small batteries that are big problems,” says Dele Ogunseitan from University of California, “Nobody really pays attention to where they end up.”Researchers at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) are working to address this overlooked problem. This week they published a paper describing a new water-activated paper battery which could eventually present a sustainable alternative to the more harmful batteries that are common inlow-power devices.After trying hundreds of formulations for the different components, the scientists settled on a graphite ink to make the cathode (负极), a zinc ink for the anode (正极) and salt-infused paper to create the electrolyte (电解液) . When the paper is dry. the battery is shelf-stable. Add just a couple of drops of water, however, and the salt dissolves, allowing electrons to flow. After the paper is wet, it takes about 20 seconds for the battery to activate. At that point, it produces a stable 1. 2 volts of electricity until the paper dries out. When the researchers rewet the paper, the battery produced 0. 5 volt for more than an hour.Although the researchers demonstrated that their battery could power an alarm clock, disposable paper batteries are unlikely to replace standard AA batteries on store shelves. However, Gustav Nystrom, senior author of the study, pictures a future where these batteries are inserted in environmental sensors, ideally with other sustainable components such as screens and packaging. Nystrom says he is in contact with potential industry partners and believes these batteries could make their way into products within the next two to five years.Crucially, Nystrom says his team created the battery without compromising on sustainability criteria. “This is work that really starts with the development of sustainable materials, ”he explains. From there, he says, “I think we were able to create something that is quite useful. ”43．What does “this overlooked problem” refer to in paragraph 3?A．People have no idea where e-waste goes.B．There are no innovative ways to reduce e-waste.C．People do not take seriously the batteries inside e-waste.D．Large quantities of electronic devices are being thrown away.44．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?A．How the paper battery works. B．What the paper battery features.C．How the paper battery is applied. D．What the paper battery is composed of.45．What can we infer about the paper battery according to the passage?A．It is novel but costly. B．It is delicate and powerful.C．It can’t power all devices.D．It has gained a large market share.46．Which of the following might be the best title?A．Paper battery just add water B．Paper battery-replace standard onesC．Paper battery -a mainstream product D．Paper battery -the solution to pollution3.【湖南省长沙市长郡中学2022-2023学年高三测试】It isn’t just the beauty of vast natural wonders like th e Grand Canyon that can take your breath away. You can find awe in everyday things. A new research, published in the journal Emotion, found that older adults who took “awe walks” felt more positive emotions in their daily lives.In the study, 52 older adults aged 60 to 90 were divided randomly into two groups. They were told to take at least one 15-minute walk each week for eight weeks. V olunteers in the “awe group” were instructed in how to inspire awe as they walked. “We asked them to try to see the world with fresh eyes—to take in new details of a leaf or flower, for example,” Sturm says. For example, one participant from the awe group wrote about “the beautiful fall colors and how the leaves were no longer crunchy(嘎吱响) underfoot because of the rain”—the wonder that small children feel as they embrace their expanding world. However, people in the other group were less focused on the world around them. One participant wrote, “I thought about our vacation in Hawaii next Thursday.”In addition, participants were asked to take selfies(自拍) in the beginning, middle, and end of each walk. Researchers found that participants who took awe walks showed a “small self”, in that they filled less of their photographs with their own image and more with the background scen ery. “When we feel awe, our attention shifts from focusing on ourselves to focusing on the world around us, ” Sturm says. “ Awe affects our social relationships because it helps us to feel more connected with the world, universe, and other people.”Their sm iles also grew broader by the end of the study. “We analyzed the intensity of their smiles in the selfies, and participants who took awe walks displayed greater smiles over time than those who took control walks. The former reported greater positive emotio ns in general, including more joy and gratitude.”Participants in the control group took more frequent walks than those people in the awe group, the researchers discovered. But walking more didn’t result in positive changes in emotional health or in the wa y their selfies were taken. This suggests that the results were mainly due to experiencing awe, and not just in spending time exercising. 32．What were participants in the “awe group” required to do in Paragraph 2?A．To take a walk each week.B．To focus on their inner world.C．To collect leaves after the rain.D．To explore with childlike curiosity.33．What can we see in the selfies from the awe walks?A．Close-up images with wide smiles.B．More attention on themselves.C．Simply the background scenery.D．Small figures with bigger smiles.34．What can we know from the last paragraph?A．Experiencing awe counts.B．More walks, more joy.C．Exercises can benefit us.D．Awe comes with walking.35．Which of the following can be the best title?A．Awe Walks Promote Your Physical FitnessB．Experiencing Awe Does Wonders for EveryoneC．Awe Walks Improve Your Positive EmotionsD．Frequent Walks Contribute to Emotional Health4.【辽宁省鞍山一中2022-2023学年高三模拟】Researchers have developed a new method for training people to be creative, one that shows promise of succeeding far better than current ways. This new method, based on narrative (叙事的) theory, helps people be creative in the way children and artists are; by making up stories, they imagine alternative worlds, shift perspective (角度) and generate unexpected actions.The current foundation of creativity training is the technique known as divergent thinking (发散思维), which doesn’t deliver the results that many hope for. A major issue is that this approach relies on data and information abo ut the problems and successes of the past. It can’t come up with truly original actions. That’s where narrative method comes in, and both techniques could be used together.The narrative method works by recognizing that we’re all creative. “We undervalue t he creativity of kids and many others because we tend to think that some people are more creative than others, but the reality is that we’re just not training creativity in the right way,” said Angus Fletcher from the Ohio State University. Fletch and his colleagues successfully used the narrative approach to train members from the US Army, the University of Chicago, and several Fortune 50 companies.The narrative method asks participants to generate stories based on assumptive situations or think from some one else’s perspective. For example, marketers might be asked to imagine a world where their competitor’s product was free and how they would respond to that, or to learn a little about how a co-worker thinks and then imagine how they would solve a specific problem.The narrative method generates actual solutions without pressuring participants to come up with ideas thatmatch an “appropriateness” standard. What’s more, the narrative method doesn’t depend on data to fuel outputs, so it’s useful even in neve r seen-before situations.12. What does the author say about divergent thinking?A. It is perfect for multiple tasks.B. It is suitable for creative actions.C. It is unfit for complex problems.D. It is not enough for desired results.13. What does the underlined word “assumptive” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. practicalB. imaginaryC. productiveD. commercial14. Which is one advantage of the narrative method?A. It relies on data and past performance.B. It prepares people for standard answers.C. It trains people to find practical solutions.D. It focuses on guessing the future correctly.15. What’s the best title for the text?A. Creative Ideas and Creative Actions.B. Narrative Approach and Divergent Thinking.C. Narrative Method Can Make Anyone Creative.D. There Should Be No Prejudice Against Creativity.5.【辽宁省实验中学2022年高三模拟】Cutlery (餐具) including chopsticks, knives, forks and spoons which delivers an electric shock to change the taste of food could help cut down salt in fast food. Scientists have developed a pair of chopsticks, which can make food taste saltier, sour or bitter without the need for extra seasoning (调味). They are also working on a spoon and fork that could make food taste spicier or sweeter. This “digital seasoning” technology cou ld help food manufacturers and restaurants to reduce the amount of salt they put into food without relinquishing taste.They work by delivering pulses of electricity to the tip of the tongue to stimulate the tastebuds(味蕾). Dr Nimesha Ranasinghe, an assista nt professor who led the work on the electric cutlery, said, “This technology is aimed at creating a virtual taste sensation.”Some Chinese takeaway food and ready meals were recently found to contain up to 11 times more salt than a bag of crisps — more th an half of an adult’s daily allowance. Salt is known to be linked to serious health problemslike heart disease and stroke.But using a pair of electric chopsticks could help cut salt levels without influencing the taste, said Dr Ranasinghe. The technology, which Dr Ranasinghe initially developed while at the University of Singapore, works by installing two electrodes (电极) into each chopstick or the end of a spoon. These electrodes send a weak current through the tip of the tongue when they touch it to stimulate the taste buds.By controlling the frequency and strength of the electric current, the researchers can stimulate either sourness, saltiness or bitterness. They say up to 80% of people experience changes in saltiness and sourness with the devices and 70% can sense changes in bitterness.Dr Ranasinghe said he was also working on ways of imitating sweetness and spiciness by rapidly heating and cooling the tongue. It could lead to a spoon that allows desserts to taste sweet while having lower sugar levels or a fork that can give a curry extra heat without the need for extra chilies (辣椒). Dr Ranasinghe said: “We have some early findings of imitating sweetness, a mint-cool sensation and hot or spicy sensations.”23．What seasoning cutlery has been developed?A．Chopsticks. B．Knives. C．Forks. D．Spoons.24．How does the seasoning cutlery work?A．It cuts down salt in food.B．It adds extra seasoning in food.C．It delivers an electric shock to the tongue.D．It weakens our taste sensation in our mind.25．What does the underlined word “relinquishing” in Paragraph 1 mean?A．Removing. B．Attracting. C．Acquiring. D．Compromising.26．What does the text mainly want to tell us?A．Give yourself an electric shock to make takeaways healthy.B．Try to eat at home instead of having take-out food to stay healthy.C．Make your food taste saltier by using a pair of electric chopsticks.D．Reduce the amount of salt in your food to avoid health problems.6.【浙江省十校联盟2022-2023学年高三联考】Loneliness is bad for your health. So, in these days of COVID-19, when enforced solitude (独处) is the order of the day in many places, how to stop solitude turning into loneliness is a pressing medical question.One part of the answer is to try to understand the physiology (生理) of the change.Steven Cole of the University of California, Los Angeles, began his work with John Cacioppo of the University of Chicago. They addressed that question by repeatedly observing social isolation in individual volunteers, while simultaneously tracking from blood samples, their gene-expression patterns and other changes in their physiology.They found that, initially, volunteers’ feelings of isolation are related to an increase in their inflammation genes(炎症基因) activity which are also known to travel into the brain and promote anxiety. They also noted that increased levels in this kind of brain activity in turn improve inflammation and cause behaviors such as social withdrawal, feelings of suspicion towards the outside world and a tendency to act more defensively by making decisions that involve few risks. That, of course, promotes further feelings of loneliness. It seems, therefore, that though loneliness starts with solitude, it can quickly take on a physiological life of its own.Therefore, dealing with the loneliness caused by enforced isolation will not be a simple matter of allowing people to socialise once again. In search of that, Dr. Cole carried out a series of experiments that encouraged lonely people to direct simple acts of kindness towards their fellow creatures: things like buying groceries for an elderly neighbour or helping a colleague. Those directed to show kindness had precisely the opposite inflammation genes activity to that previously seen in the lonely by Dr. Cole.They found that in the case of loneliness, the saying: being more blessed to give than to receive is true. 11．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Frightening Loneliness: Increase Inflammation.B．Solitude and Its Consequences: Fight Loneliness.C．The Unavoidable Problems: Solitude and Loneliness.D．A Ground-breaking Finding: Loneliness Cured by Giving.真题透视1.【答案】1. C【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。
高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧导语：高考复习的重点一是要掌握所有的知识点，二就是要大量的做题，以下是店铺为大家精心整理的高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧，欢迎大家参考！阅读理解之主旨大意题我们阅读一篇文章，首先是要了解其大意，明确其主旨。
因此，主旨大意题是常考题。
主旨大意题包括：主要内容(main idea, mainly about)型、文章标题(title)型、写作目的(purpose)型。
广东高考近几年来考查过的题目中mainly about只考过4题，title题考了5题，purpose题考了5题。
解题技巧1.弄清文章的大意，关键是找到主题句。
主题句的位置：主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或没有主题句，需根据文章所述内容进行归纳。
各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句。
议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。
2.找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息。
找主题句的四个小窍门：(1)段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
(2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
(3)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨;反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的`关键词。
(4)表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。
3.关于干扰项和正确答案。
(1)干扰项可能属文中某个具体事实或细节;可能属文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论;可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。
(2)正确答案：是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的;但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。
4.在阅读理解中，主旨大意题常有以下几种命题方式：(1)Main idea型：选择项多为陈述句，要求考生选择表达作者思想或观点的句子。
