余志远《英语国家概况》(2015年版)复习笔记和课后习题详解(第15章 美国政治)【圣才出品】

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）复习笔记和课后习题详解（第7章英国政治——第9章美国地理）第7章英国政治7.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. Constitutional FrameworkⅡ. Parliament1. The Crown or Sovereign2. The House of Lords3. The House of Commons4. The Prime Minister and the CabinetⅢ. Regional GovernmentⅣ. Local GovernmentⅤ. JusticeⅥ. Political Process1. Elections2. Two-part System3. Female Representation in Britain PoliticsⅦ. Security【重难点归纳】The UK is a state of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. In theUK, the country’s head of state is the reigning king or queen, and the head of government is the prime minister, who is the leader of the majority political party in the House of Commons.英国是⼀个君主⽴宪制和议会民主制国家。

在英国，国家元⾸是在位的国王或⼥王，政府⾸脑是⾸相，他是下议院多数党领袖。

Ⅰ. Constitutional Framework1. The British constitution is made up of statute law, common law and conventions.2. The main elements of the government are the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.Ⅰ. 宪法框架1. 英国宪法由成⽂法、普通法和公约组成。

第二部分爱尔兰共和国第11章地理和历史11.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Geographical FeaturesⅡ. Climate and Weather1. The Northwest2. Connacht and Clare3. The Southwest4. The Southeast5. The Central Lowland6. The NortheastⅢ. Population and ReligionⅣ. Historical BackgroundⅤ. Foreign PolicyⅠ. Geographical Features1. The Republic of Ireland is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George’s Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.2. The capital is Dublin.3. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland.4. The Irish coast, with its striking cliffs, is among the most impressive in Europe.5. As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the Ice Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.Ⅰ. 地理特征1. 爱尔兰共和国的东北部和北爱尔兰接壤，东部和东南部是爱尔兰海和圣乔治海峡，北部和西部是大西洋。

第16章美国历史(Ⅱ)(1900—1945)16.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Economic DevelopmentⅡ. ProgressivismⅢ. World War Ⅰ and the United StatesⅣ. The United States in the 1920sⅤ. The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ. World War Ⅱ and the United StatesⅠ. Economic DevelopmentIn the early 20th century, there emerged a number of features in the growth of the American economy.1. Beginning in 1989, there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers.2. With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network, there was a mushroom growth of cities.3. There was a rapid development of new technology.Ⅰ. 经济发展20世纪早期，美国经济的增长呈现了很多特点。

1. 1989年开始，出现了工业和金融的合并。

2. 随着工业的发展和铁路网络的扩展，城市的数量开始迅速增长。

3. 新技术开始迅速发展。

Ⅱ. Progressivism1. With the development of the economy, there also arose a number of social problems.2. Pushed by the Progressive Movement, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) made a policy that the government should merely preserve order and protect property, leaving the control over the economy to the business people.3. President Wilson put forward his program of New Freedom and made many achievements.Ⅱ. 进步主义1. 随着经济的发展，也出现了一系列的社会问题。

第8章英国社会和文化8.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service2.Private Medical Care3.Cash BenefitsⅡ.HousingⅢ.Education1.Primary and Secondary Education2.Private Schools3.Higher EducationⅣ.Cultural LifeⅤ.Daily Life and Social CustomsⅥ.ArtsⅦ.Cultural InstitutionⅧ.Sports and RecreationⅨ.Media and Publishing1.Newspapers2.Broadcasting【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Health and Welfare1.The National Health Service(1)The National Health Service is a nationwide institution based on Acts ofParliament.The NHS provides medical care through a tripartite structure of primary care,hospitals,and community health care.(2)The Community Health Service has three functions:to provide preventive healthservices;to act as a liaison with local government;and to cooperate with local government personal social service departments.Ⅰ.健康和福利1.国家卫生系统(1)国民保健服务是根据议会法案建立的全国性机构。

英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter 1 Land and People 英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest, most populous section. 位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh. 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading agreements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英国的起源1.Arrival and settlement of the Celts At about 700 BC the Celts began to arrive in Britain and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may come originally from eastern and central Europe,now France,Belgium and southern Germany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部. They came in three main waves:the Gaels~about 600 BC;the Brythons~about 400 BC;the Belgae~about 150 BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人. The Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础. The Celts’ religion was Druidism. 凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. The Belgae were the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的. The Celts were practised farmers. 凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871) In the mid-5th century Jutes,Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland(now southern Denmark),came to Britain first.Then the Saxons came.They came from northern Germany,established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. 五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name for Heptarchy. 在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another,each trying to get the upper hand,so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people,they laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires;Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century;Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan(council/meeting of wisemen)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院基础.3.The Viking and Danish invasions The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfred’s death,his s uccessors reconquered the Danelaw.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away.But the Danes didn’t go away but invade again. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. After Ethelred’s death,Canute,the Danish leader was made English king in 1016.He proved to be a wise ruler.After his death in 1035,his sons Harold and Hardicanute reigned successively.After Hardicanute’s death the succession passed to the successor Edward the Confessor. 埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.King Alfred and his contributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899) ①Alfred was the king of Wessex and defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxon army,making it more efficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④He is said to have taught himself Latin and translated a Latin book into English据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤He encouraged learning in others,established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066) It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, William defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings.On Christmas Day William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. 爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded, the feudal system was completely established in England . Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation 英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②In this system,the King owned all the land personally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③William gave his barons large estate s in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤The barons parceled out his land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council. 威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议. In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book,which was completed in 1086. 为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为«末日审判书»2.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter«大宪章»的内容及意义Also known as the Magna Carta,Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons.«大宪章»是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的. It consists of 63 clauses. Its important provisions are as follows«大宪章»共有63条:①no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council没有大议会批准不得征税;②no freeman should be arrested,imprisoned,or deprived of his property except by the law of the land除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤there should be the same weight and measures throughout the country全国应统一度量衡. Although the Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管长期普遍认为«大宪章»是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.«大宪章»的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源In 1258,the barons,under Simon de Montfort,forced Henry Ⅲand his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of ter,Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford,thus a civil war brake out between the king’s suppor ters and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1258年,贵族们在西蒙•德•孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙•德•孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council,together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town.,a meeting which has seen as the earliest parliament.It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Common as a parliament. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Its main role was to offer advice,not to make decisions.There were still no elections,no parties,and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.The Hundred Years' War with France and its consequences百年战争及其结果When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize,the war broke out. 爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争. The Hundred Years’ War with France refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine,while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.When the war ended,Calais was the only part of France that still in the hands of English. 战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries:had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity,while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewed the war in 1415 and won a crushing victory at Argencourt.He was recognized to the French throne in 1420.After his death,the French,encouraged by Joan of Arc,finally drove the English out of France. 亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国.5.Consequences of the Black Death黑死病的影响The Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century.It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and,most importantly,without any cure.It reduced England’s population from four million to two million(about one half and one third of the population was killed) by the end of the 14th century. 黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ndowners tended to change from arable to sheep-farming,which required less labour.The surviving peasants had better bargainning power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour.So some landlords,unable or unwilling to pay higher wages,tried to force peasants back into serfdom.In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。

第13章美国历史（Ⅲ）（1945至今）13.1 复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ. The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall PlanⅢ. The Berlin blockade and the Founding of the NATOⅣ. U.S. Support of Chiang Kaishek and the Korean WarⅤ. McCarthyismⅥ. The Civil Rights Movement in the 1950sⅦ. American Society during the Postwar Boom: 1945—1960s Ⅷ. The Cuban Missile CrisisⅨ. The Vietnam WarⅩ. United States’Relations with ChinaⅪ. Reagan Administration (1981—1989)1. Domestic Affairs2. Foreign Affairs3. Other Events of the Reagan YearsⅫ. George H. W. Bush Administration (1989—1993)ⅩⅢ. The World’s Sole Superpower (1992 to Present)1. Domestic Affairs in the Bush Years2. Clinton Administration (1993—2001)3. George W. Bush Administration (2001—2009)4. Barack Obama Administration (2009—2017)【重难点归纳】Ⅰ. The Origins of the Cold War1. When the Second World War finally ended in September 1945, the clash of interests between America and the Soviet Union became clear.2. On February 22, 1946, George Kennan, wrote in the telegram that the U.S. policy should be “a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union until 1989.Ⅰ. 冷战的起源1. 1945年9月，第二次世界大战忠于结束了，美国和苏联之间的利益冲突越来越明显。

余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）笔记和课后习题详解关注薇公号-精研学习网-查找资料本书是余志远《英语国家概况》（2015年版）教材的学习辅导书，主要包括以下内容：1．整理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。

在参考了国内外名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记基础上，复习笔记部分对该章的重难点进行了整理，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了该教材的知识精华。

2．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。

本书参考了该教材的国内外配套资料和其他教材的相关知识对该教材的课（章）后习题进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。

本书提供电子书及打印版，方便对照复习。

第一部分英国第1章国土与人民1.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.Geographical Features1.The UK’s Geographical Location and Its Size2.Rivers and LakesⅡ.Climate1.A Maritime Climate2.Factors Which Influence the Climate3.RainfallⅢ.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant Life2.Animal Life1.Ethnic Groupsnguages3.Religion4.Urbanization5.Population Growth6.Migration Patterns【重难点归纳】1.Great Britain is made up of England,Scotland,and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2.The total population of the UK was around63million,which is the third-largest in the European Union and the22nd-largest in the world.3.The UK is a developed country with considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.4.The UK’s capital is London,and it has other major cities including,Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England and so on.1.大不列颠由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。

英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom?It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. What are the two large islands that make up the British Isles?They are Great Britain and Ireland.3. What are the four political divisions部门 of the United Kingdom?They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.4. Why does the United Kingdom have a mild climate, even though it lies farther north than our Heilongjiang Province省份职权?Because Britain’s climate is influenced by the Gulf Stream墨西哥湾流.5. How many metropolitan areas does England have?England has seven metropolitan areas. 大都市6. What is the backbone of England?It is the Pennines.奔宁山脉7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles?It is Lough Neagh. 內伊湖8. From what languages is English derived由……而来?England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages.9. What is an eisteddfod?诗人An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts.10. What have the Scottish people been famous for?The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 组织严密的家族、格子服饰、凶猛的战士技能11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation?Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years.12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited有限的?The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited because the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class奴隶阶级 and they never intermarried with the native Britons.13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle使……定居 in Britain?The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century.14. When did England begin to be Christianized? 基督化England began to be Christianized in 579.15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire约克郡 in 664?The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries传教士 gained the upper hand上风 over the Celtic missionaries.16. What was Harold doing when he was informed of the invasion of Northumbria by Tostig and Harold Hardrada?He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy.17. Where did Harold defeat 战败 Tostig and Hardrada?Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 斯坦福球场18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey?威斯敏斯特教堂William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 约克大教主19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north?He built a string of defense castles to ensure确定 his military军队 control of the whole country.20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England?Yes. The Norman Conquest was the last successful invasion of England because England has never been invaded since.21. Why did William I give his barons large estates房地产 in England?William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce.22. What was the peculiar 特权feature特色 of the feudal system of England?All landowners, big and small, took the oath宣誓 of allegiance效忠 for the land they held, not only to their immediate直接 lord主, but also to the king.23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? 末日宣判书William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants承租人 and their possessions拥有；财产 and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes.24. What was William I ’s policy towards the church?He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold支持鼓励维持 its power.25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop大教主 of Canterbury?He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out贯彻实施 legal reforms改革.26. What brought Henry II into collision 冲突矛盾with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury?The exceptional异常的 privileges特权 enjoyed by the clergy神职，牧师 brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket.27. What are the two aspects方面 of the Norman legacy遗产 that contributed to great domestic 国内 unrest 动荡in England in the 12th and 13th centuries?One was England’s possession占有 of territory领土 in France. The other was Norman adherence 依附坚持to Roman Catholicism.28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year’s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France?Joan of Arc.圣女贞德29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages?The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351.30. How many peasant 农民in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ’s troops骑兵，军队?40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II’s troops.31. What were the emblems象征 of the Houses of York and Lancaster?The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose.32. What was the impact影响 of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England?The Wars of the Roses dealt处理分配 a death blow 打击to feudalism in England.33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds?She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court.34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private?These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance.35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France?She managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. 具体化36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? 执行Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.37. What did the destruction毁灭消灭 of the Spanish Armada show?It showed England’s superiority as a naval power.38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? 火药阴谋The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display显示炫耀 is arranged.39. What was Puritanism清教 noted for因……而著名?It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards标准 and very egalitarian平等 attitudes.40. What is a constitutional宪法 monarchy君主?A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament.41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century?They stood for a reduction减少 in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists非国教, and care for the interests of merchants商人 and bankers.42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They wanted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open-field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields.44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”?King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic热衷 about agricultural 农业的changes at Winsor.45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes 统治阶级in the closing decades数十年 of the 18th century?They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.46. When did the British begin to transport convicts罪犯 to Australia?The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788.47. What was the result of the general strike打击罢工 of 1926?The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes.48. Why did Edward VIII abdicate 退位in 1936 after a reign of 10 months?Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced 离婚American.49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? 欧共体Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973.50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990?It was because of her opposition反对 to European Union and her imposition征收强加 of an extremely unpopular flat-rate 固定税率“poll tax”人头税 in place of property taxes to payor local government service.61. Where does the Sovereign’s coronation加冕 take place?发生举行The Sovereign’s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London.62. When is the Sovereign’s birthday officially celebrated?It is officially celebrated in June every year.63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies陪同 her.64. Where does the Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties come from?The Queen’s expenditure arising from public duties comes from the Civil List and government departments.65. What does the term “parliament” originally最初 mean?The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion.66. What is the main function of the House of Lords?The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.67. What is the Speaker’s task in the House of Commons?His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 执行顺序规则68. How many counties are there in England and Wales?There are 53 counties in England and Wales.69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities当局官方 were introduced in Scotland?They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles.70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue?They raise revenue 税收through the council tax.81. Are British people obliged to 不得不use the National Health Service?国民医疗保健制度No. They are not obliged to use the service.82. What are services for elderly people aimed at?Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system?The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.84. At what age do men and women generally retire退休?Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60.85. What are the two established churches in Britain?They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland.86. How many provinces职权省份 does the Church of England have?The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York.87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain?They were ordained in March 1994.88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865?William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army.89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations?They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations.90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”?December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmasboxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen商人 on this day.91. How many kinds of state secondary schools 国立公立are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school.92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses?It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970.93. Why is the Open University so named?It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students.94. How much money is spent on press advertising平面广告every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million.95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television?People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television.96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed?They are financed from the sale of television licences.97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded?They are funded entirely by advertising. 广告98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts?The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936.99. Which sport is regarded as typically English?Cricket 板球is the most typically English sport.100. What is a “copyright” library?It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom.美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands阿巴拉契亚山脉 and the Rocky Mountains. 落基亚山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 伊利湖、休伦湖、密歇根、安大略、苏必利尔湖5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 在美国有七个地理区域。

英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族chapter 14：population.Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of America is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2。

Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3。

Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。

Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years. 在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

第22章假期和节日22.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. New Year’s DayⅡ. Martin Luther King’s Day (Third Monday of January)Ⅲ. Lincoln’s Birthday (February 12)Ⅳ. Valentine’s Day (February 14)Ⅴ. Washington’s Birthday (February 22)Ⅵ. Easter Sunday (A Sunday in March or April)Ⅶ. Memorial Day (Last Monday in May)Ⅷ. Independence Day (July 4)Ⅹ. Veterans’ Day (November 11)Ⅺ. Thanksgiving Day (Fourth Thursday of November)Ⅻ. Christmas Day (December 25)Ⅰ. New Year’s Day1. Actually the celebration of this holiday begins the night before—on New Year’s Eve. In many places people stay up late to watch the old year out and the new year in.2. On the first day of the New Year, there are a lot of activities. Mummers Paradeheld in Philadelphia is one of the most popular New Year’s Day activit ies.Ⅰ. 元旦1. 事实上，新年的庆祝活动开始于新年前夜。

在很多地方，人们熬夜守岁，共同迎接新的一年。

2. 新年的第一天，有很多的活动。

第二编美国The United States of America第九章美国地理LandI. Multiple Choice.1. In the United States, _____ is a leading commercial crop in the South.A. cottonB. tobaccoC. peanutD. apple【答案】A【解析】棉花是美国南方主要的经济作物。

2. Which of the following is not in New York City? （北二外2003研）A. HollywoodB. BroadwayC. RockefellerCenterD. Harlem【答案】A【解析】Broadway百老汇、RockefellerCenter洛克菲勒中心、Harlem哈莱姆都位于纽约市。

Hollywood好莱坞位于加州洛杉矶市，是世界著名的电影城市。

3. Which of the following descriptions of the Mississippi River is NOT true?（首都师范大学2008研）A. It flows into the Great Lakes and St Lawrence.B. It is the biggest river system in the US.C. It flows down to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico.D. Ohio and Missouri Rivers are branches of the Mississippi River.【答案】A【解析】密西西比河位于北美洲中南部，北起五大湖附近，注入墨西哥湾；是美国最长的河流，与其支流密苏里河构成世界最大的河流系统之一；俄亥俄河是密西西比河水量最大的支流；选项A与事实不符，为正确答案。

4. _____ has been known as the automobile capital of the world.A. New YorkB. AtlantaC. PhiladelphiaD. Detroit【答案】D【解析】底特律有世界“汽车之城”的美称。

英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。

2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。

3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。

4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。

(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。

(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。

第10章美国人口10.1复习笔记【知识框架】Ⅰ.The American PopulationⅡ.ImmigrationⅢ.Population MovementⅣ.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1.White Americans2.African Americans3.Hispanicsn Americans5.Indians【重难点归纳】Ⅰ.Introduction1.As of August13,2014,the United States has a total resident population of 318,554,000,making it the third-most populous country in the world.2.It is very urbanized,with81%residing in cities and suburbs as of2014(the worldwide urban rate is54%).3.The total fertility rate in the United States for2013was1.87children per woman, which was lower than that of France,Australia and the United Kingdom.4.Whites constitute the majority of the US population.5.The American population almost quadrupled during the20th century,and immigrants and their US-born descendants are expected to provide most of the US population gains in the decades ahead.Ⅰ.简介1.截至2014年8月13日，美国常住人口318,554,000人，居世界第三位。

第21章文学，建筑和音乐21.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. American Literature1. Washington Irving2. Emerson and Hawthorne3. Mark Twain4. Whitman and Dickinson5. Theodore Dreiser6. T. S. Eliot7. Ernest Hemingway8. Hughes and WrightⅡ. ArchitectureⅢ. Music1. Rock and roll2. Jazz3. Country and western musicⅠ. American Literature1. Washington IrvingHis most famous book The Sketch Book contains two of the best-loved stories from American literature: “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. Washington Irving was regarded as “the father of American literature”.Ⅰ. 美国文化1. 华盛顿•欧文欧文最著名的作品《见闻札记》包含两个美国文学最受欢迎的故事：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》。

华盛顿•欧文被称为“美国文学之父”。

2. Emerson and Hawthorne①Ralph Waldo Emerson was regarded as the leader of the Transcendentalism. In 1836, Emerson published his famous book Nature, which is the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. His “Ameri can Scholar” was considered the intellectual Declaration of Independence.②Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) was one of those who attacked transcendentalism and thought evil was man’s birthmark.His representative work was The Scarlet Letter.2. 爱默生和霍桑①拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生是超验主义的领袖。

英语国家概况（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）（按新考纲整理的余志远版本完整版）英国部分1. What is the full name of the United Kingdom? It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 2. What are the two large island that make up the British Isles? They are Great Britain and Ireland. 3. What are the four political divisions of the United Kingdom? They are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 4. 4. Why Why Why does does does the the the United United United Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom have have have a a a mild mild mild climate, climate, climate, even even even though though though it it it lies lies lies farther farther farther north north north than than than our our Heilongjiang Province? Because Britain‟s climat e is influenced by the Gulf Stream. 5. How many metropolitan areas does England have? England has seven metropolitan areas. 6. What is the backbone of England? It is the Pennines. 7. What is the largest lake in the British Isles? It is Lough Neagh. 8. From what languages is English derived? England is mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Norman-French languages. 9. What is an eisteddfod? An eisteddfod is a Welsh festival of poetry, music and other arts. 10. What have the Scottish people been famous for? The Scottish people have been famous for their close-knit clans, colorful plaid kilts, and skill as fierce warriors. 11. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation? Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. 12. Why was the Roman impact upon the Britons surprisingly limited? The The Roman Roman Roman impact impact impact on on on the the the Britons Britons Britons was was was surprisingly surprisingly surprisingly limited limited limited because because because the the the Romans Romans Romans always always always treated treated treated the the Britons as a subject people of slave class and they never intermarried with the native Britons. 13. When did the Anglo-Saxons begin to settle in Britain? The Anglo-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the 5th century. 14. When did England begin to be Christianized? England began to be Christianized in 579. 15. What was the result of the Synod of Whitby in Yorkshire in 664? The result of the Synod of Whitby was that the Roman missionaries gained the upper hand over the Celtic missionaries. 16. 16. What What What was was was Harold Harold Harold doing doing doing when when when he he he was was was informed informed informed of of of the the the invasion invasion invasion of of of Northumbria Northumbria Northumbria by by by Tostig Tostig Tostig and and Harold Hardrada? He was in the south preparing to resist the expected attack from Normandy. 17. Where did Harold defeat Tostig and Hardrada? Harold defeated Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stanford Bridge. 18. By whom was William crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey? William was crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York. 19. What did William do after he suppressed the Saxon risings in the north? He built a string of defense castles to ensure his military control of the whole country. 20. Was the Norman Conquest the last successful invasion of England? Yes. The Norman C onquest Conquest Conquest was was was the the the last last last successful successful successful invasion invasion invasion of England because England has never of England because England has never been invaded since. 21. Why did William I give his barons large estates in England? William I gave large estates to his barons because he wanted to get a promise of military service and a proportion of the land‟s produce. 22. What was the peculiar feature of the feudal system of England? All All landowners, landowners, landowners, big big big and and and small, small, small, took took took the the the oath oath oath of of of allegiance allegiance allegiance for for for the the the land land land they they they held, held, held, not not not only only only to to to their their immediate lord, but also to the king. 23. Why did William I have the Domesday Book compiled? William I had the Domesday Book compiled because he wanted to have a reliable record of all his land, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much his tenants could be asked to pay by way of taxes. 24. What was William I ‟s policy towards the church? He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. 25. Why did Henry II make Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury? He thought that Thomas Becket would assist him in carrying out legal reforms. 26. What brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury? The exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy brought Henry II into collision with Thomas Becket. 27. 27. What What What are are are the the the two two two aspects aspects aspects of of of the the the Norman Norman Norman legacy legacy legacy that that that contributed contributed contributed to to to great great great domestic domestic domestic unrest unrest unrest in in England in the 12th and 13th centuries? One One was was was England‟s England‟s possession possession of of of territory territory in in France. France. France. The The The other other other was was was Norman Norman Norman adherence adherence adherence to to to Roman Roman Catholicism. 28. Who was the French national heroine during the Hundred Year‟s War who helped the French to drive the English out of France? Joan of Arc. 29. When did the government establish rules for the first time to keep down wages? The government established rules for the first time to keep down wages in 1351. 30. How many peasant in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II ‟s troops? 40,000 peasants in Kent and Essex were killed by Richard II‟s troops. 31. What were the emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster? The emblem of the House of York was a white rose and the emblem of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. 32. What was the impact of the Wars of the Roses on feudalism in England? The Wars of the Roses dealt a death blow to feudalism in England. 33. How did Elizabeth I try to avoid troubling Parliament too often for pounds? She tried to avoid troubling Parliament by making strict economies at Court. 34. What questions did Elizabeth I treat as personal and private? These questions were her religion, her marriage, her foreign policy, the succession to the throne, and her finance. 35. How did Elizabeth I manage to maintain in friendly relationship with France? She She managed managed managed to to to maintain maintain maintain a a a friendly friendly friendly relationship relationship relationship with with with France France France through through through her her her marriage marriage marriage alliances alliances alliances which which were never materialized. 36. When was Mary Queen of Scots executed? Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587. 37. What did the destruction of the Spanish Armada show? It showe d England‟s superiority as a naval power. 38. What was the long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot? The long-term result of the Gunpowder Plot has been an annual celebration of November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged. 39. What was Puritanism noted for? It was noted for simple dress, high moral standards and very egalitarian attitudes. 40. What is a constitutional monarchy? A constitutional monarchy is one whose power is limited by Parliament. 41. What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century? They stood for a reduction in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists, and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. 42. Why did changes in farming methods affect lives of millions in the 18th century? Changes in farming methods affected lives of millions in the 18th century England because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time. 43. What did the land owners want to do in the late 18th and early 19th centuries? They w anted to replace the small farms cultivated on the “open -field” system by larger, economically more efficient farms with hedge-divided fields. 44. Why was King George III nicknamed “Farmer George”? King George III was nicknamed “Farmer George” because he was very enthusiastic about agricultural changes at Winsor. 45. What were the two events which most alarmed the British ruling classes in the closing decades of the 18th century? They were the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. 46. When did the British begin to transport convicts to Australia? The British began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. 47. What was the result of the general strike of 1926? The strike failed. The miners were forced to return to work with longer hours and lower wages even than before. Yet, outside the mining district, the strike seemed to have improved relations between the workers and the middle classes. 48. Why d4id Edward VIII abdicate in 1936 after a reign of 10 months? Edward VIII abdicated because he wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American. 49. When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January,1973. 50. Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990? It It was was was because because because of of of her her her opposition opposition opposition to to to European European European Union Union Union and and and her her her imposition imposition imposition of of of an an an extremely extremely extremely unpopular unpopular flat-flat-rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay or local government service. rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay or local government service. 61. Where does the Sovereig n‟s coronation take place? The Sovereign‟s coronation takes place at Westminster Abbey in London. 62. When is the Sovereign‟s birthday officially celebrated? It is officially celebrated in June every year. 63. What does the Duke of Edinburgh do when the Queen pays state visits to foreign governments? He accompanies her. 64. Where does the Queen‟s expenditure arising from public duties come from? The The Queen‟s Queen‟s Queen‟s expenditure expenditure expenditure arising arising arising from from from public public public duties duties duties comes comes comes from from from the the the Civil Civil Civil List List List and and and government government departments. 65. What does the term “parliament” originally mean? The term “parliament” originally means a meeting for a parley or discussion. 66. What is the main function of the House of Lords? The The main main main function function function of of of the the the House House House of of of Lords Lords Lords is is is to to to bring bring bring the the the wide wide wide experience experience experience of of of its its its members members members into into into the the process of law-making. 67. What is the Speaker‟s task in the House of Commons? His task is to preside over the House and enforce the rules of order. 68. How many counties are there in England and Wales? There are 53 counties in England and Wales. 69. What are the three island areas where single-tier authorities were introduced in Scotland? They are the Orkneys, the Shetlands and the Western Isles. 70. How do local authorities in Great Britain raise revenue? They raise revenue through the council tax. 81. Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service? No. They are not obliged to use the service. 82. What are services for elderly people aimed at? Services for elderly people are aimed at helping them live at home whenever possible. 83. What is the aim of the social security system? The aim of the social security is to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need. 84. At what age do men and women generally retire? Men generally retire at the age of 65, and women at the ate of 60. 85. What are the two established churches in Britain? They are the Church of England in England and the Church of Scotland in Scotland. 86. How many provinces does the Church of England have? The Church of England has two provinces: Canterbury and York. 87. When were the first women priests ordained in Britain? They were ordained in March 1994. 88. Who founded the Salvation Army in the East of London in 1865? William Booth, a great follower of John Wesley, founded the Salvation Army. 89. Where do the people in London go to see the Christmas decorations? They go to Oxford Street, Regent Street and Piccadilly to see the Christmas decorations. 90. Why is December 26th called “Boxing Day”? December 26th is called Boxing Day because it was formerly the custom to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants and tradesmen on this day. 91. How many kinds of state secondary schools are there in Great Britain? Three. They are grammar school, secondary modern school and comprehensive school. 92. When was the Open University founded? When did it begin its first courses? It was founded in 1969, and it began its first courses in 1970. 93. Why is the Open University so named? It is so named because it is “open” to all to become students. 94. How much money is spent on press advertising every year in Great Britain? About ￡5,100 million. 95. How much time do British people spend a day watching television? People spend an average of over three and a half hours a day watching television. 96. How are the state-run television channels BBC1 and BBC2 financed? They are financed from the sale of television licences. 97. How are independent channels ITV and C4 funded? They are funded entirely by advertising. 98. When did the BBC begin to provide regular television broadcasts? The BBC began to provide regular television broadcasts in 1936. 99. Which sport is regarded as typically English? Cricket is the most typically English sport. 100. What is a “copyright” library? It is a library which is entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. 美国部分1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area? The The United United United States States States of of of America America America is is is the the the third-largest third-largest third-largest country country country in in in the the the world world world in in in population population population and and and the the fourth-largest country in area. 2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States? They are the Appalachian Highlands and the Rocky Mountains. 3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide? The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic. 4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States? They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior. 5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States. 6. What states are in New England? New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 7. Apart from Now York City, what other large cites are located in the Middle Atlantic region? Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and Newark. 8. What is the Midwest famous for? The Midwest is famous for its large stretches of fertile soil. 9. What states make up the Pacific Coast Region? The The region region region known known known as as as the the the Pacific Pacific Pacific Coast Coast Coast includes includes includes the the the western western western parts parts parts of of of Washington Washington Washington and and and Oregon Oregon Oregon and and nearly all of California. 10. What role does tourism play in Hawaii‟s economy? Tourism is Hawaii‟s most important industry. 11. What is the population of the United States? How does it rank in the world? The The United United United States States States is is is the the the third third third most most most populous populous populous country country country in in in the the the world world world after after after China China China and and and India, India, India, with with with a a population of 267 million (estimated) in April 1997. 12. What is the reason for the growth of population in Florida? It is because of its warm climate and convenience in doing business with and traveling to Central and South America. 13. Which are the five biggest cities, in terms of population, in the United States? New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia. 14. Why are people moving so often in the United States? People often move from one place to another for various reasons: to look for better job opportunity or for better climate or for other goals. 15. What are some of the consequences of the outflow of city residents to the suburbs? The movement brings serious consequences to big cities: rising unemployment rate, the increase of the number of poor people, the worsening of city living conditions and the fall of government revenues. 16. Which are the three largest groups of Hispanics? The Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans. 17. Why do many Puerto Ricans go to the United States? They are drawn to the United States by better job opportunities. 18. What explanation do experts give for the success of Asian-Americans? The The experts experts experts attribute attribute attribute the the the success success success to to to Asian Asian Asian cultural cultural cultural tradition: tradition: tradition: emphasis emphasis emphasis on on on education, education, education, hard hard hard work work work and and family. 19. What was the fate of Japanese-Americans in WWII? The Japanese-Americans were taken to relocation centers in isolated parts of the western mountain and plains states and stayed behind barbed wires. 20. Can you give an example to show the awakening of American Indians? Many Many Indians Indians Indians are are are taking taking taking legal legal legal steps steps steps to to to demand demand demand compensation compensation compensation for for for land land land and and and resources resources resources grabbed grabbed grabbed from from them illegally. 21. What is one of the explanations of how the early Indians came to the Americans? One of the explanations is the Indians crossed from Asia on the landbridge that connected Siberia and Alaska. 22. How did the Plymouth settlers manage to survive? The neighboring Indians came to teach them how to grow corn and they succeeded in having a good harvest. 23. In what way were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims? The The Pilgrims Pilgrims Pilgrims were were were mostly mostly mostly poor, poor, poor, labouring labouring labouring people people people while while while the the the Puritans Puritans Puritans were were were wealthy, wealthy, wealthy, well-educated well-educated gentlemen. 24. Did the War of Independence start with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence? No. It started when clashes took place at Concord and Lexington. 25. What was the chief weakness of the Articles of Confederation? The chief weakness was the document failed to set up a government that could function. 26. What was the significance of the adoption of the Bill of Rights? The The adoption adoption adoption of of of the the the Bill Bill Bill of of of Rights Rights Rights in in in addition addition addition to to to the the the Constitution Constitution Constitution completed completed completed the the the foundation foundation foundation of of of the the American constitutional system. 27. Why did American territorial expansion threaten British interest? Because some Americans wanted to take advantage of the war in Europe to expand into Canada. This ran counter to British interest. 28. What was the Compromise of 1850? The Compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in the Senate. 29. Why did the Civil War break out? The The Civil Civil Civil War War War broke broke broke out out out because because because the the the southern southern southern states states states left left left the the the Union Union Union and and and formed formed formed a a a new new new nation nation nation but but president Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union. 30. How did the government help in the development of American economy? The government carried out the policy of trade protectionism. 31. 31. What What What were were were the the the three three three features features features in in in the the the growth growth growth of of of American American American economy economy economy at at at the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the 20th 20th century? Large corporation, urbanization and new technology were the three features. 32. What was the basic demand of the Progressive Movement? The basic demand was government regulation of economic and social conditions. 33. Why did the United States pursue a policy of pro-Ally partiality in the early part of WWI? Because of ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background, economic interests and successful British propaganda, the U.S. government pursued such a policy. 34. What were the immediate causes that led the United States into the war? The The immediate immediate immediate causes causes causes were were were Germany‟s Germany‟s unlimited unlimited submarine submarine submarine warfare warfare warfare and and and Germany‟s Germany‟s attempt attempt to to to get get Mexico into the war against the United States. 35. What government policies in the 1920s helped big business? The The policies policies policies of of of tariff tariff tariff protection, protection, protection, favorable favorable favorable tax tax tax rates rates rates and and and little little little government government government restrictions restrictions restrictions contributed contributed contributed to to high profits of big businesses. 36. How did many Americans view their country after WWI? They believed that American political, economic and social institutions were the best in the world. 37. What was the experience of WWI veterans demanding payment of bonuses in Washington D.C. in 1932? They were driven out of the capital by military force directed by General McArthur. 38. 38. What What What were were were some some some of of of the the the personal personal personal characteristics characteristics characteristics of of of F.D.R. F.D.R. F.D.R. that that that helped helped helped him him him in in in doing doing doing his his work work as as president? He He had had had a a a sure sure sure sense sense sense of of of what what what was was was practical practical practical or or or possible, possible, possible, a a a strong strong strong sense sense sense of of of timing timing timing and and and was was was a a a great great communicator. 39. What were the two guiding principles underlying American diplomatic activities in WWII? The The first first first was was was to to to win win win the the the war; war; war; the the the second second second was was was to to to bring bring bring the the the Soviet Union Soviet Union into into a postwar a postwar world world order order under American leadership. 40. What was the basic reason for the postponement of the opening of the Second Front? It was a reflection of the desire of not letting the Soviet Union expand into eastern and central Europe too quickly. 41. What was the postwar strategy of the United States? The strategy was American leadership of the world and open market for American goods and capital. 42. What was the theory put forward by the Soviet Union in around 1946? There could be no long-term peaceful co-existence between socialism and capitalism. 43. What was the immediate cause of the Berlin crisis in 1948? The Soviet Union cut off Western routes to West Berlin. 44. What decision did President Truman make to deal with the Berlin crisis? He decided to mobilize all possible American cargo planes to airlift supplies into West Berlin. 45. 45. What What What effect effect effect did did did the the the Berlin Berlin Berlin blockade blockade blockade have have have on on on the the the people people people in in in West West West Berlin Berlin Berlin and and and western western western occupied occupied zones? it pushed the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones further to the side of the United States because they were grateful for American airlifts. 46. What measure did the United States take in the Cuban Missile Crisis? The The United United United States States States introduced introduced introduced a a a naval naval naval blockade blockade blockade around around around Cuba Cuba Cuba and and and demanded demanded demanded the the the dismantlement dismantlement dismantlement and and withdrawal of the missiles from Cuba. 47. Did the allies of the United States give their full support to the U.S. in the Vietnam War? No , some criticized the United States for escalation of the war, some refused to support American war efforts. 48. What is the significance of the Shanghai Communique? The key thing is American commitment to a one China policy. 49. What is the importance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? The Act outlawed racial discrimination in housing and employment. 50. What is the Port Huron Statement about? The Port Huron Statement was the platform of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) which condemned racism, poverty amidst plenty, big corporations and the Cold War. 51. 51. How How How does does does the the the United United United States States States rank rank rank among among among the the the countries countries countries of of of the the the world world world in in in the the the total total total value value value of of of its its economic production? The United States ranks first among the countries of the world in the value of its economic production. 52. What kind of system is the United States economy based on? The United States economy is based on a free enterprise system. 53. What are the factors that have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today? The United States has one of the world‟s most varied populations, and the vast space and resources of the land, the ideals of freedom and economic opportunity, and hard work by the people have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today. 54. What are the major natural resources in the United States? Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the United States. 55. What are some of the leading farm products in the United States? They are corn, wheat, beef cattle, milk, soybeans, cotton, chickens and eggs, and hogs. 56. What has helped make U.S farms the most efficient in the world? The The use use use of of of modern modern modern farm farm farm machinery machinery machinery and and agricultural agricultural methods methods methods has has has helped helped helped make U.S. make U.S. farms farms the the the most most efficient in the world. 57. What areas have long been major U.S centers of manufacturing? The Midwest and Northeast. 58. How does California rank among the states in the value of its manufactured goods? California ranks first among the states in the value of its manufactured goods. 59. What are the problems the U.S economy has faced form time to time? 。

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。

阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。

（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。

The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest c ountry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。

3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

4。

The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

5。

The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and t he Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and t he Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。

第20章教育20.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Characteristics of American EducationⅡ. Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ. Higher EducationⅣ. Adult EducationⅤ. Education ReformsⅠ. Characteristics of American Education1. Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education.2. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.Ⅰ. 美国教育的特点1. 美国的正规教育包括初等、中等和高等教育。

2. 多样性被称为是美国教育的一个突出特点。

Ⅱ. Elementary and Secondary Education1. Elementary and secondary education in the United States covers 12 years forages 6 through 18.2. Elementary schools tend to be small while high schools are usually large, especially those in urban or suburban areas.3. There is a certain degree of similarity in the elementary school curriculum.4. High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks.Ⅱ. 初等和中等教育1. 美国的初等和中等教育是6-18岁，共12年。